Frost Sun and Showres doth crumble and fall tender hence ought such to be prepared by fallowing See more particularly the manner and season for each sort in their respective Chapters following 4. Suckers ar these which growes Runs Springs off or about the mother-Plant whereof is made off setts by severing or parting them off therefrom Take off these on Trees and shrubs with a violent but cleanly pull be carefull of bulbo roots and Anemonies that you wound not the mother-Plant To force such as are unapt to put forth Suckers naturally you may bair the Root of these of a woody substance cut it into the pith slit it down a little and put in a stick to keep the gap open level in the earth again so shall that lip raised spring and so much the better if there was an eye immediatly below the cut When the branches are grown cut off this Plant to live by it self Another way is to cut the Root through a little distance from the Tree with a cleanly slop down-wards and raise up the butt-end of the Root so cut off till it be a little above the surface as for Root graffing hereafter discribed level in and trade the Earth again so shall the piece left at the Tree send furth young Roots and the Root so cut and raised send out a Top. Better Earth for Bulbs and other Roots will assist them to put forth Suckers Cutting the Tops of Fibrous Rooted-herbes in growing-time will help them to off sets and to last long too The season for severing off sets of Hardie-trees that lose the leaf is latter end October and beginning November albeit you may also any time till March weather open Young Tender-trees with Hardie-greens let the winter frost be over and before the sap rise April best for greens Bulbo and Tuberous Roots when they have done springing i. e. their stalkes and leaves beginning to wither All Fibrous Rooted-herbes when springing and before they run up to Flower albeit you may Plant many after the Flower is past Stalkes end leaves cut and they springing a Fresh But the first spring is best If drought Water Shrubs and Fibrous Rooted Plants upon their first Planting at least shade from the Ensuing scorchings by covering the surface with some vegitable or leitter and Water through the same if needful And though you must Water Tubro and Bulbo Roots in drought once in two three dayes yet be sparing and defend them from too much Raines 5. To propagate by cuttings is to cut off the branch or stem of a Plant and to set it in the Earth without Roots Strip it of leaves and branches Plant deeper than these with Roots and in a rich and moist soil keeping it watered and shaded Untill Rooted cut off their Tops save Greens as if your cutting be 12 Inches long let 9 be under and 3 above ground The better to effect their Rooting if a hard substance as Yew Quince c. Twist there ends a little or cleave them a piece If tender Plants of great Pith as Jasmines July-flowers c. Cut only at a joynt or knot and plant them If large stems of Pithy Trees as Poplars c. Sharp their ends down to a point reserving the bark whole on one side If stock July-flowers slit the Bark near the end in several parts round the Stem fold up the Bark so cut and taking the peel'd part close off Plant the same with this Bark spread as you do a Root The time of planting cuttings is if Trees Shrubs a little before they Spring and if Herbes when springing as above for off-sets and let the Stems of july-July-flowers and wall-Wall-flowers be well shot i. e. something firme and take such as has not had a Flower 6. To increase by laying is to bend down some branch to the ground and with a hooked stick thrust into the ground stay the same in its place and cover with earth of deepness as you see fit let the soil be good watered and shaded in drought and from scorching Sun sheltered in Winter if needfull To force their Rooting if july-July-flowers Prune off the under and withered leaves and cut it at a joynt into the pith i. e. half way through and slit it up to the next joynt thrust down the cut part Gently into the ground making it fast cover as before If Trees and Shrubs prick the rind full of holes at the place interred or cut away the Bark round at the same place but if the branch be small use it as July-flowers and if any refuse ty them hard and fast above the slit with a piece Pack-threed or Wyre to stop the sap in its course that it may provide for Rooting Cut off all their Tops as you lay them except Greens and some very Pithy Trees The time for laying all Trees and Shrubs that lose the leaf is October as also March if secured from drought All Greens in April which therefore must be shaded July flowers in March April or July The Trees and Sherubs will be Rooted that time twelve moneths at which time transplant them the July flower layed in March may be transplanted in July or if layed in July transplanted next March or April 7. Ciruomposition is in all cases as laying save only that the earth must be raised up to the branch because it will not bend down to it Therefore fasten a Pot Basket old Hatt or the like on the Tree by a stake or some supporter let it have a hole in its bottome through which you must put the branch to be propagated and then fill the Pot with rich earth having ordered the branch as before to cause it Root and Water it often willow earth or Rotten willow sticks at the bottom of the Pot helps to retain the moistuer I have effected this with clay and Cowes dung well mixt after part of the Bark has been taken off round clapt about with a double or triple swadling of Straw or Hay Roaps This is a midsummer as well as Spring-work and very notable for to propagate such as can scarcely be otherwayes obtain'd 8. Graffing is to take a cyon or twig of atree and place into another call'd the stock fit to receite the same that the inward Bark or rind of Both may Joyn saps unite c. Whereof there be several wayes as First of Graffing in the clift saw off the head of the stock in a smooth place about half a foot above ground for Dwarffs and Wall-trees as also for Standard Aple and Pear for they will shoot up for a body but betwixt 3 and 4 foot for Standard-cherrie and Plum Pare smooth its head Ragled by the sow then cleave it a little beside the pith and with your Pen-knife cut away any jags roughness or blackness that remaines after cleaving on each side the clift within then prepare the graff by cutting on both sides from some knot or bud in forme of a wedg suitable to the clift with little shoulderings
and Pathes be both of a breadth viz. 6 foot box the Bordures and plant them with Flowers lay the pathes as well as the walkes with Gravel plant the Walls with Fruit and Flower-bearing Trees variously Outter Courts hath only one Bordure at the Wall planted with Laurels and other Greens one Pathed or Brick-walk in the midle leading to the midle of the House-front with along Grass plot on each hand 2. The Bordures of your Kitchen-Garden round by the walkes may be boxed with Thyme Lavendar Hysop Rue c. the next with Parsly Strawberries Violets July-flowers c. Cherrie-gardens and Physick-gardens with Sweet-brier often cut or Box cut three times Per annum as April June August minding to cut their Roots at the inside every second year that they exhaust no the strength or nourishment of the Flowers or Herbes But that which I preferre for Flower-Gardens above all is Dwarff-Juniper raised from the seed and Planted thus When the ground is levelled measure out the Bordures but raise them not above the walkes except you minde to lay gravel streatch a line and with the edge of the Rule mark alongst thereby and therein set the young sets of Box or the young Plants of Juniper at 2 years grouth then prepare the Bordures by delving in consum'd dung of Cowes and Sheep covering on a little lime topt with a little sand to ly all summer kept clean from by hawing At the beginning of winter delve and mix together to ly all winter un-Raked and at the Spring redelve stirr and mix it throughly and train and plant your Flowers and other Plants in their seasons See Part 2. Chap 7. 3. In making the walkes in any Gardens first level up the Bordures at its sides secondly drive a Row of Stakes in the midle of the walke and level them accordingly i. e. streatch line cross the walke betwixt the two level Bordures and marke where it hits the Stake in the midle of the walke do this at both ends and viewing betwixt will levell the rest see the next Chap of levelling But you may mind that the walk must rise a little in the midle and yet the midle of the walke and top of the Boxing of the Bordure must be level i.e. The Boxings so much above the side of the walk as the midle of the walke is above its sides Where your Boxing is timber or Stone fill up the bordure of Earth to the top thereof but where your Boxing is of box-juniper or the like the Earth within the bordure and edg of the walks and pathes without must be equal As for the rise or swell that walkes has which makes them Segmenta Circuli grass or brick walkes may have for 30 foot broad 6 Inches rise for 20 foot 4 Inches 10 foot 2 Inches and let gravel have an Inch more proportionally and it agrees with the rule of proport in Arithmetick as 20 is to 4 so is 30 to 6. If gravell or brick walkes or pathes ly by the side of grass make the grass half Inche higher than such If the walke be Grass make 2 foot Tables or pathes of gravel betwixt it and the Bordure 4. To lay grass first level the ground whither walke or plot and it s the better to ly a year so made up before you lay the turff because it may be levelled up again if it sink unto holes If it ly wet bottome with Stones and Rubish and if the Earth be fat take it out and put in sand however lay a foot thick sand immediatly under the Truff then by the squair streatch lines Ritt with the Ritting Iron which is an half round put into the end of a crooked stick raise the Turff with the Turff-Spade which is broad mouthed otherwise all one with the Husbandmens breast-Turffing-spade let the Turff be of equal thickness near Inch and half thick a foot and half broad and as much in length lay their green sides together when you put them in the cart but do not Roll them when brought home lay them all even and closs Feeling each particular Turff with your foot so as you may discern any Inequallity to be helped Immediatly in laying still beating every two three rowes of turff while moist with the Timber beatters and when the the whole is layed and well beat Roll well with the Stone-Roller which should be as big as a hogsehead The Spring and Autumne is the best time And if you mind to keep a good pile of Grass suffer it never to grow Inch long beat mow and Roll often especially in the mornings and moist weather 5 But if you would lay the hard tile or brick walkes prepare as for Grass minding it wants the breadth of the brick of the true hight for you must set them all on their edg closs by other on a bed of lime laying the side each other Row crossing the ends of the other and place one in the midle of the walkes that both sides may be Regular 6. To lay gravel cleanse first the bottomes of the walkes of fat Earth and Root weeds and bottom it with Stones and lay over that about half a foot of clean round gravel and about three Inches top gravel of equal greatness which may be like beans and pease you must make it thus equal by sifting and so Rake Tred and beat and when compleatly levelled bea rt well with the Timber beaters while moist then Roll soundly with the Timber-Roller and afterwards with the Stone-Roller especially in Rain for which the spring and Autumn is best but if dry weather you must dash water one the Roller continually in Rolling with the watering pott and if you ar forced to use Sea or water sand you may beat some good clay to dust and mix with such before you lay it weed and Roll frequently 7. For the orderly planting of flowers there may be three wayes as first in the Bordures of pleasure Gardens or Courts plant 5 rowes in the bordure and Intermixe them orderly i. e. divide and plant every sundry sort through the whole Garden at equal distances and not only so but every sundry colour thereof also let never two of a kind nor two of a colour stand together without other kinds and colours Interveening so as there may not be two three of a kind or Colour at one end Bordure Plot or Place and non thereof through the rest but universally and ornamentally Intermixt and when you find a breach by some being past the flower you may have various Annual Flowers sowen in potts ready to plunge into the vacancies of the Bordures for continuing this beauty Secondly in my sort of flower Gardens which is Bordures and pathes running all one way viz from the House Plant 5 rowes and intermix them not as in the last way but set 5 rowes of each kind cross the Bordure so as 25 of each sort may stand in a Geometrical squair As if you set a squair of Tulips a squair of
