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the_o macedonian_n be_v the_o inventor_n of_o it_o which_o of_o the_o macedonian_n he_o tell_v not_o but_o exclude_v philip_n and_o alexander_n who_o both_o use_v the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v and_o before_o their_o time_n i_o have_v not_o read_v of_o any_o warlike_a king_n of_o macedonia_n the_o manner_n of_o it_o be_v this_o first_o all_o the_o fileleader_n turn_v their_o face_n about_o either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n then_o the_o next_o rank_n pass_v thorough_a by_o they_o on_o the_o same_o hand_n and_o be_v come_v to_o their_o distance_n place_n themselves_o direct_o behind_o their_o fileleader_n and_o then_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n the_o same_o way_n and_o so_o the_o three_o rank_n after_o they_o and_o the_o four_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o bringers-up_a be_v last_o and_o have_v take_v the_o rear_n of_o the_o battle_n again_o and_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n the_o figure_n express_v not_o well_o the_o action_n for_o in_o it_o the_o 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enemy_n except_o you_o be_v compel_v or_o else_o you_o seek_v to_o gain_v some_o ground_n of_o advantage_n for_o the_o macedonian_a continue_v still_o the_o march_n and_o stay_v not_o the_o lacedaemonian_a return_v upon_o the_o enemy_n and_o so_o lose_v ground_n in_o march_v agesilaus_n after_o victory_n get_v against_o the_o argive_n against_o who_o he_o stand_v in_o the_o right_a wing_n hear_v that_o the_o theban_n have_v beat_v the_o orchomenian_o in_o the_o left_a wing_n use_v the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v against_o they_o the_o word_n of_o c._n xenophon_n sound_v thus_o here_o the_o stranger_n be_v about_o to_o crown_n agesilaus_n think_v he_o have_v get_v the_o victory_n when_o news_n be_v bring_v that_o the_o theban_n after_o they_o have_v break_v the_o orchomenian_o have_v force_v a_o passage_n as_o far_o as_o the_o baggage_n then_o agesilaus_n countermarch_v his_o phalange_n lead_v against_o they_o the_o theban_n perceive_v their_o confederate_n be_v fie_v up_o to_o 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fault_n to_o be_v in_o the_o number_n of_o 9_o and_o that_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v read_v 8_o or_o 10._o to_o extend_v a_o phalange_n be_v to_o draw_v it_o out_o in_o length_n the_o length_n be_v the_o space_n betwixt_o the_o point_n of_o both_o wing_n when_o he_o say_v he_o extend_v it_o to_o 10_o the_o meaning_n be_v he_o draw_v it_o out_o so_o far_o in_o length_n that_o he_o leave_v but_o 10_o in_o depth_n ten_o be_v the_o decas_fw-la whereof_o i_o speak_v before_o and_o i_o have_v likewise_o note_v that_o the_o lacedaemonian_n for_o the_o most_o part_n make_v the_o depth_n of_o their_o battle_n 8._o the_o number_n of_o 9_o as_o all_o other_o uneven_a number_n be_v reject_v by_o the_o tactic_n as_o unfit_a for_o doubling_n so_o that_o my_o opinion_n be_v that_o xenophon_n at_o the_o first_o write_v 8_o or_o 10_o not_o 9_o or_o 10_o howsoever_o 9_o be_v creep_v into_o the_o place_n of_o 8._o but_o to_o return_v to_o agesilaus_n admit_v he_o use_v double_v of_o rank_n or_o of_o the_o 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the_o spaniard_n be_v all_o arm_a and_o set_v in_o order_n show_v their_o c._n battle_n about_o a_o mile_n from_o the_o roman_a camp_n the_o ansetans_n be_v in_o the_o midst_n the_o illergetes_n hold_v the_o right_a wing_n other_o obscure_a people_n of_o spain_n the_o left_a betwixt_o the_o wing_n and_o the_o middle_a part_n they_o leave_v broad_a intervall_n to_o c._n give_v passage_n to_o their_o horse_n when_o time_n shall_v be_v to_o send_v they_o through_o to_o charge_n the_o roman_n embattle_v after_o their_o wont_a manner_n only_o then_o imitate_v the_o enemy_n in_o leave_v open_a way_n for_o the_o horse_n betwixt_o the_o legion_n â—_o lentulus_n imagine_v that_o party_n and_o none_o other_o shall_v have_v use_n of_o their_o horse_n that_o first_o possess_v these_o intervall_n of_o the_o adverse_a battle_n command_v cornelius_n the_o tribune_n to_o give_v direction_n to_o the_o horseman_n present_o to_o charge_v through_o the_o foot_n on_o both_o side_n come_v to_o blow_n and_o 