doubling of Files is placed in the Margent And the way to performe it is as followeth First each of the even Files doubleth into the odde Files beginning from the hand named as in this doubling of Files to the Left The Left-hand-file stands fast and the second File doubleth into it by stepping behinde his Left-hand-man at three steppes The fourth File doubleth into the third and so for the rest If your Command be to double your Files to the right then contrariwise the Right-hand-file stands fast the rest of the even Files doubling into the odde accounting from the Right as before from the Left And by the way observe that as in doubling of Rankes any way you are to observe your Right-hand leader So in doubling of Files you are to observe your File-leader so that as neere as possibly may bee you may either in Ranke or File be altogether in one motion Also take notice that this kind of doubling is a doubling of number and not of place for the depth of the Battel is not thereby extended the words of Command used for the reducing of them is Files as you were Bringers up double your Rankes forward to the Right In this doubling of Rankes by Bringers-up as likewise in all other of like nature they that are to move are first to advance their Armes in the next place they must bee sure to observe their Right-hand-men This doubling of Rankes by Bringers-up differeth from the other doubling of Ranks before demonstrated both in quantity and qualitie In quantitie it differeth in regard the other leaves a large distance betweene Ranke and Ranke being double the distance they formerly stood at This contrariwise continuing and preserving the same distance they formerly stood at betweene each Ranke It differeth also in quality because it brings the best and second sort of Souldiers together into the Front The words of Command and direction whereby this motion is produced is placed in the Margent The manner of performing this Motion is thus the tenth or last Ranke which are the bringers up are to passe forwards even in ranke through or betweene the Intervals to the right of them that stand before them untill they come even in Ranke with the Front the ninth Ranke following those which marched from behind them placing themselves in the second Ranke The eight eight Ranke in the third The seventh Ranke in the fourth The sixt ranke or halfe-Halfe-files in the fifth or reare of the front halfe-halfe-files This doubling maketh a very able Front in bringing the ablest Souldiers together and although the depth of the Battell bee diminished yet the length of it is double in number this doubling is in quantity of number not of ground When you march into your places you must not forget that the Ranke which last toke his place in the execution of this Motion must first march into his place in the way of reducement for as they are led forth by their bringers up contrariwise they are led off by their halfe-halfe-file Leaders As for the doubling the Front to the Left hand by Bringers up it is the same onely differing in this that whereas it was to the Right this must bee performed to the Left The Words of Command and direction for reducement of this motion is Bringers up face about to the left march forth into your places Files to the right and left double outwards I will in the first place describe the manner of doubling of Files outwards which worketh the same effect as to double Files to the right and left for the right Flanke is to double to the right and the left Flanke to the left by this doubling of Files to the right and left outwards both the Flankes at one instant are strengthened by doubling their number in depth but it weakeneth the inward part where it taketh two Files cleane away leaving a large intervall in the midst after the word of command is given the outmost File of each Flanke stands and the second File doubles into them the third from each Flanke stands and the fourth File doubles into the third the sixt into the fift and so likewise of all the rest Note that in doubling of Files you must alwayes step behinde the side-man that you are to double into If you would double Files to the right and left inwards it is to be done the contrary way for whereas in the precedent doubling the outmost Files stand and the other doubling outwards in to them Contrariwise in this the two inmost Files shall stand and the rest are to double inwards to them and whereas in the other there is a larger distance in the midst then in any other part but in this doubling inwards the midst will be as close as any other part the words of Command for the reducing of them into their first forme is Files as you were Then the Files which doubled inwards upon the right Flanke are to turne off to the right and those of the left Flanke to the left and so step into their places This doubling of rankes forewards by halfe-files is a motion generally approved of to be very serviceable It differeth from the other doublings by Bringers-up in quality though not in quantity for in quantity they keepe one and the same proportion In quality it differs thus the doubling by Bringers-up doth bring the best and second sort of Souldiers together into the Front the fourth and third sort into the Reare so that the Reare is 4 7 worse then the front But this doubling by halfe-files brings the best and the third together into the front and leaves the second and fourth in the Reare so that the Front is made more able then the Reare by 1 3. Halfe-Files double your Rankes forwards to the right It differeth like wise in motion thus for whereas in the other doubling by Bringers-up the motion was begun by the last ranke ever ranke following the ranke which came from behind him But this contrariwise is directly led forth by the sixt ranke from the front they being ten deepe in File and so is executed more surely and suddainly After the words of Command are give as you see placed in the Margent then the sixt ranke passing up into the first the seventy ranke into the second the eighth Ranke into the third and so for the rest For the reducement the words of Command are Halfe-Files face about to the left march forth into your places Then as the motion was led on by the halfe File Leaders so in the Reducement they are led off by the Bringers up You may double your halfe-Files to the left after the same manner of the former only changing to the contrary hand Front halfe Files face about to the left and double your reare to the right This doubling the Reare by front halfe Files is differing from the doubling last discourst of more in manner then matter For they both correspond in Substance onely
they differ in circumstance After the words of command and direction are given as is exprest in the margent then the Front halfe Files are to face about to the left the Pikes being all advanced and the Musquetttiers all either poized or shouldred and so being led by the halfe File Leaders to the Reare they March directly forwards to the right of the other part of the body which stood faced in opposition vntill the Leaders of the doubling have ranked even in ranke with the bringers up the rest ranking even with the other standing Rankes according to their places If this doubling be used in service then the whole body is to face about to the reare being the part to be doubled but in way of exercise the Commander may keepe his place and the doubling being performed and the whole body faced to the leader Then for reducement you may command Files to the Right intire adllancing then every man falling before his Leader will reduce each man to his first station Or otherwise you may command Front Halfe-files face about to the Left march forth into your places which they performing accordingly will reduce them Front halfe-files double your Reare to the Right by Countermarch This kind of doubling of the Reare by the Front halfe Files is performed contrary to the former for it is done by way of the Lacedemonian counter-march and doth produce the same effect to the reare as doubling the Front by Bringers up doth into the Front the counter-march by which it is performed is a counter-march of losse of ground where note one part or moitie of the body countermarcheth thereby not altring the number of the length and depth of the figure but onely transferring one part into another You must further observe that if the reare be doubled to the right then the counter-march must bee to the left If the doubling be to the Left then the Countermarch must be to the Left If the doubling bee to the Left then the Countermarch must be to the Right The way to reduce them is if the Commander stand at the head of that part that is doubled to Command Front halfe-files face about to the Right March forth into your places But if he keepes his first standing and having faced them to him Then Front halfe-files march forth into your places To double the Reare to the Left is the same onely changing the hand Halfe Rankes to the Right by Countermarch double your left Flanke Halfe-rankes or Flankes are then sayd to be doubled when the depth of the Battalia is increased to double their former proportion of number or place or both this doubling of halfe-rankes to the left Flanke by Countermarch is a doubling of number and not of place for the depth still retaines the same proportion onely augmented by one man but the length of the Battalia is diminished both in number and place the right Flanke being wholly inserted into the left Flanke after the words of Command is given that produceth this motion which you shall finde plac'd in the Margent then the halfe Rankes to the Right are to face to the Right and then even in Ranke together they are to counter March betweene the Intervalls untill to the outmost File to the Right be come into the outmost File of the Left Flancke the body being 20 in Ranke or brest then the second into the nineteenth the third into the eighteenth the fourth into the seventeenth the fifth into the sixteenth and the rest in like manner The use of this doubling is to strengthen one of the Flanckes by bringing more hands to doe present execution the other Flancke being in more surety The way for reducement of this motion is after this manner the halfe Rankes last doubled being faced to the Right then they which were the Last which tooke their places in the motion now are the first which take their places in the reducement orderly Marching in Ranke together untill they come to their places then facing to their Leader they become Files againe The left Flancke may in like manner double the right by Counter-march the difference is this The right Flancke stands the left Flancke is inserted into the Right as before the Right was into the Left Halfe Files double your front to the Right intire If in this doubling of Halfe Files to the Right intire it should be performed as the body stands in an ordinary Square Flanked with Musquetiers then it would produce a mixture of Armes wherefore to avoid this before you enter upon this doubling of passing in through or betweene your halfe Ranckes Cause your halfe Files to double the Front to the Right intire which being performed you may then proceed to the doubling of your Flanckes any way you please without Mixture of Armes This doubling of the Front by Halfe-files to the Right intire is thus performed After the words of Command are given the halfe-files are to face to the Right then marching out forwards untill the left-hand File belonging to the Reere be marcht past the right halfe-file belonging to the Front then facing to the left they march up even abreast untill the File-Leaders of the halfe-files to the Reere bee plac'd even in ranke with the File-leaders of the Front all the rest of the rankes placing themselves even with the other rankes This manner of doubling halfe-halfe-files is a doubling both of number and place for the length of the Battell is not onely double so many a-brest as they were before but they also have extended their Length to double their proportion of ground which formerly they did occupie now you are to conceive that this doubling of Halfe Files which I have now discour'st of is performed for this purpose that when the Halfe Rankes of the Right double the Left Flanke there shall by this meanes bee no mixture of Armes Halfe Rankes of the right double your left flanke In the next place let us demonstrate the way how the Halfe Rankes of the Right should double their Left Flanke which is thus performed the Left Flanke stands the Halfe Rankes of the Right are to face to the Left and then the inmost File of the Right Flanke all the Files of the Right Flanke being by this facing become Rankes is the Leader of this motion marching forth Right to their Left hands betweene the Intervalls of the Rankes of the left Flanke untill the twentieth File accounting from the Right Flanke which now is become a Ranke have placed themselves orderly in the fortieth File which is the outmost File of the Left Flanke the nineteenth in the nine and thirty the eighteenth in the eight and thirty and so of all the rest this doubling is of number and not of place For reducement to both these doublings first cause the halfe Rankes which last doubled to face to the Right and so to march out into their places They that last tooke their place in the motion are the first