the scorching Sun they come up the same season but if not prefared through winter they lie till the next they love a fresh loamie earth in planting them I advise you to cover the surface of the earth about them with leitter topt with earth the first year at least The horn beam may be ordered as small maple they like a dry stiff ground they are copsis The hassell and filboards seed or nuts is used as wallnuts they delight in dry banks nor are they stately forrest trees The Birch is a proper tree for much of our poor dry and barren grounds I never raised any of them by seed in the wood they are so plentie by suckers c. Many of which handsome trees I have planted succesfully The Beantree foil vulgarly called peascod-tree its seed ripes in Oct. and being kept dry all winter sown at spring comes up that season and affects a moist Ground but sweet The white poplar vulgarly called Abele it s a quick grower and pleasant tree so is Aspen they are easilie propagated by cuttings so the last by suckers see chap. 1. sect 5. They love a good soil something moist The Alder is so propagable and loves the marshes and so is The willowes Sallows and oziers they all affecting a moist ground and must be so kept till Rooted But I come to greens as The Pinetree and pinasters whose husks you may expose to the sun till they open seeds fall out to be sowen in March but if late ere they come home they requiring the summer sun to open them if you then sow they cannot get drength sufficient to withstand the ensuing winter therefore keep them in dry sand all winter and sow them in the spring For they rise that season wherein they are sowed they love a good and tender soil they are something tender while young as all greens are the great Pine is tenderer than pinasters and nice in transplanting therefore observe the Rule in chap. 7. sect 2. Shade and shalter in both extremities of heat and cold while young But non so proper for us as The Scots Firre many one of their husks have I gathered any time between Jan and latter end March lay them on a Cloth to the Sun which opens them to be sowen latter end Aprile they come up that season and loves a soil with Pinus See how to order in nurserie for they must be dibled in again the first year as spued up by frosts they or any Tree will grow on most sorts of grounds if well ordered and prefared and secuted from drought the first year And therefore help the ground where it s not to purpose they will pay you or yours for your pains as if you plant in gravelly or dry sandy ground mix it with clay and turfe a large distance round about the Roots or if in stiff and moist clayes trench 8 or 9 foot on each side round the compass of the Roots adding small gravel fatt sand c. And plant ebb but enough of his in the last Chapter The silver Firre is so ordered only its tender while young and subjecl to blasting The Pitch Tree as common Firre its a hardie Tree and no wonder seeing as I am Informed it growes by nature plentifully in Norraway The Yew is also a hardie Tree only requires some defence while young their Berries ripes in Novem Rub off the flesh or clammy substance and lay them to dry a little but not at the fire then box them Stratum Superstratum of earth and seed placing them in the shade till the spring come twelve moneths at which time fow them and then they spring affecls a good soil not stiff The Holly is to be used as Yew for they ly as long it s the most proper for hedges of all the plants in the World Next thereunto is the Hawthorne tho not a green whose seed ripes in Octob and to be used as Holly for it riseth not till the spring come twelve moneths and the better you prefare and mix the ground with Rotted dung the larger will they shoot Nor let any Imagine that Holly also loves not dunged ground nay say they poor and gravelly soil but I know the contrary by experience I shall speak of some shrubs in Chap 7. for I must leave them here and come shew you how to transplant and prune the stately forrestrees 3. In Transplanting remove with earth about their Roots if you can especially greens at least take all the Roots up a good distance from the stem by making a Trench round and be not hastie then top all their Roots with a sharpe knife slop tending down as a horse foot cut off all the bruised and broken parts till you come at firme wood top the small Roots like hair to make them stiff so as they fold not when the Earth is put in and rott thereby proportion the head also to the Root by thinning it prune fideboughs reserving allvayes some for tapering the Tree these you cut do it close and smooth by the body slanting upwards and they will soon overgrow the wounds if the branch cut off be not great Cut not the tops of Oaks Beaches they cannot endure it neither any Tree that you ordain for timber albeit I have been necessitate to lop great old Trees whose heads could not otherwayes be conform'd to their Roots which necessarly ardiminished upon removal But this is not the case of well trained Trees in anurserie The Rule for removing old large Trees out of woods or other places who was never before Transplanted is to make a trench at two sides of the Tree distance considerable till you can Inforce the Tree upon on side then cut the top Root through saving as many collateral Roots as you can lessen its head or lop it if it can suffer and so set up the Tree again and tread in the earth about it as it was let it stand 2 years to emitt fibres or feeding Roots to nurse it when Planted out But to my nursed trees again When you remove as is directed carry them as quickly to their new quarters as you can let the soil where you set them be as Connatural to the nurserie as nossible see the last chap for preparing grounds and see part 1. chap. 3 and 4. for the orderlie wayes of planting The best way is to make the holes a year before you plant and in summer stirr and tune their earth that no weeds grow thereon make them betwixt 12. and 18. Inches deep and betwixt 4 and 8. foot diameter if ordinarie trees but if the ground be bad and not proper for the trees then trench mix apply till such become more agreeable When you plant lay the surface in the bottome and fill up the hole with fine earth till it can only admit the upper part of the root to stand level with the surface this is not to plant deep for they that do but cheat themselves then set on the Root of
preserve them from colds while young If you water Imbibe pigeons dung but touch not their leaves therewith when their leaves ar 3 Inches broad Transplant them into a very fat and well mixt soil 2 foot distance prun their Roots and tops and if any worm knots cut them a way and in setting keep their hearts Immedially above ground And all along keep them clean of weeds under hanging and withered leaves let them not suffer drought while young make the water like wort by dung if the ground and seed be good you may expect good heads which if you spend not alltogether before frosts which spoils them take them up in a dry day and ty them in pairs to hang in a dry Room for use the best seed comes from Candia There be many Cabbages sow the Savoy and such tender sorts as cole-flowers albeit not so tender sow the great white and Red the full moon in July Plant them furth in Octob 3 foot distance in well dunged ground set some also in March but then the gardner finds multiplicity of business therefore it s his wisdom to put as much work by hand as can suffer it at least to have all his grounds fallowed before winter you may rake up and hang your Cabbages in Novem as cole-flowers but plant some of the best and hardest for seed up to the neck when they shoot support with stakes and Ropes when full cut and lay on a clothe to perfect But choice the midle rejecting the lower branches Catch snails and worms that graws the young sprouting plants and set nets for birds at the same time the reason why old Cole is full of green worms is dry poor ground never weeded or otherwayes unqualified dungs and unseasonably applyed If they would trench mix c. As in Chap 2. that their ground may be clean and sweet they shall ripen accordingly Common Colworts ar usually sowen at spring planted in summer and eaten through winter and at spring when other green herbes ar scarce you may also sow and set them with Cabbages and ripe their seeds accordingly 3. Of sweet herbes as Clary by seeds and offsets in Aprile at which time you may slip and set Tansie Sage Cost Mint Balme Winter Savory Thyme Penniroyall Wild Marjorum Maudlin Fennell c. Prune their tops and fibres and plant in a garden soil 8 rowes in the bed they all continue long but cutting their tops in growing time makes them more durable and cut them all within a handful of the ground at August that they may recover against winter You may likewayes sow the seed of Fennell Thyme Winter as well as Summer Savory Dill Sweet Basill c. In Aprile a warme cultured soil ordering them as above the three last ar annualls If you would have sweet Marjorum early raise it on the hot bed the sweet Basill requires the same sow it also the latter end of Aprile in a warme fat soil 8 rowes in the bed you may sow it in July and Transplant when two Inches high in a warme bordure at a south wall its seed with Basill comes from hotter Countries Sow Rosmary seed in Aprile or at the same time take its slips or cuttings and twist them a little at the ends and dible in good soil on a south wall-bordure but cut not their tops they easily root being watered in drought with soap water you may ply it to the wall as Shrubs 4. I am now come to Roots they require a light Earth deep trenched fat sand mixt with Sheeps dang its convenient that it be dunged a year before because new dung maks them forke Plant Liquorish offsets and Runners in February in this soil well stirred and mixt after which do not tread save in the furrows six rowes in the bed and cover all the Intervalls with leitter topt with sand but let the plants be free for this is to keep out drought the first summer keep them allwayes clean of