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antiquity_n be_v repulse_v by_o it_o at_o a_o siege_n force_v to_o retire_v in_o a_o battle_n dare_v not_o come_v near_o it_o after_o they_o have_v gain_v the_o field_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o army_n and_o the_o consul_n aemilius_n a_o man_n that_o have_v see_v much_o service_n and_o fight_v many_o a_o battle_n and_o be_v one_o of_o the_o best_a general_n of_o that_o time_n confess_v he_o never_o see_v so_o fearful_a a_o sight_n as_o when_o he_o behold_v the_o phalange_n advance_v into_o the_o field_n the_o body_n join_v the_o target_n ser_v and_o lock_v together_o dart_v out_o fire_n like_o lightning_n the_o front_n rough_a with_o couch_v and_o charge_v pike_n and_o arm_v with_o iron_n and_o threaten_v present_a death_n to_o he_o that_o dare_v approach_v 3_o occupy_v two_o cubit_n of_o ground_n we_o may_v not_o take_v it_o as_o though_o the_o soldier_n betwixt_o file_n and_o file_n have_v two_o cubit_n or_o three_o foot_n of_o ground_n for_o we_o learn_v before_o that_o in_o 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be_v on_o foot_n and_o ready_a to_o come_v and_o charge_v they_o and_o if_o the_o enemy_n assault_v both_o the_o front_n and_o rear_v it_o have_v be_v the_o manner_n to_o continue_v half_o the_o soldier_n in_o each_o file_n with_o their_o face_n to_o the_o front_n and_o command_v the_o other_o half_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o rear_n against_o the_o enemy_n behind_o and_o this_o form_n be_v call_v phalanx_n amphistomos_n describe_v by_o aelian_a cap._n 38._o and_o sometime_o it_o be_v use_v to_o speed_v our_o march_n and_o prevent_v the_o enemy_n as_o be_v say_v before_o of_o clisis_fw-la d._n agesilaus_n make_v a_o incursion_n into_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o theban_n and_o find_v a_o trench_n and_o rampart_n cast_v up_o by_o the_o theban_n for_o
defence_n of_o their_o country_n and_o only_o two_o narrow_a way_n betwixt_o he_o cast_v his_o army_n into_o a_o hollow_a plinthium_fw-la or_o square_a and_o lead_v it_o against_o the_o left_a hand_n passage_n whither_o all_o the_o theban_n flock_v for_o defence_n but_o he_o turn_v about_o face_n from_o the_o rear_n haste_v away_o and_o gain_v the_o other_o passage_n where_o no_o man_n be_v present_a to_o resist_v and_o enter_v spoil_v the_o country_n and_o return_v without_o impeachment_n 4_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o metabole_n before_o be_v rehearse_v two_o kind_n of_o turn_n of_o face_n about_o one_o to_o the_o pike_n the_o other_o to_o the_o target_n here_o be_v add_v two_o more_o one_o from_o the_o enemy_n and_o the_o other_o against_o the_o enemy_n which_o be_v all_o one_o indeed_o and_o differ_v only_o in_o name_n what_o the_o true_a meaning_n of_o these_o turn_n shall_v be_v i_o be_o in_o doubt_n aelian_n expound_v they_o one_o way_n suidas_n a_o other_o aelian_n esteem_v they_o by_o the_o right_n and_o leave_v hand_n suidas_n albeit_o he_o have_v that_o signification_n also_o esteem_v they_o by_o the_o front_n and_o rear_v therefore_o suidas_n define_v the_o turn_n from_o the_o enemy_n to_o be_v a_o turn_n about_o towards_o the_o rear_n that_o against_o the_o enemy_n a_o turn_n about_o towards_o the_o front_n aelian_n will_v have_v the_o first_o to_o contain_v two_o turn_n towards_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o second_o two_o turn_n towards_o the_o left_a i_o for_o my_o part_n assent_v rather_o to_o aelian_n for_o touch_v the_o turn_n of_o suidas_n i_o can_v yet_o understand_v why_o turn_v towards_o the_o rear_n shall_v be_v a_o turn_n from_o the_o enemy_n or_o towards_o the_o front_n a_o turn_n to_o the_o enemy_n consider_v that_o whether_o soever_o you_o turn_v face_n the_o enemy_n be_v imagine_v to_o be_v there_o face_n and_o weapon_n be_v to_o be_v oppose_v always_o against_o the_o enemy_n which_o be_v the_o only_a end_n of_o turn_v aelians_n opinion_n seem_v to_o have_v more_o probability_n in_o it_o at_o least_o if_o i_o conceive_v the_o right_a reason_n for_o i_o take_v it_o thus_o that_o see_v the_o grecian_n as_o the_o roman_n likewise_o be_v targeteer_n and_o carry_v their_o target_n on_o their_o left_a side_n and_o in_o fight_n advance_v that_o side_n always_o near_o the_o enemy_n which_o they_o