transferre all the even Files into the ground before the Front contrariwise this doubling doth transfer them into the ground next behind the Rear And as in the other doublings half the File-Leaders did remain in the Front and the other halfe were halfe-File-Leaders Now in this doubling halfe the File-Leaders are to remain in the Front and the other half are brought down and plac'd in the last Rank of the Rear and those which were Bringers up are now in this motion become the middlemost Ranks The manner of performing this doubling is thus first having given the word of Command that produceth this motion as is specified in the Margent then every man falling behind his Bringer up the even Files accounting from the hand named immediately are to face about to the right and the Bringers up of each of the even Files are to turne behind the Bringers up of the odd Files that stand And so every man as hee commeth downe to the Reare turneth to the left behind him that marcheth down the next before him untill those that were Leaders of the even Files are become the Bringers up to those that were the odd Files The reducement is thus to bee performed according to the words of Command used for that purpose Bringers up that now are double your Ranks forwards to the left The instructions for this doubling the Ranks forwards by the Bringers up into the Front is discourst of in the beginning of this Chapter where you shall find in the Margent the manner of doubling of Ranks by the Bringers up described In the next Chapter following I shall endeavour to shew the difference between Inversion and Conversion with the words of Command and Reducement belonging to those motions CHAP. LXXXIIII Of Inversion and Conversion with their words of Command whereby those motions are produc'd and the way of reducing them described FOR Etymologie of these words you may be pleased to observe that Inversion doth alwaies produce File or Files and Conversion Rank or Ranks Inversion consists of the Files filing or of Ranks filing but Coversion consists of Ranks ranking to the right or left Or by increase of Files ranking by even or uneven parts and of Ranks wheeling to the right or left But in performing these motions there is a larger distance of ground required than in any other motion The words of Command with their severall reducements are as followeth Files File on to the Right Left This word of Command is performed by causing the right-hand File to march away single the second File from the right falleth into the Rear of the first the third behind the second the fourth behind the third so consequently all the rest of the Files fall into the Rear of their next right-hand Files untill all the whole Company become one File This was invented to passe narrow Bridges or straight Paths in Woods where but one at once can passe for the reducing of these into their former stations the word of Command is File-Leaders Lead up your Files as your were which is performed every File-leader leading up his File to the left of him that marcheth before him until all the File-leaders are even in Rank together and their Files orderly following of them For the Files filing on to the left may bee performed after this precedent manner only altering the hand c. This filing by division is to bee performed after the same manner the precedent was onely this difference that Files File to the right and left by division The right-hand File of the Companie and the left-hand File of the same begin to leade forth at one and the same time in their severall places viz. The Files of the right Flank falling likewise behind the right-hand File the Files of the left Flank falling in like manner behind the left-hand File so that if the bodie of Pikes bee flankt with Musketires then this filing by division bringeth all the Musketires into the Front-division and the Pikes into the Rear of them The word for reducement is File-Leaders Leade up your Files as you were Ranks File to the Right Left To performe this all the Ranks are to bee inverted to the outmost File to the right Wherefore let all your Files bee closed to their order or close order and your Ranks opened either forwards or backwards to double distance or twice double distance according to your number of men in Rank Then let every Rank move after his right-hand man untill all the Ranks stand right in one File after the right-hand Leader of his Rank If the Commander will performe this upon a March then the Ranks shall not need to bee opened to any distance but let them take their distance in the execution of it which is the easiest way thus to performe it viz. The right-hand man of the first Rank marcheth forth-right all his Rank facing to the right and marching likewise after him The right-hand man of the second Rank falling immediately after the left-hand man of the first Rank all his Rank in like manner following of him The right-hand man of the third Rank falleth into the File after the left-hand man of the second his Rank likewise following of him and so of all the rest of the Ranks untill they become one File this kind of filing by Ranks is sooner performed than Files filing and is readier to bee reduc'd to make resistance against any opposition in the Front The word of Command to reduce them is Files Ranke as you were The manner to performe this reducement is if they were ten men in the formost Rank then the first tenne men rank to the left into the Front as they were at first The next ten men next after them which makes the second Rank The third ten men ranking to the left makes the third Rank and so of all the rest untill they be reduc'd into their first forme or station As for Ranks filing to the left c. it is to be performed after this very same manner only it differeth in the hands for in this the left-hand man of the first Rank marcheth forth-right and all his Rank facing to the left marcheth likewise after him and so of the rest If you desire to avoid the mixture of Armes you may march forwards your Musketires of each division and close them before the Pikes and invert them first or you may march forwards your Pikes first and leave the Muskets to come in the Rear or you may invert the Front-division of Shot then the Pikes and last the Rear-division of Shot Ranks File to the Right Left Ranks filing to the right and left is a doubling of the depth by an unequall proportion for in other doublings either the number of length or depth is augmented But this doubling of Inversion makes their depth so many times more in number as there are Files to double or halfe so many if it be done by division the use of it is to avoid the Shot of
may bee reduc'd by another intire Countermarch by File of what kind or to what hand soever File-Leaders stand the rest passe through to the right and place your selves before your Leaders This Bastard Countermarch being partly derived from the Macedonian and Lacedaemonian Countermarches is thus to be performed The File-Leaders stand the rest of the Body advance their Armes The second Rank first passing through to the right and placing themselves before the first Rank the third Rank before the second the fourth before the third and so forwards for all the rest untill the last Rank or Bringers up are become the formost which perfects the motion You may reduce it by countermarching to the contrary hand or if you please you may reduce it by another like it selfe Ranks to the right-hand Countermarch This Chorean Countermarch of Ranks is an altering or changing of one Flank for the other the Battalia still keeping the same ground only the right Flank becomes the left and the left is changed into the right To performe this motion you are to command your Company to face to the right by which the Ranks are become now Files then countermarching them down the Intervalls or distance between Rank and Rank marching forth-right unto the part which was the left Flank with their Ranks File-wise following them Being come unto their ground they face as before and the Countermarch is performed For the reducement let them countermarch to the left-hand back again and they will be in their first station Ranks to the right-hand Countermarch every man turning after his right-hand man on the ground he stands This Lacedaemonian Countermarch of Ranks is a falling on upon the left Flank the motion being begun by the right it leaves all the ground the Battalia stood on and assumes in place thereof the ground besides the left Flank turning the aspect to the left It is thus to bee performed The whole Body faceth to the right and then the right-hand File being faced becomes a Rank begins the Countermarch turning down the Intervalls of the Ranks which by this facing is made the distance between the Files and so marcheth forth-right beyond the left Flank every man following of him that was his right-hand man but not stepping forward one foot of ground untill the Countermarch be performed For the reducement of this Countermarch you must command them to countermarch again to the left and they will be as at first or if you please you may reduce it by another of the same kind as followeth Right-hand File face to the right the rest passe through to the right and place your selves before your Right-hand men This Lacedaemonian Countermarch of Ranks makes a falling on upon the right Flank the motion being from the left Flank to the right leaving all the ground whereon the Battalia stood and in lieu thereof takes the ground besides the right Flank It is performed after this manner The right-hand File faceth to the right and passeth through the Intervalls or Spaces to the right placing themselves before their right-hand men until the left-hand File become the formost Rank if you do this Countermarch by it self then for reducement first face them to their Front proper then let the left-hand Files face to the left and do as much to the left and they will be in their first station Right-hand Files face to the left the rest passe through to the right placing your selves behind your right-hand men This Macedonian Countermarch of Ranks is contrary to the former for it dismarcheth from the enemy upon that Flank where he approaches presents the contrary Flank to receive the Charge It is performed after this manner The outmost File to the right faceth to the left the rest of the Body or Battalia faceth to the right every man passing through to the right and placing themselves behind their right-hand men For the reducement of this Countermarch do but command them to doe as much to the left as first they did to the right and they will be in their first forme Or if you please you may make use of this following Bastard Countermarch to performe the same Right-hand file stand the rest passe through to the right placing your selves on the outside of your right-hand man This Bastard Countermarch of Ranks doth alter both ground and Flank still reserving the Aspect without alteration the manner of acting it followeth The outmost or right-hand File standeth the rest of the Body facing to the right passe through to the right every man placing of himselfe on the right side of his right-hand man and so standing even in Rank the motion still continuing untill the left-hand File is become the right and the right-hand File the left If you command this Countermarch to bee performed alone then to reduce it you must cause the left-hand File to stand then do as much to the left as before you did to the right and they will be in their first forme Countermarch Front and Rear into the midst This divisionall Chorean Countermarch brings your File-Leaders and Bringers up together in the midst and the Ranks that were in the midst into the Front and Rear Every man is to march up into his Leaders ground before he faceth about to countermarch To performe this you must cause the halfe-halfe-Files to face about then the File-Leaders stepping forwards with the right legge are to face about to the right passing down the Intervalls upon the right hand the rest of the Front half-half-Files following their Leaders and not turning untill they come to the ground where their Leaders turned down before them The Bringers up with the Rear half-Files at the same instant are to turn down their Intervalls upon the left-hand the rest of their division following them untill the File-Leaders and Bringers up meet together in the midst of the Battell and then having faced all to their Leaders the motion is performed You may reduce it by doing the same thing over again or any other divisionall Countermarch of File File-Leaders half-File-Leaders stand the rest passe through to the right and place your selves before your Leaders This Bastard Countermarch doth bring the Leaders and Bringers up together into the midst and saves two facings and is more readily performed than the former The way to performe the motion is as followeth The first Rank stands and the halfe-File-Leaders stand then those of the Front half-Files are to passe through their Intervalls to the right placing themselves before their File-Leaders the second Rank are to place themselves before the first the third before the second the fourth before the third c. The Rear half-half-Files at the same instant are to perform the like placing themselves before their half-File-Leaders as the other did before their File-Leaders This motion may either bee reduced by acting the same over againe to the contrary hand or else by countermarching the Front and Rear into the midst or by any other
