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that_o it_o be_v more_o likely_a to_o ruin_n than_o to_o increase_v its_o kind_a but_o if_o it_o do_v live_v the_o spring_n be_v the_o time_n when_o it_o will_v bud_v therefore_o by_o consequence_n the_o best_a my_o reason_n for_o cut_v the_o root_n two_o or_o three_o inch_n off_o from_o the_o great_a root_n be_v then_o that_o two_o or_o three_o inch_n of_o the_o root_n will_v put_v forth_o many_o root_n at_o the_o end_n especial_o if_o smooth_v cut_v off_o and_o so_o the_o better_a for_o the_o tree_n from_o whence_o you_o take_v the_o root_n thus_o much_o for_o the_o manner_n of_o raise_v by_o part_n of_o root_n the_o kind_n which_o may_v be_v thus_o raise_v be_v these_o that_o follow_v viz._n elm_n maple_n poplar_n aspen_n abete_n cherry_n crabtree_n plumb_n white_a bush_n serve_v etc._n etc._n chap._n viii_o what_o soil_n or_o dung_n be_v best_a for_o tree_n or_o their_o seed_n etc._n etc._n any_o sort_n of_o dung_n that_o be_v very_o hot_a of_o itself_o as_o pigeon_n hens-dung_n sea-coal_n or_o wood-ash_n soot_n or_o malt-dust_n such_o or_o as_o heat_n after_o it_o be_v lay_v in_o the_o ground_n as_o horse-dung_n and_o horselitter_n or_o green_a grass_n or_o weeds_o these_o or_o the_o like_a unless_o a_o small_a quantity_n and_o in_o very_o cold_a ground_n be_v better_o save_v than_o use_v for_o tree_n especial_o forest-tree_n some_o reason_n may_v be_v give_v for_o this_o first_o their_o forefather_n have_v not_o meet_v with_o such_o kindness_n therefore_o their_o child_n do_v not_o nor_o can_v digest_v it_o so_o well_o second_o these_o sort_n
plant_v they_o in_o your_o nursery_n as_o you_o be_v direct_v for_o walnut-tree_n there_o keep_v they_o with_o dig_v and_o prune_v till_o they_o be_v fit_a of_o stature_n to_o plant_v out_o they_o grow_v in_o good_a shape_n and_o last_v long_o it_o be_v a_o fine_a tree_n for_o walk_n it_o like_v best_a a_o strong_a ground_n but_o let_v it_o be_v good_a and_o there_o they_o will_v bear_v store_n of_o fruit_n and_o grow_v to_o be_v large_a fine_a tree_n they_o be_v very_o subject_a to_o put_v forth_o sucker_n by_o which_o they_o be_v easy_o increase_v from_o the_o root_n of_o the_o mother-tree_n but_o how_o to_o do_v that_o see_v chapt._n 7._o there_o you_o may_v be_v full_o satisfy_v how_o to_o raise_v they_o when_o you_o have_v get_v they_o to_o five_o or_o six_o foot_n high_a bud_v they_o they_o will_v bear_v soon_o more_o and_o better_o etc._n etc._n chap._n xvii_o of_o raise_v and_o order_v the_o cherrytree_n i_o know_v many_o will_v say_v that_o it_o be_v not_o proper_a to_o rank_v this_o among_o forrest-tree_n but_o if_o such_o do_v but_o see_v the_o fine_a stately_a tree_n that_o we_o have_v grow_v in_o the_o wood_n at_o cashiobury_n they_o will_v then_o conclude_v it_o proper_a for_o wood_n and_o if_o for_o wood_n then_o for_o forest_n where_o they_o like_v the_o ground_n they_o make_v a_o glorious_a show_n in_o the_o spring_n their_o white_a blossom_n show_v at_o a_o distance_n as_o though_o they_o be_v clothe_v with_o fine_a white_a linen_n their_o blossom_n be_v a_o great_a relief_n to_o the_o industrious_a bee_n at_o that_o season_n the_o way_n to_o raise_v and_o order_v they_o be_v as_o follow_v and_o first_o you_o must_v know_v that_o the_o best_a way_n to_o raise_v they_o be_v of_o stone_n let_v your_o cherry_n be_v very_o ripe_a for_o the_o ripe_a your_o cherry_n be_v or_o any_o other_o fruit_n the_o plump_a and_o better_a be_v the_o kernel_n the_o time_n they_o be_v ripe_a be_v according_a to_o the_o kind_n but_o it_o be_v the_o black_a cherry_n which_o grow_v common_a in_o wood_n and_o hedge_n about_o cashiobury_n which_o be_v the_o tree_n fit_v for_o wood_n and_o therefore_o how_o to_o raise_v it_o i_o shall_v show_v though_o there_o be_v much_o difference_n in_o these_o also_o for_o we_o have_v some_o full_a as_o large_a and_o good_a as_o the_o corowne_n and_o at_o a_o place_n call_v red-heath_n at_o one_o mr._n baldwin_n they_o have_v some_o sort_v not_o inferior_a to_o the_o black_a orleans_n which_o be_v produce_v natural_o from_o the_o stone_n without_o bud_a or_o graft_v or_o any_o other_o help_v but_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o ground_n which_o indeed_o be_v very_o natural_a to_o they_o they_o be_v ripe_a in_o july_n and_o the_o large_a sort_n be_v ripe_a late_a the_o fowl_n of_o the_o air_n will_v give_v you_o notice_n of_o their_o time_n of_o be_v ripe_a by_o their_o visit_v they_o which_o be_v as_o so_o many_o messenger_n to_o awaken_v the_o industrious_a to_o take_v care_n in_o time_n to_o preserve_v they_o and_o to_o the_o careless_a man_n and_o sluggard_n to_o take_v that_o away_o from_o he_o which_o he_o will_v not_o take_v care_n of_o for_o as_o the_o wise_a of_o man_n say_v prov._n 20._o the_o sluggard_n will_v not_o plough_v by_o reason_n of_o cold_a therefore_o shall_v he_o beg_v in_o harvest_n so_o he_o that_o will_v not_o take_v care_n in_o time_n shall_v want_v when_o other_o have_v but_o we_o have_v such_o store_n that_o what_o the_o jackdaw_n jay_n mag-py_n etc._n etc._n eat_v they_o be_v not_o miss_v with_o we_o and_o though_o the_o fowl_n do_v begin_v to_o eat_v they_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o turn_v blackish_a yet_o nature_n have_v tie_v they_o on_o so_o fast_o to_o the_o stalk_n that_o they_o can_v but_o take_v off_o part_n of_o the_o flesh_n and_o leave_v the_o stone_n and_o rest_n to_o feed_v the_o kernel_n for_o the_o wonderful_a wise_a god_n have_v order_v most_o sort_n of_o fruit_n so_o that_o some_o by_o their_o bitter_a sour_a or_o other_o taste_v be_v so_o well_o defend_v that_o neither_o bird_n nor_o beast_n will_v touch_v they_o till_o the_o kernel_n be_v ripe_a or_o near_o it_o and_o then_o the_o fleshy_a part_n and_o kernel_n also_o be_v please_v to_o their_o palate_n when_o the_o fruit_n be_v ripe_a gather_v they_o and_o have_v the_o fleshy_a part_n eat_v off_o or_o take_v off_o by_o roll_v they_o in_o sand_n that_o be_v dry_a with_o some_o heavy_a plank_n upon_o they_o draw_v it_o too_o and_o again_o to_o take_v off_o the_o flesh_n when_o you_o have_v so_o do_v dry_v they_o for_o three_o or_o four_o day_n than_o put_v they_o into_o pretty_a moist_a sand_n and_o so_o keep_v they_o till_o the_o beginning_n of_o february_n in_o house_n and_o then_o sow_v they_o in_o a_o bed_n of_o light_n gravelly_a mould_n if_o your_o bed_n be_v not_o natural_o so_o make_v it_o so_o keep_v they_o clean_o from_o weed_n for_o two_o year_n and_o then_o you_o may_v plant_v they_o in_o wood_n coppice_n hedge-rowe_n etc._n etc._n or_o in_o your_o nursery_n to_o raise_v other_o kind_n of_o or_o there_o to_o stand_v till_o they_o be_v fit_a for_o walk_n for_o where_o the_o ground_n be_v natural_a they_o be_v very_o proper_a for_o walk_n the_o ground_n they_o like_v be_v a_o dry_a soil_n the_o bottom_n gravel_n the_o surface_n mix_v with_o loom_n or_o you_o may_v sow_v they_o on_o bed_n as_o soon_o as_o you_o have_v take_v the_o flesh_n off_o and_o they_o will_v do_v very_o well_o and_o come_v up_o the_o spring_n follow_v and_o then_o you_o may_v plant_v they_o at_o two_o year_n shoot_v where_o you_o please_v but_o if_o you_o keep_v they_o too_o long_o out_o of_o the_o ground_n before_o you_o sow_v they_o they_o will_v lie_v two_o winter_n in_o the_o ground_n before_o they_o come_v up_o note_v this_o that_o all_o sort_n of_o stone-fruit_n will_v be_v commit_v to_o the_o earth_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o fruit_n be_v ripe_a the_o flesh_n take_v off_o and_o the_o stone_n a_o little_a dry_a for_o all_o sort_n of_o stone-fruit_n if_o well_o keep_v and_o sow_v or_o set_v in_o time_n will_v come_v up_o the_o spring_n after_o but_o if_o you_o keep_v they_o too_o long_o out_o of_o the_o ground_n they_o then_o will_v stay_v till_o the_o second_o spring_n and_o sometime_o never_o come_v up_o at_o all_o at_o any_o time_n when_o you_o remove_v a_o young_a cherrytree_n you_o may_v prune_v off_o his_o head_n close_o if_o you_o please_v to_o one_o shoot_v for_o they_o natural_o grow_v taper_n and_o straight_o they_o be_v subject_a to_o increase_v from_o the_o root_n of_o another_o tree_n but_o if_o you_o will_v help_v nature_n in_o raise_v of_o they_o that_o way_n see_v chap._n 7._o it_o be_v a_o good_a wood_n to_o plant_v in_o coppice_n for_o it_o produce_v a_o strong_a shoot_n and_o it_o be_v like_o the_o elm_n apt_a to_o put_v forth_o several_a young_a tree_n from_o the_o root_n of_o other_o tree_n but_o especial_o if_o you_o fall_v a_o tree_n that_o be_v not_o too_o old_a and_o it_o be_v in_o a_o light_a ground_n for_o than_o it_o will_v bring_v many_o from_o the_o root_n of_o one_o tree_n and_o so_o thicken_v your_o wood_n much_o it_o produce_v great_a tree_n in_o a_o light_a ground_n that_o be_v the_o soil_v it_o like_v but_o in_o a_o stiff_a cold_a ground_n it_o be_v not_o so_o ready_a to_o grow_v nor_o bring_v such_o fine_a high_a taper-tree_n nor_o increase_v so_o from_o the_o root_n as_o it_o will_v on_o light_a ground_n once_o i_o measure_v a_o cherrytree_n in_o cashiobury_n wood-walk_a first_o by_o the_o quadrant_n and_o so_o i_o find_v it_o 85_o foot_n high_a but_o for_o more_o exactness_n be_v the_o tree_n lean_v by_o reason_n of_o another_o which_o be_v blow_v upon_o it_o by_o a_o high_a wind_n i_o see_v it_o measure_v by_o a_o line_n let_v from_o the_o top-shoot_a to_o the_o ground_n and_o it_o be_v 85_o foot_n five_o inch_n therefore_o i_o think_v such_o tree_n as_o this_o may_v well_o be_v account_v among_o forrest-tree_n when_o you_o transplant_v young_a cherry_n tree_n do_v not_o set_v they_o too_o deep_a nor_o indeed_o no_o other_o sort_n of_o tree_n but_o especial_o those_o that_o natural_o run_v shallow_a as_o all_o sort_n do_v that_o be_v subject_a to_o put_v forth_o young_a tree_n from_o their_o root_n such_o be_v the_o elm_n abele_n sarvice_n cherry_n etc._n etc._n this_o tree_n be_v want_v in_o several_a part_n of_o this_o land_n but_o you_o that_o want_v it_o i_o will_v counsel_v you_o to_o get_v it_o as_o soon_o as_o your_o ground_n be_v convenient_a for_o it_o chap._n xviii_o of_o raise_v and_o order_v the_o linetree_n this_o tree_n be_v call_v by_o most_o herbal_n the_o linetree_n or_o linden_n but_o
it_o be_v send_v i_o by_o a_o fair_a lady_n say_v he_o to_o every_o gallon_n of_o birch-water_n put_v a_o quart_n of_o honey_n well_o still_v together_o then_o boil_v it_o almost_o a_o hour_n with_o a_o few_o clove_n and_o a_o little_a limon-peel_n keep_v it_o well_o scummed_a when_o it_o be_v sufficient_o boil_a and_o become_v cold_a add_v to_o it_o three_o or_o four_o spoonful_n of_o good_a ale_n to_o make_v it_o work_v which_o it_o will_v do_v like_o new_a ale_n and_o when_o the_o yeast_n begin_v to_o settle_v bottle_n it_o up_o as_o you_o do_v other_o winey_a liquor_n it_o will_v in_o a_o competent_a time_n become_v a_o most_o brisk_a and_o spirituous_a drink_n which_o be_v a_o very_a powerful_a opener_n this_o wine_n may_v if_o you_o please_v be_v make_v as_o successful_o with_o sugar_n instead_o of_o honey_n lib._n 1._o to_o each_o gallon_n of_o water_n or_o you_o may_v dulcifie_v it_o with_o raisin_n and_o compose_v a_o raison-wine_n of_o it_o i_o know_v not_o whether_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o sweet_a ingredient_n may_v not_o be_v somewhat_o reduce_v and_o the_o operation_n improve_v but_o i_o give_v it_o as_o receive_v for_o distemper_n in_o man_n it_o be_v good_a for_o cure_n of_o the_o ptysick_n most_o powerful_a for_o dissolve_v the_o stone_n in_o the_o bladder_n cure_v as_o i_o be_o tell_v consumption_n and_o such_o interior_a disease_n as_o accompany_v the_o stone_n in_o the_o bladder_n and_o reins_o this_o liquor_n be_v so_o strong_a that_o the_o common_a sort_n of_o stone-bottle_n can_v preserve_v the_o spirit_n so_o subtle_a they_o be_v and_o volatile_a and_o yet_o it_o be_v gentle_a and_o very_o harmless_a in_o operation_n within_o the_o body_n and_o exceed_o sharpen_v the_o appetite_n be_v drink_v ante_fw-la pastum_fw-la this_o from_o the_o learned_a author_n and_o thus_o much_o of_o the_o birch_n and_o now_o i_o proceed_v chap._n xxiv_o of_o raise_v the_o hazel_n of_o the_o kind_n there_o be_v many_o and_o some_o very_a good_a fruit_n as_o the_o red_a and_o white_a filberd_n the_o great_a french_a nut_n etc._n etc._n also_o your_o wild_a nut_n do_v differ_v much_o in_o shape_n and_o goodness_n my_o lord_n have_v once_o a_o quantity_n of_o very_a good_a sort_n send_v he_o from_o beyond_o sea_n they_o have_v a_o very_a tender_a shell_n therefore_o i_o take_v care_n to_o raise_v some_o of_o they_o and_o do_v several_a but_o when_o they_o come_v to_o bear_v they_o be_v no_o better_a than_o our_o hedge-nut_n when_o they_o be_v ripe_a i_o need_v not_o tell_v you_o for_o every_o boy_n can_v order_v they_o all_o winter_n as_o you_o be_v advise_v to_o keep_v your_o walnut_n and_o sow_v they_o at_o the_o same_o time_n in_o the_o spring_n they_o will_v grow_v almost_o on_o any_o ground_n provide_v not_o too_o wet_a but_o best_a on_o your_o dry_a ground_n therefore_o set_v they_o on_o your_o high_a and_o dry_a bank_n between_o your_o fence_n but_o early_o in_o winter_n if_o they_o hold_v but_o the_o first_o year_n they_o will_v produce_v good_a stub_n you_o may_v increase_v they_o by_o sucker_n or_o lay_v but_o the_o best_a way_n be_v from_o their_o nut_n i_o will_v have_v you_o to_o benefit_n yourself_o by_o lay_v this_o and_o other_o wood_n in_o your_o wood_n that_o be_v thin_a of_o wood_n i_o dare_v assure_v you_o that_o for_o every_o shilling_n you_o lay_v out_o in_o this_o husbandry_n in_o a_o few_o year_n time_n every_o shilling_n shall_v be_v pay_v you_o yearly_o for_o many_o year_n after_o chap._n xxv_o of_o raise_v the_o several_a sort_n of_o popler_n there_o may_v be_v many_o sort_n of_o this_o wood_n but_o i_o know_v but_o four_o the_o best_a be_v that_o large_a white_a poplar_n a_o great_a leaf_n white_a on_o the_o low_a side_n it_o shoot_v with_o a_o strong_a whitish_a shoot_n which_o the_o dutch_a call_v abele_n the_o second_o be_v a_o sort_n much_o like_o to_o this_o both_o in_o leaf_n and_o shoot_v which_o grow_v in_o many_o place_n of_o this_o land_n and_o be_v in_o most_o place_n call_v the_o white_a poplar_n the_o three_o be_v a_o sort_n that_o have_v the_o leaf_n and_o shoot_v more_o small_a and_o not_o so_o white_a it_o grow_v in_o many_o place_n and_o in_o most_o of_o they_o be_v call_v the_o aspen_n or_o asp-tree_n these_o three_o sort_n be_v to_o be_v order_v all_o as_o one_o the_o other_o differ_v much_o both_o in_o the_o nature_n of_o grow_v and_o order_v therefore_o a_o word_n or_o two_o of_o these_o i_o never_o yet_o do_v raise_v any_o of_o they_o of_o seed_n but_o i_o do_v believe_v they_o have_v a_o seed_n in_o that_o downy_a substance_n they_o shed_v in_o the_o spring_n they_o increase_v natural_o very_o much_o from_o the_o root_n but_o they_o may_v be_v help_v much_o by_o the_o rule_n in_o the_o chapter_n before_o which_o show_v you_o how_o to_o raise_v tree_n from_o the_o root_n of_o another_o tree_n by_o which_o rule_n from_o two_o of_o the_o abele_n tree_n my_o lord_n have_v from_o holland_n i_o have_v raise_v above_o a_o hundred_o but_o if_o you_o fence_v in_o a_o place_n round_o the_o tree_n to_o keep_v cattle_n off_o and_o keep_v down_o the_o great_a weed_n a_o little_a they_o will_v put_v forth_o many_o young_a tree_n