weeds and cut their stalks near winter let it stand 3 summers in the ground and in Novem take it up thus begin at one side of the plot and make a trench the whole deepth of their Roots taking it out carefully not breaking it at the face of the same casting the Earth still behind as you proceed then cut off the plants to divide carefully and lay them amongst moist sand in a cellar till setting time And because it stands three seasons you may have three several plantations so shall you have it to take up yearly if you plant accordingly Scorzonera by seeds and by offsets that is by parting the tops of the Root sow in the Spring or when its seed ripes promiscuouly in the beds it continues many years in the ground and growes still the greater and is in season at all times for eating tho it yearly run to seed Order Carvy aa scorzonera its Roots is eaten as parsneeps Skirrets by seeds but chiefly by offsets plant the small sets not many in a bundle in March 8 rowes in the bed when their stalks begin to wither fall a spending them and as you break off their Roots for use lay rheir tops or sets in ground covered a little till the Spring for planting I cautioned you before to change the crops these you spend not e're the frosts come hard house among very dry sand that you may have them when you will rather as be barred from them by the frosts Parsneeps by seed only sow in March promiscuously over the bed but thin spend and house them with skirrets and cut quit off their tops lest they grow amongst the sand reserve some of the best untaken up for seed which will ripe the next season choice the midle stem seed Beat-Rave may be ordered in all cases as parsneeps save that you may begin sooner to eat them viz as soon as they are bigg enough tho they last as long besides these you pickle Carrots as beat Raves Turneeps by seeds in Aprile May June July the first proves not best promiscuously over the bed very thin and scarcely any covering of Earth When they rise thin them late turneeps may be housed as parsneeps and seeds reapt accordingly Horse Radish by offsets and lasts long too The Garden Radish by seed only you may raise for early in the hotbed cases hence every 20 dayes with other sallading through summer because they quickly shoot for seed sow black Radish in August and Septemb for winter these seeds next season Potatoes being cut in as many pieces as you please providing there be an eye at each piece and planted in March 5 rowes in the bed plant not deep neither in wer or stiff ground spend them with parsneeps and in housing spread only through a board-floor Parsly is also a Root for the Kitchen and so is fennell I spoke of them before only you may house some for winter See part 1. Chap 5. for the orderly planting of Kitchen herbes 5. Weeding I think may be accompted the most material
part of Gard'nery The learned Evelin takes notice of it his directions are weed and haw betimes continue weeding before they run to seed which is of extraordinary Importance both for saving of charge Improvement of fruit and the neat maintaining of the gardens wherefore sayes he keep your weeds doun that they grow not to seed and begin your work of hawing as soon as they begin allmost to peep by this means you will dispatch more in a few houres than afterwards in a whole day whereas if you neglect it till they are ready to seed you do but stir and repair the Earth for a more numerous crop and your ground shall never be cleared And this agrees with what I had written my self viz destroy weeds while young for when they have growen strong and got deep Rooting they 'le not only take the nurishment from the good plant but there will be such difficulty in grubing them out that the good seed or plant is in danger of being destroyed but if you suffer them to bear and sow their seeds then besides that they exhaust much more of the substance of the ground you shall find the work Intollerable for they 'le poison the whole ground insomuch that one years seeds will cost many years weeding and therefore prevent these things by keeping doun the weeds so shall your work become easie and gardens handsome In beds where hawes cannot go you must weed with your hands on both sides sitting in the furrow on a straw cushion pull up the Root cleanly taking the help of the weeding Iron where needful but make use of the haw in all the Intervalls drill-beds nurseries furrowes tables or pathes whereby one will cleanse more than some six by weeding with their hands and if dry weather they 'le wither where they ly cut otherwayes Rake them in heaps and spread again when Rotted or carry them to some open trench or pit and still be visiting your plantations that as soon as you perceive a weed peep you may chalk it CHAP. VII Of some Physick herbes shrubs and Flowers 1. ALL the herbes in the last chapter are physical and having spoken to them already I have the less to do here however there is more as Garden-Rue I use to environe sage beds with Rue the soil not moist mixt with ashes not cinders you may box bordures with it as well as lavender or hysop which last is also Increased by seed and so is golden Rod feverfew verven celandin they last many years and so doth Wormwoods comfry Solomons seal Catmint Callamint Elacampan Masterwort wall pellitory garden Germander Beatony Camomile Swallowort Suthernwood Lovag Dwarf-elder harts-tongue Maiden-hair Asrum Dropwort Birthwort Horhund Spignell Agrimony Briony Bearsbreach Sea-holly Madder Rhuebarb Dogmercury all which are easily Increased by offsets in the Spring and requires to be cut a little above ground at the beginning of Autumne Angelica Spurg scurvy grass c. Are Annualls but yield seed the second year from sowing you may sow when ripe or in the Spring but if you prevent their seeding by cutting they will last longer Blessed thissell Thorn Aple Tobaco stinking Arag oak of Jerusalem c. Yielding seed and dying the first year therefore sow yearly in Aprile The Virginia Tobaco requites the hotbed the rest a good fat light soil as doth Angelica you must not burie stinking Arag deep sow it as purslain There be many more besides multitudes in the fields Woods Glens Meadowes c. Of good use many whereof you may bring into the garden as I have done I forbear seeing the order is in part 1. Chap. 5. and the wayes of propagation in the first of this and how to order the ground in the second I do not approve of planting the clod with them brought out of the fields for it rotts and turns sour and so kills the plant albeit you may keep the clod about it till you come home but then part it off carefully prun their fibres a little make the holes with the Trowall and plant in a Connatural Earth to that of their wonted abode well stirred and aired which is ane excellent mean that makes all plants prosper and therefore diligently to be observed 2. Of Shrubs that lose their leaves in Winter the choicest whereof are Roses of many sorts they are increased by Suckers and layers the musk may be buded on the Eglantin and set at a Wall the double Yellow bears fairest Flowers if you bud the single Yellow on a Frankfort and rebud the double Yellow thereon I have done it immediatly on the single planted as a Standard a little shaded in Summer and kept clean of Suckers and superfluous buds and any that blow hot freely may be slit at the 5 divisions of the hose Prune your Roses after the Flower is past viz. before the full Moon in October cut behind a leaf-bud and cleanse them of dead wood and if you desire fair Flowers sufter but one Stem on a Root and keep it low and every 5th year cut them down to the ground renewing their earth with old Cow dung Jasmines Honisuckles Pipe-trees c. by suckers layers and cuttings See Chap. 1. Mezerion by seed as Hawthorn they ly as long Of Shrubs that be ever green there is Box Savin Arbor vitae Tamerisk Privite c. by suckers layers and cuttings in Aprile a shade and moist fat soil till Rooted The Cherrie-bay is an excellent Green and not very Apt to blast there is also Laurustinus Philyrea Alaternus I love not Pyracantha Juniper I care not for ever green Oak and Cypress all by seeds which must be couched in Sand before Winter and sowen in Aprile to rise that season except the Juniper which lyes till the next transplant the second year after they rise in Aprile remove by a Trowal with Earth at their Roots toping such Roots as appears without the clod and lessen the head by thinning it See where I have spoken of Holly for the same Rules may be observed for these to be spread on Walls but save the top of Standards they do all well by suckers and layers also except Cypress and Juniper Be carefull to defend your seedling Greens while young from spring blastings yet do not choak them for want of good Air. The Pin Cypress and ever-green Oak the last in special will scarce endure a removal from seminary therefore sow them in drills 2 foot intervall one way and half a foot the other and the next year after they rise make a spade-bit trench between the rowes and work in cautiously till you discover the running down Root at one side which you must top with the pruning Knite and level in the Earth as it was cut off some side-boughes and thin the head let them remain two years then remove and plant them as is instructed Greens that are best worthy our esteem are Scots firr Standard Holly for Hedges the Cherrie-bay for Walls or barren creeping jvy which will neither blast
as a compleat Garden can afford in their seasons Published for the Climate of SCOTLAND By JOHN REID Gard'ner EDINBVRGH Printed by DAVID LINDSAY at the foot of Heriot's-Bridge 1683. READER AS in this little Kalendar thou will find when so in my Book Intituled the Scots-Gard'ner thou will find how to performe the particulars The Gard'ners year is a circle as their labour never at an end Nevertheless their terme is NOVEMBER COntrive or forecast where and what you are to sow and plant Trench and fallow all your vacant grounds Prepare and mix soils and composts throughly miss not high-way Earth cleansings of streets make compositions of dungs soils and lyme Lay bair Roots of Trees that need and dung such as require it Plant all fruit Trees Forrest-trees and shrubs that lose the leaf also prune such Plant cabbage Sow hasties for early peas in warme grounds but trust not to them Gather the seeds of holly yew ash c. Ordering them as in Chap 3. furnish your nurseries with stocks Shelter tender evergreen seedlings House your Cabbag Carrots Turneeps and any time e're hard frosts your Skirrets Potatoes Parsneeps c. Cover Asparagus Artichocks as in the last moneth Sow bairs-ears plant Tulips c. Shut the conservatory Preserve your Choicest Flowers Sweep and cleanse the walks of leaves c. Stop your bees close so that you leave breathing vents Garden Dishes and Drinks in Season are Cabbage Coleflower Onions Leeks Shallot c. Blanched Sellery Succory Pickled Asparagus Purslain c. Fresh Parsneeps Skirrets potatoes Carrots Turneeps Beet-rave Scorzonera parsly and fennell Roots Aples Pears c. Cyder Perry wine of Cherries Rasps Currans Goosberries Liquorish Hony c. DECEMB TRench and prepare grounds Gather together composts plant Trees in nuseries and sow their seeds that can Endure it Gather Firr seed holly berries c. Take up liquorish Continue your care in preserving choice Carnations Anemonies and Ranunculuses from Raines and frosts And keep the green-house close against the piercing colds Turne and refresh your fruit in