divisionall Countermarches of Files Only observe by the way that as the Front half-half-Files emptieth the spaces of ground between the Leaders and the halfe-halfe-File Leaders placing themselves in the ground before the Front So in the mean time their places are to be replenisht by the Souldiers of the Rear halfe-halfe-Files who are to march up and supply their roomes File-Leaders and Bringers up stand the rest passe through to the right and place your selves before your Leaders and Bringers up This divisionall Lacedaemonian Countermarch makes semblance of falling on or charging the enemy both to Front and Rear and leaves all the ground whereon they stood transferring them into the ground before the Front and behind the Rear the ground or place of their former standing being vacant The motion is thus to bee performed The Rear halfe-halfe-Files are commanded to face to the Rear and then the Front halfe-halfe-Files passe through to the right placing themselves before their Leaders the second Rank before the first the third before the second the fourth before the third c. The Rear halfe-Files at the same instant passing through to the Rear placing themselves before their bringers up To reduce this motion into their former stations if you have not closed their distance you may face them about and so let them returne into their places or else by doing the same Countermarch over againe or to the contrary hand or any such like way will reduce them Note if you reduce them by another Countermarch you must first close their divisions File-Leaders face about Bringers up stand the rest passe through to the right and place your selves behind your File-Leaders and Bringers up This divisionall Macedonian Countermarch doth little differ from the last onely that turned the aspect outwards to the Front and Rear but this Countermarch turnes the aspect inwards toward the midst placing the best souldiers in the midst with a large lane or distance betwixt them through which any great Personage may bee conducted crosse the length of your Battell whereby the bravery of the souldiers may be seene This motion is thus to bee performed The first Rank or File-Leaders face about the last Rank stands the Rear halfe-Files face about and so the Front-division passe forwards and place themselves behind the File-Leaders and the Reare halfe-Files behinde their bringers up Note that when the Rear halfe-halfe-Files face about the last Rank which are the bringers up are still to keepe their standing The way to reduce this motion is to bee done either by the same word of Command which produced it or else by any of the precedent divisionall Countermarches Front halfe-halfe-Files interchange ground with the Reare passing through to the right This Bastard Countermarch of enterchanging ground is not truely derived from any one particular ground of Countermarch but rather participating of them all and yet in it selfe it differs from them all for whereas the other Countermarches of Files in division did bring their Front and Rear into the midst yet their Front half-half-Files continued still on the same part and their Rear halfe-halfe-Files did not alter into the place of the other But this contrary to any other of the divisionall Countermarches transfers the Front halfe-halfe-Files into the ground or place of the Rear halfe-halfe-Files and them into the contrary part bringing the File-Leaders and bringers up together into the midst For the performing this motion you must cause the Front halfe-Files to face about passing forwards to the right being led by the bringers up of the Front half-Files between the intervalls towards the Rear The Rear half-Files at the same instant in like manner marching forwards between the intervals on their right hands into the Front untill the Front-division have attained the place of the Rear and they contrariwise the place of the Front For the reducement of this countermarch do as much back again or if you would reduce it some other way you may first make an entire Countermarch of Files and then countermarch Front and Rear into the midst Under two Countermarches it cannot be reduced Countermarch your Flanks into the midst This Chorean Countermarch of the Flanks into the midst by bringing the outermost Files to be the innermost is thus to bee performed You must first command the whole body to face to the right and left hand by division The outermost Files by this facing becomming Ranks every man in the right-hand File being a Leader in his halfe Rank File-wise and so likewise in the left-hand File the same Then you are to countermarch the right Flank to the right and the left Flank to the lelft which you must alwaies observe to doe and your Flanks will meet just in the midst of your Battalia Lastly having faced them to their first Front the Countermarch is ended To reduce them you may either make use of the same Countermarch again or any of these following divisionall Countermarches of Flanks unlesse it bee that of enterchanging of ground Note that upon the Countermarching of Flanks into the midst the right Flank must alwaies observe to turne to the right hand and the left Flank to the left hand for if they should both turn off to the right they will meet wrong or if they turne off both to the left it will be as bad Outmost Files of each Flank face outward the rest passe through to the right and left placing your selves before your outside men This Lacedaemonian Countermarch of half Ranks or Flanks makes shew of charging the enemy with both Flanks but leaves a wast distance of ground unoccupied between the two outermost Files or midst of the Battell the way to performe this motion is after this manner First you must cause your right-hand File to face to the right and the left-hand File to the left the rest of the body faceth to the right and left the right Flank passing through to the right and placing themselves before their right-hand men the second File from the right begins the motion on the right Flank the left Flank in right manner passing through to the left and placing themselves before their left-hand men the second File accounting from the left begins the motion on the left Flank but you must note that the Files become Ranks with the facing For reducement if you will first face them to their proper Front you must command the two inmost Files to stand the rest are to passe through to the right and left-hand inwards and take their place or you may make use of a Chorean or a Macedonian Countermarch of Ranks by division and with a facing and closing their divisions they will bee in their first forme The out most File of each Flanke face inwards the rest passe through to the right and left placing your selves behinde your outside men This Macedonian Counter-March corespondes with the last onely it differs in turning the Aspct inwards whereas the former directed their Aspects outwards and it is thus performed The
to wheele off and to place themselves in the Reere as the former did The next two Rankes are to beginne to advance forwards when they see the last of the two former Rankes presented and ready to give fire and they also having given fire are to wheele off as the former did and so successively the rest of the Rankes advancing are to imitate the former in all the points The body of Pikes are to march very slowly forwards all the while that the shot are drawne up to give fire before the Front and if the enemies Battallias be not neare the Pikes may march shouldred But when the enemies Battallias be approacht within six or eight score or lesse then the Musquetiers are to give fire even with the Front of the body of Pikes and then the Pikemen are to advance their Pikes and close their Rankes to the distance of three foote and the shot to advance up even with the first Ranke of Pikes and there giving fire they are to wheele off to the right and left as in the former directions Note when the first Ranke hath given fire and wheeled off the next Rankes are to move forwards at three motions into their place and there to give fire after the same manner wheeling away againe and placing themselves according to the former directions every Ranke still making good their Leaders ground by this meanes they may continue giving fire untill the two Battells are ready to joyne at push of Pike at which time the shot are to give fire eyther retiring or else not to advance further then the halfe files of Pikes for there they shall be secure from the enemies Pikes offending them besides they may do as good execution there as being placed even with the front If so be the Drumme beate a retreite then the shot ought neyther to advance nor retreite but every Ranke is to give fire upon the same ground they stand on and then wheele off that the next ranke may doe as much Never the lesse when the forlorne files march forth or that two Rankes march forth ten paces or more before the Front then they are to give fire as upon a retreit unlesse the enemy flee The Skirmish being ended the reducement is easie the Leader of each File being in his place at the head of his File is to draw up the shot even with the Front of Pikes and then they will be as at first CHAP. LXXXIX How a Commander shall exercise his wings of Musquetiers to give fire they being advanc'd a small distance before the Front of the Pikes in manner of a Horne battell and also how to reduce it THis kinde of giving fire the shot being advanc'd before the Front of the Pikes the bringers up of eyther winge of Musquetiers being rankt even with the first ranke of Pikes in the Front is of the same use that the firing by two Rankes ten paces advanst before the Front is of cannot choose but be more serviceable upon some occasions in regard the shot doe their execution more readily without intermission of time or stragling from their bodies besides it is an apt forme for over fronting and they are easily to be wheeled whereby they may charge the enemy in Flanke each of these wings of shot may bee led up by a Serjeant or some other superiour officer unto the place assigned by the Chiefe After the word of command is given for the bringing them into this forme as in the Margent is expressed the manner of giving fire is thus to be performed Pikes stand Musquetiers march untill the bringers up ranke with the Front of Pikes The first Ranke of Musquetiers presents and give fire wheeling off eyther all to the right or to the right and left according as they shall be directed and placing themselves orderly in the Reere of their owne Files The next Ranke after the same manner are to give fire and wheele off placing themselves behinde those which were their Leaders thus is every Ranke successively to doe the like untill they have all given fire If you desire to continue giving fire still in this forme then your shot must moue forwards into the grounde of them that fired before them and the forme will be still the same But if you desire after once or twice firing over to have your shot flanke their Pikes then the Musquetiers must not advance into their leaders ground but contrarily every ranke is to present give fire upon the same ground they stand on falling off into the Reere one after another by which meanes they will be brought even with the Pikes Or if you please the Pikes may advance and march up to make their Front intire with the File Leaders of the shot whereby they will be reduced Pikes stand Musquetiers