from_o the_o root_n of_o a_o old_a one_o especial_o if_o you_o prune_v up_o or_o thin_a the_o head_n of_o any_o of_o these_o sort_n they_o will_v then_o yield_v the_o more_o but_o if_o you_o do_v not_o value_v your_o mother-tree_n but_o desire_v to_o get_v a_o great_a stock_n of_o young_a one_o than_o you_o may_v fell_v the_o mother-tree_n at_o the_o ground_n and_o if_o it_o be_v not_o very_o young_a or_o old_a the_o root_n will_v put_v forth_o in_o young_a tree_n the_o quantity_n of_o the_o body_n and_o head_n of_o that_o tree_n and_o so_o will_v the_o elm_n cherry_n etc._n etc._n then_o how_o useful_a such_o tree_n be_v to_o set_v in_o the_o place_n of_o wood_n that_o be_v thin_a i_o leave_v you_o to_o judge_v though_o this_o tree_n be_v none_o of_o the_o best_a of_o wood_n beside_o the_o aforesaid_a 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asp_n worst_o when_o the_o bough_n be_v great_a this_o water-pople_a do_v not_o increase_v of_o a_o runner_n as_o the_o other_o do_v i_o suppose_v this_o be_v the_o same_o which_o some_o call_v the_o black-pople_a it_o grow_v in_o several_a place_n about_o ware_n by_o their_o ditch-side_n and_o bring_v they_o good_a profit_n and_o therefore_o you_o that_o have_v wet_a ground_n get_v some_o of_o this_o to_o set_v by_o your_o ditch_n one_o row_n of_o this_o and_o one_o of_o willow_n for_o if_o you_o set_v one_o of_o these_o worth_n a_o halfpenny_n if_o they_o grow_v they_o will_v bring_v you_o that_o yearly_a for_o twenty_o year_n or_o more_o prune_n all_o soft_a wood_n at_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o winter_n etc._n etc._n chap._n xxvi_o of_o raise_v the_o alder._n this_o tree_n may_v be_v raise_v of_o truncheon_n as_o the_o other_o i_o last_o write_v of_o some_o say_v of_o seed_n but_o if_o you_o cut_v they_o about_o two_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a long_o and_o set_v they_o two_o foot_n in_o the_o ground_n if_o the_o ground_n be_v proper_a for_o they_o they_o will_v certain_o grow_v and_o yield_v you_o good_a profit_n they_o love_v a_o wet_a moorish_a ground_n and_o will_v not_o grow_v on_o dry_a ground_n they_o will_v grow_v well_o on_o your_o boggy_a ground_n which_o seldom_o yield_v good_a grass_n some_o advise_v you_o to_o fell_v they_o every_o three_o or_o four_o year_n which_o be_v good_a counsel_n but_o do_v not_o defer_v above_o five_o or_o six_o year_n the_o wound_a place_n will_v be_v too_o great_a if_o you_o stay_v long_o and_o with_o wet_a will_v grow_v hollow_a if_o it_o be_v great_a before_o it_o can_v overgrow_v the_o wound_n as_o for_o soft_a wood_n or_o aquatic_a tree_n fell_a or_o lop_v none_o till_o to_o ward_n the_o spring_n viz._n february_n be_v the_o best_a season_n and_o the_o moon_n increase_a chap._n xxvii_o of_o raise_v the_o withy_a willow_n sallow_a oziers_n the_o withy_a do_v best_a grow_v on_o ground_n that_o be_v not_o very_o moist_a 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good_a for_o it_o will_v burn_v up_o your_o seed_n or_o plant_n this_o dung_n be_v too_o hot_a and_o quick_a for_o the_o seed_n of_o tree_n for_o it_o be_v the_o nature_n of_o pigeon_n to_o eat_v salt_n and_o to_o go_v to_o the_o seaside_n early_o in_o the_o morning_n and_o there_o to_o pick_v up_o salt_n which_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n make_v by_o dry_v up_o the_o salt_n water_n and_o then_o leave_v the_o salt_n upon_o the_o sand_n now_o this_o fowl_n feed_v so_o much_o upon_o salt_n the_o dung_n of_o it_o be_v hot_a and_o salt_a than_o any_o fowl_n i_o know_v now_o the_o reason_n why_o it_o be_v good_a for_o cold_a land_n and_o withal_o to_o sow_v it_o early_o be_v these_o every_o one_o know_v that_o it_o be_v the_o nature_n of_o salt_n that_o the_o dryer_n and_o hot_a it_o be_v keep_v the_o more_o it_o keep_v its_o own_o body_n and_o do_v not_o turn_v to_o water_n and_o when_o it_o stand_v in_o a_o cold_a and_o moist_a place_n it_o than_o dissolve_v in_o a_o little_a time_n 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to_o make_v they_o descend_v towards_o the_o house_n as_o near_o as_o we_o can_v which_o to_o do_v i_o be_v force_v to_o cut_v through_o one_o hill_n thirty_o rod_n most_o of_o the_o hill_n two_o foot-deep_a into_o a_o sharp_a gravel_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o all_o the_o length_n of_o the_o walk_n be_v the_o same_o they_o be_v tree_n that_o i_o raise_v of_o seed_n most_o of_o they_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o layer_n at_o hadham-hail_a they_o be_v with_o my_o lord_n ever_o since_o their_o minority_n and_o he_o many_o time_n their_o barber_n engage_v he_o to_o have_v the_o more_o particular_a kindness_n for_o they_o therefore_o he_o order_v i_o to_o do_v what_o i_o think_v good_a in_o prepare_v the_o ground_n for_o they_o which_o i_o do_v as_o follow_v first_o i_o level_v the_o hill_n and_o when_o i_o have_v bring_v the_o ground_n near_o to_o the_o level_n conclude_v on_o i_o stake_v out_o my_o ground_n where_o every_o tree_n shall_v stand_v and_o then_o order_v my_o hole_n to_o 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such_o up_o you_o spoil_v their_o spear_v by_o break_v it_o off_o or_o by_o let_v in_o the_o dry_a air_n and_o so_o kill_v it_o therefore_o keep_v your_o bed_n clean_o from_o weed_n and_o about_o the_o middle_n or_o latter_a end_n of_o august_n they_o will_v be_v come_v up_o about_o the_o midst_n of_o september_n sift_v a_o little_o rich_a mould_n all_o over_o the_o bed_n but_o not_o so_o much_o as_o to_o cover_v they_o thus_o do_v the_o next_o summer_n and_o take_v off_o the_o side_n â—_o bough_n though_o young_a and_o when_o they_o have_v stand_v two_o year_n on_o that_o bed_n then_o plant_v they_o on_o bed_n in_o your_o nursery_n keep_v they_o with_o dig_v and_o prune_v up_o yearly_o till_o you_o have_v get_v they_o to_o the_o stature_n you_o think_v convenient_a to_o plant_v abroad_o in_o set_v this_o or_o any_o sort_n of_o tree_n forget_v not_o to_o top_v the_o end_n of_o the_o tap-root_n or_o other_o long_a one_o and_o also_o not_o to_o leave_v a_o bruise_a end_n uncut_v off_o you_o may_v set_v they_o in_o straight_a line_n in_o your_o nursery_n about_o a_o yard_n one_o row_v from_o another_o and_o about_o a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a one_o tree_n from_o another_o in_o the_o row_v mind_n the_o natural_a depth_n it_o first_o do_v grow_v at_o and_o set_v it_o so_o when_o you_o remove_v it_o have_v a_o care_n of_o set_v any_o tree_n too_o deep_a and_o also_o keep_v not_o this_o tree_n nor_o a_o walnut_n long_o out_o of_o the_o ground_n for_o their_o spungy_a root_n will_v in_o a_o little_a time_n grow_v mouldy_a and_o be_v spoil_v therefore_o if_o you_o can_v set_v they_o let_v they_o be_v cover_v with_o earth_n and_o then_o you_o shall_v find_v this_o tree_n as_o patient_a in_o remove_v and_o as_o certain_a to_o grow_v as_o any_o tree_n i_o know_v the_o ground_n they_o like_v best_o be_v a_o light_a brick-earth_n or_o loom_n as_o i_o say_v before_o that_o they_o dislike_v most_o be_v a_o rocky_a ground_n or_o a_o stiff_a clay_n but_o if_o one_o have_v a_o mixture_n of_o brick-earth_n etc._n etc._n and_o the_o other_o of_o small_a gravel_n drift-sand_n sand_n etc._n etc._n then_o there_o they_o will_v do_v pretty_a well_o they_o natural_o increase_v very_o much_o of_o themselves_o and_o the_o more_o where_o they_o meet_v with_o natural_a ground_n if_o you_o fall_v a_o thrive_a tree_n and_o fence_v in_o the_o place_n you_o then_o may_v have_v a_o store_n to_o furnish_v your_o wood_n and_o hedgerow_n with_o the_o worst_a and_o the_o straight_a to_o nurse_v up_o in_o your_o nursery_n for_o to_o make_v walk_n avenue_n glade_n etc._n etc._n with_o for_o there_o be_v no_o tree_n more_o proper_a for_o the_o certainty_n of_o its_o grow_a especial_o if_o you_o make_v good_a large_a and_o deep_a hole_n and_o where_o the_o ground_n be_v not_o natural_a there_o help_v it_o by_o some_o that_o be_v and_o then_o you_o may_v hope_v for_o a_o stately_a high_a grow_a tree_n if_o you_o take_v care_n in_o prune_v it_o up_o as_o be_v before_o show_v of_o the_o oak_n you_o need_v not_o much_o fear_n its_o grow_a top-heavy_a for_o it_o have_v such_o a_o thick_a bark_n the_o sap_n be_v subject_a to_o lodge_v in_o it_o and_o break_v out_o many_o side-bough_n and_o the_o root_n apt_a to_o break_v out_o with_o sucker_n the_o more_o when_o prune_v therefore_o prune_v it_o up_o high_a and_o often_o but_o let_v the_o season_n be_v february_n for_o then_o its_o fine_a dark_a green-coloured_n leaf_n and_o long_o hang_v on_o it_o be_v the_o more_o ornamental_a and_o fit_a for_o walk_n as_o for_o the_o way_n to_o increase_v it_o from_o the_o root_n of_o another_o tree_n i_o do_v refer_v you_o to_o the_o seven_o chapter_n which_o will_v show_v you_o full_o how_o to_o perform_v the_o same_o observe_v but_o they_o rule_n you_o may_v raise_v many_o fine_a young_a tree_n from_o the_o root_n of_o another_o much_o better_a than_o natural_o they_o will_v be_v produce_v from_o the_o root_n i_o advise_v you_o where_o you_o find_v your_o ground_n natural_a in_o your_o hedge-rowe_n there_o to_o plant_v some_o of_o this_o most_o useful_a wood_n for_o it_o will_v run_v in_o the_o bank_n and_o thicken_v your_o hedge_n with_o wood_n and_o be_v very_o courteous_a to_o other_o sort_n of_o wood_n grow_v by_o it_o do_v not_o let_v ignorant_a tradition_n possess_v you_o that_o it_o will_v grow_v of_o the_o chip_n or_o of_o truncheon_n set_v like_o sallowe_n though_o the_o author_n of_o the_o commons_o complaint_n say_v it_o will_v for_o i_o assure_v you_o it_o neither_o do_v nor_o will_n in_o lop_n of_o this_o be_v careful_a to_o cut_v your_o bough_n close_a and_o smooth_a off_o mind_v to_o keep_v they_o perpendicular_a to_o the_o horizon_n the_o better_a to_o shoot_v off_o the_o wet_a it_o will_v grow_v well_o of_o lay_v as_o be_v before_o note_v and_o also_o direct_v in_o the_o chapt._n of_o lay_v in_o which_o if_o you_o take_v but_o a_o little_a labour_n more_o than_o ordinary_a from_o one_o tree_n you_o may_v have_v in_o a_o few_o year_n many_o in_o your_o hedge-rowe_n or_o elsewhere_o therefore_o defer_v not_o but_o put_v this_o in_o practice_n especial_o the_o great_a kind_a my_o lord_n bacon_n advise_v to_o bud_v it_o to_o make_v the_o leave_v the_o large_a but_o that_o be_v needless_a part_v of_o these_o rule_n i_o write_v some_o year_n ago_o at_o the_o request_n and_o for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o true_o ingenious_a planter_n and_o lover_n thereof_o sir_n henry_n capell_n and_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o the_o same_o conclusion_n now_o that_o i_o do_v then_o to_o he_o which_o take_v as_o follow_v since_o gard'ning_n be_v the_o first_o and_o best_a vocation_n and_o adam_n who_o all_o be_v by_o procreation_n be_v the_o first_o gardener_n of_o the_o world_n and_o you_o be_v the_o green_a shoot_n of_o he_o the_o original_a tree_n encourage_v then_o this_o innocent_a old_a trade_n you_o noble_a soul_n that_o be_v from_o adam_n make_v so_o shall_v the_o gard'ners_n labour_n better_o bring_v to_o his_o country_n profit_n pleasure_n to_o his_o king_n chap._n xii_o of_o raise_v and_o order_v the_o ash_n and_o as_o for_o raise_v the_o ash_n i_o shall_v give_v you_o the_o same_o rule_n as_o i_o do_v to_o the_o aforesaid_a honourable_a person_n the_o same_o time_n before_o the_o discourse_n of_o forrest-tree_n be_v write_v let_v your_o key_n be_v through_o ripe_a which_o will_v be_v about_o the_o middle_n or_o end_n of_o october_n or_o november_n when_o you_o have_v gather_v they_o lay_v they_o thin_a to_o dry_v but_o gather_v they_o off_o from_o a_o young_a straight_a thrive_a tree_n my_o reason_n to_o gather_v they_o off_o a_o young_a thrive_a tree_n be_v because_o there_o will_v the_o key_n or_o seed_n in_o the_o key_n be_v the_o large_a and_o solider_fw-la therefore_o by_o consequence_n they_o be_v the_o able_a to_o shoot_v the_o strong_a and_o to_o maintain_v themselves_o the_o better_a and_o long_o though_o i_o know_v by_o experience_n that_o the_o seed_n of_o some_o old_a plant_n will_v come_v up_o soon_o so_o the_o seed_n be_v perfect_a than_o the_o seed_n of_o young_a plant_n and_o also_o that_o old_a seed_n so_o it_o will_v but_o grow_v will_v come_v up_o soon_o than_o new_a seed_n my_o aforesaid_a reason_n do_v in_o part_n demonstrate_v this_o or_o thus_o nature_n find_v herself_o weak_a do_v like_o a_o provident_a mother_n seek_v the_o soon_o to_o provide_v for_o her_o weak_a child_n for_o nature_n be_v one_o in_o divers_a thing_n and_o yet_o various_a in_o one_o thing_n now_o if_o you_o gather_v they_o off_o from_o a_o straight_a tree_n it_o be_v the_o likely_a they_o will_v run_v more_o up_o and_o grow_v straight_a than_o those_o which_o be_v gather_v off_o a_o pollard_n or_o crooked_a tree_n for_o it_o be_v well_o know_v and_o may_v be_v prove_v by_o many_o instance_n that_o nature_n do_v delight_n in_o imitation_n and_o the_o defect_n of_o nature_n may_v be_v help_v by_o art_n for_o the_o great_a alteration_n which_o many_o time_n we_o find_v visible_a in_o many_o vegetable_n of_o the_o same_o species_n they_o all_o proceed_v either_o from_o the_o earth_n the_o water_n or_o the_o heavenly_a influence_n but_o the_o last_o be_v the_o great_a author_n of_o alteration_n both_o in_o sensible_fw-fr vegetable_n and_o animal_n however_o like_o still_o produce_v its_o like_a and_o since_o there_o be_v such_o plenty_n of_o forrest-tree_n that_o bear_v seed_n you_o may_v as_o well_o gather_v all_o sort_n of_o key_n and_o seed_n off_o or_o under_o such_o tree_n as_o not_o as_o for_o the_o time_n of_o sow_v they_o let_v it_o be_v any_o time_n between_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o october_n and_o the_o last_o of_o january_n for_o they_o will_v lie_v till_o spring_v