seek_v to_o cover_v with_o their_o target_n that_o therefore_o the_o turn_n about_o to_o the_o enemy_n be_v call_v turn_v to_o the_o target_n as_o contrary_o turn_v to_o the_o right_a side_n on_o which_o side_n the_o pike_n be_v carry_v and_o which_o be_v naked_a of_o such_o defensive_a arm_n be_v call_v apeâ—un_fw-la the_o open_a side_n and_o therefore_o further_o remove_v from_o the_o enemy_n may_v for_o the_o same_o cause_n be_v term_v turn_v from_o the_o enemy_n so_o that_o i_o take_v turn_v about_o to_o the_o enemy_n and_o turn_v about_o to_o the_o target_n to_o be_v all_o one_o as_o also_o turn_v about_o from_o the_o enemy_n and_o turn_v about_o to_o the_o pike_n howsoever_o the_o name_n differ_v this_o be_v my_o conjecture_n which_o i_o shall_v imagine_v to_o be_v true_a till_o i_o find_v some_o man_n that_o will_v be_v please_v to_o give_v i_o a_o more_o probable_a reason_n i_o only_o add_v now_o the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o this_o motion_n as_o you_o be_v face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o figure_n show_v the_o manner_n of_o wheel_v double_a and_o treble-wheeling_a of_o the_o battle_n and_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n xxvi_o 1_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v when_o the_o battle_n be_v so_o close_v that_o no_o man_n can_v turn_v or_o twice_o turn_v his_o face_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o nearness_n of_o man_n to_o man_n it_o whole_o and_o joint_o wheel_v as_o a_o ship_n or_o some_o other_o body_n carry_v about_o the_o order_n thereof_o remain_v undissolue_v when_o the_o wheel_a be_v to_o the_o pike_n we_o warn_v the_o right-corner-file-leader_n to_o stand_v still_o as_o it_o be_v the_o hook_n of_o a_o door_n hinge_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o battle_n proceed_v forward_o to_o turn_v about_o the_o same_o file-leader_n like_o the_o door_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v wheel_v to_o the_o target_n it_o may_v be_v thus_o define_v epistrophe_n be_v when_o shut_v the_o battle_n by_o gather_v close_o the_o follower_n and_o sideman_n we_o turn_v it_o whole_o as_o the_o body_n of_o a_o man_n towards_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n it_o be_v carry_v about_o the_o corner-file-leader_n as_o about_o a_o centre_n and_o change_v the_o place_n of_o the_o front_n transfer_v the_o countenance_n of_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n the_o follower_n and_o sideman_n every_o one_o remain_v in_o file_n and_o rank_n as_o before_o how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v i_o will_v show_v hereafter_o anastrophe_n or_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v the_o restore_n of_o the_o wheel_a to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o battle_n first_o stand_v close_o before_o it_o begin_v to_o wheel_n perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o be_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o two_o wheeling_n so_o that_o thereby_o the_o front_n come_v to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o rear_n 2_o ecperispasmos_n or_o treble_a wheel_a be_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o three_o wheeling_n so_o as_o when_o it_o turn_v to_o the_o pike_n the_o front_n come_v about_o to_o the_o left_a flank_n when_o to_o the_o target_n it_o come_v about_o to_o the_o right_a flank_n note_n this_o chapter_n have_v a_o diverse_a kind_n of_o turn_v from_o the_o other_o mention_v in_o the_o last_o chapter_n which_o for_o distinction_n sake_n be_v call_v epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v the_o other_o turn_v no_o more_o than_o the_o soldier_n face_n every_o man_n yet_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n be_v have_v before_o this_o wheel_v the_o whole_a body_n and_o change_v the_o place_n of_o the_o phalange_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o as_o there_o be_v in_o the_o turn_n of_o face_n a_o particular_a motion_n of_o every_o particular_a soldier_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n call_v clesis_n and_o a_o other_o turn_v about_o call_v metabole_n so_o be_v there_o in_o this_o a_o general_a wheel_a of_o the_o whole_a body_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n call_v epistrophe_n and_o a_o