advance before your Front of Pikes and close your divisions The forme of this next kinde of firing is produced according to the words of Command placed in the Margent the manner of the forme is thus the two winges of shot are advanced before the Front of the body of Pikes and closing their divisions they shelter the Pikes from the fury of the Enemies shot And there may be as great execution performed by this forme of firing as by any of the former in regard it is so sollid and stable In the former firings the Pikes either rank'd even with the wings of shot or else the division betweene the wings of shot being open the Pikes are liable to the danger of the Enemies shot the Pikes are not able of themselves to doe any thing either in the way of offence or defence untill the Enemie be within push of Pike But this kinde of Demie-hearse Battell covers the Front of their Pikes securely with the wings of their owne shot untill the Enemie be come within distance There are two principall wayes of giving fire belonging to this forme namely first the Musquetiers may give fire in the Front and so wheele off by division or if the Commander pleaseth they may wheele all off to the right placing themselves in the Reere of their owne divisions and Files of shot just before the Front of the Pikes The next Rankes are immediately to move forwards into their Leaders ground and are likewise to give fire and wheele off placing themselves after the maner of the former the rest of the rankes of Musquetiers performing the like untill they have all given fire Thus having fired once or twice over this way you may make use of a second way of firing which shall serve for reducement of the former Wherefore observe that in this second way of firing when the first Rankes have given fire they are to wheele equally off by division each part faling file wise downe close by the flankes of the wings of Musquetiers untill the Leaders of the rankes of shot are come downe as low as the first ranke of Pikes which being performed they are to face outwards and to move so
farre forth in a straight line untill they have ranked even with the first ranke of Pikes not forgetting to leave there a distance betwixt the Inermost Musquet of each Flanke and the outermost File-Leader of the Pikes So soone as the first Ranke hath given fire and wheeled away the second Ranke is to give fire wheeling off as before and passing down betweene the Intervalls of the Flankes placing themselves after their Leaders The same is every Ranke successively to doe untill all the shot be drawne from before the Front placed on the Flankes of their Pikes But when all the shot in the front hath discharged unto the two last rankes then the Pikes are to porte and when they have all fired and wheeled away then they are to charge their Pikes then advancing their Pikes again the Battallia stands reduced as in its first forme Musquetiers make ready to give fire by Introduction to the right Files of Musquetires open by division to your open order You shall finde in the Margent the words of Command that produceth this forme of giving fire by way of Introduction it being a kinde of advancing against the Enemie and of gayning ground although not used in these our Moderne warres but in way of exercise It is to be performed two wayes The first when the motion is begun by the second Ranke from the Front The other when it is begun by the bringers up wherefore observe before the firing begin you must open your Files of Musquetiers to their open order so that the shot may passe betweene the Intervalls of each File to give fire in the Front The maner and forme of this kind of firing by Introduction may be thus performed The Pikes being flanked with the Musquetiers the first ranke of each flanke is to present and give fire and having fired they stand and make ready againe in the same place The second Ranke passing forwards before the first doe there also fire and stand The third Ranke then passing forwards after the second and standing even in Ranke with them that first fired that so soone as the second Ranke hath fired they may presently step before them and fire in like maner In this firing still the ranke which is next to fire stands even in ranke with them which last fired untill those which stand presented have first given fire after which they then passe before them the Ranke which was their next followers passing forwarde Ranking with those which last fired every man following his Leader successively untill the bringers up give fire and stand in the Front of all and then this forme will be like the figure of a Horne battell All the while that this firing by Introduction is continued the Pikes may be shouldred if there be no feare of the Enemies Horse If you continue this firing twice over the Musquetiers will have their right place which being done march up your Pikes and Ranke them even in Front with the shot and they are reduced The second way of firing by introduction The first Ranke or File Leaders are to give fire as before and to stand The last Ranke or bringers up in the interim of their firing marching up and ranking even with the second Ranke the rest follow their bringers up as they doe when bringers up double their Front the first Ranke having fired the bringers up step imediatly before them present and give fire the rest still successively doing the like untill every ranke have given fire once over observe with all that the File Leaders are to give fire twice over being the first and the last and then to stand the Pikes marching up even with their Front of Musquetiers And thus they are reduced as at first If the two first rankes of Pikes in every Battallia should have bowes fastned to their Pikes they might do good service against the enemie whilst the shot performes their duties in giving fire The words of Command which produceth this forme of a Diamand Battell is in the Margent Amongst the Ancients it hath bin of great account but in these late ages Musquetiers Ranke 1 3 5 7 9 c. by increase to the left Files of Pikes ranked by decrease after your Musquetiers not used in the warres The manner of forming it is thus first you must cause your Musquetiers of the right flanke to open to the right to a sufficient distance for the receiving the shot of the left flanke Then you must Command the left flanke of Musquetiers to passe through into the space of ground on the right This being done for to frame this battell you must command your Files of Musquetires to ranke 1 3 5 7 c. by increase to the left then you must command the Files of Pikes to ranke by decrease after the Musquetiers The Musquitiers may give fire from this forme of Battell two wayes principally the first is the giving fire in Ranke viz. the first man or point of the diamond is first to give fire then he is to wheele off to the right and place himselfe just behind the single Pikemen in the Reere then the next Ranke consisting of three men are to give fire and to wheele off by division and are to place themselves in Ranke behind the single Musquetiere as they were before the firing began next the Ranke of five Musquitiers gives fire wheeling off in like manner by division ever observing that where the number is odde and they commanded to wheele off by division there the greatest number alwayes goes to the right And after this manner every Ranke gives fire successively and place themselves after their Leaders as before is shewed when all the shot have given fire and are wheeled off then let the Pikes charge which will be fiveteene in the first Rank the rest decreasing having advanced your forme will stand like two wedges with their points joyned If you would reduce your men from this forme without giving fire then let the Musquitiers stand and the Pikes face to the Reere and then the wedge will stand faced in opposition Next you may command them to interchange ground the Musquetiers advancing forwards into the ground of the Pikes and the Pikes moving into the ground of the Musquetiers and then by facing the Pikes to the former front the body will stand in forme of a diamond againe If you would give fire from this forme in regard all the Musquetiers are placed in the Reere the body must face about so the firing will bee contrary to the former But if you wheele them about then they may give fire the same way However after fire is given they must wheele off by division and place themselves in the Reere of the Pikes even in Rank againe as they were when they gave fire Thus having all fired over wheeled away the Pikes may charge being againe advanced the body wil stand in form of a diamond The second way of firing on this Diamond forme is
Carabines as the Generall shall thinke best There must likewise be two other grand battells ordered the first is to be plac'd a hundred paces before the Front of the maine battell but not so forwards as the forlorne hopes by little more than halfe the distance these are to consist of Harquebuzires and Carabines and are to be ordered in competent Battalias which shall be neither too great nor too small but so as they may charge in sundry bodies the better to releeve one the other betweene each Battallia there must be certaine Files of Musquetiers drawne up in an even Front with them who shall give fire upon the enemies horse to disorder their Rankes as they shall approach to charge your Troopes these shotiupon occasion may retreate and fall in betwixt the distances of the maine Battell which are to advance forward to re scue the former Troopes being over charged The third battell which is called the Battell of Sucker is to be plac'd a good distance behinde the maine Battell and these ought to be all or the greatest part of them Cuirassiers and ordered in great Battalias then the Harquebuziers they are to be marshalled and disposed into divers Compertments or Divisions so that the Battalias of the maine battell may retreate betwixt them or being routed they may shelter themselves behinde them and reunite themselves againe and joyne with them in a desperate charge for this is the last refuge unlesse you draw out certaine Pikes to relieve them and unlesse your strength in horse doe much exceede the Enemies it will be to your disadvantage to strive to charge the Enemies foote Troopes unlesse there should be an unexpected advantage offered untill such time as you have either routed the Enemies horse or put them to flight and then you are to bend your full strength to assault them upon all quarters with your Harquebuziers and Carabines first and then seconded by your Cuirassires who are to presse in amongst the Enemy and breake their rankes but in the meane time they must leave a sleeve of horse upon each flanke of the wings of the foote Troopes to defend them from the Enemies charge who will adventure to doe it when they see them left naked If your Cavalry are by some accident to fight onely against some certaine foote Troopes of the enemies you must make choise of plaine fieldings as a place most advantagious for that purpose Likewise you must use all celerity and diligence to charge them before they can order themselves in Battell and upon these advantages you may venture although they should be farre more potent than your selfe But being drawne into battell expecting your assault and your forces being equall in power then you must command out certaine Troopes of Harquebuziers or Dragoones if you have any and with these you must charge them upon the Front Flankes and Reares these are to be seconded by certaine small Battalias of Cuirassiers who shall take the opportunity to fall upon such disorders as the Harquebuziers have caused If the Enemy have possest themselves in some place of advantage then the Cavalry are not to charge them although your forces were superiour in strength to them If it should so happen that one company of Cuirassirs should be to fight against another if the enemy doth charge you in full carriere your safest way is to devide your Troope by halfe rankes opening a large distance to the right and left hand so as the Enemy may passe through then facing your Troope inwards you are to charge them upon the Flankes you are to performe the like if you have a Battalia made of two Troopes and being charged by the Enemy they are to divide themselves as before but keepe each Troope whole and entire or you may cause three or foure files of each of your wings to advance forward on the sudden and to charge the enemie upon the Flankes and to equall your Enemies Front you may cause the halfe Files of your Body to double your Front to the right and left hand by divisions Note the Harpuebuziers are to give fire by rankes the first ranke having given fire is to wheele off to the left hand unlesse the