be_v write_v in_o this_o book_n chap._n xxx_o general_a rule_n for_o plant_v forrest-tree_n in_o avenue_n walk_n or_o orchard_n as_o in_o a_o natural_a ground_n first_o as_o to_o the_o ground_n your_o ground_n that_o have_v be_v feed_v for_o many_o year_n winter_n and_o summer_n as_o your_o common_a pasture-ground_n or_o the_o like_a such_o ground_n if_o it_o be_v any_o thing_n good_a be_v the_o best_a the_o next_o be_v your_o meadow-ground_n and_o then_o your_o plough_v land_n if_o your_o land_n be_v of_o soil_n alike_o thus_o i_o prefer_v they_o several_a reason_n may_v be_v give_v for_o this_o but_o i_o shall_v instance_n only_o in_o these_o few_o as_o namely_o your_o ground_n that_o be_v constant_o feed_v have_v likewise_o constant_o a_o supply_n of_o cattle_n dung_n and_o urine_n with_o the_o variety_n of_o kind_n which_o add_v much_o to_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o ground_n and_o likewise_o your_o pasture-ground_n though_o it_o abound_v with_o great_a variety_n of_o herb_n or_o grass_n according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o ground_n as_o also_o your_o meadow-ground_n do_v yet_o your_o pasture-ground_n have_v not_o only_o a_o constant_a supply_n of_o soil_n by_o one_o sort_n of_o cattle_n or_o other_o but_o the_o grass_n which_o grow_v on_o it_o do_v seldom_o run_v to_o flower_n or_o seed_n which_o when_o they_o do_v they_o draw_v forth_o much_o more_o of_o the_o salt_n or_o spirit_n or_o strength_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o we_o find_v the_o herb_n or_o grass_n on_o meadow-ground_n most_o common_o do_v therefore_o i_o judge_v your_o commons_o the_o best_a and_o both_o common_a field_n ground_n and_o meadow_n better_o than_o constant_a plough_v land_n for_o that_o be_v keep_v with_o plough_v to_o prevent_v what_o natural_o it_o will_v produce_v this_o make_v the_o ground_n the_o better_a for_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o where_o your_o house_n stand_v or_o highway_n be_v there_o the_o earth_n be_v full_a of_o salt_n and_o spirit_n or_o the_o life_n of_o plant_n not_o only_o because_o there_o be_v often_o some_o assistance_n of_o soil_n which_o i_o confess_v make_v it_o much_o rich_a but_o also_o because_o it_o can_v produce_v those_o plant_n which_o natural_o it_o will_v be_v it_o not_o restrain_v for_o still_o it_o receive_v a_o constant_a supply_n from_o nature_n and_o as_o the_o holy_a scripture_n say_v the_o almighty_a cause_v the_o sun_n to_o shine_v on_o the_o unjust_a as_o well_o as_o the_o just_a so_o also_o have_v the_o foresay_a earth_n the_o secret_a influence_n of_o the_o heaven_n as_o well_o as_o any_o other_o unless_o accidental_o prevent_v but_o this_o by_o the_o way_n now_o as_o for_o your_o plough_v land_n it_o be_v grant_v to_o be_v much_o better_a for_o plough_v but_o this_o be_v sow_v with_o annual_a grain_n very_o much_o draw_v out_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o earth_n for_o i_o judge_v that_o your_o annual_n be_v much_o more_o draw_v plant_n than_o those_o which_o will_v last_v several_a year_n it_o be_v in_o my_o judgement_n with_o your_o annual_a plant_n as_o it_o be_v with_o a_o man_n which_o hire_v a_o house_n for_o a_o year_n when_o his_o year_n be_v out_o he_o know_v he_o must_v remove_v clear_v the_o house_n especial_o of_o his_o own_o when_o as_o your_o durable_a vegetable_a like_o a_o man_n who_o house_n be_v his_o own_o be_v favourable_a to_o its_o situation_n have_v a_o kind_n of_o secret_a knowledge_n as_o i_o may_v say_v that_o there_o they_o and_o they_o may_v continue_v many_o year_n if_o this_o be_v understand_v i_o hope_v you_o then_o will_v say_v with_o i_o that_o your_o common_a pasture_n be_v best_a to_o plant_v on_o next_o to_o that_o meadow_n then_o plough_v land_n that_o be_v if_o all_o three_o be_v of_o equal_a goodness_n and_o soil_n chap._n xxxi_o of_o plant_v forrest-tree_n to_o make_v wood_n or_o to_o fill_v up_o naked_a place_n in_o wood_n where_o they_o want_v to_o tell_v some_o man_n of_o plant_v of_o wood_n be_v very_o needless_a for_o there_o be_v too_o many_o man_n more_o incline_v to_o stock_n up_o than_o to_o plant_v they_o but_o i_o suppose_v the_o great_a sort_n of_o man_n and_o i_o be_o sure_a the_o best_a sort_n be_v more_o incline_v to_o preserve_v and_o plant_v than_o to_o destroy_v and_o stock_n they_o up_o to_o those_o than_o that_o love_n either_o their_o country_n or_o themselves_o or_o especial_o their_o posterity_n and_o have_v any_o kindness_n for_o stately_a forrest-tree_n do_v i_o give_v this_o advice_n first_o let_v the_o ground_n be_v of_o what_o soil_n soever_o be_v sure_a to_o plant_v most_o of_o such_o tree_n as_o will_v grow_v best_a on_o that_o soil_n as_o if_o it_o be_v gravel_n than_o beech_n holly_n hasel_n etc._n etc._n if_o mix_v with_o loom_n than_o oak_n ash_n or_o elm_n etc._n etc._n if_o stiff_a than_o ash_n hornbeam_n sycomore_n etc._n etc._n if_o a_o light_a loom_n than_o most_o sort_n and_o withal_o have_v a_o eye_n to_o the_o adjacent_a tree_n and_o which_o sort_n soever_o you_o see_v thrive_v best_o be_v sure_a to_o furnish_v your_o ground_n with_o store_n of_o they_o second_o if_o your_o ground_n be_v moist_a then_o set_v in_o good_a store_n of_o the_o cut_n of_o alder_n willow_n sallow_a especial_o the_o two_o last_o on_o any_o ground_n for_o if_o there_o come_v a_o wet_a spring_n or_o a_o moist_a summer_n many_o of_o they_o will_v grow_v and_o produce_v good_a under-wood_n if_o set_v as_o be_v direct_v in_o the_o 26_o the_o or_o 27_o the_o chapter_n though_o the_o ground_n be_v dry_a and_o a_o gravel-bottom_a yet_o they_o will_v thrive_v and_o produce_v good_a shoot_n in_o a_o little_a time_n as_o i_o have_v find_v true_a at_o cashiobury_n etc._n etc._n three_o if_o you_o be_v mind_v to_o sow_v seed_n than_o you_o must_v prepare_v your_o ground_n with_o a_o good_a tillage_n before_o you_o sow_v your_o seed_n as_o much_o as_o you_o do_v for_o sow_v of_o barley_n and_o have_v all_o your_o seed_n ready_a prepare_v by_o be_v keep_v some_o time_n in_o a_o house_n till_o 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you_o may_v make_v your_o hole_n square_a if_o you_o please_v see_v figure_n 1_o this_o be_v much_o like_a to_o that_o question_n whether_o be_v half_a a_o foot_n square_n or_o half_o a_o square_a foot_n most_o when_o as_o i_o have_v hear_v some_o say_v they_o be_v both_o alike_o but_o it_o be_v their_o mistake_n for_o ½_o a_o foot_n square_n be_v only_o 6_o inch_n every_o way_n that_o be_v 6_o time_n 6_o be_v 36_o and_o 6_o time_n 36_o be_v 216_o inch_n when_o as_o half_o a_o square_a foot_n be_v the_o half_a of_o a_o cubical_a square_a foot_n the_o number_n be_v 12_o the_o square_a root_n be_v 144_o for_o 12_o time_n 12_o make_v 144_o and_o 12_o time_n 144_o make_v 1728_o the_o cube_n now_o the_o half_a of_o 1728_o be_v 864_o which_o be_v half_a of_o a_o square_a foot_n then_o if_o you_o divide_v 864_o by_o 216_o you_o will_v find_v 4_o for_o the_o quotient_a so_o that_o half_o a_o foot_n square_n be_v but_o ¼_n of_o half_a a_o square_a foot_n this_o i_o have_v demonstrate_v as_o 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or_o bay-cherry_n make_v a_o good_a hedge_n and_o if_o well_o keep_v very_o fine_a standard_n hard_a winter_n do_v pierce_v it_o on_o some_o ground_n but_o on_o most_o it_o be_v durable_a it_o be_v easy_a to_o increase_v and_o will_v grow_v well_o on_o most_o ground_n keep_v it_o but_o down_o and_o it_o will_v grow_v strong_a below_o and_o thick_a and_o then_o make_v a_o very_a fine_a hedge_n arbutus_fw-la or_o strawberry-tree_n be_v a_o curious_a plant_n for_o a_o hedge_n only_o it_o be_v very_o tender_a especial_o while_o young_a for_o the_o leave_n be_v constant_a while_o life_n last_v and_o of_o a_o fair_a green_n fine_o dent_v about_o the_o edge_n and_o its_o pretty_a white_a flower_n in_o summer_n with_o its_o strawberry_n on_o the_o beginning_n of_o winter_n all_o together_o add_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o grace_n to_o this_o plant._n cypress_n will_v make_v fine_a hedge_n but_o for_o two_o fault_n for_o first_o in_o in_o some_o ground_n it_o be_v tender_a and_o will_v not_o abide_v our_o hard_a winter_n and_o second_o it_o do_v not_o love_n to_o be_v head_v for_o that_o make_v it_o still_o more_o tender_a cut_v it_o not_o late_o in_o summer_n mezereon_o or_o dwarf-bay_n both_o the_o red_a and_o white_a together_o make_v a_o pretty_a low_a hedge_n and_o show_v very_o beautiful_o early_a in_o the_o spring_n alaternus_n or_o ever_o green_a privet_fw-la make_v a_o fine_a thick_a green_a hedge_n it_o will_v be_v support_v with_o a_o frame_n especial_o while_o it_o be_v young_a pyracantha_n or_o prickly_a coral_n make_v a_o good_a thick_a
hedge_n and_o a_o very_a fine_a show_n when_o it_o be_v full_a of_o its_o fine_a red_a berry_n which_o appear_v like_o bead_n of_o red_a coral_n among_o the_o dark_a green_a leave_n it_o like_v our_o entertainment_n so_o well_o that_o it_o will_v grow_v well_o on_o most_o ground_n our_o winter_n disturb_v it_o not_o and_o it_o be_v very_o easy_a to_o be_v multiply_v or_o increase_v by_o lay_v or_o cut_n they_o that_o have_v store_n of_o ground_n and_o be_v lover_n of_o plant_n i_o hope_v will_v not_o be_v without_o these_o few_o name_v and_o many_o more_o that_o will_v be_v very_o acceptable_a but_o they_o be_v not_o some_o of_o they_o so_o proper_a for_o hedge_n many_o more_o there_o be_v that_o will_v make_v very_o fine_a hedge_n for_o pleasure_n if_o well_o keep_v as_o the_o double-blossom_n cherry_n the_o laurus_fw-la tinus_fw-la or_o wild_a bay_n primme_a savin_n etc._n etc._n these_o few_o be_v only_o for_o ornament_n and_o make_v any_o of_o they_o fine_a hedge_n alone_o or_o 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as_o barley_n and_o they_o be_v as_o certain_a to_o grow_v on_o most_o sort_n of_o ground_n as_o any_o one_o wood_n i_o know_v for_o common_a and_o public_a fence_n there_o be_v none_o to_o compare_v with_o these_o two_o for_o certainty_n of_o grow_v for_o a_o thick_a strong_a and_o a_o arm_a fence_n black-bush_n make_v a_o good_a strong_a fence_n but_o it_o have_v one_o inconvenience_n that_o be_v it_o will_v not_o keep_v within_o its_o bound_n but_o will_v run_v very_o much_o into_o your_o ground_n and_o there_o be_v very_o troublesome_a to_o keep_v out_o therefore_o if_o your_o fence_n be_v for_o wood_n it_o may_v do_v well_o for_o the_o reason_n aforesaid_a also_o when_o you_o plash_n it_o it_o will_v often_o be_v ready_a to_o die_v by_o reason_n that_o it_o shoot_v so_o much_o from_o the_o root_n thus_o have_v i_o show_v you_o some_o sort_n of_o wood_n to_o make_v your_o hedge_n with_o i_o shall_v now_o give_v you_o some_o direction_n how_o to_o make_v they_o and_o here_o 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very_o curious_a hedge_n of_o pear_n cherry_n etc._n etc._n but_o i_o be_o too_o far_o get_v into_o the_o orchard_n or_o garden_n i_o must_v retreat_v to_o my_o forrest-tree_n to_o shelter_v i_o from_o the_o gardiner_n anger_n of_o those_o sort_n that_o be_v for_o ornament_n profit_n and_o for_o fence_n i_o have_v tell_v you_o that_o there_o be_v two_o peculiar_a sort_n viz._n the_o white-thorn_n and_o the_o crab_n which_o be_v indeed_o the_o most_o proper_a to_o fence_v in_o our_o forrest-tree_n and_o wood_n of_o any_o i_o know_v i_o know_v most_o hedge_n which_o be_v mix_v with_o many_o sort_n of_o wood_n be_v apt_a to_o come_v too_o fast_o without_o plant_v set_v of_o white-thorn_n which_o in_o most_o place_n be_v plentiful_a to_o be_v have_v burr_n if_o you_o will_v raise_v they_o of_o haws_n order_v they_o as_o be_v show_v of_o the_o cherry_n or_o yew-berry_n now_o to_o raise_v your_o crab_n or_o apple-stock_n though_o the_o crab-stock_n be_v better_a than_o your_o apple-stock_n for_o the_o crab_n grow_v more_o rugged_a strong_a and_o be_v more_o last_a but_o stock_n raise_v of_o apple-kernel_n will_v do_v well_o let_v your_o ground_n be_v well_o prepare_v by_o digging_z and_o picking_z it_o clean_o from_o weed_n mix_v it_o with_o some_o good_a rot_a dung_n then_o when_o the_o time_n be_v that_o they_o beat_v their_o crab_n for_o verjuice_n or_o apple_n for_o cider_n then_o prepare_v yourself_o with_o so_o many_o as_o you_o think_v be_v convenient_a for_o your_o ground_n and_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v stamp_v sow_v they_o if_o you_o can_v for_o if_o they_o lie_v long_o in_o the_o stamping_n that_o will_v heat_n and_o spoil_v your_o kernel_n therefore_o if_o you_o have_v they_o to_o fetch_v far_o or_o that_o you_o can_v sow_v they_o instant_o then_o let_v they_o be_v sift_v from_o the_o body_n of_o the_o apple_n and_o spread_v thin_a or_o mix_v with_o dry_a sand_n till_o you_o have_v opportunity_n to_o sow_v they_o or_o you_o may_v keep_v they_o in_o sand_n the_o kernel_n i_o mean_v a_o little_a moist_a till_o february_n and_o then_o sow_v they_o but_o be_v sure_a your_o ground_n be_v well_o prepare_v beforehand_o with_o good_a tillage_n and_o clean_o pick_v cover_v they_o about_o one_o inch_n or_o a_o little_a more_o with_o fine_a mould_n afterward_o when_o they_o come_v up_o keep_v they_o constant_o clean_a from_o weed_n remember_v if_o you_o sow_v at_o michaelmas_n that_o you_o take_v care_n to_o keep_v trap_n set_v for_o fear_v mouse_n rob_v you_o of_o your_o kernel_n thus_o may_v you_o raise_v what_o quantity_n of_o stock_n you_o please_v which_o at_o two_o and_o three_o year_n old_a you_o may_v set_v where_o you_o will_v have_v they_o to_o stand_v for_o to_o raise_v tree_n or_o to_o make_v hedge_n for_o fence_v in_o your_o ground_n keep_v they_o clean_o from_o weed_n by_o digging_z or_o hoe_z thus_o have_v show_v you_o how_o to_o furnish_v yourselves_o with_o store_n of_o stock_n in_o a_o little_a time_n which_o will_v make_v you_o as_o strong_a and_o good_a fence_n as_o most_o wood_n whatsoever_o and_o be_v very_o profitable_a too_o both_o to_o yield_v good_a liquor_n for_o drink_v and_o to_o bring_v good_a fuel_n to_o the_o fire_n i_o shall_v now_o show_v you_o how_o to_o plant_v these_o quickset_n both_o for_o hedge_n with_o ditch_n and_o for_o stant-hedge_n as_o some_o call_v they_o without_o ditch_n first_o strain_v a_o line_n where_o the_o inside_n of_o your_o ditch_n must_v go_v next_o your_o hedge_n then_o mark_v along_o by_o the_o line_n slope_v as_o you_o will_v have_v the_o bank_n of_o your_o hedge_n to_o slope_v then_o strain_v the_o line_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o ditch_n and_o mark_v it_o out_o slope_v inward_a
to_o the_o ditch_n as_o you_o do_v the_o other_o side_n for_o example_n suppose_v you_o make_v your_o ditch_n a_o yard_n at_o the_o top_n and_o three_o spade_n or_o a_o yard_n deep_a let_v it_o slope_v so_o on_o both_o side_n that_o it_o may_v come_v to_o a_o foot_n wide_a at_o the_o bottom_n but_o let_v the_o hedge-side_n slope_v the_o most_o then_o if_o your_o ground_n be_v green-sword_n and_o stiff_a land_n with_o a_o ture_a iron_n take_v all_o the_o turf_n off_o the_o breadth_n of_o your_o ditch_n then_o cut_v out_o a_o triangle-piece_n all_o along_o next_o the_o bank_n turn_z hat_z upsidet_fw-la down_n for_o to_o make_v the_o slope_n of_o your_o bank_n lay_v some_o of_o the_o turf_n you_o cut_v off_o or_o all_o of_o it_o on_o the_o backside_n of_o that_o triangle-piece_n thereon_o set_v one_o row_n of_o quick_a cover_v the_o root_n with_o crumb_n of_o mould_n the_o ditch_n one_o yard_n and_o the_o bank_n a_o yard_n as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o figure_n 3._o where_o a._n be_v the_o triangle-piece_n cut_v out_o of_o the_o ditch_n b._n the_o piece_n lay_v on_o the_o bank_n with_o the_o turf_n lay_v grass-side_n downward_o and_o the_o set_a on_o the_o top_n of_o that_o piece_n then_o level_v up_o the_o bank_n till_o it_o come_v level_a with_o the_o top_n of_o the_o piece_n b._n and_o then_o lie_v on_o such_o another_o angular_a piece_n and_o on_o the_o top_n of_o that_o a_o quickset_a as_o the_o other_o then_o level_v up_o as_o before_o and_o set_v another_o angular_a piece_n with_o the_o quick_a on_o the_o top_n so_o have_v you_o three_o row_v of_o quickset_a which_o let_v stand_v about_o one_o foot_n from_o another_o in_o each_o row_n and_o if_o your_o ground_n or_o the_o bank_n be_v dry_a set_v they_o a_o foot_n deep_a and_o if_o you_o will_v you_o may_v set_v one_o row_n on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o bank_n but_o three_o row_v set_v each_o against_o other_o open_a triangle_n make_v a_o excellent_a fence_n if_o set_v as_o be_v aforesaid_a see_v fig._n 3_o and_o note_v that_o the_o high_a and_o large_a you_o make_v your_o bank_n the_o better_a your_o quick_a will_v grow_v for_o this_o paradox_n be_v true_a in_o plant_v that_o the_o more_o you_o spend_v the_o more_o you_o shall_v get_v but_o if_o your_o ground_n be_v a_o light_a soil_n than_o you_o need_v not_o take_v off_o the_o turf_n from_o the_o triangle-piece_n