Selected quad for the lemma: ground_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
ground_n	flower_n	grow_v	small_a	4,070	5	5.9979	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A62332	The history of Lapland wherein are shewed the original, manners, habits, marriages, conjurations, &c. of that people / written by John Scheffer ...; Lapponia. English	Scheffer, Johannes, 1621-1679.	1674 (1674)	Wing S851; ESTC R8773	138,000	147

plentifull with them as the former They have all sorts of other Berries tho the Natives do not so much value them This Country affords very usefull Herbs such as are Angelica which the Inhabitant value so much that they call it the Lapland herb or Samigraes they are much pleased with it in their meat it grows with a short stalk but thick In the same place is found Sorrel which they use too in their food Some particular herbs they have which are not found any where else as Calceolum Lapponicum or Brassica Rangiferorum what sort of herb it is Sam. Rheen expresses in these words which tho tedious I thought fit to transcribe that we might have his exact opinion it There grows saith he an herb which they call Calceolum Lapponicum becaus its flower is like the Laplanders shoe it is of a blew colour with three rowes of seed in the pod it has larger leaves than the vulgar cabbage its stalk is a finger thick and the root bitter it grows extraordinary fast and rises to three cubits in height and somtimes more it is thought a bad and unprofitable herb because no beast will tast of it There is another herb very usefel and wholesome and of great esteem among them which Olaus Pet. take to be like a carrot he says it is called Mosaraoth haveing the tast and flower of Pimpervel growing in marshy grounds to an ell in height That Mosaraoth is not a Lapland but Swedish name from maosa which signifies marshy places where mosse grows what the inhabitants call it I cannot yet learn And these are the peculiar herbs which this country hath I have not met with any one that could help me to the exact shape of them But altho this soil beare some peculiar herbs yet there are not many species of them which Olaus Pet. gathers from the west-Bothnia which borders on Lapland for in that place there are found but very few I come now to Mosse which is of diverse sorts The first is tree Mosse with a kind of long wool hanging down from the boughs especially of the Pitch tree and somtimes from others The 2d. which is very plentiful and affords food for the raindeers in the winter is ground Mosse of a white colour with long thin leaves growing a foot high The 3d. is ground mosse but softer of a more delicate yellow green this is pernicious to the foxes which the inhabitants cut small and mix with their baits to catch them The 4th is also ground mosse short and soft of a very fine colour which becaus it is so fine they use instead of feathers to lay under Infants new born I hear of a 5th sort with larger and longer leaves which they call Fathne good against fainting if it be bruised and drank in broth but I doubt whether this be Mosse I had rather believe it Angelica cut small prepared and boiled under ground The last thing which is to be mentioned is Grasse which is of diverse kinds the best sort is that which is found in the vallies near the mauntains called Fells being short soft and juicy that which grows in other places is thicker rougher and dryer There is a 3d sort thin and slender which the inhabitants use for stuffing of their shoes and gloves to defend their feet and hands from the weather And these are all the trees shrubs and herbs of Lapland CHAP. XXXII Of their Mettals THat mettals grow in Lapland and the outermost parts of Scandivavia is only a conjecture of the Antients and there is no certainty of it therefore none of them make any mention of them Olaus M. flatly denies that to his age there were any Iron Copper or Silver mines found therefore they were forced to fasten their boats with osiers without any nails because they had no Iron but in the 35. year of this age in Queen Christina's reign a silver mine was discovered by the Inhabitants of Pitha near Nasafialo not far from the mountains which divide Swedcland from Norway this was the first mine known in Lapland found by Loens Person an inhabitant of Pitha In the year 1645. The most Illustrious Ericus Flemming L. Baron of Lais now Senator of the Kingdome and President of the company of Mines first caused it to be opened and a melting-house built with convenient necessaries There is also a vein of Lead richer then the Silver and easier work't Rheen saith that the mountain is opened not with Pickaxes or any Iron instruments but they bore a hole which must be fill'd with Gunpowder when the mouth is well stopt they apply fire thro another little hole which touching the powder breaks the hardest stones in pieces But the use of this mine lasted no long time for in the war between the Swedes and Danes in Carolus Gustavus his reign about the year 1958. it was spoiled by one Van Anen the Danish Kings Governour from which time no man would go to the expence of cleansing and repairing the mine because it would require a vast charge before they could get any profit by it which was too much for men of mean estates to undertake The 2d Silver mine is in Luhla-Lapmark named Kiedlkievasi found by Jonan Petri living in Torpenjaur about the 60. year of this age It is in the middle of the Village Torpenjaur on an high mountain 2. miles from the top 6. miles from Raedstad a village of Norway between Raedstad and Keidlkievasi there is a famous high hill called Daorfiael in the road that leads from the mine to Norway the foul weather in the winter stops all passage over this mountain The mine is rich enough and very broad continuing the same all over lodged in a hard Marcasite It has this inconvenience that there are no woods near it but they are forced to fetch their fuel a mile and a half off they use powder instead of digging it as before the melting-house stands 5. miles off in a pleasant place near the concourse of several Rivers especially Darijock and Quickjock which last gives the house its name Here is a very spacious wood and great plenty of shrubs especially currans and all forts of herbs The river affords abundance of the best sort of fish as Salmon Trout Perch c. distant 27. miles from Taorne discovered in 1655. by an nhabitant who was showing the ore to Ericus Ericsonius who first discovered it It is very rich and not drossy only necessary's are conveyed thither with some difficulty There is another 3. miles northward called Wittange found by a Laplander in 1668. The vein is not so good because mixt with Iron wherefore they do not dig it so willingly as the other from these mines the ore is shipt away to the melting-house at Koenge to be melted and thence brought to Torna There are Iron mines too one in Torne-Lapmark joyning to the Copper mine another in the same Lapmark called Junesuando found in 1940. by Laurence an inhabitant there about 22. miles distant from