a clear and serene day Sharpen and mend tools Gather oziers and hassell Rods and make baskets in stormy weather Cover your water pipes with leitter lest the frosts do crak them feed weak bees Garden Dishes and Drinks in season Colworts Leeks c. Housed Cabbage Onions shallot Several dryed sweet herbes Housed Parsneeps Turneeps Skirrets Carrots Potatoes Beat-rave Scorzonera parsly Fennel Roots Pickled Cucumbers Barberries Artichocks Asparagus Purslain c. Housed Aples Pears Conserved Cherries Plumes Peaches Apricocks c. Wine of Aples Pears Cherries Liquorish Hony c. JANUARY PRepare the ground soils and manures Fell trees for mechanical uses Prune Firrs plant Hawthorn Hedges and all Trees and Shrubs that lose the leaf weather open Also prune the more hardy and old planted Dung the Roots of Trees that need draining excessive moisture gather Graffs e're they sprout and near the end Graff begin with the Stone Fruits Gather Holly-berries Firr husks c. Secure choice plants as yet from cold and wet and earth up such as the frosts uncovered Feed weak bees also you may remove them Garden Dishes and Drinks in season Coleworts Leeks c. Dry sweet Herbes Housed Cabbage Onions Shallot Parsneeps Skirrets Potatoes Carrots Turneeps Beat-rave Scorzonera Parsly and Fennel Roots in broth Pickled Artichocks Beet-raves c. Housed Aples Pears and other conserved Fruits With Cyder and other Wines as before FEBRUARY PLant any Trees or Shrubs that lose the leaf also lay and circumpose such for increass see June Likewayes sow all your Seeds Kyes Kirnells Nuts Stones also the seeds of several Greens as Holly Yew Philyrea Laurells c. Prune Firrs c. Continue to destroy Vermine Graffing is now in season see the last moneth Prune all Trees and Shrubs except tender Greens Nail and dress them at the wall Cover the Roots of Trees layed bair the fore-end of Winter if any be Plant Hawthorn Hedges Willows c. Plant Liquorish Potatoes Peas Beans Cabbage Sow Parsly Beets Spinage Marygold and other hardy Pot-herbes Let carnations and such sheltered Flowers get Air in mild weather But keep close the Green-house Now you may remove bees and feed weak stocks Garden Dishes and drinks in season Cole Leiks sweet Herbes Onions Shallot housed Cabbage Skirrets Turneeps Parsneeps Potatoes Beat-rave Scorzonera Carrots besides Parsly and Fennell Roots Pickled Beat-ravo Artichock Cucum Housed Aples Pears and other conserved Fruits with Cyder and other Wines and drinks as above MARCH REdelve mix and Rake your ground for Immediat use Delve about the Roots of all your Trees Yet plant Trees and rather greens Also prun such except the Rosinious Propagate by laying circumposition and especially by cuttings Sow the seeds of most Trees and hardy greens Cover these Trees whose Roots lay bair and delve doun the dungs that lay about your young Trees all winter covering on leitter again topt with Earth to prevent drought in summer this is a material observation and more especially for such as are late planted Slit the bark of ill thriving Trees Fell such as grow croked in the nurserie Graffing is yet in season but too late for stone fruit cut off the heads of them Inoculated Set peas beans Cabbage Asparagus Liquorish Sow parsly beets Endive Succory Bugloss Burrage Sellery Fennell Marigold Plant shollot garleeks Potatoes Skirrets Sow Onions Lettice Cresses Parsneep Beet-rave Radish c And on the hotbed coleflour and if you please cucumber c. Slip and set physick herbes July-flowers and other fibrous Rooted flowers Be carefull of the tender the peircing colds are now on foot Turne your fruit in the Room but open not yet the windows Catch Moles Mice Snails Worms destroy frogs spawn c. Half open passages for bees they begin to fit keep them close night and moring yet you may remove them Garden Dishes and Drinks in season Both green and housed herbes and Roots also Pickled Housed and conserved fruits with their wines as in the former months APRILE PLant Holly Hedges and Hawthorn too if not too foreward Ply and sheer Hedges Nail and prun Wall-trees c. Sow and plant firrs and other greens Slip and set sage Rosemary thym Rue Savory and all fibrous Rooted herbes and Flowers uncover and dress strawberries Plant Artichocks slip them and delve their plottes Set Cabbage Beans Peas Kidnees sow Asparagus Parsly Beets and Beet-card Set Garleeks Shallot Potatoes Skirrets Sorral sow Onions Leeks Lettice Cresses Radish Orach Scorzonera Carvy Fennel c. And on the hotbed Cucumbers Coleflowers Purslain sweet Marjorum Basill Summer Savory Tobaco c. Set Strawberries Violets July-flowers c. Also sow the seeds of july flowers c. Sow all your Annuall flowers and Rare plants some requiring the hotbed Destroy Moles Mice Worms Snails Lay Beat and Roll gravel and grass Fall to your mowing and weeding Open the Doors off your bee-hives now they hatch Garden Dishes and Drinks in season Onions Leeks Colworts Beets Parsly
THE SCOTS GARD'NER IN TWO PARTS The First of Contriving and Planting GARDENS ORCHARDS AVENUES GROVES With new and profitable wayes of Levelling and how to Measure and Divide Land The Second of the Propagation Improvement of FORREST and FRUIT-TREES KITCHEN-HEARBES ROOTS and FRUITS With some Physick Hearbs Shrubs and Flowers Appendix shewing how to use the Fruits of the Garden Whereunto is annexed The GARD'NERS KALENDAR Published for the Climate of SCOTLAND By JOHN REID Gard'ner Edinburgh Printed by DAVID LINDSAY Partners at the foot of Heriot's Bridge 16â—â— To all the Ingenious PLANTERS In SCOTLAND I Desire you to peruse this Book for there are many things in it of singular use which I could never find in any and the substance of what I could find material in the Practical part of Gard'nery improven and applyed home whereby I presume it may be Satisfactory to you when you operate in the choise of Husbandry Several weighty reasons induced me hereunto as the great necessity of right contrivance whereby you may do your works both orderly and cheap The in-expressible need of Inclosing and Planting whereby you may improve your estates to best advantage both in Profite and Pleasure And because the many Books on Gard'nery are for other Countries and Climates and many things in the more speculative than practical this ensuing treatise may the rather be acceptable albeit obnoxious to the undoubted censure of Criticks yet when I reflect on my Innocency in the design therein the good of my Country I receive Encouragment And that my Endeavours may prove Succesful is the earnest desire of JOHN REID THE CONTENTS Of the First Part which treats of Contrivance CHAP. I. How to make the Works about a House Regular Sect. 1. THe Introduction Sect. 2. The Model of a House Sect. 3. The Foundation of Contriving Sect. 4. To find the Central Line Sect. 5. Example by a draught how to place the Works Sect. 6. How to do where confined or limited CHAP. II. How to draw by the Scale Sect. 1. The use of the Scale Sect. 2. The same described Sect. 3. How to take Measures from the Scales Sect. 4 How to proportion the Scale to any draughts Sect. 5. To know what Scale any draught was drawn by Sect. 6. How to diminish or enlarge draughts Sect. 7. How to measure the distances on ground Sect. 8. My methode of surveying Mechanically Sect. 9. Instrumentally vide Trigonometry CHAP. III. How to make Avenues and Walks Sect. 1. Some Generals aneut Walks Sect. 2. How to stake out the Avenue Sect. 3. How to run a Walk through a Wood. Sect. 4. How to do over Hills and great distances Sect. 5. To set off Parallels where obstructions are Sect. 6. Figures for Avenues to end in lead to and past through Sect. 7. The distance of Trees in Walks CHAP. IV. How to Plant Thickets and Orchards Sect. 1. How they should stand by the fence Sect. 2. Of the several Figures that will admit of order Sect. 3. Of the several wayes of planting Sect. 4. The first way squair Sect. 5. The second Rombusoical Sect. 6. The third Triangular Sect. 7. A fourth depending on the first Sect. 8. A fift and notable way Sect. 9. A sixt way observing the Central line Sect. 10. The distance of Trees in Thickets and Orchards CHAP. V. How to make the Kitchen-Garden Sect. 1. The methode and draught Sect. 2. The proportion and order of planting and sowing therein Sect. 3. Of uniformity to be observed Sect. 4. A place for Physich Hearbs Sect. 5. Of Walls and of the distance of dwarff and Wall-trees CHAP. VI. How to make the Pleasure-Garden Sect. 1. What draught I fancy best Sect. 2. Of Boxing for all Gardens Sect. 3. Of the proportion of Walks Sect. 4. To lay Grass Sect. 5. Of brick Walks Sect. 6. To lay Gravel Sect. 7. The orderly wayes of planting flowers Sect. 8. Of Terrase Walks Sect. 9. Of Pondes CHAP. VII How to Level Ground Sect. 1. Of the Horizontal and sloping Level Sect. 2. To proportion the Level to the ground Sect. 3. How to do with bad lying Plots Sect. 4. How to level great lengthes Sect. 5. How to do over obstructions Sect. 6. Of the solidity of earth Sect. 7. An Practise which is the cheapest way Sect. 8. To bring in water in pipes CHAP. VIII How to measure divide and lay out Land c. Sect. 1. Wherewith we should measure Sect. 2. How we should measure exemplifyed Sect. 3. How to part off divide and lay out land Sect. 4. Of the superficies of Solids Sect. 5. Of their solidity Sect. 6. Of Roots and mean proportionals THE CONTENTS Of the Second Part which treats of the Culture of Plants CHAP. I. Of the several wayes of Propagation Sect. 1. THe Introduction Sect. 2. The several wayes are Sect. 3. First by Seeds Sect. 4. Secondly by Off-sets Sect. 5. Thirdly by Cuttings Sect. 6. Fourthly by laying Sect. 7. Fifthly by Circumposition Sect. 8. Sixthly by graffing Sect. 9. Lastly by Inoculation Sect. 10. Of planting pruning c. CHAP. II. How to Cultivate and prepare grounds Sect. 1. Of Trenching Sect. 2. Of fallowing Sect. 3. Several wayes of improving Land Sect. 4. Of the best and worst Soyls and how to 〈◊〉 them Sect. 5. What dungs and manures are proper for the 〈◊〉 Sect. 6. What sorts are proper for the Plants Sect. 7. How to make Hot-beds Sect. 8. Of Watering CHAP. III. How to propagate and order Forrest-trees Sect. 1. How to govern them in Seminary and Nurserie Sect. 2. When their Seeds ripes when to sow in what soyl when they spring c. Sect. 3. How to transplant out Forrest-trees Sect. 4. How to prune them CHAP. IV. Of Hedges or Inclosures Sect. 1. What I esteem best for Hedges Sect. 2. How to plant and keep holly Hedges Sect. 3. How to plant and keep Hawthorn Sect. 4. How to make Ditches Sect. 5. How to have trees round for Shelter Sect. 6. Of fencing the Quicks from Beasts CHAP. V. How to propagate and order Fruit-trees Sect. 1. Observations on graffing c. Sect. 2. What soyl they delight in and how propagated Sect. 3. To raise stocks and govern young Trees in sem and Nurssrie Sect. 4. How to transplant out Fruit-trees Sect. 5. How to prune both the Wall and Standard Sect. 6. To prevent and cure the diseases of all Trees Sect. 7. To destroy vermine c. CHAP. VI. Of Fruits Hearbs and Roots for the Kitchen Sect. 1. Of the Fruits of smaller Plants Sect. 2. Of Sallads and Pot-hearbs Sect. 3. Of sweet Hearbs Sect. 4. Of Roots Sect. 5. Of Weeding in General CHAP. VII Of some Physick Hearbs Shrubs and Flowers Sect. 1. Physick Hearbs distinguished into Perennials and Annuals Sect. 2. Shrubs distinguished into dry and green Sect. 3. Flowers into Fibrous Bulbous and Annuals Sect. 4. How to preserve the tender sorts in Winter APPENDIX How to use the Fruits of the Garden Sect. 1. The manner and season of gathering them