because_o the_o turf_n will_v make_v such_o ground_n hold_v up_o the_o bank_n the_o better_a but_o than_o it_o will_v grow_v out_o at_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o angle_n and_o so_o will_v trouble_v you_o the_o more_o to_o weed_v your_o quick_a and_o beside_o you_o will_v want_v it_o to_o lay_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o your_o bank_n which_o will_v feed_v your_o set_v much_o and_o make_v they_o grow_v the_o better_a but_o if_o you_o will_v make_v a_o stant-hedge_n without_o a_o ditch_n the_o usual_a way_n be_v to_o dig_v a_o trench_n about_o a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a wide_a therein_o set_v two_o or_o three_o row_v of_o quick_a which_o on_o good_a land_n may_v prove_v indifferent_a well_o but_o if_o your_o ground_n be_v bad_a or_o that_o you_o will_v make_v it_o grow_v and_o prosper_v well_o on_o any_o land_n then_o dig_v a_o place_n where_o your_o hedge_n must_v stand_v one_o yard_n wide_a and_o make_v a_o bank_n with_o earth_n one_o yard_n high_a be_v one_o yard_n at_o the_o bottom_n and_o narrow_v by_o degree_n to_o a_o foot_n at_o the_o top_n set_z two_o row_v of_o set_v on_o each_o side_n this_o bank_n as_o be_v show_v before_o about_o plant_v the_o bank_n by_o the_o ditch_n or_o you_o may_v make_v this_o bank_n two_o foot_n wide_o below_o and_o two_o foot_n high_a set_v one_o row_n of_o quick_a on_o each_o side_n and_o one_o on_o the_o top_n as_o be_v before_o direct_v and_o ever_o observe_v that_o the_o large_a you_o make_v your_o bank_n the_o better_a your_o set_v will_n grow_v as_o be_v before_o note_v you_o may_v if_o your_o fence_n be_v near_o to_o a_o highway_n have_v earth_n sufficient_a from_o thence_o 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red-strake_a jennit-moyl_a or_o what_o cider_n or_o other_o fruit_n you_o please_v but_o if_o your_o stock_n be_v of_o apple-kernel_n you_o may_v let_v they_o stand_v ungraft_v and_o they_o will_v yield_v you_o very_o good_a syder-fruit_n but_o stock_n ungraft_v will_v be_v the_o long_a before_o they_o bear_v and_o also_o when_o you_o graft_v you_o may_v be_v certain_a of_o your_o kind_a but_o if_o you_o find_v a_o very_a natural_a stock_n that_o be_v likely_a by_o leaf_n shoot_v and_o bud_n try_v it_o by_o so_o do_v you_o may_v have_v a_o new_a fine_a fruit_n if_o you_o like_v it_o not_o you_o may_v graft_v it_o when_o you_o please_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o hedge_n when_o it_o have_v shoot_v three_o or_o four_o year_n you_o may_v lay_v for_o to_o make_v a_o fence_n of_o itself_o for_o you_o must_v mind_n to_o keep_v it_o from_o cattle_n till_o it_o come_v to_o be_v lay_v and_o one_o or_o two_o year_n after_o and_o now_o to_o lay_v it_o i_o shall_v give_v some_o few_o rule_n which_o may_v direct_v you_o when_o you_o lay_v any_o fence-hedge_n of_o what_o sort_n of_o wood_n soever_o it_o be_v first_o at_o every_o lay_v lay_v down_o some_o old_a plash_n or_o young_a one_o if_o your_o hedge_n be_v thin_a but_o let_v they_o point_v with_o their_o end_n to_o the_o ditch-side_n of_o the_o bank_n keep_v the_o end_v low_a on_o the_o bank_n they_o will_v the_o better_o thicken_v the_o bottom_n of_o your_o hedge_n and_o keep_v up_o the_o earth_n of_o your_o bank_n second_o at_o every_o laying_z lay_v earth_n on_o your_o bank_n to_o heighten_v it_o and_o to_o cover_v your_o layer_n all_o but_o the_o end_n which_o earth_n will_v help_v your_o quick_a much_o and_o make_v the_o fence_n the_o better_a by_o heighten_v the_o bank_n and_o deepn_v your_o ditch_n three_o do_v not_o cut_v your_o plash_n too_o much_o but_o just_a so_o much_o as_o they_o may_v well_o bend_v down_o and_o do_v not_o lay_v they_o so_o upright_o as_o some_o of_o our_o workman_n do_v but_o lay_v they_o near_o 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and_o likewise_o to_o instruct_v those_o that_o desire_v to_o learn_v this_o excellent_a rule_n the_o rule_n of_o three_o which_o right_o for_o its_o excellent_a use_n be_v call_v the_o golden_a rule_n observe_v this_o if_o one_o foot_n or_o 12_o inch_n be_v put_v into_o 1000_o part_n as_o here_o it_o be_v and_o must_v be_v be_v it_o be_v the_o integer_fw-la or_o whole_a sum_n of_o 725_o the_o rule_n order_v itself_o thus_o as_o 1000_o be_v to_o 12_o inch_n so_o be_v 725_o to_o 8_o inch_n 700_o 1000_o now_o to_o know_v what_o this_o 700_o 1000_o be_v in_o barley-corn_n do_v as_o before_o say_v thus_o if_o 1000_o be_v equal_a to_o 3_o barley-corn_n what_o be_v 700_o equal_a unto_o i_o say_v as_o here_o you_o see_v it_o prove_v that_o 700_o be_v equal_a to_o two_o barley-corn_n and_o one_o ten_o part_n of_o one_o for_o 100_o be_v one_o ten_o of_o 1000_o by_o this_o it_o do_v plain_o appear_v that_o if_o 12_o rod_n 65_o 100_o be_v turn_v into_o foot_n it_o make_v 208_o foot_n 8_o inch_n 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you_o make_v a_o equilateral_a triangle_n the_o perpendicular_a of_o that_o be_v the_o distance_n between_o the_o row_v which_o triangle_n i_o have_v draw_v by_o the_o same_o scale_n of_o the_o orchard_n see_v fig._n 4._o see_v chapter_n the_o 44_o the_o the_o breadth_n of_o my_o paper_n 6_o inch_n the_o plat_v 196_o foot_n and_o 66_o of_o 100_o for_o the_o 8_o inch_n my_o scale_n be_v near_o 33_o part_n in_o one_o inch_n but_o i_o take_v 32_o because_o it_o be_v a_o even_a number_n see_v fig._n 4._o if_o you_o will_v try_v the_o perpendicular_a of_o this_o triangle_n it_o be_v but_o 19_o foot_n so_o that_o there_o be_v 3_o foot_n between_o every_o 2_o row_v save_v by_o plant_v your_o ground_n this_o way_n more_o than_o those_o that_o plant_v their_o ground_n to_o have_v every_o 4._o tree_n to_o make_v a_o square_a the_o tree_n stand_v in_o both_o at_o the_o same_o distance_n but_o find_v that_o but_o little_a paper_n bear_v the_o full_a breadth_n of_o 6_o inch_n the_o quarter_n of_o 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tree_n in_o the_o draught_n be_v 21_o foot_n 10_o inch_n asunder_o see_v fig._n 5._o by_o this_o you_o see_v that_o if_o you_o plant_v your_o tree_n triangle_n this_o acre_n of_o ground_n have_v 11_o row_v and_o 104_o tree_n but_o if_o you_o begin_v either_o side_n with_o 10_o as_o before_o i_o begin_v with_o 9_o then_o will_v there_o be_v in_o this_o ground_n 105_o tree_n but_o to_o know_v how_o many_o row_v you_o may_v have_v in_o any_o ground_n do_v thus_o and_o you_o may_v present_o satisfy_v yourself_o you_o see_v the_o ground_n from_o one_o outside_n row_v to_o the_o other_o be_v 196_o foot_n 8_o inch_n which_o divide_v by_o 19_o the_o distance_n that_o the_o row_v be_v asunder_o neglect_v the_o fraction_n as_o needless_a now_o give_v 10_o distance_n always_o remember_v that_o there_o be_v one_o rowe_n or_o in_o a_o range_v of_o tree_n one_o more_o than_o the_o distance_n in_o this_o draught_n the_o tree_n stand_v at_o the_o same_o distance_n but_o square_a see_v fig._n 6._o by_o this_o last_o draught_n it_o appear_v that_o if_o you_o set_v the_o tree_n at_o the_o same_o distance_n and_o set_v they_o square_n that_o then_o there_o will_v be_v but_o 9_o row_v and_o 90_o tree_n in_o this_o square_a acre_n of_o ground_n but_o if_o you_o plant_v they_o triangle_n then_o will_v it_o hold_v 14_o or_o 15_o tree_n more_o but_o if_o your_o plat_v of_o ground_n be_v a_o long_a square_n or_o any_o other_o irregular_a figure_n then_o will_v your_o triangle-way_n hold_v a_o great_a many_o more_o in_o proportion_n to_o the_o quantity_n of_o ground_n beside_o it_o make_v many_o more_o row_v therefore_o more_o please_v to_o the_o eye_n note_v this_o well_o for_o set_v your_o tree_n exact_o have_v find_v the_o distance_n they_o be_v to_o stand_v asunder_o and_o likewise_o how_o many_o row_v with_o a_o line_n lay_v or_o stake_n true_a set_v where_o your_o first_o row_n must_v go_v the_o say_v stake_n will_v be_v of_o good_a use_n to_o set_v the_o tree_n by_o when_o your_o hole_n 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angle_n on_o one_o side_n then_o begin_v on_o your_o straight_a side_n and_o run_v the_o odd_a measure_n into_o the_o angle_n as_o far_o as_o be_v convenient_a to_o plant_v in_o such_o a_o ground_n you_o need_v but_o find_v what_o distance_n your_o first_o row_n must_v be_v set_v at_o but_o if_o your_o ground_n have_v both_o the_o side_n straight_o than_o it_o will_v be_v convenient_a to_o set_v the_o side-rowe_n at_o equal_a distance_n from_o your_o fence_n thus_o you_o may_v well_o perceive_v that_o it_o be_v but_o measure_v the_o length_n and_o breadth_n of_o your_o ground_n and_o proportion_n one_o to_o the_o distance_n your_o tree_n be_v to_o stand_v at_o the_o other_o to_o the_o distance_n the_o row_v be_v to_o be_v asunder_o and_o you_o may_v proceed_v to_o stake_v out_o your_o ground_n after_o this_o method_n you_o may_v plant_v any_o sort_n of_o forrest_n tree_n in_o grove_n the_o best_a way_n be_v to_o stake_v out_o your_o whole_a ground_n before_o you_o plant_v a_o tree_n or_o make_v one_o hole_n by_o so_o do_v you_o may_v well_o perceive_v where_o a_o fault_n be_v and_o easy_o mend_v it_o in_o time_n though_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n otherwise_o but_o i_o shall_v leave_v they_o to_o their_o own_o judgement_n and_o satisfy_v myself_o with_o experience_n and_o reason_n but_o for_o fear_v any_o thing_n shall_v be_v dubious_a to_o you_o that_o i_o have_v write_v observe_v but_o the_o set_n out_o of_o these_o two_o row_v and_o then_o i_o hope_v it_o will_v be_v plain_o demonstrate_v to_o you_o how_o to_o proceed_v suppose_v the_o length_n of_o your_o ground_n shall_v be_v the_o length_n of_o the_o line_n mark_v at_o the_o end_n thus_o see_v figure_n 7._o have_v stake_v out_o your_o first_o row_n as_o before_o be_v show_v and_o have_v the_o chain_n exact_o the_o distance_n of_o two_o open_n then_o bid_v one_o of_o your_o man_n take_v one_o end_v and_o the_o other_o man_n the_o other_o end_v you_o hold_v exact_o the_o middle_a bid_v one_o hold_n at_o the_o stake_n one_o the_o other_o at_o the_o stake_n two_o then_o pitch_v you_o down_o your_o stake_n right_o at_o the_o angles_n as_o the_o prick_a line_n show_v so_o let_v your_o two_o man_n remove_v from_o stake_n to_o stake_n and_o you_o from_o angle_n to_o angle_n till_o you_o have_v stake_v out_o your_o row_n and_o then_o let_v they_o come_v to_o that_o row_n you_o last_o set_v out_o and_o go_v on_o to_o another_o so_o proceed_v till_o you_o have_v stake_v out_o your_o whole_a ground_n thus_o much_o for_o plant_v tree_n in_o orchard_n fashion_n i_o have_v be_v the_o large_a to_o
show_v the_o best_a way_n for_o improve_n your_o ground_n presume_v that_o every_o man_n that_o fence_v in_o a_o ground_n will_v plant_v as_o many_o tree_n as_o he_o can_v in_o it_o let_v such_o but_o mind_n what_o i_o have_v deliver_v and_o what_o i_o shall_v deliver_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n i_o hope_v it_o will_v be_v satisfactory_a to_o he_o if_o it_o be_v it_o will_v be_v the_o like_a to_o i_o but_o what_o order_n soever_o you_o plant_v your_o tree_n in_o make_v your_o hole_n good_a before_o set_v not_o your_o tree_n too_o deep_a and_o keep_v they_o stake_v the_o first_o year_n cover_v the_o ground_n over_o the_o root_n with_o some_o litter_n or_o dung_n and_o over_o that_o a_o little_a mould_n to_o keep_v the_o sun_n from_o burn_v the_o dung_n and_o exhaust_v the_o strength_n in_o the_o spring_n walk_v over_o the_o ground_n you_o plant_v in_o winter_n and_o set_v your_o tree_n to_o right_a and_o tread_v the_o mould_n to_o the_o root_n especial_o if_o the_o spring_n be_v dry_a 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owner_n much_o less_o and_o worse_a fruit_n than_o it_o will_v have_v do_v therefore_o whatsoever_o bough_n you_o cut_v off_o from_o fruit_n or_o forrest-tree_n cut_v it_o close_o and_o smooth_a and_o the_o low_a side_n close_a then_o will_v it_o not_o hold_v water_n and_o every_o year_n the_o bark_n will_v surround_v and_o overgrow_v the_o wound_n by_o little_a and_o little_a till_o it_o have_v quite_o heal_v the_o place_n but_o if_o you_o leave_v a_o stump_n it_o be_v likely_a that_o will_v hold_v water_n and_o make_v a_o hole_n into_o the_o very_a body_n of_o your_o tree_n and_o so_o in_o little_a time_n make_v it_o sick_a and_o kill_v it_o which_o before_o will_v bear_v you_o but_o little_a and_o poor_a fruit_n or_o if_o the_o stump_n hang_v down_o so_o that_o it_o do_v not_o hold_v wet_a than_o the_o tree_n must_v be_v as_o big_a as_o that_o stump_n be_v long_o on_o all_o side_n before_o it_o can_v overgrow_v that_o place_n or_o if_o the_o stump_n rot_v and_o break_v off_o than_o 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bough_n that_o lean_a from_o the_o head_n cut_v the_o slope_n on_o the_o low_a side_n the_o slope_n tend_v downward_o so_o will_v they_o cover_v over_o the_o better_a if_o the_o wound_n be_v great_a cover_n it_o over_o with_o some_o clay_n well_o mix_v with_o horse-dung_n to_o keep_v it_o from_o the_o weather_n and_o it_o will_v cover_v over_o the_o soon_o many_o a_o good_a tree_n be_v spoil_v by_o graft_v of_o it_o in_o bad_a place_n as_o i_o have_v see_v in_o some_o hundred_o of_o which_o i_o have_v not_o spare_v as_o oft_o as_o i_o can_v to_o tell_v the_o owner_n but_o few_o will_v believe_v i_o for_o sometime_o they_o cut_v off_o great_a bough_n till_o they_o come_v to_o 6_o inch_n or_o thereabouts_o diameter_n there_o they_o put_v in_o four_o or_o six_o graft_n in_o the_o bark_n and_o sometime_o two_o in_o the_o clift_n and_o see_v the_o bough_n right_o cross_v over_o though_o it_o grow_v upright_o in_o which_o if_o the_o graft_n do_v grow_v the_o head_n be_v so_o great_a and_o they_o grow_v round_o as_o it_o be_v endeavour_v to_o cover_v over_o the_o wound_n make_v such_o a_o hollow_a place_n like_o a_o dish_n on_o the_o head_n as_o holds_z water_n and_o kill_v the_o tree_n which_o be_v many_o time_n dead_a before_o the_o graft_n can_v cover_v over_o the_o head_n or_o if_o the_o tree_n do_v not_o thrive_v very_o well_o they_o keep_v that_o place_n will_v cover_v with_o loom_n or_o clay_n mix_v with_o horse-dung_n and_o sometime_o they_o head_n the_o tree_n very_o low_a and_o thereby_o check_v it_o so_o much_o that_o it_o die_v in_o little_a time_n after_o sometime_o they_o cut_v off_o such_o great_a bough_n and_o do_v it_o so_o ill_a that_o though_o the_o head_n grow_v yet_o in_o little_a time_n these_o wound_n kill_v the_o tree_n though_o i_o shall_v not_o here_o teach_v you_o how_o to_o graft_v yet_o let_v i_o advise_v you_o when_o you_o graft_v high_a great_a tree_n not_o to_o cut_v they_o too_o low_o but_o to_o prune_v they_o up_o till_o they_o come_v to_o the_o thickness_n of_o your_o arm_n or_o less_o and_o then_o graft_v they_o for_o than_o will_v the_o graft_n soon_o overgrow_v such_o place_n leave_v a_o good_a many_o of_o these_o head_n on_o according_a to_o the_o bigness_n of_o your_o tree_n that_o if_o some_o miss_v you_o may_v take_v they_o off_o the_o next_o spring_n and_o yet_o have_v enough_o for_o the_o head_n if_o you_o graft_v in_o the_o bark_n you_o must_v remember_v to_o head_n your_o graft_n about_o midsummer_n or_o else_o they_o will_v be_v subject_a to_o blow_v off_o put_v your_o graft_n in_o always_o on_o the_o upper_a side_n
