Selected quad for the lemma: ground_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
ground_n	file_n	front_n	rank_n	2,070	5	10.6376	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A31706	The commentaries of C. Julius Cæsar of his warres in Gallia, and the civil warres betwixt him and Pompey / translated into English with many excellent and judicious observations thereupon ; as also The art of our modern training, or, Tactick practise, by Clement Edmonds Esquire, ... ; where unto is adjoyned the eighth commentary of the warres in Gallia, with some short observations upon it ; together with the life of Cæsar, and an account of his medalls ; revised, corrected, and enlarged.; De bello civili. English	Caesar, Julius.; Edmondes, Clement, Sir, 1566 or 7-1622. Observations upon Caesars commentaries of the civil warres.; Hirtius, Aulus. De bello Gallico. Liber 8. English.; Edmondes, Clement, Sir, 1566 or 7-1622. Manner of our modern training or tactick practise.; Caesar, Julius. De bello Gallico. English.	1655 (1655)	Wing C199; ESTC R17666	660,153	403

thus commanded at sometimes to turn his face to the right or left hand or about the Battallion standing in order that is according to the distance before named so the whole Battallion being reduced into their close order is commanded to turn as one body to the right or left hand It is performed thus Imagine the Battallion stand first in order it shall be commanded that they close their files to the right hand when the right file standing still the rest turning their faces to the right hand march into their close order and return as they were next that they close their ranks from behind when every follower marcheth forward to his leader unto his rapiers point as is said before This done the leader of the right file standing immoveable all the rest as the body of a ship or a great gate turn about that leader as about the hinge or center every one keeping the same distance and order wherein they were first placed as if they were but one entire body When the same Battallion is to be restored into the same station wherein it was first it is commanded Faces about to the left hand and march into your order from whence you were closed Then let your leaders or first ranks stand still and the rest turning faces about march ranks in order as before then turn as you were and you are restored When the whole Battallion being in their close order should turn about and make the Rere the Front it is done by a double turning or declination and commanded to wheel about which is answerable to the former faces about or mutation There is also another wheeling in this sort when the front changeth the aspect thrice for as wheeling about maketh the Front the Rere so this wheeleth from the right hand to the left or contrariwise which fashion is so seldome used that we scarce afford it a name In all such motions and alterations it is most fit that all men perform their directions with their pikes advanced being in that sort most easie to be commanded as also lesse troublesome to their followers and leaders Countermarching Files and Ranks THere is also another means to prevent the enemy his assaulting us in the rere or flank lest he should find our worst men least able to make resistance and this is performed by countermarching both files and ranks three divers wayes apiece The first was used by the Macedonians after this fashion First the leader turneth his face about towards the right or left hand and so the next follower marching behind his leader turneth also and so the third and fourth untill the bringer up have carried himself out into a new place in the rere further from the enemy as he was before next unto him But this neither was nor is accounted safe or secure because it doth somewhat resemble a flying or running away from the enemy which might give him no small incouragement and therefore it is not much in practise Only at some times the bringers up marching throughout beyond the leaders untill they possesse the same space before them which they did behind them all turning their faces about make their leaders to affront the enemy who were before farthest from them The Lacedamonians used the contrary as it were pursuing the enemy the bringer up first being turned face about and so the next marching before him and so the third untill the leader himself became also turned and in the foremost front unto the enemy Which with us is somewhat otherwise but yet both affronting and as it were pursuing the enemy because our leaders first begin this motion and so countermarching through on the right or left hand become in the front in a new space of ground who were before in the rere