or part of it as if you would have it â…“ less then divide each part by 3 and take one of these and set on the Paper Or if you would have it twice as large then double every part and portion of it that is take the double of each length and breadth on the Compass and set on the Paper and draw accordingly But if your draught be a Taliduce Mapps or the like draw a squair by the outter edg thereof and divide each side into so many equal parts as you think fit betwixt which draw parallel lines all through crossing from opposite sides and notice what part of your draught falls within the precinct of each little squair so Copy it upon another Paper whether larger or lesser as if you would have it one fifth less take one fifth of the side of one of the little squairs and therewith Lottrie or square your clean Paper And likewayes take one fifth of length and breadth of each particular within each little squair and the one fifth distance that such and such parts creeks and angles are distant from any two of the angles of the same and so place them accordingly in the lesser little squairs of your clean Paper 7. When you designe to survey any plot of ground be careful in measuring the distances truly and keep exact accompt thereof You may make first a supposed figure on a Paper before you begin that thereon you may write your measures as you go along as if it be a Hexagon see fig. 27. draw a figure at random containing 6 sides and having observed the meridian on the ground which you may either find by the Compass or let the central line of the House its perpendiculars or parallels serve in lieu thereof mark down such on your supposed figure then let the two men with the chain begin at any angle the foremost may have 10 small sticks to thrust in at every length of the chain let the hindermost man gather them up as he comes along and when all up give them to his assistant to begin again as before calling that one change still being carefull to go straight betwixt the two ends or extreams and when yon come at the other end compt how many changes chaines and links as if the hedg c. d. be 70 Falls write that down as in the figure and so proceed to the rest observing the same methode 8. But albeit you measure round any plot or Field yet you must know how to find the quantity of the angles and protract the same therefore I shall shew you the most exact of all others and mechanical too Example by fig. 21. When you have measured the length of the 4 sides of this Trapezia as is taught then measure also betwixt any of the two opposite angles as from a. to b. or from d. to a. and then you may protract it only with your Scale thus draw a given line on the Paper as a. c. and from your Scale take so many divisions as was the lenth of the hedg a. c. and set thereon and take the lenth betwixt c. and b. on your Compass set one foot in c. and discribe an obscure Arch at b. also take the lenth of a. b. and setting one foot in a make another Arch to cross the former at b. then draw the line a. b. likewayes take the length of the side b. d. on the Compass set one foot in b. discribe an obscure arch at d. and take the length c. d. with one foot in c. cross the former at d. then draw c. d. and b. d. and so have you finished By the same its easie to protract fig. 26. and 27 or any other and this is my method of Surveying 6. As for the dimensions of Circles see Chap 8. for having the Radius you may easily find all things belonging thereunto As for straight lined figures if you reduce them into Triangles measure the three sides of each you may protract them as is taught thus Trigonometry or the doctrine of plane Triangles shewes that having any three things in a Triangle we may find the other three either by the Scale or by Artificial Sines Tangents and Logarithims as having three sides or three angles or one Angle and two sides or two sides and one Angle c. I will give you ane example by Fig 20. suppose you would have the distance between B. and A. First measure off from B. at any side most convenient so many ells or falls the more the better I shall here supose 384 falls to C. as will appeare by a Scale of 400 in the Inch and in setting it off notice what degrees that angle makes by your protector then hold the same at C. with its Chord line on B. C. Turn about the Index till it poynt to A. notice what degrees it cutts as supose 80. and write down here you have the side B. C. 384. the angle A. B. C. 60. and the angle B. C. A. 80. and by consequence the Angle B. A. C. 40. being its the complement to 180. therefore go to your paper and draw a given line as A. B. then open the compass to the radius of your line of Chords therewith setting one foot in B. Discribe the Arch D. E. I. O. likwayes take 60 degrees with your Compass off the line of Chords set from D. to E. on that Arch line and by the poynt B. and E. draw the line B. E. C. so shall the Angle A. B. C. contain 90. degrees But if the Angle had fallen to be more than 90 degrees then you may take it at twice seeing the ordinary line of Chords has but 90 as if the Index had Cut 120. first take 90 upon the compass and set from D. to I. then take 30 and set from I. to O. which Angle A. B. O. contains 120 degrees But to return as you set off the Angle at B. so likewayes at the Angle C. make an Arch and set off 80 degrees thereon by which poynt and C. Draw the line C. A. lastly take the line B. A. on your compass i.e. betwixt the poynt B. and the poynt at A. where the line C. A. did cut the line B. A. and apply to the same Scale of 400 in the Inch from whence you tooke the 384. and you will find the distance betwixt B. and A. to be 588 Falls for As the Sine of the Angle B. A. C. 40 degrees 9 808067 is to the Logarithm of the side B. C. 384 falls 584331 so is the Sine of the Angle B. C. A. 80 degrees 9 993351 The summe of the 2 d. and 3 d. added 10 577682 The first number to be substr from this sum 9 808067 To the Logarithm of the side A. B. 588 falls 769625 If you would know how to find the superficial content of any plot of ground or how to divide the same or to lay out any quantity of land in what forme soever
plot all Running from the House but if your ground be small you may make your Bordures and Beds narrower yet still let the whole plot Ridges Bordures and Beds be equally divided and their Areas or Edges three Inches higher than the furrows or pathes and so much higher than the side of walkes as the middle of the walk is higher than its sides all handsomly clapt up with the Rakehead by a line and the like order you may observe in your seminaries and Nurseries of Trees then plant and sow by lines and Drills both for beauty and conveniency When you would do this divide the Bed Bordure or Ridg at both ends into so many equal parts by help of the long Rule and small sticks then streatch on the line from end to end by these sticks and with the corner of the Rule make a marke by the line and therein set your Herbes and Plants and for setting of seeds measure out and streatch on the line as before and with the setting stick make the holes by the line not too deep and therein put the seeds And if you sow in drills make a scratch or little ebb gutter with the point of the stick by the line and therein sow If the rowes be two foot distance let the first be one foot within the edg if 6 Inches sundry make them 3 Inches off the edge and so proportionally Note that I have told the distances of each sort Kitchen horbes and Fruits part 2. Chap. 6. where is intended 6 foot broad beds but where they are less there must be fewer rowes 3. The Kitchen Garden may be placed its half on each side the House and Courts and when you plant or sow place every species by themselves except such mixture as is mentioned part 2. Chap. 1. Sect. 3. and where you have not a whole Ridge or at least a bed of a kind you may compleat them with such as are nearest of growth and continuance also plant them of long last and them that must be yearly renewed severally each in Ridges or beds by themselves orderly the order is to make every sort oppose it self Example if you plant a Ridge of Artichocks on the one hand plant another at the same place on the other and still where you have perennialls on the one side set the same sort at the same place on the other and so of Annualls In short what ever you have on the one side you should have the same in every circumstance on the other Perennialls are such plants as continues many years in the ground Annualls are such as usually dy immediatly after once they bear seed and that is usually thô not universally the first or second year 4. As for physical plot you may have them in that ridge of the Kitchen Garden next the Bordures and if you will to have no other pleasure Garden you may have Flowers there and on the Bordures next the walkes also and that ridge or Intervall betwixt the walke and Wall will be excellent for all early rare and tender plants You may rill your Physick Herbes in Tribes and Kindreds planting every Tribe by themselves and you may also place one of each kind in the Alphabetical order 5. How to order hedges see part 2. Chap. 4. as for Walls Brick is best next is Stone and Lime 4 Ells is low enough 5 or 6 if you please but if you would make the South-looking Wall semicircles in it that would conduce much to the advantadge of the Fruit as well as Hot-beds under it The distance of Wall-trees will Informe you what quantity to make them as for example 15 foot is the distance of Cherries and Plumes except such as the May cherrie which being Dwarfish requires less 18 foot for Apricoks Peaches 20 foot for Aples 24 for Pears Therefore if you make the semicircumference 18 foot for Apricoks and Peaches you may plant two Dwarff Cherries therein then 36 is the whole Perifery and as 22 is to 7 so is 36 the Perifery to 11½ fere the Diameter and having the Diameter you may easily make any part of the Circle and let the plain or straight Wall betwixt each semicircle be just one Trees distance likewayes And also in straight Walls divide equally and plant non in the Corners measure first off 6 foot on each side the gates or doors for Honisuckles Jasmines c. And whatever be the distance of your Trees set them half therefrom as also from the Corners except where you make all their heads ply one way as on a low Wall such may stand three foot off the Corners or Honisuckles they lean from and a whole distance off these they lean towards You may plant a Goosberrie and curran in the intervalls of your Wall-trees while young when the Trees approach remove them Let the Roots of your Wall-trees stand near a foot from the Wall with their heads inclining towards the same Wall-trees in Orchards whose Standards are in the Quincunx should stand opposite to the mid intervall of the Standards The distance of Dwarff Standards is 16 foot where there is but one row and in following this Rule of the three Bordures they will stand just 16 foot off the Hedg observing to plant in the midle of the Bordures The distance of Goosberries and currans 6 foot But in all your plantings and sowings divide the ground so as each kind may stand grow equally To conclude these three Bordures going round at each side of the walkes handsomly made up and planted as aforesaid will secure the ground within from hurtful winds and colds and make people keep the walkes handsome pale doors being on the entries of the Hedges so as they may neither wrong you nor themselves Also the Hedge Dwarff Standards Shrubs and Wall-trees being all well prun'd and plyed with the Bordures and walkes clean and orderly kept will make it look like a Garden of pleasure and hide all the Ruggedness that happeneth in Kitchen-ground by delving dunging turning and overturning throughout the year CHAP. VI. How to make the pleasure-garden c. PLeasure-Gardens useth to be divided into walkes and plots with a Bordure round each plot and at the corner of each may be a holly or some such train'd up some Pyramidal others Spherical the Trees and Shrubs at the Wall well plyed and prun'd the Green thereon cut in several Figures the walkes layed with Gravel and the plots within with Grass in several places whereof may be Flower pots the Bordures boxed and planted with variety of Fine Flowers orderly Intermixt Weeded Mow'd Rolled and kept all clean and handsome Plain draughts at only in use and most preferable that which I esteem is plain straight Bordures and Pathes running all one way that is from the House with one walke parting it in the midle leading to the House door and if the ground be large you may make one round by the Wall too as the pleasure-Garden of fig. 1. Let the Bordures