ground will not permit it but that of necessity you must performe it to the right making ready and falling into the Reare the second ranke is to give fire upon the wheeling away of the first and so the rest successively The advantages which the Cavalry may take against the Enemy when hee shall thinke himselfe secure in his quarters in regard of his Potencie and the undervalluing of his adversaries disability may be very great for many times weake forces have atchieved great victories Wherefore there must first be gained true intelligence how the Enemy hath disposed his Troopes and also certaine knowledge of the situation of the Country Place or Village they are quartered in and how and in what places hee hath plac'd his Guards and set out his Sentinells An Enemies Quarters for the most part are ever strongest and best watch kept upon those passages which leades towards a suspected Enemy In this case you are to make use of the night fetching a compasse about by some by-wayes so that you may charge them in the Reare or Flankes of their Quarters before they be aware of you where you shall be most sure to finde them most negligent in those parts Every Horsman is to take up behinde him a Musquetire whose service will be excellent either to place behinde upon some passage of advantage to rescue your Troopes if they should be put to a retreate or to assist the horse in their discharge against the Enemy in his Quarters as I shall afterwards specifie Now let us presuppose that your Troopes are arrived neere the Enemies quarters every man having the Watch-word given him and also some distinction or marke of white whereby they my be knowne from the Enemy in the darke night and having laid a sufficient guard of Musquetires to make your retreate safe the next thing to be considered of is how you may best hinder the Enemy from uniting their Troopes into a body wherefore some few Musquetires or Firelocks are to be sent some by-way where secretly they must get betwixt the Guard and the Sentinells to cut off their retreate the residue of the Musquetires are to creepe to the Allarme place and there to place themselves neere the passage where the Enemy is to enter with his Troopes and having the advantage of some Hedges Bankes or pales for to hide and secure them from the Horse these shot shall give fire upon the Enemy as they come scattering into the Alarme place In the meane time one of your Troypes of Harquebuziers or Carabines shall advance secretly and without noise towards the Sentinell and suddenly surprise him by the helpe of the shot that lies behinde him then speedily they are to fall upon the guard and surprise them before
halfe Files described The manner of doubling the Reere by the Front halfe-files described The manner of doubbling the Reare by Countermarch described It is at the discretion of the Commander to face the Companie which way he pleaseth eyther for motion or Reducement The manner of doubbling Flankes by way of Countermarch described The manner of doubling Halfe-files to the Right intire to accommodate the doubling of Halfe-rankes described How the Halfe-ranke of the Right are to double the left Flank is described The halfe files having doubled the Front to the Right intire causeth them to be 40 in Ranke or Brest before they were but 20. The difference betweene intire and divisionall doublings and of doubling halfe files intire described The manner of doubling the Front inward intire described The manner of doubling the Frong with halfe files by division described The manner of doubling the Reare with halfe-files by division described The manner of doubling the Reare intire by the Front halfe-files described The manner of doubling by half Ranks intire described The manner of doubling Flanks by division described The manner of doubling Ranks intire described The manner of doubling Files intire advancing described The manner of Files doubling their depth described Inversion This sort of inversion is called filing on sequâ—nce Three kinds of CouÌ„termarches viz. the Chorean Lacedaemonian and Macedonian described by Aelâ—an in his Tac. pag. â— 125 cap. 28. The distance for Countermarch is 6 foot in Rank File Note when there is a Countermarch commanded without any other addition then it is alwaies intended a Chorean Countermarch Of countermarching to lose ground The Macedonian Countermarch to gain ground Of countermarching Ranks to maintain ground Of countermarching Ranks to lose ground Note that for countermarching Front Reor into the midst the Front half-half-Files are ever to turn off towards the right-hand the â—ear half-half-File to the 〈◊〉 which being truly â—bserved they 〈…〉 even in the midst of the Battell otherwise not Of bringing Front and Rear together in the midst of the Battel Countermarch Of countermarching to make a large Intervall between the first and last Ranks Of Countermarching to take the ground before the Flank Of Counter-marching to take the ground on the outside of the Flankes and to direct their aspects inwards Of taking the ground on the outside of the flankes not altering the aspect Of enterchanging ground by the Flanks and bringing the inmost Files of Pikes to become the outmost Rankes Of wheeling Anguler Of wheeling on the Center 〈◊〉 wheeling the 〈◊〉 inwards to the 〈…〉 Of bringing Flankes into the Front of the Battell Of wheeling the Reere into the midst of the Battell Note that if the length of your Battell be double the number of the depth as is shewed in this moâ—â—r then this wheeling of Front and Reere into the right or left flanke doth quadruple their forme in depth If the number be equall in length and depth then by this wheeling they will but double If the number of your length exceeds more then double your depth by so much the more will the extention of the depth be beyond quadruple Of wheeling the left flanke into the midst of the Battell Of Wheeling Front and Reere into the midst of the Battell Of wheeling the Flankes into the midst of the Battell The maner and use of firing described That Generall seekes his owne ruine if he assailes an Armie upon all quaâ—ters unlesse his power be fouretimes more then his adversaries Note the Shot are to prime and charge as they troope downe into the Reere to place themselves to the Flankes of the Pikes The shot are to give fire even with the front of Pikes when the enemies battell drawes neere * First blowing your cole set out your left Leg next opening your Pan set forth your right Leg lastly presenting set forth your left Leg againe At the Battells joyning the shot are to give fire even with the halfe Files of Pikes When the battell retreits then the shot ought neither to advance nor retreite but every ranke is to give fire upon the same ground he stands on so wheele off that the next may doe the like The severall wayes of firing belonging to the Demie-hearse Battell described The severall wayes of giving fire by Introduction discribed The severall wayes of bring belonging to the Diamond forme of Battell described The severall wayes of firing belonging to the semicircular forme of Battell described Of extraduction the severall uses firings reducements described A second way of giving fire by extraduction described The severall wayes of firings belonging to a broad fronted battell described * In giving fire to the Reere when you blow your Cole you must step forwards with your right foote opning your Pan stepping forwards with your lest foote Present to the Reere stepping forwards with your right foot â— A Second way of giving fire in the Reere described The second manner of giving fire to the Flanke described A third way of giving fire in Flanke described The fourth way of giving fire in Flanke described The fifth way of firing in Flanke and placing the shot in the midst of the battell of Pikes described A second way of firing in Front and Reere described Of firing to both Flankes Marching Of firing to both Flankes standing The word of command and direction that produceth this triple firing is Halfe Rankes of the left double your right flanke by division In omni praelio non iam multitudo virtus indocta quam ars exercitium solent prestare victoriam Veg. lib. 1. Montanis locis impeditis quasi nullus equorum usus ex quo intelligitur magis necessarios pedâ—tes qui possunt ubique prodesse Veg. lib. 2. Vbi bona composita millitia pedes prevalet apud rudes aut Barbaros contra Lip pol. l. 5. Ab equite pedite omne Bellicis negotijs profluâ—t robur sine quibus quamvis egregia fint illa consillia sunt tamen invalida Tacit. lib. 1. Neque quisquam expraeciaris peâ—sis usquam pedes incedere sua quiâ—em sponte videbatur Xeno Cy. lib 4. In equite apud antiquos omne Rubur quia ratio ordinandi militiam pedestrem illis inâ—â—gnita suit Arist. pol. lib. 4. The Office of the Generall of the horse Quantò quis magis inficiatur vitium suum tantò magis in ipsum penetrat quanto magis intro fugies tantò magis in caupona eâ—is Plâ—t prop. vic Austeri duces suis facies hostibus sunt utiles Apipan Corbuloni plsus molis adversus ignaviam militum quam contrà perfidiam hostium erat Tacit. An. 13. Gaudet tamen esse timoâ—i Tam magno poâ—â—lu se net â—allet omari Lucan lib. 3. de Civ Amil. tibus imperator potiùs quam hostis metui debet quem admodum homines fine nervis ambulare nequeunt ita nec bellum usquam progreâ—i sine pecunia Lip pol lib. 5. Exereitus labore
onely differing in hand The Words of Command which reduceth it are Front halfe-Files face about to the left March forth into your places Halfe Ranks of the right double your left Flank intire to the right This doubling of the left Flank by advancing the right Flank and placing it before the Leaders of the left Flank which is a doubling both of number and place being very usefull for the strengthning of any Flank where it shall seem needfull And if you desire to have your Musketires to double even with the Musketires of the contrary Flank then you must first cause the half Ranks of the right Flank to march forth-right untill the Rear-Rank of the right Flank be advanced about 3 foot before the Front of the left Flank and then cause that Flank so advanced to counter-march their Ranks to the right and then all your Musketires will be together and the Pikes likewise by themselves The manner of performing this motion according to the words of Command in the Margent is as followeth First the left Flank stands and the right Flank marcheth forth-right untill the Rear of the right Flank be advanced before the Front of the left Flank as before is shewed then face them to the left and cause them to march untill the Pikes are even in Rank with the Musketires which perfects the doubling For the Reducement let the halfe Ranks that doubled face about to the left and march untill they are cleer of the left Flank then cause them to face to the right and to march straight down into their places then the Commander being at his first Front faceth them all to him which reduceth them as at first The left Flank may also double the right Flank intire after the former manner only changing the hand the Command for reducement is Halfe Ranks that doubled face about to the Left march forth into your places Half Ranks of the left double your right Flank by division This motion of doubling Flanks by division doth make a strong form of Battell to give fire three severall waies at once The manner of performing it after the word of Command is given as followeth The Rear half-Files of the left Flank face about to the right and then both the Front half-Files and Rear half-Files march forth-right untill they are clear of that part of the body that stands then each division faceth that way which they are to double which the Front half-Files must do to the right and the Rear half-Files to the left so march forth-right untill the doubling be performed For reducement if the Commander stands at the right Flank which is the part that was doubled then the reducement is as followeth the half Ranks that doubled are to face about inwards and march forth-right untill they are clear of the right Flank which stands then the Front half-Files face to the left and the Rear half-Files to the right and then close their division The Commander going to his first Front and facing the whole body to him they are reduc'd as at first If that the right Flank would double the left Flank by division the way is the same only differing in the hand The words of Command to reduce it are Halfe Ranks that doubled Face about inwards March forth into your places Double your Ranks to the right intire This doubling of Ranks intire to the right is a doubling both of number and place and in some sort worketh the same effect as the doubling of half Files doth to the right intire but differeth