as_o soon_o as_o ever_o the_o spring-shoot_a be_v over_o which_o be_v near_a midsummer_n and_o take_v out_o some_o great_a bough_n then_o if_o you_o mind_v your_o time_n and_o do_v it_o with_o discretion_n you_o may_v force_v that_o tree_n to_o put_v forth_o blow_v bud_n and_o blow_n and_o bear_v the_o year_n follow_v thus_o have_v i_o show_v you_o some_o way_n and_o hint_n of_o prune_a tree_n though_o i_o know_v some_o that_o be_v against_o prune_v they_o at_o all_o so_o be_v there_o some_o that_o be_v against_o learning_n but_o it_o be_v convenient_a for_o tree_n to_o be_v prune_v well_o as_o also_o it_o be_v very_o necessary_a for_o man_n to_o be_v bring_v up_o in_o learning_n for_o thereby_o both_o produce_v much_o the_o better_a fruit_n therefore_o be_v go_v from_o hence_o thou_o knotty-natured_a turk_n there_o be_v nought_o design_v for_o thou_o within_o this_o work_n this_o be_v for_o christian_n make_v and_o such_o as_o be_v lover_n of_o tree_n and_o ingenuity_n this_o be_v intend_v only_o for_o the_o wise_a and_o none_o but_o ignorant_n will_v it_o despise_v let_v fool_n laugh_v on_o and_o wise_a man_n plant_v as_o fast_o and_o see_v who_o will_v have_v the_o better_o on_o it_o at_o last_o i_o shall_v here_o show_v you_o what_o the_o good_a esquire_n say_v in_o his_o discourse_n of_o forrest-tree_n pag._n 74._o which_o he_o quote_v from_o a_o ancient_a author_n it_o be_v a_o misery_n say_v he_o to_o see_v how_o our_o fair_a tree_n be_v deface_v by_o unskilful_a woodman_n and_o mischievous_a borderer_n who_o go_v always_o arm_v with_o short_a hand-bill_n hack_v and_o chap_a off_o all_o that_o come_v in_o their_o way_n by_o which_o our_o tree_n be_v make_v full_a of_o knot_n boil_n and_o canker_n to_o their_o utter_a destruction_n good_a husband_n shall_v be_v ashamed_a of_o it_o as_o much_o to_o be_v reprehend_v be_v those_o who_o either_o begin_v this_o work_n at_o unseasonable_a time_n or_o so_o maim_v the_o poor_a branch_n that_o either_o out_o of_o 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spring_n be_v the_o best_a season_n for_o this_o and_o thus_o much_o at_o present_a of_o prune_v forrest-tree_n for_o i_o tell_v you_o there_o be_v more_o tree_n spoil_v by_o bad_a lop_n or_o prune_v or_o for_o want_n of_o good_a lop_n or_o prune_v than_o there_o be_v of_o all_o disease_n belong_v to_o forrest-tree_n unless_o they_o be_v accidental_a as_o spoil_v by_o cattle_n etc._n etc._n chap._n xxxv_o of_o the_o disease_n of_o tree_n there_o be_v several_a disease_n and_o casualty_n that_o do_v spoil_v tree_n which_o sometime_o happen_v in_o the_o root_n and_o sometime_o in_o the_o body_n or_o head_n 1._o the_o root_n may_v be_v the_o decay_n of_o the_o tree_n as_o if_o they_o stand_v in_o ground_n contrary_a to_o its_o kind_a as_o the_o beech_n on_o cold_a clay_n and_o wet_a ground_n or_o the_o alder_n on_o sharp_a dry_a gravel_n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v contrary_a to_o each_o kind_a and_o must_v not_o thus_o be_v set_v 2._o it_o be_v also_o a_o great_a fault_n to_o the_o root_n of_o tree_n to_o set_v those_o tree_n which_o natural_o love_v to_o run_v shallow_a too_o deep_a or_o indeed_o any_o other_o 3._o when_o ground_n be_v very_o stiff_a or_o rocky_a it_o must_v be_v dig_v or_o plough_v to_o make_v way_n for_o the_o root_n to_o run_v in_o and_o contrary_a earth_n lay_v round_o about_o the_o tree_n root_n 4._o great_a weed_n must_v not_o grow_v round_o the_o tree_n for_o they_o will_v rob_v the_o root_n of_o their_o nourishment_n also_o they_o must_v early_o be_v weed_v from_o seedling_n or_o small_a plant_n lest_o they_o choke_v they_o 5._o ivy_n and_o traveller_n joy_n bryany_n and_o such_o climber_n must_v be_v pull_v up_o round_o your_o tree_n lest_o they_o pinch_v or_o make_v they_o crooked_a and_o so_o spoil_v they_o 6._o sucker_n must_v careful_o be_v pull_v off_o whensoever_o you_o see_v they_o break_v out_o open_v the_o earth_n so_o that_o you_o may_v well_o come_v at_o the_o place_n of_o the_o root_n where_o they_o grow_v out_o and_o then_o pull_v or_o cut_v they_o off_o close_o if_o you_o find_v they_o root_v you_o may_v set_v they_o again_o but_o than_o you_o must_v observe_v winter-season_n but_o such_o tree_n as_o yield_v sucker_n from_o the_o run_a root_n as_o the_o elm_n cherry_n etc._n etc._n if_o it_o be_v in_o wood_n and_o they_o thin_a leave_v some_o of_o they_o as_o you_o please_v they_o will_v do_v the_o tree_n no_o harm_n be_v sure_a to_o take_v sucker_n clean_o off_o from_o the_o body_n the_o first_o year_n 7._o the_o body_n be_v most_o common_o in_o danger_n if_o deer_n hare_n or_o connye_n can_v come_v at_o they_o while_o they_o be_v young_a therefore_o if_o you_o plant_v where_o dear_a or_o coney_n be_v you_o must_v take_v care_n to_o fence_v they_o well_o with_o frames_n of_o wood_n and_o look_v to_o keep_v they_o so_o or_o else_o never_o plant_v at_o all_o for_o in_o one_o day_n or_o night_n they_o will_v bark_v round_o several_a especial_o the_o ash_n line_n abele_n poplar_n etc._n etc._n and_o take_v great_a care_n to_o keep_v your_o apple_n and_o pear_n from_o hare_n and_o coney_n in_o hard_a winter_n for_o they_o will_v spoil_v they_o all_o if_o they_o come_v at_o they_o the_o best_a fence_n to_o secure_v your_o tree_n from_o they_o be_v to_o tie_v thum-band_n of_o hay_n or_o straw_n round_o they_o so_o high_a as_o they_o can_v reach_v keep_v this_o renew_v early_o every_o winter_n 8._o great_a bough_n ill_o take_v off_o as_o i_o have_v many_o time_n say_v before_o spoil_v many_o a_o tree_n therefore_o take_v they_o off_o close_o and_o smooth_a and_o not_o parallel_v to_o the_o horizon_n cover_v the_o wound_n with_o loom_n or_o clay_n well_o mix_v with_o horse-dung_n and_o keep_v it_o so_o cover_v for_o if_o the_o wet_a fall_n perpendicular_a on_o such_o a_o place_n it_o will_v in_o little_a time_n make_v the_o whole_a tree_n hollow_a by_o the_o wet_a get_n in_o there_o which_o come_v by_o great_a lop_v and_o bad_a lop_n as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o too_o many_o elm_n ash_n horn-beam_n etc._n etc._n spoil_v by_o such_o carelessness_n 9_o if_o a_o tree_n be_v bark-bound_a then_o slit_v through_o the_o bark_n with_o your_o knife_n from_o the_o head_n to_o the_o ground_n the_o spring_n be_v the_o best_a season_n this_o will_v do_v most_o tree_n good_a and_o no_o harm_n to_o any_o 10_o if_o worm_n be_v get_v between_o the_o bark_n and_o the_o body_n of_o your_o tree_n they_o must_v be_v cut_v out_o and_o the_o place_n do_v over_o with_o loom_n 11._o canker_a place_n or_o gall_v or_o bough_n break_v be_v to_o be_v cut_v smooth_a and_o cover_v over_o with_o loom_n the_o canker_n must_v be_v cast_v clean_o out_o if_o a_o great_a bough_n
be_v break_v and_o the_o tree_n old_a cut_v it_o off_o at_o a_o distance_n from_o the_o body_n but_o little_a bough_n close_o 12._o if_o a_o tree_n be_v blast_v in_o part_n or_o the_o whole_a head_n cut_v all_o that_o be_v blast_v or_o dead_a close_o off_o to_o the_o quick_a and_o take_v out_o all_o dead_a bough_n keep_v caterpillar_n from_o the_o head_n of_o young_a tree_n lest_o they_o eat_v off_o the_o leave_n and_o bud_n and_o kill_v your_o tree_n 13._o take_v care_n to_o destroy_v mole_n and_o mouse_n by_o trap_n or_o poison_n for_o mole_n will_v make_v hollow_a the_o ground_n and_o much_o harm_n your_o young_a tree_n mouse_n will_v eat_v all_o the_o bark_n off_o round_o the_o body_n in_o hard_a winter_n and_o kill_v your_o tree_n but_o mind_v you_o in_o time_n to_o prevent_v they_o 14._o rook_n do_v destroy_v many_o a_o tree_n both_o old_a and_o young_a before_o their_o time_n as_o to_o old_a tree_n by_o pinch_v off_o the_o top_n and_o break_v off_o the_o bud_n and_o young_a tree_n by_o light_v on_o their_o head_n their_o weight_n break_v off_o their_o young_a tender_a shoot_n and_o bud_n cause_n the_o tree_n to_o die_v and_o also_o they_o destroy_v seedling_n where_o they_o breed_v their_o dung_n bring_v forth_o great_a weed_n as_o nettle_n etc._n etc._n and_o so_o choke_v the_o young_a seedling_n therefore_o kill_v all_o of_o they_o you_o can_v at_o breeding-time_n by_o shoot_v they_o and_o set_v lime-twips_a on_o the_o top_n of_o your_o young_a tree_n you_o will_v thrive_v the_o better_a if_o you_o destroy_v they_o chap._n xxxvi_o of_o felling_n and_o order_v wood_n and_o coppice_n if_o you_o love_v to_o have_v a_o thrive_a wood_n and_o to_o improve_v it_o for_o your_o best_a advantage_n your_o best_a way_n be_v not_o to_o let_v it_o stand_v too_o long_o before_o you_o fall_v for_o the_o often_o you_o fall_v your_o under-wood_n the_o thick_a it_o will_v be_v as_o at_o ten_o or_o twelve_o year_n growth_n on_o a_o shallow_a ground_n and_o twelve_o or_o 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customary_a and_o the_o true_a way_n by_o the_o rule_n of_o natural_a arithmetic_n that_o so_o you_o may_v try_v whether_o you_o have_v measure_v right_a by_o the_o rule_n and_o compass_n or_o no_o and_o also_o that_o you_o may_v see_v the_o sweet_a agreement_n between_o geometry_n and_o arithmetic_n and_o first_o to_o work_v it_o by_o the_o customary_a way_n here_o we_o take_v the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o circumference_n to_o be_v the_o side_n of_o the_o square_n of_o the_o tree_n though_o erroneous_a and_o measure_v it_o as_o a_o cylinder_n the_o four_o part_n of_o 72_o in._n be_v 18_o in._n which_o multiply_v in_o its_o self_n give_v 324_o the_o superficial_a inch_n of_o one_o end_n then_o 58_o the_o length_n multiply_v by_o 12_o gives_z 696_o inch_n the_o length_n of_o the_o tree_n in_o inch_n and_o 696_o inch_n multiply_v by_o 324_o inch_n give_v 225504_o the_o square_a inch_n which_o sum_n divide_v by_o 1728_o the_o square_a inch_n in_o a_o solid_a foot_n give_v 130_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a i_o think_v by_o the_o point_n of_o the_o compass_n it_o have_v be_v a_o little_a above_o ½_o a_o foot_n but_o it_o be_v just_a half_a a_o foot_n thus_o have_v show_v you_o both_o by_o line_n and_o number_n what_o there_o be_v of_o this_o tree_n the_o customary_a way_n i_o shall_v here_o show_v how_o many_o foot_n of_o timber_n there_o be_v in_o it_o the_o true_a way_n still_o suppose_v it_o to_o be_v a_o cylinder_n that_o be_v a_o round_a figure_n of_o equal_a circumference_n in_o all_o part_n there_o be_v several_a way_n to_o measure_v it_o as_o by_o have_v the_o circumference_n or_o by_o have_v
the_o root_n begin_v to_o rot_v they_o then_o come_v up_o best_o than_o stock_n they_o all_o up_o the_o other_o wood_n will_v grow_v the_o better_a and_o they_o will_v pay_v you_o well_o for_o your_o charge_n they_o will_v cost_v you_o about_o 6_o s._n a_o stack_n and_o here_o they_o will_v be_v worth_a 12_o s._n or_o more_o when_o stock_v up_o when_o you_o fall_v your_o wood_n or_o coppice_n cut_v they_o smooth_a and_o close_a to_o the_o stub_n and_o a_o little_a slant_v upward_o as_o i_o advise_v you_o about_o lop_n pollard_n the_o often_o you_o fall_v your_o wood_n coppice_n or_o hedge_n the_o thick_a they_o will_v grow_v for_o every_o fell_n give_v way_n to_o the_o young_a seedling_n to_o get_v up_o and_o make_v the_o weak_a plant_n shoot_v strong_a those_o wood_n which_o increase_v by_o run_a root_n as_o elm_n cherry_n poplar_n maple_n sarvice_n etc._n etc._n which_o thicken_v your_o wood_n much_o and_o felling_n make_v the_o root_n of_o a_o tree_n to_o swell_v as_o lop_n do_v the_o body_n and_o so_o it_o produce_v the_o great_a shoot_n and_o come_v soon_o to_o perfection_n whereas_o great_a wood_n and_o old_a and_o ill_o take_v off_o from_o the_o stub_n many_o time_n kill_v all_o when_o you_o fall_v your_o wood_n leave_v young_a tree_n enough_o you_o may_v take_v down_o the_o worst_a that_o stand_v next_o fall_n especial_o near_o a_o great_a tree_n that_o you_o judge_v may_v go_v down_o next_o fall_n for_o by_o its_o fall_n it_o may_v spoil_v some_o the_o statute_n say_v you_o be_v to_o leave_v twelve_o score_n oak_n at_o every_o fall_n on_o a_o acre_n for_o want_v of_o they_o so_o many_o elm_n ash_n beech_n etc._n etc._n but_o leave_v according_a to_o the_o thinness_n of_o your_o wood_n and_o where_o underwood_n sell_v well_o there_o let_v your_o timber-tree_n stand_v the_o thin_a and_o in_o such_o country_n where_o coal_n be_v cheap_a and_o timber_n sell_v well_o there_o let_v your_o timber-tree_n stand_v thick_a and_o then_o they_o will_v need_v but_o little_a prune_n up_o endeavour_v to_o plant_v in_o your_o wood_n such_o sort_n of_o wood_n as_o the_o ground_n be_v most_o proper_a for_o if_o wet_a then_o alder_a sallow_a willow_n withy_o etc._n etc._n if_o shallow_a and_o dry_a ash_n cherry_n beech_n poplar_n etc._n etc._n if_o shallow_a and_o wet_a hornbeam_n sallow_a sarvice_n etc._n etc._n but_o remember_v that_o the_o oak_n and_o elm_n be_v entertain_v in_o all_o place_n if_o your_o wood_n or_o coppice_n be_v in_o park_n where_o you_o lie_v open_a to_o deer_n then_o at_o every_o fall_v plant_v in_o they_o such_o wood_n who_o bark_n the_o deer_n do_v not_o much_o love_n such_o be_v the_o hornbeam_n hasel_n sycamore_n etc._n etc._n when_o tree_n be_v at_o their_o full_a growth_n there_o be_v several_a sign_n of_o their_o decay_n which_o give_v you_o warning_n to_o fell_v it_o before_o it_o be_v quite_o decay_v as_o in_o a_o oak_n when_o the_o top-bough_n begin_v to_o die_v than_o it_o begin_v to_o decay_v in_o a_o elm_n or_o ash_n if_o their_o head_n die_v or_o if_o you_o see_v they_o take_v wet_a at_o any_o great_a knot_n which_o you_o may_v know_v by_o the_o side_n of_o the_o tree_n be_v discolour_a below_o that_o place_n before_o it_o grow_v hollow_a or_o if_o hollow_a you_o may_v know_v by_o knock_v it_o with_o the_o head_n of_o a_o axe_n of_o which_o you_o may_v be_v the_o sure_a satisfy_v by_o bore_v into_o the_o middle_n of_o it_o with_o a_o small_a auger_n or_o if_o you_o see_v the_o nighill_n make_v hole_n in_o it_o these_o be_v certain_a sign_n the_o tree_n begin_v to_o decay_v but_o before_o it_o decay_v much_o down_o with_o it_o and_o hinder_v not_o yourself_o chap._n xxxvii_o how_o to_o take_v the_o height_n of_o a_o tree_n several_a way_n the_o better_a to_o judge_v the_o worth_n of_o they_o etc._n etc._n have_v show_v you_o how_o you_o may_v judge_v of_o timber_n whether_o it_o be_v sound_a or_o not_o in_o the_o last_o chapter_n i_o will_v now_o show_v you_o how_o to_o take_v the_o height_n that_o you_o may_v the_o better_o know_v the_o worth_n of_o it_o for_o where_o you_o have_v a_o rule_n to_o go_v by_o you_o may_v then_o the_o better_a guess_n there_o be_v several_a way_n to_o take_v the_o altitude_n of_o a_o tree_n or_o building_n that_o be_v perpendicular_a as_o by_o a_o two-foot_n rule_n or_o two_o stick_v join_v in_o a_o right_a angle_n that_o be_v square_a as_o the_o figure_n a._n b._n c._n have_v at_o a._n a_o pin_n or_o hole_n to_o hang_v a_o thread_n and_o plummet_n on_o suppose_v you_o be_v to_o take_v the_o height_n of_o x_o in_n first_o then_o hold_v that_o end_n of_o your_o square_n mark_v with_o c._n to_o your_o eye_n then_o go_v backward_o or_o forward_o till_o the_o thread_n and_o plummet_n hang_v just_a upon_o the_o middle_n of_o your_o square_n perpendicular_a and_o your_o eye_n look_v through_o two_o sight_n or_o two_o pin_n at_o a._n and_o c._n or_o over_o the_o end_n of_o the_o square_n thus_o look_v to_o the_o very_a top_n of_o the_o building_n at_o x._o see_v fig._n 8_o 9_o which_o find_v with_o a_o line_n and_o plummet_n from_o your_o eye_n at_o c_o let_v fall_n to_o the_o ground_n at_o d_o measure_v the_o length_n of_o