Ladulaus did not conquer them out of any fear he conceived of their forces but by sleight foreseeing the small advantages he should receive would not quit the charges of an Army Thus the Laplanders were brought in subjection by the subtilty and expence of private persons About the year of our Saviour 1277 the Birkarli had the autority over them yet so as to acknowledg their dependance on the King of Sweden Now whether all of them were thus overcome as those that lived beyond the mountains of Norway near the Sea which are the Finlanders or Lappofinni is still in doubt except we collect it from this that all from the Northern and Western Oceans were certainly subjected But whatever dispute may arise concerning that it is manifest the Swedes were the first Conquerours of Lapland but afterwards the Norwegians and Moscovites following their example put in also for a part thus they became subject to these three severall Princes But to pass by the others the Swedes enjoyed for some former ages half the dominions from Tidisfiorden to Walangar over the Lappofinni or maritime Finlanders This was given by Charles the IX in his instructions to his Embassadors sent to the King of Danemark wherein he made it appear that the Swedes had from former times till then enjoied half the rights both sacred and civill whether as to tributes punishments men or fisherie with the Crowns of Danemark and Norway But the Swedes kept only a third part from Malanger to Waranger those of Norway and Moscovy laying claim to the other two till in the year 1595 the Moscovites by a League delivered up their part but the Swedes alwaies possessed the mountainous and more neighbouring places from Ladulaus's time for near four hundred years and exercised their autority over them The Government after the conquest was in the hands of the Birkarli according to the grant given them by Ladulaus who ruled over those that dwelt near the Bay of Bothnia imposed taxes trafficked with them and received all the profit of the Salmon fishing and all other advantages arising from them but in acknowledgement to the King as Supreme they paid a certain number of gray Squirrils skins The Laplanders by common consent received and honored the Bergchara that is men of the mountains or Birkarli as their Governours and paid them very rich skins and severall sorts of fish both for their tribute to the King of Sweden and their own proper uses Neither were there any other commissioned by the King in those times to govern them as will appear afterwards He that was their Governor was honored by them with the title of King his autority was confirmed by the Crown of Sweden he wore a red robe as the token of his Roialty now from this sort of garment by which the Birkarli were distinguished from others it is evident they were the first rulers in those parts and perhaps only one governed them whilst they dwelt near the Bay of Bothnia but when they enlarged their possessions farther into the Land and were divided into severall Counties each division had its particular Governor And that it was so is manifested from the Letters of Gustavus the first where he divides the Birkarli into Luhlians Pythians and Tornians over which accordingly there were severall Governors It may perhaps now be a dispute who these Birkarli were by whom the Swedes subdued Lapland Buraeus saies they were the Inhabitants of the allotment of Birkala but Olaus Magnus is of a different opinion and calls them Bergchara that is men of the mountains from Berga mountain and Charar or Karar men What grounds he hath for this he neither declares nor can I easily imagine But I think them so small that they will find little credit any where for from whence or from what mountains should they be thus called not from those of Norway when at that time no body inhabited there neither are there any other mountains besides these from whence they should take this name moreover the Birkarli were subjects to the Swedes and conversed commonly with the Laplanders The public records also contradict this opinion for in them there is no mention of Bergcharli but Birkarleboa It is yet clearer also from the Letters of Cnute Joanson written in Latine in the year 1318 where he saies in the Parliament held at Telge betwixt the Helsingers and Birkarleboa in his presence there was issued out this Placart c. This serves to confute Olaus It is more evident that they came from Birkala an allotment in Tavastia and described in the Mapps Next as to Gustavus the first mentioning the Birkarli in the foresaid Letters as belonging to severall marches viz. Luhla Pitha and Torna it was upon this account the Birkarli that descended from those of Tavastia were placed in these severall Towns to govern the Laplanders and because they only had the priviledge of commerce with them they were called Merchants They were used in the Summer to buy those commodities of the Merchants that came to Bothnia which were necessary for the Laplanders and in the Winter when the Rivers and Lakes were frozen over they carried them up into the Countrey This way of trafic was used by all the Inhabitants of Bothnia but perhaps only at first by one allotment which growing populous severall of the Inhabitants removed farther into the Countrey and retained the same priviledge that was first granted by Ladulaus viz. that no one but they should claim any priviledges over the Laplanders either as to the Government tribute commerce or any thing of this nature which priviledges they for a long time enjoied as is confirmed by the Letters wrote by Cnute Joanson in the time of King Smecke in which it was provided that the Birkarli should not be molested either in their passage to or from the Laplanders This priviledge they maintained till Gustavus the first who made a Contract with them at Vpsal on the 4th of April 1528 concerning the yearly tribute they were to pay to the Crown for the great advantages they received from the Laplanders This tribute was only in respect of the priviledges the Birkarli had from Ladulaus's time till then these were so largely granted that they setled them as hereditary upon their children and none but those descended from the Birkarli could enjoy them This Gustavus also confirmed according to the former grants made to their ancestors but with this alteration that they should pay half as much more as they did formerly This Government the Birkarli exercised over the Laplanders which they got by subtility had their autority from the King of Sweden preserved it in their own family and delivered it down to their children for near 300 years till Gustavus the first by reason of their insulting over the common People deprived them of this state for when their riches encreased they oppressed the poorer sort and extorted so much from them that they left them very little but that which was worth nothing Upon