Boarsears a squair of Crocuses a squair of July Flowers a squair of Anemonies and a squair of Couslips and so a squair of Tulips another of Boars Ears c Through that Bordure Intermixing the Colours of each sort then may you make the next Bordure so Intermixt but differing minding that as you Intermix the Bulbous and Fibrous in each Bordure so must they be also in the crossing that the squair of Fibrous in this may oppose the squair of Bulbous in the next and likewayes whatever Bordure such sorts at in on the one side of the walke set the very same in the Bordure equidistant from the walke on the other side that the whole may be Regular and uniformely Intermixt all the year looking from all sides ends or Angles Thridly in nurseries of Beds and Ridges Plant every kind in thickets by themselves and Annualls and perennialls by themselves except only that you Intermix their Coloures that is make a whole Bed or Ridg of each kind 6 Rowes in the Bed the Dwarfish may be 8 Rowes thus every thicket of them Flowering in their own order will have a great shew and at a great distance and here also observe uniformity that is alike on each hand see the last Chap sect 3. For if you have a Ridg or Bed of July-flowers or the like on the one side Plant another thereof at the same place on the other c. And because Flowers must be removed some in one two or three years and the Earth renued or enriched and properly prepared else they degenerate because in long time they exhaust the substance of the ground at least that part appropriate to them therefore you have a good conveniency for effectuating the same by these last two models perscribed for often you will have some Beds or squairs where your Annualls stood to replant your Tulips Anemonies or the like unto and so another sort where these stood and your Annualls again where this last was and because here you remove a whole Bed or squair of a kind at once you may very conveniently prepare Delve Stir Beat sift and mix it throughly with the soyl proper a thing most necessary and this you could not well do where they ar scattred as in the first way See the Rules mentioned Part 2. Chap. 1. Sect. 10. and Chap. 7. As to Terrase walkes if the Brow on which you make them be not too steep the work shall be the more Facile if you build them up with walls be careful to found deep enough according to the level and if the midle of the terrase be on the Central line of the house or of any walke make the Stayr of the upmost and downmost there to part at a plat on the head going down at both sides so much of the stayr case may be within as that the outter edg thereof may be in a line with the Bordure at the wall by this it marrs not the walke the rest may be at the ends Plant the Bordure at the upperside of the walke with wall Trees the under side being but ell high with Laurels c. But if your Terrase consists only of walkes and sloping Banks you may have the Bordure at the head and foot of each Bank on either side the walkes Planted with standard cherries c. and the Banks of Violets Straw-Berries or Grass 9. As for Pondes make them large and broad such being best both for the health of Fish and Fowll Clean and most preferrable water for watering Plants squair Triangle Circle Ovall or what figure sits your ground best let them be 5 or 6 foot of solid water at least with Sluces to let it Run in and out at pleasure I am against Arbust and close walkes except Trees their natural closing where we have both shade and Air. CHAP 7. How to Level Ground I Have often wished that there might be some Rules found whereby this expensive worke might become more easy There be two sorts of levelling viz the Horizontal and Sloping The first is best known but the last more profitable and convenient Example I have made a plot slop 4 foot in 200 long and 18 Inches in 380 foot the other way this was not perspicuous to vulgar eyes yet to have made it Horizontal would have been Ridiculous as to time paines and expences And in levelling the walkes about a plot which sloped naturally to make them correspond with the grownd rownd I behoved to make the midle walk agree with the side ones whereupon it slops 10 foot in 370 long now if I had made this Horizontal it would have been 5 foot or 10 steps lower than the one side walke and as much higher than the other and so worse and more Inconvenient than before both as it is a walke and anent Correspondancy with the rest of the ground within therefore I am for levelling any ground sloping that it may turn a little to the Sun if possible for drawing water that it may correspond with its adjuncts and above all to prevent the more costly way for It s certainly a principal observation in levelling not only to cause the ground of it self serve it self but also to level it as it lyes most conveniently which is the cheap and easie way of levelling When you have a Row of stakes set in a straight line and about 20 foot distance as in the edge of a Bordure or midle of a walke the way of levelling them either Horizontal or sloping is to mark and put a nail in the two Stakes which ar at the extreams or ends thereof and view betwixt cause marke all the Rest which ar betwixt in a level line therewith This is the easiest the exactest and quickest way and in the same methode you may go round any plot and consequently cross every way the same accordingly In that which you would have Horizontal place the long Rule and the level at one end suppose the sole of the Door till the plumb fall right in recovering and view alongst the said Rule as on a fowlling piece that you may see what part of each Stake it hits and cause one with a piece white paper or white hefted knife hold the same at each stake its heft tending out as the nails which carry up the line and direct him by words or signes to hold up or down till it be Just level when they ar all marked measure down so much on each Stake as was raised up for conveniency in viewing there marke put in nailes a little streatch on the line and level up the earth or gravel thereunto And where you would have determin'd slops set on the level and marke the far-end stake in a level line therewith then measure down upon the said Stake or pole from the marked place so much as you designe the slop and put in a naile with white paper about it and at the upperside of the Rule in the stake at the door put in another nail and by viewing
and may be done by Turf Plough or by hawing The Hushbandmens flitfolding is equivalent to Gard'ners covering the surface especially of dry and barren ground with leitter c. The dung and urine of Sheep and cattle washes evenly into ground and should be turned down by the summer and Autumnal fallowing lest its substance exhaust by Sun and Air except that for grass then only harrowed with a bush of thorns instead whereof Gard'ners should top their coverings of leitter with a little Earth or Sand and at Autumne delve all down together Husbandmens watering is by Running Plough-furrowes and trenches where needful alongst or cross their land so as the water may gently sweem over the whole this in the Winter on dry and barren grounds which leaves Sulphureous pinguidity behind it and strongly improves either for grass or corn but that this Husbandry ought as well to be practised on wet grounds is evident that the Running of this carryes away the sowr quality of the other I shall speak of Gard'ners watering more particularly Burning land is to pare its surface with the Turf Plough and lay the same in heaps to burn and so spreads the ashes but if moss and heath set fire through without turfing it this destroyes the noxious sowr nature and the salt remains in the ashes for the strengthening the Spirit of the Earth Draining the wet bogie or dropsical ground is by trenches a little deeper than the Spring how deep soever and then apply lyme soot ashes pigeons dung c As for the abounding of superficial water that is easily helped by common watersowers or in some grounds by sinking holes down to the channel As the Husbandman should have his land layed out or divided into several closes some for corn some for medow and others for pasture so when he has taken 5 6 or 7 crops of corn he should lay it out for pasture otherwayes it will wear out of heart and likwayes the pasture must be plowed up for corn especially when it beginnes to grow mossie The way that the Gard'ner turns his ground to rest is by trenching and retrenching whereby it can never wear out albeit he also observes to change the crops as well as the Husbandman How to Inclose and plant about your land see Chap. 4. 