other_o wheel_v about_o to_o the_o rear_v call_v perispasmos_n but_o let_v we_o hear_v the_o description_n 1_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v when_o the_o battle_n shortly_n epistrophe_n be_v no_o more_o than_o the_o first_o turn_v of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n in_o do_v whereof_o first_o the_o file_n must_v be_v close_v to_o the_o hand_n you_o mean_v to_o wheel_n than_o the_o rank_n then_o the_o corner_n file-leader_n on_o the_o same_o hand_n be_v to_o stand_v still_o than_o all_o the_o rest_n keep_v their_o file_n and_o rank_n close_v to_o turn_v to_o the_o same_o hand_n joint_o about_o the_o corner-file-leader_n circlewise_a who_o be_v to_o move_v by_o little_a and_o little_a till_o he_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n to_o that_o side_n which_o be_v intend_v and_o when_o the_o first_o rank_n be_v even_o with_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n wheel_v enough_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n they_o be_v to_o stand_v still_o the_o word_n of_o the_o definition_n of_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v plain_a enough_o in_o aelian_a i_o need_v use_v no_o exposition_n now_o because_o in_o exercise_n we_o rely_v not_o upon_o one_o form_n of_o motion_n alone_o but_o acquaint_v our_o soldier_n with_o all_o the_o kind_n it_o be_v necessary_a to_o bring_v the_o body_n again_o to_o the_o first_o place_n to_o the_o end_n we_o may_v proceed_v in_o the_o rest_n this_o reduce_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v call_v anastrophe_n by_o which_o the_o battle_n return_v but_o by_o a_o contrary_a hand_n to_o that_o to_o which_o the_o epistrophe_n be_v make_v and_o but_o for_o change_v the_o hand_n the_o wheel_a back_n again_o be_v all_o one_o with_o the_o wheel_a forward_o we_o shall_v see_v hereafter_o how_o it_o be_v do_v to_o bring_v the_o battle_n to_o have_v the_o front_n where_o the_o rear_n be_v you_o must_v use_v a_o double_a wheel_a and_o that_o be_v call_v perispasmos_n which_o come_v of_o two_o epistrophe_n and_o be_v make_v either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n only_o it_o must_v be_v observe_v that_o if_o the_o perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o anastrophe_n or_o reduce_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n must_v be_v to_o the_o left_a contrary_a it_o be_v if_o the_o perispasmos_n be_v to_o
bringers-up_a the_o word_n of_o command_n may_v be_v these_o for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n fileleader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n of_o every_o file_n pass_v through_o in_o order_n one_o after_o another_o and_o place_n yourselves_o at_o your_o distance_n after_o your_o leader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o so_o stand_v for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n the_o first_o manner_n bringers-up_a turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o beginning_n at_o they_o that_o be_v next_o to_o the_o bringers-up_a countermarch_n and_o place_n yourselves_o in_o your_o distance_n before_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o one_o before_o a_o other_o till_o the_o fileleader_n be_v first_o the_o second_o manner_n fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o let_v every_o man_n file_n follow_v he_o and_o keep_v true_a distance_n for_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_n by_o file_n fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o stand_v and_o let_v your_o file_n follow_v you_o keep_v their_o distance_n for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o right_a or_o left_a hand_n corner_n file_n turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o rank_n pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o place_n yourselves_o orderly_o behind_o your_o sideman_n keep_v your_o distance_n cap_n 29_o dobling_n of_o rank_n the_o front_n before_o dobling_n of_o rank_n dobling_n of_o rank_n in_o action_n the_o front_n after_o dobling_n of_o rank_n for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o first_o manner_n the_o corner_n file_n where_o the_o enemy_n appear_v turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o rank_n turn_v your_o face_n and_o pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o place_n