The third and last was invented by the Persians whom when the place or near approch of the enemy would not suffer to change their ground they were wont to countermarch the front to the right or left hand and being come unto the depth of the bringers up to stand still untill the other half file had likewise marched forth and fallen upon their leaders in every file In all these it is especially commanded to march still in the same distance and by whole ranks to prevent confusion which especially the enemy at hand must needs be most dangerous and therefore carefully to be avoided In like sort the ranks may countermarch when either the right wing would be strengthened by the left or the left by the right alwayes marching by whole files towards the right or left hand according as they shall have the direction either changing the ground or upon the same ground as in the former countermarches There is used also another kind of strengthening both the front and flank when occasion shall be offered viz by doubling either files or ranks And this either by doubling the number of souldiers in the same files or ranks keeping still the same breadth and depth of ground or else by doubling the ground keeping the same number of souldiers The files are doubled when the second file shall insert it self into the first the leader thereof putting himself a follower unto the leader of the first and the next follower follower to the next in the first file and so forwards And likewise the fourth file inserting it self into the third and the sixth into the fifth And this is to be performed when the Battallion standeth in his order To double the place or depth is when the same number of men shall put themselves out of their order into their open order either by advancing forward or by falling backwards as they shall be commanded The ranks are doubled two manner of wayes either by inserting the second into the first to the right or left hand as before in the files or else the enemy being at hand by joyning whole troups together to the right or left wing according as occasion shall be offered and this is held to be the safest when the enemy is near to avoid confusion It is performed either in the same ground or by doubling the ground when either we desire to exceed the front of our enemy his battallion or to prevent lest we our selves be included The terms to both are Double your files or ranks to the right or left hand and when you would have them return again into their proper places it is commanded As you were The ordinary directions which are especially given in these martial exercises are first that no man in the time of exercising or marshalling shall be lowder then his Officer but every one attending to his place when he is commanded shall diligently hearken to such directions as shall be given The Captain in the front shall speak and the Sergeants in each flank shall give the word unto the Lieutenant or Ensigne

Luc. lib. 4. Imprudentium fiducia est fortunam sibi spondere Seneca de beneficiis Incauta semper nimia praesamptio sui negligens Eg●sip lib. 1. de Instit Cyri. Caesar Thucyd. lib. 7. Caesar ●aetis h●nc n●mine rebus Ciescendi posuere modum Lucan Eodem ubi laserunt navigia forbentur Seneca Epist 4. Non est in b●llo bis pecca●e Plu●a●ch Nullo contectus Curio busto Luc. Homer Iliad 8. Caesar Lib. 6. de comitiis Lib. 5. Anno 〈◊〉 701. Liv. lib. 7. Liv. lib. 9. * Four gallons and a half Plin. l. 35. cap. 12. * Lib. 39. Lib. 1. offic Nec enim 〈◊〉 vehementius rempub conti●t quam sides Lib. 2. offic In the life of Julius Caesar Lib. 7. Lib. 7. 2. Offic. Vetus urbi foenebre malum seditionum discordiarumque crebe●rima causa Annal. 6 Tull 2. offic Pecuniae qu●ren●●● ratio naturae consentanea omnibus est à fructibus animalibus de repub lib. 1. cap. 10. Caesar Gen Latinae Feriae Lib. 4 de Antiquit. Rom. Lib. 4. cap. 2 Appian lib. 4. Caesar Iliad 6. 12 Metam Iust lib. 1. Herodot lib. 2. Trebell Pol Sigism Ba●in Musc●● Quod Fonestias quam ●xo●i●m levamentum 〈◊〉 Tac. l. 3. Annal. Vix praesenti custedia manere illaesa conjugi● ●odem Iudg. 9. Anno 1595. Caesar Qui sapiunt bellum absolvunt celeriter pace fru●ntur quam possant d●utissime Appian Leges à victoribus 〈…〉 a victis lib. 4. 