in regard of the parties which are the doublers and in the distance left after the doubling The motion of this doubling ought to be thus performed After the word of Command is given for the doubling to the right as in the Margent is exprest then every even Rank faceth to the right The right hand man of each Rank becoming the Leader of his Rank likewise leading them forth and in their March of moving forwards a little bending to the left that when the left-hand man of each Rank which are the bringers up of the motion are clear of the standing part of the body by only facing to the Front they may stand even in Rank with the rest of the Company For reducement of this doubling you must observe that the left-hand men are the Leaders of the motion wherefore command the Ranks that doubled to face to the left and march forth-right into their places Or you may command the halfe Ranks of the right to face to the left and double the left Flank this will work the same effect with the former To double Ranks to the left intire is to bee done after the same manner onely observe the difference of the hand This kind of doubling may also be done by division The words of Command used for this reducemeâ—t are Ranks that doubled face to the left march forth into your places Double your Files to the right intire advancing This kind of doubling of Files intire to the right advancing is also a doubling both of number and place for it increaseth the depth to double their former proportion of number as from ten to twenty It also gaineth so much ground the more before the Front as formerly the Battell did contain by transferring the even Files of the body into the ground before the Front of the odd Files But this doubling doth diminish the number of the length of your Battell although it preserves their place The manner of performing this motion of doubling is thus to be done first the word of Command being given as in the Margent is specified the odd Files are to stand beginning your account from the outmost File to the hand named the Musketires and Pikes of the even Files are to advance their Arms and follow their File-Leaders every File-Leader leading his File forth-right before his next File to the right untill the bringers up of the even Files are orderly placed before the Leaders of the odd Files For reducement Let the Files that doubled face about to the left the bringers up of each File leading them forth-right downe the distance or spaces which are on their left hand untill they are come even with the Rear and then stand and face about to their Commander and they will bee in their first forme and station The doubling of Files to the left intire advancing is after the same manner only differing in the hand The words of Command used for this reducement are Files that doubled face about to the left march forth into your places Files double your depth to the right every man falling behind his Bringer up This kind of doubling of the depth of Files to the right doth sympathize with the former doubling last discourst of both for number and place only it differeth from the other both in the manner of executing and in some sort of the matter executed for whereas the other doubling by advancing of Files did
Now it remains to demonstrate the way and manner of Files ranking by Conversion in equall parts the word of Command is Files Rank â—our to the left To performe this motion the right-hand File-leader leadeth forth his File the three next men behind him move forwards to the left hand of each other untill they rank even a Brest with their File-leader The next four in like manner ranking to the left do make the second Rank they being but eight deep The File-leader of the second File placeth himselfe next after him that was the half-File-leader of the first which now is become the right-hand man of the second Rank the three next men behind him makes up his Rank and so in like manner for all the rest untill the motion be quite perfected This converts each File into two Ranks and brings all the proper File-leaders and half-File-leaders to make the outmost File to the right The Bringers up both of the Front and Rear half-Files maketh the outmost File to the left For the reducement of this motion of Files ranking four to the left is thus to bee performed first cause your Ranks to file or invert to the right which being done command every File-leader to lead up his File to the left and so every man will bee in his first station CHAP. LXXXV How an Officer is to exercise his souldiers in three manner of Countermarches which are to be performed two manner of wayes viz. one by File the other by Rank THe next thing to bee performed after you have exercised your men in the doubling of their Ranks and Files is to teach them how to countermarch Wherefore you may first begin with intire Countermarches by File The word of Command which produceth it followeth Files to the right-hand Countermarch As soon as the word of Command is given if they be to countermarch to the right then all the File-leaders are to step forwards with their right-legs and face about to the right-hand every File-leader with his File following him passing down towards to the Rear through the Intervall on his right hand still observing to keep even in Rank with his right-hand man and note That no man must turne untill hee come to the ground where at first his File-leader began the Countermarch This motion is performed when the Bringers up have attained unto the place where before their File-leaders stood Files to the left-hand Countermarch To countermarch to the left-hand worketh the same effect and is done after the same manner only differing in hands For reducing them into their former stations If you countermarch to the right by countermarching again to the left brings them into their first forme Files to the right-hand Countermarch every man turning after his Leader on the ground he stands This Lacedaemonian Countermarch is to be performed as followeth the File-leaders of each File are to step side-waies to the right-hand and therewithall to face about to the Rear and so march even in Rank down together between the Intervalls or spaces of ground between File and File no man advancing a foot forwards but turning off the ground they stand on after their Leaders when they are past by them still observing to keep their due distance and so Rank after Rank still turning off to the right untill the motion be performed Files to the left-hand Countermarch every man turning after his Leader on the ground hee stands To countermarch to the left-hand worketh the same effect and is to be performed after the same manner only differing in hand For reducing them into their former stations If first they countermarcht to the right-hand by countermarching again to the left brings them into their first forme Bringers up face about to the right the rest passe through to the Rear and place your selves before your Bringers up This Lacedaemonian Countermarch doth lose the ground also whereon it formerly stood and takes the ground behind the Rear The manner of the motion is as followeth viz. the last Rank of Bringers up face to the Rear and stand the rest of the Body facing about in like manner and passing through or between their bringers up and placing themselves even in Rank before them The Motion is begun by the Rank next the Bringers up and so continued successively by the rest untill the Countermarch be ended It is to be reduc'd by performing the same motion to the contrary hand or the next subsequent motion following will reduce this into its former station Bringers up stand the rest passe through to the right and place your selves behind your Bringers up This Lacedaemonian Countermarch by which the former may be reduc'd is thus to be performed The last Rank or Bringers up are to stand firm and the rest of the Body are to face to the Rear and passe through to the right place themselves behind their Bringers up contrary to the Countermarch last shown in which they plac'd themselves before The motion is also begun by the second Rank from the Rear the rest following successively until the File-leaders are become the Bringers up then face them about after their proper File-leaders and they are reduc'd File-Leaders face about to the right the rest passe through to the right and place your selves behind your Leaders The motion of this Macedonian Countermarch is from the Rear to the Front quite contrary to the Lacedaemonian whose motion was from the Front to the Rear This Macedonian Countermarch makes semblance in the Rear of flight but presently produceth a setled Front when perhaps the enemy with a too early pursuit hath broken the order of array The way to perform this Countermarch is as followeth The File-leaders or first Rank face about to the right the rest of the body passe through between the Intervals or distance betwixt Files to the left and place themselves behind their Leaders every Rank beginning with that next the File-leaders passing through successively and taking their places untill the Countermarch be fully executed This may be reduc'd as the former were by doing the same to the contrary hand or as formerly is said by any intire Countermarch of File or it may bee reduc'd by another Macedonian Countermarch which in the next place shall be described File-Leaders face to the Rear the rest of the Body passe through to the left following your Bringers up placing your selves behind your Leaders By this Macedonian Countermarch the precedent Countermarch may be reduc'd to its former station and it is thus performed The first Rank or File-leaders face to the Rear then the last Rank begin the Countermarch passing forwards between the Intervalls the seventh Rank following the eighth the sixth following the seventh and so likewise the rest untill the whole body bee trans-ferred into the ground before the Front and then joyntly together facing to the right about after their Leaders the Countermarch is ended For reducement take this for a Rule that any intire Countermarch of File
their right Flanke by division then the Reere halfe Files of the left Flanke are to face about to the right and then both the Front halfe Files and the Reere halfe Files are to march forthright untill they are cleere of that part of the body that stands then each division faceth that way they are to double which the Front halfe Files must doe to the right and the Reere halfe Files to the left and so march forth right untill the doubling be performed then the Reere division that doubled is to face to the Reere and the Front division is to face front proper and the right flanke that stood is to face to the right hand whereby they are fast ready to give fire three severall wayes at once the manner of firing is thus performed the formost Rankes of Musquetiers on each part having fired they wheele off to the right or to the right and left according as they shall bee commanded placing themselves in the Reere of their owne divisions the next Ranke in the meane time moving forwards into their Leaders ground there in like manner firing wheeling off and placing themselves as before the rest of the rankes performing the like successively for reducement face them all to their Front proper then command the halfe rankes that doubled to face to the left and so to march into their places the figure of this precedent discourse followeth in the next Page Front proper Serjeant Serjeant Front of the right Flanke Serjeant Front of the Reere There are divers other wayes of firings which I am forced to omit desiring you to turne into the excellent book of Millitary discipline composed by Lievetenant Barriff wherein you may be further instructed and see the Poligons or Figures belonging to most of these instructions which I have briefely discoursed of wishing you by all meanes not to omit any of them in your exercises if time and patience may give you leave and if you should passe by any let them be onely your divisionall Motions as for your intire motions eyther of doublings Counter-marches or wheelings c. you must be very circumspect and carefull to performe them all otherwise all your paines will be to no purpose Now for the marching out of the field your Company standing in a square forme viz. the shot upon each flanke of the Pikes the Lievetenant leads away the first division of shot with a Serjeant attending him the Drumme beating betweene the third and fourth ranke of the same division of shot the Ensigne is to march before the first division of Pikes following a pritty distance behind the first division of shot with the Drum placed as before The eldest Serjeant is to march before the second division of Pikes The second Serjeant marcheth before