that_o line_n and_o add_v it_o to_o the_o height_n that_o length_n to_o e_o then_o measure_v the_o distance_n from_o e._n to_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o altitude_n as_o at_o y_o and_o that_o if_o your_o ground_n be_v level_a be_v the_o height_n of_o of_o x._o y._n or_o take_v the_o level_n from_o your_o eye_n to_o the_o height_n and_o add_v that_o which_o be_v below_o the_o level_n to_o the_o height_n etc._n etc._n as_o the_o line_n c._n f._n show_v to_o find_v the_o height_n of_o a_o tree_n etc._n etc._n by_o a_o straight_a staff_n or_o by_o a_o line_n and_o plummet_n the_o sun_n shine_v the_o altitude_n perpendicular_a and_o the_o ground_n level_n if_o not_o you_o must_v make_v the_o end_n of_o both_o the_o shadow_n level_v to_o each_o foot_n which_o be_v soon_o do_v as_o if_o i_o shall_v take_v the_o level_n of_o b._n at_o c._n find_v the_o very_a top_n of_o the_o shadow_n to_o end_n there_o i_o measure_v the_o distance_n from_o c._n to_o b._n and_o find_v it_o 60_o foot_n then_o at_o that_o very_a instant_n i_o set_v up_o a_o stick_n perpendicular_a as_o e._n d._n 12_o foot_n long_o which_o i_o find_v to_o cast_v a_o shadow_n just_a 9_o foot_n and_o then_o the_o rule_n order_v itself_o thus_o as_o 9_o foot_n to_o 12_o so_o 60_o foot_n to_o 80_o which_o you_o will_v find_v true_a if_o you_o work_v it_o by_o logarithme_n or_o by_o rule_n and_o compass_n thus_o set_v one_o point_n on_o 9_o extend_v the_o other_o to_o 12_o that_o extent_n will_v reach_v from_o 60_o to_o 80_o or_o if_o you_o work_v it_o by_o natural_a arithmetic_n as_o 9_o be_v to_o 12_o so_o 60_o to_o 80._o see_v fig._n 10._o the_o same_o may_v be_v do_v by_o line_n and_o plummet_n to_o take_v the_o altitude_n or_o height_n by_o a_o bowl_n of_o water_n or_o by_o a_o lookingglass_n place_v parallel_n to_o the_o horizon_n place_v on_o the_o ground_n a_o bowl_n of_o water_n or_o a_o looking-glass_n at_o a_o convenient_a distance_n from_o the_o building_n or_o tree_n as_o far_o as_o you_o think_v the_o height_n be_v then_o go_v back_o till_o you_o espy_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o water_n or_o glass_n the_o very_a top_n of_o the_o altitude_n which_o do_v keep_v your_o stand_n and_o let_v a_o plum-line_n fall_v from_o your_o eye_n till_o it_o touch_v the_o ground_n which_o give_v the_o height_n of_o your_o eye_n from_o the_o ground_n 2._o measure_v the_o distance_n from_o your_o plummet_n to_o the_o middle_a of_o the_o water_n 3._o the_o distance_n from_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o water_n to_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o altitude_n which_o distance_n if_o you_o have_v measure_v exact_o straight_o and_o level_a by_o proportion_n you_o may_v find_v the_o altitude_n require_v thus_o as_o the_o distance_n from_o the_o plummet_n level_v to_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o water_n or_o glass_n be_v to_o the_o height_n of_o your_o eye_n from_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v the_o length_n of_o your_o plum-line_n so_o be_v the_o distance_n from_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o water_n to_o the_o base_a or_o foot_n of_o the_o altitude_n exact_v perpendicular_a to_o the_o very_a top_n of_o the_o height_n which_o give_v the_o shadow_n to_o the_o altitude_n for_o if_o your_o object_n be_v not_o upright_o and_o you_o measure_v straight_o and_o level_a and_o just_a under_o the_o top_n that_o give_v the_o shadow_n if_o you_o miss_v in_o any_o one_o of_o these_o you_o be_v quite_o out_o in_o take_v the_o height_n
example_n suppose_v the_o altitude_n a._n b._n the_o glass_n or_o bole_n of_o water_n imagine_v to_o stand_v at_o the_o prick_n in_o the_o square_a c._n you_o stand_v at_o d._n your_o eye_n at_o e._n see_v the_o top_n a._n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o square_n your_o distance_n from_o d._n to_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o square_n be_v 7_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a your_o distance_n from_o your_o eye_n to_o the_o ground_n e._n d._n 5_o foot_n the_o distance_n from_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o square_n to_o the_o prick_n at_o the_o foot_n or_o base_a b._n be_v 120_o foot_n see_v fig._n 11._o as_o 7.5_o be_v to_o 5_o so_o be_v 120_o to_o 80_o foot_n or_o add_v a_o cypher_n to_o the_o 600_o and_o a_o cypher_n to_o the_o 7_o foot_n and_o ½_o and_o divide_v as_o before_o thus_o may_v you_o take_v the_o height_n exact_o to_o take_v a_o altitude_n accessible_a at_o one_o station_n by_o the_o quadrant_n suppose_v a._n b._n the_o altitude_n as_o before_o take_v your_o quadrant_n and_o look_v through_o the_o sight_n thereof_o go_v near_o or_o further_o from_o the_o altitude_n till_o you_o see_v the_o top_n at_o a._n through_o your_o sight_n and_o also_o that_o your_o thread_n at_o the_o same_o time_n fall_v just_a at_o the_o same_o distance_n upon_o 45_o degree_n of_o the_o limb_n of_o the_o quadrant_n then_o measure_v the_o distance_n upon_o a_o level_a line_n from_o your_o eye_n to_o the_o altitude_n from_o the_o place_n where_o you_o stand_v and_o if_o the_o altitude_n be_v perpendicular_a that_o distance_n be_v the_o height_n but_o if_o it_o happen_v so_o that_o you_o can_v take_v sight_n at_o that_o distance_n then_o go_v near_o the_o altitude_n till_o the_o thread_n fall_v upon_o 63_o deg_n 26_o min._n in_o the_o limb_n this_o distance_n be_v double_v and_o your_o height_n from_o your_o eye_n to_o the_o ground_n add_v make_v the_o height_n of_o the_o altitude_n if_o the_o ground_n where_o you_o stand_v be_v level_a with_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o altitude_n if_o not_o you_o must_v make_v it_o level_n or_o if_o you_o find_v it_o most_o convenient_a to_o take_v your_o sight_n at_o a_o great_a distance_n than_o where_o the_o line_n or_o thread_n hang_v or_o fall_v upon_o 45_o degree_n then_o go_v to_o the_o compliment_n of_o the_o last_o examp._n of_o 63_o deg_n 26_o till_o the_o thread_n hang_v upon_o 26_o deg_n 34_o min._n in_o the_o limb_n the_o distance_n be_v measure_v and_o the_o height_n of_o your_o eye_n upon_o a_o level_n to_o the_o altitude_n add_v make_v double_a the_o height_n of_o the_o altitude_n these_o rule_n be_v so_o plain_a there_o need_v no_o more_o examp._n but_o the_o large_a your_o quadrant_n the_o better_a and_o note_v that_o if_o the_o ground_n be_v not_o level_a you_o must_v find_v the_o level_n from_o your_o eye_n to_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o altitude_n and_o also_o measure_v the_o distance_n upon_o a_o level_n and_o straight_o line_n always_o mind_v to_o add_v what_o be_v below_o the_o level_n of_o your_o eye_n to_o the_o distance_n measure_v when_o you_o take_v a_o altitude_n make_v use_n of_o two_o of_o these_o rule_n the_o one_o will_v confirm_v the_o other_o for_o the_o rule_n be_v all_o true_a in_o themselves_o therefore_o be_v you_o so_o in_o work_v they_o thus_o have_v show_v you_o how_o to_o take_v a_o altitude_n by_o the_o most_o useful_a instrument_n the_o quadrant_n i_o shall_v now_o show_v you_o how_o to_o do_v it_o by_o the_o doctrine_n of_o triangle_n and_o if_o you_o will_v be_v more_o satisfy_v in_o that_o most_o useful_a and_o pleasant_a study_n read_v these_o learned_a man_n work_n mr._n bridges_n trigonometria_fw-la britannica_fw-la mr._n gellibrans_n trigonometrie_n mr._n wing_n astronomia_fw-la britannica_fw-la his_fw-la geodatus_fw-la practicus_fw-la mr._n wingates_n use_v of_o the_o rule_n of_o proportion_n in_o arithmetic_n and_o geometry_n or_o mr._n newtons_n trigonometria_fw-la britannica_fw-la pag._n 51._o who_o rule_v i_o shall_v observe_v though_o the_o examp._n be_v my_o own_o and_o as_o before_o to_o take_v the_o height_n of_o a_o tree_n the_o angles_n and_o one_o leg_n give_v to_o find_v the_o other_o in_o the_o rectangular_a triangle_n a._n b._n c._n the_o leg_n b._n c._n be_v inquire_v the_o term_n of_o proportion_n be_v thus_o as_o the_o radius_fw-la to_o the_o leg_n give_v so_o the_o tangent_fw-la of_o the_o angle_n conterminate_v with_o the_o give_v leg_n to_o the_o leg_n inquire_v illustration_n by_o number_n as_o the_o radius_fw-la 10.0000000_o to_o the_o leg_n a._n b._n 80._o 1.9030893_o so_o be_v the_o tangent_fw-la of_o b._n a._n c._n 45_o d._n 10.0001515_o to_o the_o leg_n b._n c._n give_v 80_o 028_o 1000_o 1.9032408_o see_v fig._n 12._o you_o see_v the_o difference_n be_v not_o the_o 28_o the_o part_n of_o 1000_o and_o it_o be_v worth_a mind_v how_o it_o do_v exact_o agree_v with_o the_o first_o examp._n of_o the_o quadrant_n etc._n etc._n it_o may_v be_v wrought_v otherwise_o thus_o as_o be_v the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n opposite_a to_o the_o give_v leg_n to_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n opposite_a to_o the_o leg_n inquire_v so_o the_o leg_n give_v to_o the_o leg_n inquire_v or_o thus_o as_o the_o tangent_fw-la of_o the_o angle_n opposite_a to_o the_o give_v leg_n be_v to_o the_o radius_fw-la so_o be_v the_o leg_n give_v to_o the_o leg_n inquire_v thus_o have_v i_o show_v you_o how_o to_o take_v the_o height_n of_o a_o tree_n or_o any_o other_o altitude_n several_a way_n now_o if_o you_o will_v judge_v the_o worth_n of_o a_o tree_n stand_v first_o take_v the_o height_n to_o the_o very_a top_n or_o near_o it_o then_o take_v the_o height_n of_o the_o length_n of_o timber_n so_o far_o as_o your_o reason_n tell_v you_o you_o may_v measure_v it_o if_o it_o be_v down_o subtract_v the_o length_n of_o the_o timber_n from_o the_o length_n of_o the_o height_n of_o the_o whole_a tree_n there_o then_o remain_v the_o length_n of_o the_o head_n thus_o have_v you_o the_o length_n of_o the_o timber_n and_o head_n next_o of_o all_o set_v a_o ladder_n to_o your_o tree_n and_o gird_v it_o in_o such_o place_n as_o be_v most_o convenient_a allow_v for_o the_o bark_n then_o according_a to_o the_o customary_a way_n of_o measure_v you_o may_v know_v the_o quantity_n of_o the_o timber_n and_o so_o consequent_o the_o worth_n of_o the_o timber_n according_a to_o the_o price_n where_o the_o timber_n be_v stand_v the_o timber_n of_o the_o tree_n may_v thus_o easy_o and_o near_o to_o the_o quantity_n be_v guess_v at_o the_o head_n will_v be_v more_o difficult_a because_o of_o the_o different_a form_n they_o grow_v in_o and_o beside_o some_o timber-tree_n head_n much_o low_a than_o other_o so_o that_o for_o want_v of_o help_v up_o either_o by_o their_o not_o stand_v near_o other_o to_o draw_v or_o help_v one_o another_o up_o or_o for_o want_n of_o prune_v up_o while_o young_a they_o head_n low_a and_o run_v into_o great_a arm_n of_o good_a length_n of_o timber_n with_o such_o tree_n you_o must_v go_v the_o high_a into_o 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i_o take_v the_o mean_a diameter_n to_o be_v 9_o in._n as_o 7_o to_o 22_o so_o 9_o to_o 28_o and_o 2_o 7_o the_o circumference_n of_o the_o hollow_a ¼_n be_v 7_o in._n then_o as_o 12_o to_o 7_o so_o 12_o foot_n to_o 4_o and_o ¼_n near_o which_o take_v from_o 39_o foot_n and_o ½_o leave_v 35_o foot_n and_o ¼_n for_o the_o sound_a timber_n of_o that_o piece_n chap._n xxxviii_o of_o make_v walk_n avenue_n or_o lawn_n as_o for_o make_v of_o walk_n in_o garden_n i_o shall_v not_o speak_v of_o that_o in_o this_o place_n because_o i_o have_v resolve_v to_o keep_v my_o walk_n without_o the_o wall_n there_o be_v several_a book_n of_o garden_v that_o have_v many_o draft_n and_o knot_n in_o they_o but_o they_o be_v all_o do_v by_o guess_n and_o none_o of_o they_o fit_v to_o a_o scale_n to_o inform_v what_o ground_n they_o be_v most_o proper_a for_o so_o that_o they_o be_v as_o fit_v for_o butter-print_n as_o for_o knot_n in_o a_o garden_n most_o walk_n that_o be_v make_v abroad_o they_o either_o 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in_o a_o right_a line_n so_o may_v you_o have_v the_o middle_a line_n of_o your_o walk_n by_o these_o three_o stake_n exacter_n than_o by_o more_o for_o the_o few_o stake_n you_o use_v in_o your_o mid-line_n the_o better_a because_o that_o if_o you_o be_v but_o once_o a_o little_a amiss_o the_o more_o stake_n be_v use_v you_o will_v be_v so_o much_o the_o further_o out_o of_o the_o right_a way_n and_o note_v it_o be_v better_a to_o take_v your_o sight_n over_o the_o head_n of_o your_o stake_n than_o to_o look_v by_o their_o side_n therefore_o you_o must_v have_v the_o centre_n stake_v high_a the_o next_o a_o little_o short_a and_o so_o the_o next_o short_a than_o that_o etc._n etc._n but_o if_o your_o ground_n be_v not_o level_a than_o order_n your_o stake_n according_o as_o thus_o and_o if_o your_o ground_n be_v not_o level_a or_o be_v of_o such_o a_o length_n that_o you_o can_v well_o see_v from_o end_n to_o end_n than_o you_o must_v place_v down_o more_o stake_n viz._n between_o the_o middle-stake_n and_o centre-stake_n one_o and_o between_o the_o middle_a and_o end-stake_n one_o if_o need_v require_v more_o i_o have_v oft_o make_v use_n of_o a_o sight-stake_n which_o i_o have_v only_o to_o find_v the_o place_n where_o my_o other_o stake_n shall_v stand_v this_o stake_n be_v make_v with_o a_o slit_n in_o the_o head_n half_o a_o foot_n deep_a which_o i_o look_v through_o over_o the_o head_n of_o the_o rest_n till_o i_o find_v the_o place_n where_o to_o set_v my_o stake_n right_o in_o the_o mid-line_n it_o be_v of_o good_a use_n and_o fig._n 13._o may_v somewhat_o represent_v it_o you_o may_v make_v it_o to_o slide_v up_o and_o down_o the_o better_a to_o come_v to_o the_o level_n of_o the_o head_n of_o the_o stake_n see_v fig._n 13._o when_o you_o take_v sight_n to_o set_v any_o stake_n true_a in_o a_o line_n with_o other_o stand_v at_o a_o little_a distance_n with_o your_o eye_n from_o the_o head_n of_o the_o stake_n so_o shall_v you_o set_v it_o exacter_n in_o the_o line_n than_o when_o your_o eye_n touch_v the_o head_n of_o the_o stake_n set_v your_o stake_n so_o that_o you_o may_v only_o see_v three_o stake_n in_o a_o line_n let_v your_o walk_n be_v of_o what_o length_n it_o will_n have_v thus_o stake_v out_o your_o mid-line_n strain_v a_o line_n in_o this_o mid-line_n and_o lay_v a_o square_a to_o that_o line_n so_o set_v off_o the_o breadth_n of_o your_o walk_n exact_o square_a to_o your_o middle-line_n then_o set_v up_o stake_n as_o you_o do_v against_o every_o stake_n in_o the_o middle_a of_o the_o walk_n and_o when_o you_o have_v get_v the_o line_n true_a where_o your_o tree_n must_v stand_v then_o drive_v down_o oak-stake_n in_o the_o line_n to_o the_o head_n and_o then_o it_o be_v but_o put_v down_o high_a stake_n by_o these_o when_o you_o come_v to_o set_v your_o tree_n then_o have_v resolve_v on_o the_o distance_n to_o set_v your_o tree_n at_o and_o provide_v good_a store_n of_o small_a stake_n take_v your_o chain_n and_o not_o a_o line_n for_o that_o will_v retch_v and_o shrink_v and_o with_o your_o help_n set_v little_a stake_n downright_o in_o this_o line_n and_o square_v where_o you_o will_v have_v every_o tree_n to_o stand_v these_o stake_n be_v to_o make_v your_o hole_n by_o which_o i_o will_v have_v at_o least_o three_o foot_n wide_a and_o two_o foot_n deep_a and_o the_o hole_n make_v a_o quarter_n of_o a_o year_n before_o you_o set_v your_o tree_n if_o it_o be_v a_o year_n it_o be_v the_o better_a keep_v the_o mould_n turn_v over_o now_o and_o then_o and_o mix_v it_o with_o earth_n or_o dung_n if_o need_v be_v then_o when_o the_o time_n of_o plant_v be_v come_v begin_v betimes_o however_o on_o dry_a ground_n set_v up_o stake_n by_o every_o oak-stake_n you_o leave_v in_o the_o row_n before_o have_v prune_v the_o root_n and_o head_n to_o a_o equal_a height_n set_v they_o right_v one_o tree_n against_o another_o square_n and_o if_o your_o tree_n be_v not_o all_o of_o one_o size_n set_v the_o great_a first_o right_a one_o against_o another_o and_o so_o lesser_a and_o lesser_a by_o degree_n mind_v that_o both_o row_v go_v on_o square_a together_o and_o be_v sure_a you_o mind_n to_o let_v your_o tree_n be_v at_o equal_a distance_n from_o end_n to_o end_n then_o if_o you_o have_v a_o point_n fix_v at_o both_o end_n you_o must_v run_v over_o that_o distance_n you_o resolve_v to_o plant_v your_o tree_n at_o before_o you_o set_v your_o stake_n and_o if_o you_o find_v it_o be_v over_o or_o short_a of_o equal_a distance_n then_o must_v you_o add_v or_o subtract_v this_o odd_a open_a to_o or_o from_o the_o rest_n to_o make_v they_o all_o of_o equal_a distance_n see_v chap._n 33._o now_o have_v your_o tree_n and_o all_o thing_n in_o readiness_n set_v they_o by_o the_o stake_n stand_v in_o the_o row_v mind_v to_o set_v every_o tree_n to_o range_v with_o the_o stake_n by_o back-sight_n and_o foresight_n cover_v and_o part_v the_o root_n with_o fine_a mould_n and_o when_o they_o be_v all_o cover_v lie_v on_o some_o rot_a dung_n over_o that_o mould_n and_o then_o cover_v that_o dung_n with_o a_o little_a mould_n this_o dung_n will_v keep_v they_o from_o frieze_v in_o winter_n and_o from_o dry_v too_o much_o in_o summer_n and_o also_o well_o prepare_v the_o water_n for_o the_o root_n thus_o have_v set_v they_o take_v care_n to_o fence_v they_o in_o at_o such_o place_n where_o need_n be_v so_o will_v you_o as_o well_o as_o i_o reap_v a_o great_a satisfaction_n if_o you_o let_v not_o the_o dung_n touch_v the_o root_n do_v not_o mask_v a_o fine_a front_n nor_o vail_v a_o