4. Among all the Varieties of soils that next the surface of them is best because prepared by the Influence of Sun and Showers That called a loam or light brick Earth is the most natural ground for gardens and plantations strong Blew White or Reid clayes are worst but the nearer they be to a mixture of loam or if they have stones naturally in them they ar the better also the nearer gravelly or sandy grounds incline to loam so much the better therefore if your ground be stiff trench with ferns straw bean-ham thatch leitter Earth under woodstacks small sticks c. If gravelly or sandy then trench and mix with loam or the upper part of clay the Turf of both is good If strong clay trench and mix with fat sand highway Earth that hath drift sand in it Rubish of buildings Lime-Rubish gravel And if it be for gardens or orchards enrich it with dungs mixt with drift-sand or light mouldheaped up stratum superstratum i. e. laying by laying And if the ground be cold the more pigeons and poultrie dung you put in it the lighter and warmer it will be Or make Stratums of Earth dung and unslaked lime-stones to ly a year and then apply this composition which has been hitherto a great secret therefore prize it Binding grounds which will not Rake as you delve if dry and hard trenching and fallowing exposeth them to be softned by weather as is said But if wet and tough mix with Ashes sea-Sand c. In Culturing For preparing my composts I use a pit wherein somtimes I make a hot-bed oblong about 4 foot deep of length and breadth as I can get dungs Vegetables and soils to fill it here to lay all Kindes or sorts with Stratums of Earth as horse neat Sheep Pigeons and Poultrie dung ferns weeds leaves soot ashes sticks saw-dust feathers hair horns bones urine scouring of pondes ditches blood pickle brine sea-water the the cleansing of House of Office c. Let them ly a year at least but not above two then take them out and there Stirre Air mingle and work them with fresh Earth or by themselves as you have occasion till they become sweet and of an agreable scent yet retaining their vertue this frees them from the noxious qualities they otherwayes retaine and consequently not so apt to gender or produce Worms Weeds and Mushroms instead of wholsome and pleasant plants fruits and Roots for the table 5. Observe what manures are proper for the soil as all hot-dungs and manures are proper for cold stiff and moist grounds so all rotten and cold dungs and manures are proper for dry and hot grounds All manures that retaines moisture are for poor Sandy and Gravelly soils As Horse-dung for stiff and cold ground Sheeps for hot and dry Ashes for cold stiff and moist old Woolen-rags for poor dry Lyme most excellent for moorish and heatly land Hair of Beasts for dry and stiff grounds pigeons and poultrie dung for cold and moist Rotten saw dust for dry Rubish of buildings for stiff cold grounds Salt for cold and moist use it moderately it destroyes vegetables on dry ground especially at first but when melted by Winter Raines it fertilizeth Some has sowen it on moist moorish land to great advantage for being farr from the Sun we have little volatile 6. In your applications you are to consider that Rotten dungs and manures are proper for Trees and such slow growing plants and unrotten dungs and manures for Annualls they being quick of digestion Let not the Root of any Tree stand on dung farr less unrotten dung which burns them but upon prepared and proper soil and composed well mixed aired stirred or fallowed Most fit is the cleansings of streets and highwayes together with the mud and scouring of pondes and ditches if first layed on heaps in the open Air to rott and sweeten and if you mix it with stratums of Lyme that adds much to its goodness and fertility Forrest-trees require not so much dung as Fruit-trees but well mixed and fallowed soil Kitchen Herbes and Roots requires very fat light warme and well cultured ground Flowers and fine plants cannot endure soil too rank with dung neither can they prosper if it be poor but fresh clean Earth with rotted neats dung well beaten and mixed together and a little rotten willow Earth a little below the Roots here comes in that delicate soil the Turf of the pasture mixt with a little Lyme Cowes and Sheeps dung well rotted and mingled as before See more particularly what soil each kind or sort of plants delights in or loves best in their respective Chapters and Sections following 7. As for making the hot-bed for
nor seek supporting There is Strawberrie-tree and Tree night-shade who are tender But Indian and Spanish Jasmines Mirtles Oleanders and Oreng-tree yet tenderer wherefore I am not very curious of them yet there is severals in this Countrey has them and are at great pains in governing them by setting them in cases small stones at the bottome filled with Earth mentioned for fine plants Chap 2. Sect. 6. at the season Chap. 1. Sect. 4. Housing in Winter between latter-end September till beginning May giving them fresh Earth as they retire and expose them i. e. takes out the upper exhausted stirring that below with a Fork not wounding the Roots and puts in its place some rich and well consum'd soil watering on all occasions with Water wherein Neats dung is steeped not touching leaves or stem therewith whereof they are sparing while remaining in the House except after long frosts in whose extremity is used a little Charcoal free of smoak sunk a little in the Floor and in warme dayes free of frosts and fogs aquainted with the Air but shut close at night again and when they may expose to the free Air yet even then sets them a week in the shade having first brussed them from dust c. For my part I rather be in the Woods Parks Orchards Kitchen Garden or fields measuring planting and improving the ground to best advantage However I will here take a little turne among the Flowers 3. Of Fibrous Rooted Flowers July-flowers are the best and are increased by offsets layers slips and seeds A light loamy Earth well mixt with rotted soil of Cowes and Sheep a year before hand Albeit I have raised many double by seed of my own reaping yet the surest way to preserve the best is by laying because seedlings are apt to dy after they have born a Flower how to lay see Chap. 1. Sect. 6. Plant out your layers at spring and give these in Potts fresh Earth as the Orenge-tree and yearly cleanse the old Roots of withered dead and Rotten leaves and leave not above 3 or 4 Spindles for Flower if choice and nip off superfluous buds lest they blow and bear themselves to death and if any brust slit as I directed with double Yelow Rose At midsummer shade from afternoons Sun a little these that blow support them against winds set hoofs amongst them for catching erwigs their enemies Water well in drought sparing their leaves preserve the Choice from too much Raines by laying the Pots on their sides strick off the Snow when it lyes too weightie on them these you will not to beat seed cut their stalks as soon as past the Flower Stock July-flowers by seeds or cuttings the seed of single will produce double but the more leaves the Mother hath the doubler shall the product be sow and plant with carnations or July-flowers they affect a soil with them Prim-roses Couslips and bears-ears by offsets in the spring o when the Flower is past viz. July they affect a good natural Earth well mixt with rotten Neats dung the finer sorts loves a little shade in summer if in Pots or cases you may transport them to such at pleasure Great varieties may be raised from seed sowen in Pots the soil aforesaid mixt with willow Earth in October take head of deep interring bairs ears sow them as purslain set the Potts and cases with them at the Southside of a Wall till Aprile at which time they spring and must be now retired a little as is said transplant in July to Flower next spring and neglect not to Earth up such as are apt to work out of ground namely bears ears There is many other as Noble Liverwort Spring Gentianella Virgines-bours c. and ar Increassed by offsets in the spring or by seeds at the same time As also Columbins Holihocks Cransbill Campions and Constantinople Flowers Catch Flyes Pinks and sweet Williams Throat Worts and Bell Flowers c. Or Dasies Violets Spidder Wort double Mash Mary-gold by offsets any time when springing Of Bulbo and Tuberous Roots there is Tulipas of great varieties Increases them by offsets when their stalkes withers which is generally about June July August this is also the season for other bulbo and tuberos Roots keep them in a cool but dry place till Sept or Octob and then plant them in a light sandy earth with fat soil an Inch below the bulb so that the roots may reach it remove every three years and oftener if they affect not the soil they may be raised from seed but its tedious Anemonies the same very way as Tulips except that they require a rich earth mixt with Rotten dung so that it be not Rank Apply this also to Rannuculases of the finest sorts Cyclamin Roots may be carefully parted in July and set in the soil for Tulips Crocuses and Cholcicums as Tulips but requires a mixt rich light soil And so with Irise Bulboses but loves a dry bed and Narcissuses Ornithogulams Jacenths Hesons Aconits Hellibors c. Likewayes Iris Tuberosus Crown Imperial and Lilias of severall sorts Pionies Cynosorches c. Indian Tuberose is tender See Esq Evelin's Kallendar There ar many Annualls may be sowen in pots and plunged in hot bed and some under glass covers especially them sowen in Autumne as Amaranthus Marvel of Peru flos Africanus Convolvulus c. In Aprile you may sow them on the cold bed if good fat warme earth together with double Marygold Cyanus Nigella Delphinus Anterhinum double garden and Corne Popies Fox Gloves Flos Solis Flos Adonis c. But if you would be further satisfied in the varieties of plants consult the Learned and most Ingenious Mr. James Sutherlands Catalogue Phisick Gardner at Edinburgh 4 I spoke before of preserving plants by housing There is some that cannot endure the house who must be set at the South wall the potts sunck three Inches below the surface covered with glass first clothing them with sweet and dry Moss or in prepared boxed beds with folding Glass frames to lift up and down at pleasure because in all seasonable warme blinks of the Sun shoures they may be discovered of all that covers them thus Treat choice Ranunculas Anemonies Amaranthus c. Neglect not to repair their earth as in sect 2 the Oreng Tree Plants standing dry in Winter earthed up or the Earth made firme about them are good means of preservation Neglect not to cleanse all your plants of under and withered leaves superfluous offsets c. See Chap. 1. Sect. 10. and see Part 1. Chap. 6. Sect. 7. For the orderly planting of Flowers And I hope the Reader will excuse for this brevity seeing each Chapter herein would merit a Book neither will leasure permit me at present AN APPENDIX Shewing how to use the Fruits of the Garden 1. THIS necessarly depends upon the 5th and 6th Chapters of Fruits and Herbes eatable Gather Aples and Pears when full ripe especially these for keeping or for Cyder in a dry day
and other herbes Spinage Sorral Scorzonera green Asparagus Lettice and other Sallads Pickled Artichocks Beet-rave Barberries Cucumbers Housed Aples and Pears Conserved Cherries Plumes Peaches Apricocks Goosberries Currans Also the wines of Aples Pears Cherries Liquorish Hony c. MAY. PUll up suckers and haw about the Trees Rub off unnecessary buds Sheer or clip Hedges Prun tender Greens Not the Rosinious bring furth the housed ones refreshing trimming them Plant all sorts of medicinal Herbes Sow all sweet ones which are tender Gather Snails Wormes catch Moles Sow Letice Cresses Purslain Turneep Radish Peas c. Continue weeding and watering Near the end watch the Bees ready to swarm Garden Dishes and drinks in season Coleworts and other Herbes being eaten with contentement is better than a fatted Ox without it sage with Butter Leeks Parsly Thyme Marjorum sorrall Spinage c. Scorzonera Asparagus Letice Purslain and other Sallades and Pot-herbes Pickled Artichocks Barberries Beet-rave Cucumbers housed Aples and Pears for many uses Early Cherries Straw-berries near the end Cyder Metheglin Liquorish Ail c. JUNE CLeanse about the Roots of Trees Suckers and weeds water their Covered Bulks especially the new planted Fell the long small ill-train'd Forrest-trees in the nurserie within half foot of the ground Unbind graffs Prun all Wall and Standard Trees Towards the end you may Inoculat And Increase by circumposition Gather Elm seed and sow Immediatly Transplant Coleslowers Coleworts Beets Leeks Purslain c. In moist weather at least water first the ground if dry Sow Peas Radish Turneep Letice Chervil Cresses c. Destroy Snails Worms c. Begin to lay carnations or July-flowers shade support and prun such as will blow Water pots and thristy plants Weeding and mowing is in season and so is distillation Bees now Swarm look diligently to them Garden Dishes and Drinks in