the last division of shot with the Captaine in the Reere of all and being marcht to the place where the Colours should be lodged let them as they march invert to the right and left viz. the rankes are to file to the right and left by division then all the Musquetiers are to face in opposition to cocke their matches guard their Pans and rest their Musquets the Pikemen in the meane time are to advance their Pikes and close their Rankes and Files to their order which being done the Drum beating a Troope at the head of the Pikes All the chiefe Officers in their due places are to passe through this guard into the appointed place for the Allodgement of the colours then the Serjeant is to cause all the Musquetiers to face about to the right and present and upon the first beate of the Drum they are all to give fire in one volley then the Drum beating a call and makes proclamation of silence the captaine is to deliver them such orders as he hath in charge to acquaint them with all eyther from the Lord Lievetenants or the Counsell which being done he is to dismisse them untill the next summons for their appearance In the next discourse I shall intreate about the exercising of Horse-Troopes and so make a generall discourse of all the parts belonging to the body of Warre THE DRILLING OR EXERCISING OF HORSE TROOPES SECT XII CHAP. XCVI Of the preheminency and dignitie of Officers for the avoiding of disputes with a short Declaration of the high Office of the Generall of the Horse HAving finished those instructions concerning the exercising of foote Companies by which meanes they may be fitted and prepared for Service And before we can come to intreate either of Marching Incamping or Imbattelling It is necessary wee should shew some briefe instructions for the Drilling and exercising of Horse troopes in regard no Army can be compleate in power and strength for the exercising of such things of Importance as the cause may require unlesse compounded of Foote and Horse otherwise it must of necessity hault and make use of the stilt of some peculiar place for advantage and safetie and not to looke the Enemy in the face in all places And in regard divers Nations are diversly opinionated some esteeming the Infantrie better than the Caualliary as our English hath done others esteeme the Cavalliarie better than the Infantry as the French yet according to the nature and situation of the country or place the Army is to be imployed in whether Inclosures or Champion accordingly it must be compounded of more or lesse of th' one or th' other But for the avoiding of disputes which may arise amongst the Officers of either part for place of preheminencie and dignitie you shall finde by this Aphorisme amplified with the authority of the Ancient Sages that in profession either Civill or Millitary those are more honourable which have greater charge or require greater knowledge as to rule a State is more noble than to governe a Cittie and this more eminent than to order a Family In which respect though the true end of Horse and foote be one and the same to defend aright and redresse a wrong and per case that of foote be generally more usefull yet this of Horse is the more honorable Service because his vertue and knowledge is exercised as well in Managing and defending of his Horse as of himselfe upon whose safegarde his life and honour depends as well as in immediate defence of his owne person thus much for the dignity of place As for the Officers of the Cauallrie I wil onely with all brevitie touch such things for instruction as are most naturall in every particular Office and then transferre them to the taking of a practicall Surveigh of what is commended to the Generall of the Army and to the rest of the Officers of the Infantrie for if it were possible there ought to be no difference in experience Wisedome and Valour amongst all Officers if they could attaine unto it The Generall of the Horse hath the eminent controule and commande of all the Cavalrie or Horse Regiments of what nature or composition whatsoever
Likewise the distances between the main Battell and the Battell of succour ought to be fifteen or twenty paces The like distance is to bee observed between the Battell of succour and the Rear-Battell That part of the Battell that cannot be secured by Rivers Moors Woods or the like must be impaled either by Intrenchments well man'd or double or treble Pallizado'd and wel man'd with Pikes and Muskets four Ranks of Pikes and three Ranks of Muskets wil be sufficient to make the impalement one Rank of Musketires may be drawn under the Pikes to give fire upon their knees the other two Ranks standing behind the Pikes may give fire over their heads as they stoop to charge to the Horse These ought not to give fire at random but just when the Troops are come almost within push of Pike and then but every second Musketire is to give fire so that they may without intermission maintain their volley of Shot These new invented Bow-Pikes are the properest to impale the Battel withall and it cannot be amisse to have a Rank or two of them in the Front of the Battalia's where they may do good service There must be a convenient space between the Wings of the Battell and the Impalements if in case the formost Battalia's should retrait into the Battell of succour c. There are divers small field-Peeces which are to bee plac'd before the Divisions of the Front which after once or twice discharging are to be drawn within the Divisions of the main Battell and are to bee plac'd before the Battell of succour so that if the formost Battell is driven to retrait into the spaces of the Battel of succour then are they ready to give fire upon the enemy at his next approaches these field-Peeces being there plac'd may bee drawn upon the Flanks ready to give fire upon the enemy when hee shall charge the Flanks either with Horse or Foot The forlorn Hopes when they are wearied and beaten back by the enemy are to retrait through the spaces left betwixt the Battalions and there they are to order themselves in a redinesse to issue out at the Flanks and assault the enemy when they are at push of Pike upon one of their Flanks There would bee divers appointed with Granado's and fire-Pots to cast them amongst the enemy There may bee divers Morter-Peeces so plac'd that they may shoot Granado's and fire-Balls from the space between the main Battell and the Battell of succour and convey them over the heads of your formost Battell amongst the enemies that are approaching to charge you In regard nothing can hinder the enemies Ordnance from annoying your Battalia's but either they must be out of distance or a strong wall betwixt you it being an evill not to be eschewed you are to make choice of the best and safest means of prevention the first is by ordering of your Files thin the second is to send with all speed a certain convenient number of Shot accompanied with Horse to seize upon the Ordnance with all celerity they are to performe this Service by which the enemy will be hindred from shooting more than once for they being in combustion for the gaining and defending their Ordnance will hinder their execution Those field-Peeces which I have formerly spoken of that they should be placed before the Battalia's may do as good service being plac'd behind those Battalia's if you cause those Troops before them to open a distance for the Shot and speedily to fall into their order againe No Army is to be ordered so that those Battalia's behind or in the Rear of the Battel cānot succour assist those that fight before for then the greatest part of the Army wil be unprofitable and if the enemy be potent it cannot possibly but suffer an overthrow The Front of the Battel ought to be entire only those spaces before spoken of for they are only to withstand the first brunt of the enemies Charge and there ought in this to be more care taken not to be strucken by the enemy than it importeth to strike them The second Battell called the Battell of succour is to receive the Divisions of the formost Battell upon occasion and ought therefore to be ordered with convenient spaces or distances for that purpose and ought alwaies to be of lesse Number than the first Battell for there can be no danger betide them in regard the enemy cannot come to fight with them unlesse the formost Battell be joyned with them and then the enemy will find the middle Battell far stronger than the formost The Battel in the Rear ought to have the widest spaces or distances of all because if the enemy should be too powerfull for the main Battell and the Battell of succour then these distances receive them and then with one power they assail the enemy with all the whole strength of the Army and now they must stand close and strongly to their tackling to gain victory and take this for an observation that souldiers will inlarge their Ranks and Files when fear maketh them think of flight and close then when valour and resolution maketh them stand firm to resist If the enemy forceth the main Battell to retrait into the Battel of succour those that impale the Flanks ought to keep their ground if possibly they may for thereby they shall have advantage to charge the enemy upon the Flanks as they follow the retrait of your main Battel but if they be compell'd to retrait they may doe it safely falling back and doubling their own Ranks from the midst downwards to the Rear and indeed it were very fitting an Army should be exercised in order of Battel to make them perfect And again no Generall ought to use one form of imbattelling alwaies for fear his enemy should prove too subtill for him and foil him in his own play The best way to save an Army from smal-shot that will much annoy you is to come speedily to the encounter The Officers of every Band being drawn into Battalia are to appoint trusty carefull men to fill the souldiers Bandilires and to deliver Bullets and March unto them that there may be no stay nor want nor any Powder miscarry If your Army be compounded of divers Nations so that some of them are not to bee trusted those whose loyalties are not to be trusted must alwaies be plac'd formost next the enemy and the faithfullest ablest men behind them next unto them so that having the enemy before and a strong Battalia behind them they must of necessity fight or perish The Romans used to place their assistants or strangers upon the out-Wings of the Battell But if your Army consists of divers Nations that you were confident of their valour and fidelity the best way were to order them all in one Front so that the jealousie of one anothers forwardnesse and valour might breed such an emulation in them that they would doe their best to exceed one
proper to be used in the Champion where there is no refuge either naturall or artificiall the enemy exceeding in strength both in Horse and Foot THE figure of the Battell following is invented for the safe retire of the Shot being over-powred and repulsed by the Horsemen of the enemy or otherwise who may at eight severall places retire into these Squadrons which stand in the proportion of a Fortresse There are thirty seven Maniples of Shot orderly plac'd the distance betwixt each are three paces in every Maniple are contained 130. Shot which amounts to in grosse 4810. the residue being 190. are equally plac'd to attend the Ordnance being 23. at each Platforme so there is only six remaines to be imployed upon messages or to guard the Powder These Maniples or Battalia's of Shot are Impaled with the Pikes which are thus ordered each Flanke hath 850. also the Front and Reare takes up 800. each corner takes up 425. these amount to 5000. Pikes being ordered ten deep in file In either corner of this Battell are two spaces for the Shot to sally out upon the enemy and to retreate in againe for their safety The Ordnance being discharged upon the enemies Troopes are to be drawne in at these spaces and plac'd within the Reare of the Pikes so that when the enemy chargeth the Pikes may close themselves into one maine Square by causing the Flanks to March up to the corners of the Squares which as occasion shall offer may disclose againe and let out the Shot to skirmish with the enemy The Squares of Pikes at each corner doth much strengthen the Battell especially if the enemy chargeth it on Front and Flanke at once it is all in all to strengthen the corners of any Battell whatsoever for in the corners lyes all the weaknesse Moreover if the enemy chargeth upon two sides at once yet those passages furthest from them may have Shot sally out and give fire upon them and safely retrait in againe There is no wise Generall will adventure to charge such a Battell as this is upon all foure sides at once except his Army were foure times