〈◊〉 in aeq●abi itate mot●m in inaequalitate s●mper constit●im●s In Tim●o Caesar Timendum ne sub pacis nomine involutum bellum Cicero 〈◊〉 7. Poedus Pacis Foedus Commercil Foedus mutu● Aux●lii 1. Reg. 22. In Ve●rem The publication of their se●ul●r Pla●es was cri●d in these words Convenice ad Iudos sp●ctand●s quos n●q●e spectavit quisquam nec spect●tutus est Sue●on in Claudio Nolente● amicum c●pere difficile Xenoph. de factis dict Socrat. Caesar Frustra sapit qui sibi non sapit Aeneid ● Lib. 16. Successum fortuna experientiam laus sequitur Va●r● ex Gellio Salust Caesar * Rostra Omnia 〈◊〉 facilias quam 〈…〉 De Mechani●is Livie lib. 8. Plutarch Caesar Incertae sunt res bellicae Thucyd. Caesar Aeneid 2. Homer 9. Iliad 〈◊〉 lib. 8. de bello Gallico Uladislaus Audaces fortuna iuvat Virtus omnia potest Virtute faciendum est quicquid in rebus bellicis est gerendum Plutarch 6 Metam●● Nunquam ita quilquam bene subducta ratione ad vitam fait quin res aetas usus sen 〈◊〉 aliquid 〈…〉 T●ren 〈◊〉 Multi homines pau●i vi●i Herod lib. 7. 〈◊〉 saith that the Romans 〈◊〉 the siege of Ve●ente being out of humane hope turned their eies to Fate and the hope they had in Destiny Caesar Caesar A hill separating Syria from Cilicia Columnaria Osti●●● Propter Aurum Argentum nunquam pacem facit Ferrum lib. 14. Epist 93. Ferrum omnis artis instrumentum Aurum atgentum mortis mancipia Epictetus Capitatio Ostiaria Columnariae 31 ad Atticum Epist 1. In the Pa●pacy of Sixt. Quin●us Fiscus reipub lien quod eo c●escente artus reliqui tabescunt Sext. Aurelius Victor In Parae●et 2 de Offic. Plutarch Bella sustentantu● pecuni●rum 〈◊〉 Dion 〈…〉 6. Ann. l. 13. Caesar Quae libera appellabatur * Lep●nto In Macedonia quae velint sibi candida nasci ad Halia●monem ducere quae ●ugra 〈◊〉 ad Axium Caesar Caesar * Biremes 〈◊〉 hostium discessiones semper suspectas habere cap. 5. 5 Cyropaed Caesar 〈…〉 Petram Lucan Actus activorum in patientis sunt dispositione Arist Metaph. Caesar ex sub●●actis cen conibus Contemprares est homo nisi supra humana se ●rexit 〈◊〉 ratione i 〈…〉 i●● Caesar Caesar Pl●ta●ch Lib. 3. c. 59. Labor militiae assidua fr●ga itatis con●●●tudine factlior est Iustin Cy●us contented with bread and water Xenophon Aequalem oportet semper esse Imperatoris animum m●tari enim pro terum varie●atibus mentis instabilis argumentum efficitur Agap●tus Unus homo nobis cunctando restitute Rem Enn. Lib. 6. de Cyropaed There is a great part of the history in this place omitted Caesar Al●ae sunt Legati par●es atque Imperatoris ●vocati Millibus ducentis aeris Prin●ipilus Solon Plat. ● de 〈◊〉 Livi● lib. 4. Lib. 6. In vita Cae●●is In repub multo praestat beneficii q●●m ma●●ficii immemorem esse bonus segnior ●it ubi negligas m●●as improbior Sal. Iug●r Caesar Et mor●u spoliare nemus lethumq●e minantes Vellere a● ignotis dubias radicibus ●erbas Si bonam dederitis fidam perpetu●m 〈…〉 diutur●●m Li● lib. 8. 〈◊〉 est quod non exp●gnet pert●n●●x opera intenta diligens cura Senec. lib. 6. Epist 51. Plin. lib. 4. cap. 4. Caesar Poenam semper an●e oculos versari putent qui peccaverunt Cic. ●n ●rat 〈◊〉 Milone Lib. 5. Cy●op Caesar Arma alienasse grave ●rim●n est ●a poe●a de●ertioni ex●quatur utique si tota alien●vit Lib. 14. § de re militari Vir virtute ex mi●s aliqu●ndo fortuna semper●a imo maximus Caesar * E●itius Sapiens non semper it● uno gradu 〈…〉 Herodot 〈◊〉 omnia expensa omnia feruntur accep●a●● in tota ratiore mortalium s●la utt●●que paginam facit Plin. lib. 2. cap. 7. Caesar Humana●um rerum ●●●culus est qui ro●atus semper ●osdem fortunatos esse non sinit Herodot lib. 1. Habet has vices conditio mortalium ut adv●rsi ex secundis secunda ex adversis nascantur P●in in Paneg. Herodot lib. 1. L●●vento è spesso judice non imperito delle cose Guic● lib. 5. Caesar The Philosoph●● C●ator was wont to say that 〈…〉 occasion of an ill 〈◊〉 is a great comfort in any 〈◊〉 of adv●●sity Pla● in c●ns Apo. 〈…〉 Prae ●orum del●cta 〈◊〉 non ac●●piunt Ve●●t lib. 1. cap. 14. Finem dolendi qui consilio non fecerit tempore invenit 〈◊〉 Epist 64. Lib. 2. Livie 31. Livie 27. Lib. 2. de bello Civili Front lib. 1. cap. 1. Caesar Lib. 5. de Milit. Ro. cap. 14. Lib. 1. cap. 1 Caesar Human●tum actionum fel● itas infeli 〈…〉 rerum particulis quae multae sunt varie sed ex eventis judi intu● Dionys Hal. lib. 9. Caesar After three of the clock in the afternoon Lib. 5. Obsidio ejus urbis quam cito capere velis utgenda premenda Lib. 6. de Instit Cyri. Bello lex acquirendi justissima Dionys 〈◊〉 in exper legat Polyb. lib. 8 Caesar Comineus In orat pro Pla●●o Virtus felicitatis mensura non fo●tuna Dio. H●licarn lib. 2. Caesar Prima egregiorum ducum sapientia victoriam si●e periculo comparare Polyae lib. 1 stratag Lib. 7. Lib. 3. Excid 2. Offic. 