the_o use_n of_o this_o table_n be_v to_o turn_v foot_n into_o a_o superficial_a  _fw-fr x._o m._n m._n c._n x._o  _fw-fr p._n q._n f._n p._n q._n f._n p._n q._n f._n q._n f._n 1_o 36._o 2._o 63_o 3._o 2._o 41_o 0._o 1._o 31_o 10_o 2_o 73._o 1._o 58_o 7._o 1._o 26_o 0._o 2._o 62_o 20_o 3_o 110._o 0._o 53_o 11._o 0._o 05_o 1._o 0._o 20_o 30_o 4_o 146._o 3._o 55_o 14._o 2._o 52_o 1._o 1._o 57_o 40_o 5_o 183._o 2._o 40_o 18._o 1._o 31_o 1._o 3._o 20_o 50_o 6_o 220._o 1._o 35_o 22._o 0._o 10_o 2._o 0._o 54_o 60_o 7_o 257._o 0._o 43_o 25._o 2._o 57_o 2._o 2._o 17_o 1._o 02_o 8_o 293._o 3._o 41_o 29._o 1._o 36_o 2._o 3._o 47_o 1._o 12_o 9_o 330._o 2._o 25_o 33._o 0._o 15_o 3._o 1._o 13_o 1._o 22_o pole_n square_a if_o your_o sum_n be_v 10000_o then_o take_v the_o number_n answer_v your_o ten_o thousand_o under_o x._o m_n if_o a_o thousand_o under_o m_o a_o hundred_o under_o c_o and_o ten_o under_o x._o a_o example_n will_v make_v it_o plain_a have_v measure_v your_o side_n of_o a_o wall_n and_o find_v it_o to_o be_v as_o in_o the_o last_o example_n 3264_o foot_n look_v under_o m._n and_o against_o 3._o there_o be_v p._n 11._o o._n f._n 5_o then_o look_v under_o c_o and_o against_o 2_o there_o be_v 0._o 2._o 62_o then_o under_o x._o and_o against_o 6_o be_v 60_o and_o then_o the_o four_o odd_a foot_n set_v down_o as_o you_o see_v here_o make_v near_o 12_o pole_n as_o before_z 272._o 25_o be_v one_o pole_n square_a foot_n superficial_a measure_n and_o 136._o 125_o be_v half_o a_o square_a pole_n and_o 68_o 062_o 1_o 2_o be_v one_o quarter_n of_o a_o pole_n square_a but_o if_o your_o sum_n be_v ten_o or_o ten_o of_o thousand_o than_o you_o must_v take_v that_o from_o under_o x._o m._n as_o for_o example_n in_o 36542_o square_a foot_n how_o many_o pole_n quarter_n and_o foot_n be_v there_o you_o will_v find_v if_o you_o take_v they_o out_o of_o the_o table_n as_o be_v before_o show_v and_o also_o  _fw-fr pole_n qu._n foot_n for_o 30000_o a_o 110._o 0._o 53._o for_o 6000_o a_o 22._o 0._o 10._o for_o 500_o a_o 1._o 3._o 20._o for_o the_o 40_o a_o 0._o 0._o 40._o and_o for_o the_o 2_o a_o 0._o 0._o 02._o  _fw-fr 134._o 0._o 57_o sum_v they_o up_o that_o there_o will_v be_v 134_o pole_n and_o 57_o foot_n so_o you_o see_v this_o table_n will_v turn_v your_o foot_n into_o pole_n square_a and_o the_o other_o will_v reduce_v they_o into_o one_o brick_n and_o half_a thick_a which_o be_v soon_o perform_v and_o will_v be_v of_o excellent_a use_n these_o table_n will_v also_o assist_v you_o well_o in_o level_v of_o ground_n that_o be_v if_o you_o let_v your_o ground_n to_o be_v do_v by_o the_o pole_n square_a of_o 16_o foot_n and_o a_o ½_o which_o be_v call_v a_o floor_n viz._n 272.25_o but_o in_o some_o place_n the_o floor_n be_v 18_o foot_n square_a and_o one_o foot_n deep_a which_o be_v 324_o solid_a foot_n and_o in_o some_o place_n ground_n be_v let_v to_o dig_v and_o to_o carry_v away_o by_o the_o yard_n solid_a that_o be_v 27_o solid_a foot_n for_o 3_o time_n 3_o be_v 9_o and_o 3_o time_n 9_o be_v 27_o which_o be_v near_o a_o cart_n load_n of_o earth_n so_o that_o in_o a_o floor_n of_o earth_n of_o 16_o foot_n and_o a_o â—_o square_n and_o a_o foot_n deep_a according_a to_o this_o rule_n there_o be_v about_o 10_o load_v of_o earth_n as_o you_o see_v it_o be_v 10_o load_v 08_o 100_o and_o â…“_n or_o solid_a yard_n the_o floor_n of_o 18_o foot_n square_a or_o 324_o solid_a foot_n be_v 12_o solid_a yard_n or_o 12_o load_v of_o earth_n now_o all_o bank_n that_o be_v make_v take_v down_o of_o hill_n in_o walk_n or_o fill_v up_o of_o low_a place_n or_o make_v mount_n or_o mount-walks_a be_v most_o common_o let_v by_o the_o rod_n square_a to_o do_v and_o reduce_v to_o one_o foot_n deep_a the_o price_n for_o remove_v earth_n be_v according_a to_o the_o ground_n for_o some_o ground_n be_v much_o worse_a to_o dig_v than_o other_o but_o that_o you_o may_v not_o be_v altogether_o unsatisfied_a i_o have_v observe_v it_o thus_o the_o worst_a sort_n of_o earth_n or_o gravel_n so_o it_o be_v not_o a_o rock_n of_o stone_n may_v be_v remove_v where_o man_n work_v for_o 12_o d._n the_o day_n at_o these_o price_n the_o workman_n find_v themselves_o barrow_n or_o cart_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o work_v tool_n for_o every_o rod_n square_a at_o 16_o foot_n ½_o the_o pole_n and_o one_o foot_n deep_a to_o carry_v it_o from_o one_o rod_n to_o 10_o rod_n and_o to_o lay_v the_o earth_n they_o carry_v level_v 2s_n for_o one_o pole_n or_o floor_n from_o 10_o pole_n to_o 20_o 2s_n 6d_o from_o 20_o pole_n to_o 30_o 3_o s._n from_o 30_o pole_n to_o 50_o to_o carry_v it_o in_o cart_n 3_n 6d_o from_o 50_o pole_n to_o 70_o 4_o s_o etc._n etc._n but_o if_o it_o be_v loom_n brick_n earth_n or_o clay_n that_o will_v dig_v well_o that_o they_o can_v spit_v with_o a_o spade_n and_o fill_v without_o the_o use_n of_o pit-axe_n or_o mattock_n than_o one_o four_o part_n may_v be_v abate_v etc._n etc._n this_o rule_n be_v sufficient_a consider_v but_o this_o that_o near_o london_n where_o man_n have_v more_o wage_n than_o 12_o d._n the_o day_n there_o they_o will_v look_v for_o more_o a_o floor_n and_o where_o man_n work_v for_o less_o it_o may_v be_v proportion_v according_o thus_o may_v you_o compute_v the_o charge_n of_o make_v mount_n take_v down_o hill_n make_v of_o pond_n etc._n etc._n but_o to_o assist_v you_o yet_o further_o observe_v these_o few_o plain_a rule_n though_o they_o may_v not_o always_o be_v exact_a have_v find_v the_o mean_a length_n and_o breadth_n of_o your_o ground_n or_o length_n of_o your_o base_a and_o perpendicular_a &_o you_o desire_v to_o go_v but_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o rod_n in_o length_n or_o breadth_n which_o will_v content_v many_o in_o ordinary_a use_n as_o if_o a_o man_n have_v dig_v a_o piece_n of_o ground_n by_o the_o pole_n square_a that_o be_v 10_o pole_n and_o a_o half_a broad_a and_o 21_o pole_n and_o a_o half_a long_o you_o may_v count_v up_o this_o or_o any_o the_o like_a number_n thus_o ten_o time_n 21_o be_v 210_o than_o ten_o half_n be_v 5_o whole_a one_o and_o 21_o half_n be_v 10_o whole_a one_o and_o a_o half_a and_o a_o half_a of_o a_o half_a be_v a_o quarter_n which_o you_o may_v keep_v in_o your_o memory_n or_o set_v they_o down_o so_o you_o see_v here_o they_o make_v both_o by_o the_o decimal_n way_n and_o this_o 225_o pole_n and_o 3_o quarter_n see_v here_o a_o example_n or_o two_o more_o first_o demonstrate_v by_o decimal_n and_o then_o wrought_v the_o ordinary_a way_n whether_o be_v 2_o rod_n and_o ½_o square_a or_o 2_o rod_n and_o a_o ¼_n one_o way_n and_o 2_o rod_n and_o ¾_n another_o way_n more_o for_o if_o you_o work_v by_o a_o decimal_n chain_n that_o be_v a_o rod_n divide_v into_o a_o 100_o link_n or_o part_n multiply_v that_o in_o its_o self_n it_o make_v 10000_o the_o half_a of_o that_o be_v 5000_o which_o be_v half_a a_o rod_n a_o quarter_n of_o a_o rod_n be_v 2500_o and_o one_o eight_o part_n of_o a_o rod_n or_o half_a a_o quarter_n be_v 1250_o one_o sixteen_o part_n be_v 625_o square_a link_n and_o three_o quarter_n 7500_o so_o that_o two_o rod_n and_o a_o half_a be_v six_o rod_n and_o a_o quarter_n of_o ground_n examp._n 2_o rod_n and_o 3_o quarter_n and_o 2_o rod_n and_o a_o quarter_n so_o that_o it_o appear_v by_o this_o that_o two_o rod_n and_o a_o half_a square_n be_v more_o than_o 2_o rod_n and_o ¾_n one_o way_n and_o 2_o rod_n and_o a_o ¼_n another_o way_n by_o one_o sixteen_o part_n of_o a_o rod_n for_o if_o you_o add_v 1875_o and_o 625_o the_o sixteen_o part_n of_o a_o rod_n together_o they_o will_v make_v 2500._o but_o if_o you_o work_v by_o the_o fourpole_n chain_n one_o link_n of_o it_o be_v four_o of_o this_o the_o demonstration_n of_o the_o precede_a example_n see_v fig._n 44_o 45._o see_v these_o two_o square_n count_v up_o the_o ordinary_a way_n and_o first_o two_o pole_z and_o a_o half_a by_o two_o pole_n and_o a_o half_a be_v 6_o pole_n and_o a_o quarter_n for_o mind_n this_o if_o the_o number_n of_o pole_n be_v even_o number_n with_o half_a a_o pole_n to_o each_o of_o these_o number_n that_o be_v both_o to_o length_n and_o breadth_n so_o that_o such_o a_o figure_n come_v always_o off_o with_o a_o quarter_n but_o if_o one_o of_o the_o number_n be_v odd_a pole_n and_o the_o other_o even_o with_o both_o length_n and_o breadth_n end_v in_o half_a a_o
up_o your_o instrument_n be_v it_o water-level_n or_o ground-level_n with_o sight_n and_o when_o you_o have_v place_v it_o so_o high_a as_o you_o may_v see_v over_o the_o high_a part_n of_o the_o ground_n as_o half_a a_o foot_n or_o a_o foot_n than_o set_v a_o stake_n in_o the_o middle_n the_o top_n exact_o level_a with_o the_o sight_n and_o one_o on_o the_o high_a side_n the_o top_n level_v with_o the_o middle_a stake_n then_o turn_v the_o level_n or_o lood_n back_o sight_n and_o set_v one_o level_v with_o these_o two_o on_o the_o low_a ground_n so_o have_v you_o three_o stake_n in_o line_n level_a keep_v your_o level_n true_a to_o your_o middle-stake_n and_o turn_v your_o level_n till_o it_o make_v right-angle_n with_o these_o three_o stake_n and_o set_v up_o two_o stake_n at_o each_o side_n one_o level_v with_o those_o three_o so_o have_v you_o five_o stake_n set_v true_a level_n in_o two_o line_n and_o if_o your_o ground_n be_v large_a you_o may_v set_v up_o two_o row_v more_o by_o the_o level_n but_o in_o small_a ground_n 5_o stake_n be_v enough_o then_o may_v you_o lay_v by_o your_o level_n and_o look_v over_o the_o head_n of_o one_o to_o the_o head_n of_o another_o cause_n your_o assistant_n to_o put_v down_o stake_n between_o two_o and_o two_o till_o you_o have_v set_v as_o many_o stake_n level_v in_o your_o ground_n as_o you_o think_v convenient_a or_o you_o may_v have_v a_o rule_n and_o look_v over_o the_o edge_n of_o that_o it_o be_v level_a with_o the_o head_n of_o the_o stake_n to_o the_o head_n of_o the_o other_o and_o put_v stake_n down_o between_o you_o and_o the_o other_o stake_n what_o number_v you_o please_v thus_o have_v stake_v out_o your_o ground_n with_o all_o the_o stake_n head_n level_a and_o half_a a_o foot_n high_o than_o the_o high_a part_n of_o your_o ground_n in_o some_o ground_n the_o middle-stake_n and_o the_o stake_n in_o the_o cross-line_n will_v be_v the_o level-line_n the_o ground_n must_v be_v bring_v to_o that_o be_v abate_v the_o hill_n and_o fill_v up_o the_o low-side_n to_o the_o level_n of_o the_o mid-line_n but_o if_o your_o ground_n be_v very_o uneven_a than_o you_o must_v measure_v over_o all_o the_o stake_n and_o take_v they_o middle-high_a for_o their_o mean_a level_n and_o by_o the_o rule_n of_o three_o proportion_n your_o ground_n to_o that_o suppose_v a_o valley_n be_v 10_o pole_n long_o and_o two_o foot_n deep_a from_o the_o straight_a line_n and_o there_o be_v a_o hill_n 5_o pole_n long_o how_o many_o foot_n deep_o must_v i_o go_v in_o that_o 5_o pole_n of_o the_o hill_n to_o fill_v up_o this_o valley_n this_o may_v be_v answer_v by_o the_o rule_n of_o three_o inverse_n or_o back_o rule_n of_o three_o the_o rule_n order_v itself_o thus_o as_o 5_o be_v to_o 2_o so_o be_v 10_o to_o 4_o so_o if_o you_o work_v it_o by_o the_o line_n of_o number_n extend_v your_o compass_n from_o 5_o to_o 2_o that_o same_o extent_n will_v reach_v from_o 10_o to_o 4_o so_o than_o you_o must_v go_v 4_o foot_n deep_a in_o such_o a_o hill_n to_o make_v good_a such_o a_o valley_n as_o be_v before_o say_v suppose_v you_o be_v to_o abutt_o the_o top_n of_o a_o hill_n four_o foot_n deep_a and_o 1._o 2_o pole_n from_o the_o top_n of_o that_o hill_n that_o 4_o foot_n be_v to_o come_v out_o this_o be_v easy_o perform_v though_o a_o leveller_n to_o the_o best_a man_n in_o the_o land_n do_v not_o understand_v it_o set_v up_o a_o stake_n on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o hill_n two_o foot_n or_o three_o foot_n long_o above_o ground_n and_o another_o at_o the_o same_o height_n where_o your_o depth_n come_v out_o three_o rod_n from_o that_o set_v a_o stake_n down_o till_o the_o head_n come_v to_o be_v in_o a_o line_n with_o these_o 2_o and_o at_o that_o stake_n you_o must_v be_v one_o foot_n deep_a at_o 6_o pole_n another_o as_o before_o there_o you_o must_v be_v two_o foot_n deep_a another_o at_o 9_o pole_n there_o you_o must_v sink_v three_o foot_n you_o may_v set_v more_o stake_n at_o equal_a distance_n which_o will_v direct_v you_o that_o you_o can_v go_v amiss_o to_o make_v any_o sloop_n first_o line_n out_o your_o top_n and_o foot_n true_a then_o if_o your_o sloop_n be_v not_o very_o long_o you_o may_v have_v a_o frame_n of_o wood_n make_v according_a to_o your_o sloop_n which_o will_v be_v as_o a_o mould_n to_o try_v your_o work_n by_o two_o foot_n rise_v in_o 6_o foot_n level_n be_v a_o good_a proportion_n for_o a_o sloop_n chap._n lv._o for_o make_v cider_n observe_v these_o rule_n whatsoever_o apple_n you_o make_v your_o cider_n of_o let_v they_o hang_v on_o the_o tree_n until_o they_o be_v through_o ripe_a which_o you_o may_v know_v by_o these_o few_o infallible_a rule_n first_o if_o you_o find_v the_o kernel_n brown_a or_o the_o seed_n rattle_v in_o the_o apple_n as_o in_o some_o they_o will_v or_o if_o you_o see_v they_o begin_v to_o fall_v much_o in_o still_a weather_n or_o if_o you_o find_v they_o to_o handle_v like_o a_o dry_a piece_n of_o wood_n sound_v in_o your_o hand_n if_o you_o toss_v they_o up_o than_o you_o may_v go_v to_o gather_v as_o fast_o as_o you_o please_v so_o your_o fruit_n be_v