yourselves_o before_o your_o sideman_n orderly_o keep_v your_o distance_n the_o second_o manner_n the_o right_a or_o left_a wing_n where_o the_o enemy_n appear_v not_o countermarch_n to_o the_o contrary_a wing_n and_o all_o in_o the_o rank_n follow_v every_o man_n his_o side-man_n keep_v your_o distance_n for_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o uttermost_a corner_n file_v of_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v wing_n countermarch_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o left_a or_o right_a wing_n and_o stand_v and_o the_o rest_n follow_v ranke-wise_a keep_v their_o distance_n of_o double_v and_o the_o kind_n thereof_o chap._n xxix_o 1_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o double_v one_o of_o rank_n the_o other_o of_o depth_n or_o file_n and_o 2_o either_o of_o these_o double_a the_o number_n or_o the_o place_n 3_o the_o length_n be_v double_v in_o number_n when_o of_o a_o front_n of_o 124_o file_n we_o make_v a_o front_n keep_v the_o same_o ground_n of_o 248_o file_n by_o insert_v in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o file_n and_o file_n some_o of_o the_o follower_n that_o stand_v in_o the_o depth_n this_o be_v do_v to_o the_o end_n to_o thicken_v the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n if_o we_o lift_v to_o recall_v they_o to_o their_o first_o posture_n we_o be_v to_o command_v those_o that_o be_v insert_v to_o countermarch_n to_o the_o place_n they_o have_v before_o 4_o there_o be_v that_o mislike_v these_o doubling_n especial_o the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n and_o will_v have_v a_o show_n of_o double_v make_v without_o indeed_o double_v the_o phalange_n already_o order_v by_o stretch_v out_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o the_o horse_n on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o battle_n 5_o the_o use_n of_o double_v the_o length_n be_v when_o either_o we_o will_v over-wing_n the_o enemy_n or_o else_o ourselves_o fear_v to_o be_v over-winged_n the_o depth_n be_v double_v 6_o by_o insert_v the_o second_o file_n into_o the_o first_o so_o that_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v place_v next_o behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o second_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v the_o four_o man_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o three_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v the_o six_o in_o the_o first_o file_n and_o so_o forth_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o whole_a second_o file_n be_v ingross_v into_o the_o first_o and_o likewise_o the_o four_o file_n into_o the_o three_o and_o all_o the_o even_a file_n into_o the_o odd_a doubâ—ing_v of_o the_o depth_n by_o countermarch_v be_v make_v either_o when_o the_o next_o side-file_n in_o several_a as_o in_o the_o former_a example_n the_o second_o and_o the_o four_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n to_o the_o rear_n and_o place_n themselves_o behind_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o odd_a file_n or_o else_o the_o file_n remain_v in_o their_o first_o place_n and_o number_n half_a of_o they_o divide_v themselves_o from_o the_o other_o half_a countermarch_n likewise_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o convey_v themselves_o behind_o the_o other_o there_o order_n themselves_o and_o so_o double_a the_o depth_n of_o the_o phalange_n if_o we_o will_v return_v they_o to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o must_v recall_v those_o that_o be_v convey_v to_o stand_v behind_o to_o the_o place_n they_o have_v before_o the_o countermarch_v note_n the_o former_a three_o motion_n alter_v not_o the_o form_n of_o the_o phalange_n for_o whether_o you_o turn_v face_n wheel_a or_o countermarch_v the_o phalange_n the_o depth_n and_o length_n remain_v one_o the_o motion_n to_o be_v express_v in_o this_o chapter_n induce_v a_o other_o shape_n to_o the_o phalange_n and_o make_v it_o seem_v a_o different_a body_n from_o that_o it_o be_v before_o be_v by_o double_v extend_v either_o in_o length_n or_o in_o depth_n for_o double_v the_o number_n of_o man_n or_o the_o place_n of_o the_o phalange_n in_o front_n make_v the_o length_n twice_o as_o much_o 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