〈◊〉 In manibus vestris quantus sit Caesar habetis Lucan lib. 7. Lib. 2. cap. 3 Singulas cohortes detraxit Lib. 2. cap. 3. Caesar Plutarch Lucan lib. 4. Homer Iliad 3. Lib. 4. cap. 2. Lib. 7. Lib. 4. cap. 7. In the life of Pompey Florus Lib. 4. Infelix quanta Dominum virtute para●●● Caesar Utilis tuta res dilato Dionys Halicar lib. 8. Non commitruntur reg●●is trire●es aut loca aut legiones aut arces sed verba tempora Demost de falsa legatione 1. Labor in n●gotio 2. fortitudo in periculo 3. indu●tria in agendo 4. celeritas in consiciendo were Caesars properties Caesar Interd●● majores copiae sternuntur à minoribus 〈…〉 lib. 8. Lib. 8. Caesar Pompeius Trogus lib. 6. Lib. 8. Caesar Pomp●ius 〈…〉 esse non po●et risi beneficio servitutis 5. de 〈◊〉 16 5. Polit. Nil nimium cupito was writ in golden letters at Delphos Justum bellum esse iis quibus nisi in armis spes nulla est Machiav Nusquana g●ntium r●peritur qui possit penibus approbart Mors omnium par est per quae venit diversi sunt id in quod defini●unam est Epist 67. Homines sicut pomi a●t matura cadu●t aut 〈◊〉 Plut. in vi●a Rompeii Mors Naturae lex est Mors tribu●um officiumque mortalium Sene●● natural quaest ● Fabius dictus Maximus Scipio magnus Polyaenus lib. 8. Epist 100. This tha●● f●lloweth seemeth of another stile The Prie●ts of Egypt said That whensoever the Axe and the bundle of Rods came into Alexandria the power of their Kings should presently case according as it was written in a Columne of gold at Memphis Lib. 2. Ep. 8. Lib. 15. cap. 18. Lib. 5. cap. 9. A File The Leader Battallion A Rank or Front Sidemen The number of souldiers in a Battallion un●●rtain The length Breadth o● depth Dignities in places to be observed The first rank The bringers up or Tergiductores or last rank The second and ninth ranks The fifth and sixth ranks Files The right-hand file The left-hand file Distances between files and ranks Open order Order Close orde● pouldron to pouldron The manner of c●arging with five ranks Stand in front In arrectostate Faces to the right or left hand Declinate in hastam vel in scutum Faces about to the right or left hand Duplicat● declinatio or mutatio Wheel to the right or left hand Conversio in hastam vel scutum As you were Revolutio Reversio Wheel about Inflexio militum Reflex●o Files From the rere 〈◊〉 ●volutio Macedonica From the front through Laconica evolutio From the front and stand Cho●ica evolutio Countermarching of ranks The doubling of files to the right or left hand By men Duplicare altitudinem By ground Doubling of ranks by inserting or adding new troups Duplicare longitudinem Silence to be kept In a champain In streights or narrow passages How to 〈◊〉 a division for such a ma●ch To reduce them 〈◊〉 in into the●r first front The manner of cha●ging pikes with pikes Five ranks onely By the whole depth To charge with musketiers There must not be too many in a rank In the retreat The manner of charging by ●iles in narrow passages In the pases of Ireland By signes By drum or trumpet By word of mouth The most usual directing terms in exercising a ba●●allion or division

the Tribune of the souldiers to keep such ordinances as their Militia required untill at length that the corruption of time falsifying the simplicity and truth of words did inforce them to give an oath as the surest bond of faith and obedience as is noted by Livie at large The souldiers saith he which was never before that time practised were sworn by the Tribunes to appear upon summons from the Consuls and not to depart without leave For untill then there was nothing required of them but a solemn promise which the horsemen made by their Decuries and the foot troups by their Centuries not to leave their Colours by flight or through fear not to forsake their rank unlesse it were either to assault an enemy to take up an offensive weapon or to save a Citizen which being at first but the offer of a free mind was now by the Tribunes required by obligation of an oath The form of this oath was diversly varied as appeareth by Aul. Gel. and more specially in the times of the Emperours for Caligula made this addition to the souldiers oath That they should hold neither their lives nor their children dearer unto them then the Emperour Cai●s and his sisters Concerning the respect had of this Military oath that which Tully reporteth of Cato is of excellent note Popilius having charge of the Province of Macedonia had amongst other Roman youths Cato's son a young souldier in his Army and being occasioned to dismisse a legion discharged likewise young Cato being one of that legion But he desirous to bear Arms in that war continued still in the Army whereupon Cato writ from Rome to Popilius requiring him that if he suffered his son to remain in that war he would by any means swear him again for being discharged of his first oath he could not lawfully fight against the Enemy Ever since Constantine the great the souldiers were sworn by a Christian oath as Vegetius noteth to obey all things the Emperour should command them not to leave their warfare without license not to shun death for the service of the Publick weal. And at this