dry_a observe_v that_o the_o green_a your_o fruit_n be_v the_o sour_a will_v your_o cider_n be_v therefore_o be_v not_o too_o forward_o in_o gather_v for_o gather_v your_o apple_n observe_v these_o direction_n take_v care_n they_o be_v not_o too_o much_o bruise_v for_o your_o bruise_a fruit_n if_o they_o be_v a_o little_a keep_v will_v rot_v and_o give_v your_o cider_n a_o ill_a taste_n and_o a_o high_a brown_a colour_n and_o not_o yield_v so_o well_o for_o your_o bruise_a place_n of_o the_o apple_n if_o it_o do_v not_o immediate_o rot_v the_o juice_n of_o that_o place_n will_v vapour_n forth_o and_o be_v a_o dry_a red_a yield_v little_a taste_n or_o liquor_n but_o sometime_o a_o bad_a taste_n but_o to_o the_o make_n of_o one_o hogshead_n of_o cider_n there_o be_v require_v a_o great_a many_o apple_n as_o if_o they_o be_v good_a yield_a fruit_n and_o not_o too_o long_o keep_v some_o 18_o or_o 20_o bushel_n will_v make_v a_o hogshead_n if_o not_o as_o aforesaid_a then_o 24_o bushel_n or_o more_o to_o one_o hogshead_n therefore_o though_o i_o will_v not_o have_v your_o apple_n too_o much_o bruise_v yet_o i_o will_v not_o advise_v you_o to_o pick_v they_o by_o hand_n but_o you_o may_v lay_v a_o truss_n or_o two_o of_o barley_n straw_n under_o your_o tree_n when_o you_o go_v to_o gather_v they_o and_o on_o that_o lay_v some_o blanket_n or_o the_o like_a according_a to_o the_o bigness_n of_o your_o tree_n thereon_o with_o discretion_n shake_v your_o fruit_n let_v not_o too_o many_o lie_v on_o at_o one_o time_n but_o carry_v they_o to_o the_o place_n where_o you_o intend_v they_o shall_v lie_v till_o you_o grind_v or_o beat_v they_o thus_o you_o may_v remove_v your_o straw_n and_o blanket_n from_o tree_n to_o tree_n as_o your_o pleasure_n be_v now_o for_o keep_v they_o after_o you_o have_v gather_v they_o let_v it_o be_v in_o some_o house_n if_o you_o can_v with_o convenience_n and_o on_o some_o dry_a board_n or_o board_v flower_n but_o if_o it_o be_v a_o earth-flower_n you_o must_v lay_v they_o on_o first_o cover_v it_o with_o good_a dry_a straw_n and_o so_o lay_v they_o on_o that_o for_o if_o you_o lay_v they_o on_o the_o earth_n they_o will_v decay_v fast_o and_o turn_v musty_a before_o they_o have_v do_v sweat_v for_o it_o be_v observe_v that_o which_o be_v best_a to_o preserve_v plant_n be_v the_o quite_o contrary_a to_o keep_v and_o preserve_v fruit_n for_o the_o holy_a scripture_n tell_v plain_a that_o which_o a_o man_n sow_v must_v first_o die_v before_o it_o take_v root_n to_o live_v and_o produce_v its_o kind_n thus_o it_o may_v be_v with_o fruit_n lie_v on_o the_o ground_n where_o the_o secret_a vapour_n of_o the_o earth_n tend_v much_o to_o the_o death_n or_o dissolution_n of_o the_o fleshy_a part_n of_o the_o fruit_n that_o the_o seed_n may_v the_o soon_o be_v at_o liberty_n to_o produce_v its_o like_a in_o its_o several_a kind_n for_o nature_n or_o the_o secret_a provide_v power_n of_o the_o almighty_a be_v at_o all_o time_n and_o in_o all_o place_n actuate_a and_o assist_v every_o species_n to_o produce_v its_o kind_n for_o any_o who_o have_v but_o observe_v the_o walnut_n or_o chestnut_n though_o one_o have_v get_v his_o fur_n gown_n &_o the_o other_o his_o nolimetangere_a cloak_n as_o to_o too_o of_o the_o sense_n yet_o notwithstanding_o when_o they_o be_v able_a to_o shift_v for_o themselves_o as_o i_o may_v say_v than_o how_o willing_o the_o gown_n and_o cloak_n be_v throw_v aside_o to_o
cider_n if_o your_o fruit_n be_v good_a and_o very_a ripe_a you_o may_v put_v more_o if_o the_o contrary_a less_o let_v the_o tub_n be_v cover_v and_o stand_v thus_o with_o the_o water_n and_o stamping_n together_o four_o or_o five_o day_n and_o night_n if_o it_o be_v cold_a weather_n let_v they_o stand_v a_o week_n than_o you_o may_v press_v the_o stamping_n and_o as_o soon_o as_o you_o have_v get_v as_o much_o as_o you_o think_v will_v fill_v a_o vessel_n put_v it_o on_o the_o fire_n and_o scum_n it_o well_o and_o when_o you_o find_v the_o scum_n begin_v not_o to_o rise_v very_o fast_o then_o take_v it_o off_o from_o the_o fire_n and_o put_v it_o into_o tub_n or_o cooler_n to_o cool_v and_o when_o it_o be_v cold_a than_o tun_n it_o up_o and_o when_o it_o have_v do_v work_v then_o bung_a it_o up_o and_o in_o a_o month_n time_n it_o will_v be_v fit_a to_o drink_v you_o may_v if_o you_o please_v boil_v a_o little_a ginger_n in_o it_o or_o a_o little_a clove_n juniper_n berry_n or_o other_o thing_n which_o you_o fancy_v to_o please_v the_o pallet_n or_o against_o some_o distemper_n you_o fear_v for_o small_a thing_n take_v in_o time_n may_v prevent_v danger_n very_o great_a syrup_n of_o rasburies_n give_v a_o very_a please_a taste_n in_o cider_n perry_n may_v be_v make_v and_o order_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n only_o take_v care_v your_o pear_n be_v not_o too_o ripe_a for_o if_o they_o be_v you_o will_v be_v trouble_v to_o get_v your_o liquor_n fine_a those_o pear_n be_v best_a for_o perry_n that_o have_v a_o hard_a flesh_n and_o stony_a at_o the_o core_n the_o juice_n easy_o separate_v from_o the_o flesh_n the_o fruit_n yield_v a_o good_a plenty_n of_o juice_n the_o pear_n common_o of_o a_o harsh_a taste_n but_o those_o pear_n that_o have_v a_o soft_a flesh_n as_o many_o of_o our_o best_a eat_a pear_n have_v be_v not_o good_a for_o perry_n as_o the_o burry_n borgatmote_n green-feild_n green-chesels_a and_o several_a other_o of_o like_a nature_n we_o have_v a_o pear_n at_o cashiobury_n and_o it_o be_v at_o other_o place_n near_o watford_n it_o be_v a_o little_a harsh_a juicy_a pear_n but_o make_v excellent_a liquor_n as_o my_o honourable_a lord_n can_v testify_v and_o several_a other_o its_o only_a inconvenience_n be_v it_o be_v but_o a_o small_a fruit_n but_o the_o quantity_n it_o yield_v be_v good_a i_o take_v it_o to_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o wild_a pear_n never_o graft_v but_o for_o its_o excellency_n aforesaid_a the_o kind_n deserve_v to_o be_v preserve_v by_o the_o curious_a i_o know_v no_o name_n it_o have_v as_o yet_o captain_n wingate_n near_o welling_n have_v a_o excellent_a pear_n for_o perry_n i_o have_v taste_v of_o the_o liquor_n and_o have_v see_v the_o fruit_n but_o whether_o it_o be_v a_o good_a bearer_n or_o no_o i_o know_v not_o which_o shall_v be_v a_o property_n in_o perry_n pear-tree_n there_o be_v a_o pear_n call_v by_o my_o ingenious_a friend_n mr._n pritchet_n gardner_n to_o my_o lord_n of_o salisbury_n rufins_n pear_n which_o make_v excellent_a perry_n and_o be_v a_o good_a bearer_n as_o i_o have_v oft_o be_v inform_v by_o he_o by_o the_o taste_n of_o the_o fruit_n it_o be_v very_o good_a for_o perry_n indeed_o most_o sort_n of_o bake_v pear_n make_v good_a perry_n or_o any_o that_o be_v qualify_v as_o be_v beforesaid_a and_o that_o bear_v well_o and_o yield_v great_a store_n of_o liquor_n mind_v your_o vessel_n be_v sweet_a you_o put_v your_o cider_n or_o perry_n in_o for_o a_o little_a tang_n in_o the_o vessel_n will_v spoil_v all_o a_o sack_n vessel_n be_v very_o good_a though_o discommend_v by_o some_o so_o be_v your_o white-wine_n or_o claret-wine_n cask_n or_o a_o vessel_n where_o cider_n have_v be_v before_o etc._n etc._n finis_fw-la here_o place_v the_o figure_n the_o content_n of_o each_o particular_a chapter_n chap._n 1._o of_o the_o several_a way_n of_o raise_v tree_n the_o best_a for_o forrest-tree_n be_v by_o their_o seed_n key_n or_o nut_n etc._n etc._n pag._n 1._o chap._n 2._o how_o to_o observe_v and_o know_v the_o nature_n of_o seed_n so_o as_o the_o better_a to_o raise_v they_o p._n 3._o chap._n 3._o the_o shape_n of_o seed_n and_o their_o weight_n do_v inform_v you_o how_o to_o set_v they_o p._n 5._o chap._n 4._o observation_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o key_n and_o seed_n p._n 6._o chap._n 5._o of_o the_o several_a way_n to_o raise_v forrest-tree_n or_o other_o and_o how_o to_o perform_v the_o same_o by_o lay_v p._n 9_o chap._n 6._o of_o those_o sort_n of_o tree_n that_o will_v grow_v of_o cut_n and_o how_o to_o perform_v the_o same_o p._n 12._o chap._n 7._o of_o such_o sort_n of_o tree_n as_o may_v be_v raise_v by_o the_o root_n of_o another_o tree_n and_o how_o to_o raise_v they_o p._n 13._o chap._n 8._o what_o soil_n or_o dung_n be_v best_a sore_a tree_n or_o their_o seed_n p._n 14._o chap._n 9_o of_o water_n for_o tree_n and_o seed_n and_o water_v they_o p._n 20._o chap._n 10._o of_o oak_n raise_v and_o improve_n p._n 34._o chap._n 11._o of_o raise_v and_o order_v the_o elm_n p._n 50._o chap._n 12._o of_o raise_v and_o order_v the_o ash_n p._n 53._o chap._n 13._o of_o raise_v and_o order_v the_o beech_n p._n 57_o chap._n 14._o of_o raise_v and_o order_v the_o walnut_n p._n 58._o chap._n 15._o of_o raise_v and_o order_v the_o chestnut_n p._n 63._o chap._n 16._o of_o raise_v and_o order_v the_o sarvice-tree_n p._n 64._o chap._n 17._o of_o raise_v and_o order_v the_o cherrytree_n p._n 65._o chap._n 18._o of_o raise_v and_o order_v the_o linetree_n p._n 67._o chap._n 19_o of_o raise_v and_o order_v the_o maple_n p._n 72._o chap._n 20._o of_o raise_v and_o order_v the_o sycamore_n ibid._n chap._n 21._o of_o raise_v and_o order_v the_o hornbeam_n p._n 73._o chap._n 22._o of_o raise_v the_o quickbeam_n p._n 75._o chap._n 23._o of_o raise_v the_o birch_n ibid._n chap._n 24._o of_o raise_v the_o hazel_n p._n 77._o chap._n 25._o of_o raise_v the_o several_a sort_n of_o poplar_n ibid._n chap._n 26._o of_o raise_v the_o alder_a p._n 81._o chap._n 27._o of_o raise_v the_o withy_a willow_n sallow_a oziers_n p._n 82._o chap._n 28._o of_o the_o pine_n fir_n pinaster_n etc._n etc._n p._n 84._o chap._n 29._o of_o raise_v the_o yew_n holly_n box_n juniper_n bayes_n etc._n etc._n p._n 86._o chap._n 30._o general_a rule_n for_o plant_v forrest-tree_n in_o avenue_n walk_n or_o orchard_n as_o in_o a_o natural_a ground_n p._n 88_o chap._n 31._o of_o plant_v forrest-tree_n to_o make_v wood_n or_o to_o fill_v up_o naked_a place_n in_o wood_n where_o they_o want_v p._n 89._o chap._n 32._o of_o plant_v young_a hedge_n and_o how_o to_o improve_v and_o keep_v old_a hedge_n p._n 95._o chap._n 33._o of_o plant_v several_a sort_n of_o forrest-tree_n in_o order_n to_o make_v the_o best_a advantage_n of_o ground_n as_o orchard_n or_o the_o like_a p._n 104._o chap._n 34._o of_o prune_v tree_n some_o general_a observation_n p._n 112._o chap._n 35._o of_o the_o disease_n of_o tree_n p._n 117._o chap._n 36._o of_o felling_n and_o order_v wood_n and_o coppice_n p._n 119._o chap._n 37._o how_o to_o take_v the_o height_n of_o a_o tree_n several_a way_n the_o better_a to_o judge_v the_o worth_n of_o they_o etc._n etc._n p._n 126._o chap._n 38._o of_o make_v walk_n avenue_n or_o lawn_n p._n 135._o chap._n 39_o of_o several_a superficial_a figure_n and_o how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v measure_v p._n 148._o chap._n 40._o to_o divide_v a_o right_a line_n give_v according_a to_o any_o proportion_n require_v and_o how_o to_o divide_v land_n or_o wood_n with_o some_o use_n of_o the_o fourpole_n chain_n p._n 151._o chap._n 41._o of_o measure_v holes_n and_o border_n that_o be_v under_o a_o pole_n broad_a by_o which_o you_o may_v the_o better_a let_v or_o take_v they_o to_o do_v by_o the_o pole-square_a etc._n etc._n with_o several_a table_n of_o measure_n p._n 160._o chap._n 42._o of_o measure_v timber_n and_o other_o solid_a body_n with_o several_a table_n useful_a thereunto_o p._n 170._o chap._n 43._o of_o the_o oval_a how_o to_o make_v it_o and_o how_o to_o measure_v it_o with_o other_o observation_n thereon_o p._n 176._o chap._n 44._o suppose_v you_o have_v a_o plot_n to_o draw_v on_o one_o or_o many_o sheet_n of_o paper_n and_o you_o will_v draw_v it_o at_o as_o large_a as_o the_o paper_n will_v bear_v to_o know_v what_o scale_n you_o shall_v draw_v it_o by_o p._n 179._o chap._n 45._o to_o find_v what_o scale_n a_o plate_n or_o draft_n be_v draw_v by_o the_o content_a of_o the_o ground_n be_v give_v p._n 181._o chap._n 46._o the_o description_n of_o the_o line_n of_o number_n or_o gunter_n line_n p._n 181._o chap._n 47._o numeration_n on_o the_o line_n or_o to_o read_v a_o sum_n on_o the_o line_n of_o number_n p._n 184._o chap._n 48._o addition_n on_o the_o line_n of_o number_n p._n 186._o chap._n 49._o substraction_n on_o the_o line_n of_o number_n p._n 187._o chap._n 50._o multiplication_n on_o the_o line_n of_o mumber_n p._n 188._o chap._n 51._o division_n on_o the_o line_n p._n 193._o chap._n 52._o the_o rule_n of_o three_o on_o the_o line_n p._n 194._o chap._n 53._o the_o golden_a rule_n reverse_n by_o the_o line_n of_o number_n p._n 196._o chap._n 54._o of_o level_v any_o ground_n and_o to_o make_v slope_n or_o battery_n etc._n etc._n p._n 198._o chap._n 55._o rule_n for_o make_v of_o cider_n p._n 200._o a_o catalogue_n of_o book_n of_o husbandry_n sell_v by_o peter_n parker_n at_o the_o leg_n and_o star_n in_o cornhill_n the_o english_a gardener_n or_o a_o sure_a guide_n to_o young_a planter_n and_o gardener_n in_o three_o part_n 1._o show_v the_o way_n and_o order_n of_o plant_v and_o raise_v all_o sort_n of_o stock_n fruit-tree_n and_o shrub_n with_o the_o divers_a way_n and_o manner_n of_o engraft_v and_o inoculate_v in_o their_o several_a season_n 2._o how_o to_o order_v the_o kitchen_n garden_n for_o all_o sort_n of_o herb_n root_n and_o salad_n 3._o the_o order_v the_o garden_n of_o pleasure_n how_o to_o raise_v all_o sort_n of_o flower_n and_o their_o season_n with_o direction_n touch_v arbour_n and_o hedge_n in_o garden_n likewise_o several_a other_o thing_n fit_a to_o be_v know_v to_o all_o that_o delight_n in_o orchard_n and_o garden_n by_o leonard_n meager_n above_o thirty_o year_n practitioner_n in_o the_o art_n of_o garden_v the_o countryman_z recreation_n or_o the_o art_n of_o plant_v graft_n and_o garden_v in_o three_o book_n 1._o declare_v divers_a way_n of_o plant_v and_o graft_n 2._o treat_v of_o the_o hop-garden_n with_o instruction_n for_o make_v and_o the_o maintenance_n thereof_o 3._o the_o expert_a gardener_n contain_v divers_a necessary_a and_o rare_a secret_n belong_v to_o that_o art_n with_o direction_n to_o know_v the_o time_n and_o season_n to_o sow_n and_o plant_v all_o manner_n of_o seed_n also_o how_o to_o destroy_v snail_n canker-worm_n mole_n and_o all_o other_o vermin_n which_o usual_o breed_v in_o garden_n whereunto_o also_o be_v add_v the_o art_n of_o angle_a the_o manner_n of_o order_v fruit-tree_n by_o the_o sieure_fw-fr le_fw-fr gendre_n curate_n of_o henonville_n where_o in_o treat_v of_o nursery_n wall_n fruit_n hedge_n of_o fruit_n tree_n dwarf-tree_n high_a stander_n etc._n etc._n write_a in_o french_a and_o translate_v faithful_o into_o english_a at_o the_o request_n of_o several_a person_n of_o honour_n a_o piece_n so_o high_o approve_v of_o in_o france_n that_o it_o have_v be_v divers_a time_n print_v there_o the_o government_n of_o cattle_n divide_v into_o three_o book_n 1._o treat_v of_o ox_n cow_n and_o calf_n and_o how_o to_o use_v bull_n and_o other_o cattle_n to_o the_o yoke_n or_o fall_v 2._o discourse_v of_o the_o government_n of_o horse_n with_o approve_a medicine_n against_o most_o disease_n 3._o of_o the_o order_n sheep_n and_o goat_n hog_n and_o dog_n with_o true_a remedy_n to_o help_v the_o infirmity_n that_o befall_v any_o of_o they_o also_o instruction_n for_o take_v mole_n and_o husband_v of_o ground_n compose_v by_o leonard_n mascal_n