season Cole Beets Parsly Sorrall and other Pot-herbes Purslain Letice and other Sallads Radish Scorzonera Asparagus Green Peas and Artichocks Green Goosberries Ripe cherries Rasps Currans Straw-berries Housed Aples and Pears Cyder Metheglin c. JULY FAllow ground as soon as the crop comes off Prune and purge all Standard-trees Ply Nail Prune and dress your Wal-trees Pull up suckers and weeds Haw and Water where needful Inoculat Fruit-trees Shrubs rare Greens Flower-trees Increase the same by laying Clip your Hedges after Rain Suffer such Herbes and Flowers to run to seed as you would save Cutting the rest a handful from the ground Sow Turneep Radish Lettice Onion Cole-flower Cabbage and Coleworts in the full Moon Near the end sow Beets Spinage c. You may plant Strawberries Violets Camomile Lay July-flowers Plant their seedlings Slip and set Hypaticas Bears-ears Couslips Helibors c. Take up Bulbo and Tuberous ones that are dry in their stalks if you mind to change their places and keep till September but some would be set immediatly Supply voids with potted Annualls Lay Grass and Gravell Make Cherrie and Rasberrie Wine c. Prevent the Bees latter swarmes Kill Drons Wasps c. Garden Dishes and drinks in season Beets and many Pot-herbes and Sweet-herbes Beet-card Purslain Lettice Endive c. Cabbage Cole-flower Scorzonera Beetrave Carrot Radish Turneep Peas Beens and Kidnees Artichocks Strawberries Rasps Currans Goosbeeries Cherries Plumes summer Pears and Aples Cyder Metheglin and other Wines AUGUST FAllow bordures Beds Nurseries and the bulks of Trees Yet Inoculat Ply and purge Trees Pull up suckers and weeds Clip Hedges Gather the Black-cherrie and Morella Stones Gather Mezerion berries Gather the seeds of most Herbes and Flowers Cut your Physick-herbes In the beginning sow Cabbage thô I confess it s too late See the last moneth Beets and Beet-card Spinage Black radish Chervil Letice Corn-sallade Endive Scorzonera Carvy Marygold Angelica Scurvy-grass c. Take up ripe Onions Garleeks and Shallot Unbind buds Inoculated Cut and string Strawberries Lay july-July-flowers Sow Columbines Holyhoks Larks-heells Candytuffs Popies and such as can endure Winter Take up your bulks and plant as in last Sift the ground for Tulips and Gladiolus Plunge in potted Annualls in Vacants Keep down weeds by hawing c. Lay Grass and Gravel Beat Roll and mow well Make Goosberrie and Curran Wines c. Towards the end take Bees take the lightest first those who are near heaths may differ a little Destroy Wasps straiten the passage by putting on the hecks to secure from Robers Garden Dishes and drinks in season Many Pot-herbes and Sallades Cabbage Coleflower Beet-card Turneep Radish Carrot Beet-rave Scorzonera Peas Beans and Kidnees Artichocks Cucumbers Aples Pears Plumes Apricocks Geens Goosberries Currans Rasps Strawberries c. Cyder Metheglin Cherrie Wine Curran Wine Goosberrie Wine Raspberrie Wine c. SEPTEMBr. FAllow Trench and level ground Prepare pits and bordures for Trees Gather plan seed Almond Peach and white Plum Stones Gather ripe Fruits Plant furth Cabbage Remove bulbs and plant them Refresh Traine and House your tender Greens Refresh and trim pots and cases with July-flowers and other fine Flowers and plants Carrying them to pits shelter and covert giving them Air c. Towards the end gather Safron Make Cyder Perry and other Wines c. Straiten the entrance to Bee-hives destroy Wasps c. Also you may now remove Bees Garden Dishes and drinks in season Varieties of Pot-herbes and Sallades Cabbage Cole-flower Peas Beans and Kidnees Artichocks Beet-card Beet-rave Scorzonera Carrots Turneeps Radish Cucumbers Aples Pears Apricocks Peaches Nectarines Quince Grapes Barberries Filbeards Cyder Liquorish Ail Metheglin and Wine of Cherries Rasps Goosberries Currans c. OCTOBER GAther Winter Fruits Trench and fallow grounds mixing with proper soil to ly over the Winter Prepare dungs and mannures mixing and laying them in heaps bottom'd and covered with Earth Plant Hawthorn Hedges And all Trees that lose their leaves Also lay their branches Prun Roses Gather seeds of Hassell Hawthorn Plan Ash Beach Oak Aple Pear c. Cut Strawberries Artichocks Asparagus covering their beds with dung and Ashes Earth up Winter Sallades Herbes and Flowers a little Plant Cabbage c. Plant Tulips Anemonies and other Bulbs Sow the seed of Bairs-cars Cowslips Tulips c. Beat and Roll Gravel and Grass Finish your last weeding and mowing Lay bair leopered Tree Roots and remove what harms them also delve and dung such as require it Drain excessive moisture wherever it be Pickle and conserve Fruits Make Perry and Cyder You may now safely remove Bees Garden Dishes and drinks in season Coleworts Leeks Cabbage Cole-flowers Onions Shallot Beans Blanched Endive and Sellery Pickled Asparagus Purslain c. Scorâ—onera Beet-rave Carrots Turneeps Parsneeps Potatoes Skirrets Artichocks Cucumbers Aples Pears Plumes Almond c. Cyder Perry and Wine of Cherries Currans Goosberries Rasberries Ail of Liquorish Metheglin c. FINIS
Cherries and Plumes they not being long lived will be past their best e'r the Aples and Pears which may be in the long rowes require their Room from them As to the methode you must mark out the plot round about as in my first and view from Angle to Angle of each Geometrical squair but then the distance of the outter Row about must be more than in the first way otherwise the Trees will stand much nearer As 7. is to 5. so is the distance of the outter row about to the distance of the Trees through the Plot. Or you may plant it by viewing from opposite sides as in my first way only you must plant the out-line of stakes round about at half the former distance and let the Stake-setter pass by every other distance except you mean to plant Goosberries and Curran-Standards in these blanks and then the Trees and Shrubs together makes it Intirely one with the first way and now the proportion is as 7 is to 10 so is the distance of the outter row about to the distance of the Trees or as 10 is to 7 so the distance of the Trees to the distance of the outter row about Such proportion doth the side and diagonal of a Geometrical squair bear the one unto the other exact enough for our purpose 8. The fifth way and very notable where Orchard and Kitchen Garden are all one or where you have Corn or Grass amongst your Trees or Trees whither barren or Fruit among your Corn or Grass see fig. 9. If for Kitchen Garden divide it in Ridges making the Tables or Pathes in the midle of the widest Intervall and then subdivide so as the Trees may fall in the midle of the Beds or Bordures If for Corn-land the ridg must be between each row plowed within sower foot on each side the rowes or ranges of Trees which eight foot Bordures must be delved each spring or if stiff clay at both equinoxes and no vegitable suffered to grow thereon For a man or two with large and handsome hawes 10 Inches broad will quickly go through them in Summer and cut the weeds at their first peeping this would certainly be a great Improvement and whither you apply to Corn or Grass Fruit or Forrest-trees I would advise you to keep them thus clean of weeds and if ever you repent it blame me 9. A sixt way of planting Trees is to make all the walkes or Intervalls open from the House proportionally so as when you stand at the House the walkes may appear all of an equal beadth to the eye this would suit well with my contrivance of the House being like the Sun sending forth his beams 10. The distance of Trees in Thickets and Orchards is either according to the quality of the ground Trees to be planted or methode of planting If a good and deep soil there Trees will live long and grow great and requires a large distance Apples planted the 1 st 2 d. and 3 d. way may be from 8 to 10 ells distance Pears so planted at 10 or 12 Ells and of these planted the 4 th way may be at the least distance mentioned because they will stand near the greatest when every second is removed but if planted the 5 th way they may be from 16 to 20 Ells one way and from 8 to 10 the other Cherries and Plumes from 5 to 7 Ells being planted the 1 st 2 d. 3 d. or 4 th way as for the distance of dwarfs and Wall-trees see the next Chap. Sect. 5. At the Pears distance plant Oak Elm Ash Plan Beach Wallnut Chesnut at the Aples distance plant Geens Service Lines Poplars at the distance of Plum and Cherrie plant Maple Hornbeam Hassell Birch Laburnum Aspen Asder Willowes Pin Firr Yew And see the last Chap. Sect. 7. for more directions If the ground be level plant such Trees as grow lowest at the South-side and still higher by degrees towards the North that the talest and strongest may be on the North-side so shall the Northren blasts be guarded off and the Sun-beames the better received in amongst them If the ground be not level plant such as grow low on the highest ground and the contrary And set alwayes the crooked or leaning side towards the Southwest whence comes the greatest winds which in few years will make them the more erect for you may see that all Trees that are not well sheltered from these Westerly winds leans or declines therefrom When the ground is all marked out with stakes put on the roundig string and make the holes See the last Chap. Sect. 7. I use not to make them less than 6 foot Diameter for ordinary Trees and you may suffer the outter row of stakes to stand till you plant the rest that you may view thereby How to order the ground and plant see the second part of this Book and for Inclosures see the same second part Chap. 4. CHAP. V. How to make the Kitchen Garden THE Kitchen-Garden is the best of all Gardens but to returne In all Gardens it is ordinary first to make a Bordure at the Wall Secondly a walke And thridly a Bordure on the other side thereof here the walke with a Bordure on each side of it going round the whole plot Parallel to the Wall but if your ground be large enough I bid you make a distance Intercept betwixt the walk and the Wall It s also ordinary to divide the Garden into four plots by two walkes crossing from side to side but I am not for any cross walkes in Gardens yet if you would have more than one which divides the whole into two parts then make them all one way through the plot leading to the House and equidistant from the midle still making the gates doors or entries Front the walkes In your Kitchen-plots in Nurseries for Trees plant no Trees through the ground for when they grow up they cover and choak the ground so that you will be necessitate to seek for another Therefore make only three Bordures next and Parallel to the walkes round on each hand plant the first or that next the walke on both sides with a holly Hedg the second with Goosberries and currans the thrid with dwarff Trees the ground all open and void within for Kitchen-herbes and Roots which must be orderly divided into ridges and these again divided into Beds Furrowes and Drills for your more orderly and convenient planting and sowing As for the proportion note that 2. The walkes must be in breadth according to their length viz. 1000 foot long 30 foot broad 500 foot long 20 foot broad 250 in length 15 in breadth 100 foot long 10 foot broad The Bordures 6 foot broad the Tables or Pathes betwixt the Bordures 2 foot broad and these betwixt the level-Ridges wherein the ground is divided 3 foot broad the Beds 6 foot broad with foot and half furrowes you may make 7 of them Beds in each Ridg and the whole length of the