day amongst other Nations an oath is given to the souldier upon his inrollment to this effect Well and lawfully to serve the King towards all men and against all without exception of persons and if they know any thing concerning his service to reveal the same incontinently not to leave their Colours without leave either of the Generall or his Lieutenant The ancient Romans did charge their solemn and publick oathes with many ceremonies as appeareth by that form which was used in ratifying Treaties and Transactions Their Heralds killed a hog and cried out withall that the like would happen to him that first falsified his faith Polybius reporteth that he that read the oath whereby the Romans and Carthaginians sware their accord had the hair of his head tiedup in an extraordinary manner the parties invocating their Jupiter to grant all prosperity to him that without fraud or deceit did enter into that agreement But if said he that took the oath I shall either doe or purpose otherwise all the rest being safe and sound let me alone in the midst of the laws and justice of my Countrey in my own habitation and dwelling and within my proper Temples and Sepulchers perish most unfortunately even as this stone flieth out of my hand And as he spake those words he cast away a stone I do not ●ind the use of a Military oath in our Nation Howbeit the common form of our oath is as ceremonious and significative as any other whatsoever which may be observed by the 3 parts it containeth as I have seen them allegorized in some Antiquities For first the book being alwayes a part of holy writ implyeth a renunciation of all the promises therein contained Secondly the touching it with our hands inferreth the like defiance of our works never to be successfull or helping unto us Thirdly the kissing of the book importeth a vain mispending of our vows praiers if we falsify any thing thereby averred CHAP. XXV The endeavour which Asranius used to return to Ilerda but failed in his design FHe matter being in this extremity of two means which were left unto them it was thought the readier and more expedient to return to Ilerda For having left there behind them a little Corn they hoped to take some good course for the sequele Tarraco was further off and thereby subject to more casualties concerning their passage In regard whereof they resolved of the former course and so dislodged themselves Caesar having sent his Cavalry before to incumber and retard the rere-guard followed after himself with the legions The hindmost troups of their Army were constrained without any intermission of time to fight with our horsemen And their manner of fight was thus Certain expedite Cohorts free of carriages marched in the rere of their Army and in open and champain places many of these Cohorts made a stand to confront our Cavalry If they were to ascend up a Hill the nature of the place did easily repell the danger wherewith they were threatned forasmuch as such as went before might easily from the higher ground protect them that followed after but when they came to a valley or descent that those that were in the former ranks could not help them in the rere the horsemen from the upper ground did cast their weapons with great ease and facility upon the Enemy And then continually they were in great hazzard danger and still as they approached near unto such places they called to the legions and willed them to make a stand with their Ensignes and so by great force and violence repelled our Cavalry Who being retired back they would suddenly take a running and get all down into the valley And presently again being to ascend into higher ground they would there make a stand for they were so far from having help of their own Cavalry whereof they had a great number that they were glad to take them between their troups being much affrighted with former incounters and so to shelter and protect them of whom if any chanced upon occasion to stray aside out of the rout the Army held they were presently attached by Caesar's horsemen The fight continuing in this manner they proceeded slowly on their way advancing forward but by little and little and oftentimes stood still to succour and reli●ve their party as th●● it fell out For having gone but four miles on their way being very hardly laid to and much pressed by our Cavalry they took to an exceeding high hill and there putting themselves into one front of a battel fortified their Camp keeping their carriages laden upon their horses Assoon as they perceived that Caesar's Camp was set and that the ten●s were up and their horses put to grasse they rose suddenly about mid-day upon hope of some respite by reason of our horse put