stronger in men and horse If need be Shot may be drawne continually round under the Pikes which may give fire upon the enemy and so fall in againe and be continually releeved CHAP. XV. A fourth figure of Imbattelling an Army consisting of twenty thousand Foot and two thousand Horse IN Marshalling this Battell this course is to bee observed the Pikes consisting of 4000. must be ranged into eight Battalia's each Battalia hath 460. Pikes viz. 46 in ranke and 10. deep in file which amounts to in the whole summe 3680. so there remains 320. Pikes of the 4000. which are thus disposed of upon the right Sleeve in the Front is 120 Pikes which are either to guard the Ordnance or to assist the Horse as occasion shall serve likewise there is as many on the left Sleeve to be imployed as the former in the Reare are 80. more plac'd for the guarding of the Ordnance as you may see at each Platforme 40. In the next place the foure thousand Shot are thus to bee Marshalled each Flanke of the Pikes hath six hundred twenty foure Shot ranged eight in depth and seventy eight in Ranke or Brest that is one thousand two hundred forty eight upon both Sleeves for from the Front of the Pikes to the Reare is fifty two paces and the spaces or distances betwixt each Battalia is five paces and the three Battalia's occupieth forty two paces of ground viz. in each Battalia fourteene paces so that every souldier occupieth seven foot of ground betwixt Ranke and Ranke which makes fifty two paces In the next place there is thirty six Squadrons of Shot each Squadron containing seventy men in the Front there are twenty one Squadrons and in the Reare fifteene the whole number amounts unto two thousand five hundred and twenty Shot so their remaines still three hundred and twenty Shot of which are plac'd on each Sleeve or Wing above in the Front by the Pikes one hundred and twenty these are to joyne with those Squadrons of Pikes that attend the Ordnance and upon all occasions they may be drawne out to assist the Horse if the enemy should over-powre them also in the Reare each Platforme of Ordnance hath forty Shot to aide the Pikes for the securing of the same The two hundred Horse are plac'd upon each Flanke in three severall Battalia's the first Battell consists of three hundred the second being Curassiers hath foure hundred the third being Carbines hath as the first had three hundred so that in all there is two thousand the Horse are to charge the enemies Horse and being put to retreat by them those loose Shot and Pikes are to be in a readinesse to give fire upon them which being disordered by them the Horse are immediatly to recharge them if the enemy be still to strong then let the foure hundred Curassiers being fortified on each Flanke with the Harquebuziers and Carbines charge them all on brest these Horses being sufficiently lined with shot and in the meane time the Squadrons of Shot must disband themselves and give fire upon the enemy and if need be those Squadrons in the Reare may easily releeve them in the Front through those passages of the Pikes If all resistance be to no purpose but the Shot must retreat into those spaces and so to order themselves in the void space in the midst of the Battalions of the Pikes then after their retreat the Battalia's must close themselves making a firme Front every way and the Impalement or Wings of Shot must be drawne round under the Pikes which being so drawne will make just foure rankes they must discharge upon their knees and so safeguard themselves The Horse must secure themselves on the Flanks or in the Reare So soone as the enemy is driven to retreat then the Pikes are to open their divisions and let out the Shot to assaile them in the same manner as before This forme of Imbattelling hath beene used in former times and questionlesse it may be very prevalent in two necessities as in the night when a Generall knowes not in what kinde or manner the enemy will assaile him or if his Army should be weake in Horse and his Army should be suddenly set upon by them upon some spatious ground which should be advantagious for the enemies Horse to surprise them then this forme of Imbattelling may be very defensive From this forme of Imbattelling as also from all other if the Generall sees reason he may alter it into what order he pleaseth this very subject deserves a discourse by it selfe the which if I should here treat of it would be too tedious but any ingenious Souldier at the first view will conceive how to transmute any Battell decyphered into any other forme the condition of the Battell will best admit and thus much for this CHAP. XVI A fifth way of Imbattelling an
depth So that when the Horse did charge them they could doe no great dammage if they brake through the midst of them for there could nothing bee lost but a little of the depth the furie of the Horse could not be resisted by the multitude of Foot but running through the midst of them they spoyled some few men and immediately were carried through them into the open field and for this cause was the length much exceeding the depth And now of latter dayes our modern Commanders have thought square forms of Battalia's to bee fittest and most proper and easie to bee reduced into any other forme These examples of the Grecian Generals shall suffice to give a tast and light to the ingenious souldier how hee may best contrive any forme of imbattelling into what other forme hee pleaseth that may seeme advantagious to entrap an enemie and indeed this ought to bee the studie of all Generals and Commanders to have at their fingers ends a forme of imbattelling that shall not only oppose but bee peculiar for advantage against any forme of Battell the enemy shall be able to marshall In the next Chapter I shall speak of such Orders and Rules which are to be used in pacing of ground whereby may be known how to imbattell an Army thereupon bee they either Horse or Foot CHAP. XXVII The Order and Rules which are to bee observed by going paces to know any state or peece of ground how to imbattell either Horse or Foot thereon according to the proportion thereof NOW for conclusion of this tedious Worke which I have taken in hand to finish There now only remains to speak of the Orders and Rules which are to bee used by a Commander in pacing of ground whereby may bee known how to imbattell his men thereupon whether they bee Horse or Foot according to the proportion of the same which by Arithmeticall Rules are to be written Wherefore it is necessary that the skilfull Commander do acquaint himselfe with pacing the measure called the Geometricall pace it contains five foot of length and every foot is divided into twelve ynches this being often practised by ordinary going paces whereby may bee known how many steps make this pace after five foot to it This being observed it will prove very easie to know how many men may be imbattelled upon such a quantitie of ground or what quantitie of Horse or both it being presupposed they are not ignorant what due proportions and order is to be allowed to the said Men and Horse Wherefore it being usuall to allow to every Pike-man standing in forme of Battell three foot of ground in breadth and seven foot of ground in depth that is to say three foot before him three foot for behind him and one foot of ground for his owne station Likewise for every Horse there is to bee allowed five foot for breadth ten foot for depth Wherefore for examples sake let us further suppose that wee are constrained to make choice of a peece of ground to imbattell our Army upon containing in breadth four hundred and eight going paces which after the rate of two going paces to one Geometricall pace containing five foot doe make two hundred and four paces Geometricall Likewise this peece of ground contains in depth one hundred seventy eight going paces which makes eighty nine Geometricall paces as by this subsequent Figure plainly appeares Now to know how many Battalia's may bee plac'd a brest or breadth in the formost main Battell and how many in the Battell of succour and how many in the Rear-Battell Next we are to consider the distances or spaces which are to bee left betwixt each Battalia as they stand in Brest and also the distances or spaces of ground betwixt the Rear of the main Battell and the Front of the Battell of succour and also betwixt the Rear of the Battell of succour and the Front of the Rear-Battell Then next is to be considered what quantity of men is sufficient to impale this peece of ground for the defence of the Foot from the enemies Horse Lastly there is to be considered what quantity of Horse may conveniently be ranged upon the Flanks or Wings of this Battell Wherefore observe the distance betwixt the Battalia's is ten foot the ground each souldier occupies in Brest is three foot and in depth seven foot The distance betwixt the Rear of the main Battell and the Front of the second Battell is at least twenty paces The distance betwixt the Flanks of the Foot-Battell and the Horse is twentie paces at the least The ground each Horse occupies in Rank or Brest is five foot and in depth ten foot Now having past the ground as aforesaid and as this precedent Figure demonstrates you are in the next place to bring those paces into feet which you may do by multiplying the said paces by 5 and the product is 1020 then this 1020 feet being divided by 3 which is the just distance each souldier takes for his station in Rank or Brest the product is 340 men in Rank for the Front of the main Battell The ground being likewise eighty nine paces deep there may be ranged three Battels one behind another viz. the main Battell and twenty paces behind that the Battell of succour is to bee plac'd and twenty paces behind the Battell of succour the Rear-Battell is to be plac'd and lastly there is seven paces allowed for the Carriages to be plac'd in The Battels are ranged but ten men in depth Wherefore observe that you are to multiply 10 by 7 for so many feet is allowed to each souldier to occupie his Arms in the product is 70 feet this 70 being again divided by 5 for so many feet goe to a Geometricall pace the quotient will be 14 paces and so many paces ten men occupie in depth or File Next you must observe the Battell of succour is ranged twenty paces behind the former and is likewise ten deep in File which takes up as much ground as the former did the Rear-Battell likewise is twenty paces behind the second Battell and takes up as much ground as the former did in depth And lastly the seven paces of ground for the placing of the Carriages being added to the former distances make just eighty nine paces which is the depth of the field Now for the Impaling of this Battell both in Flanks and Rear we are first to consider the quantitie of paces the Flanks are in depth which we find to be eighty nine this being multiplied by 5 the product will bee 445 feet this being divided by 3 the quotient will bee 148 and a little odd this will impale one Rank down the side of the Flank of this Battell And if you would have the impalement to consist of seven Ranks then multiply the 148 by 7 and the product will be 1036 so many men must be imployed to impale one of the Flanks seven deep then again multiply 1036 by 2 and there will arise
2072 men the just number to impale both the Flanks with seven Ranks of Pikes and Shot The Rear of this Battell is 143 paces in breadth from the inmost Flanks of each impalement of the Wings this 143 must be brought into feet by multiplying it by 5 which amounts to 715 feet this 715 being likewise divided by the quantity of ground each souldier takes in Brest or Rank being 3 foot the quotient is 238 and one odd this being multiplyed again by 7 for so many Ranks they must bee in depth the quotient will bee adding the 7 odd men 1673 For so many men the Rear will take up to impale it with seven Ranks Now in regard it is at the Generals pleasure to order his forme of imbattelling after what manner he sees best therefore to shew you a more plain example of this former discourse let us suppose our strength of Foot to bee 8000 Pikes and Shot and 300 Horse and that the space of ground before specified is the field wherein I must order this Battell And seeing it is the Generals pleasure to divide the main Battell in regard of the straightnesse of the ground into three grand Battalia's distinguish'd by the name of the right Wing the Battell and the left Wing or Van Battell and Rear-ward These grand Battalia's are to bee divided into lesser Battalia's or Squadrons as namely the right Wing into two Squadrons the Battell into four and the left Wing into two for the straightnesse of ground will not admit of more The distances betwixt these Battalia's or Squadrons must be understood as namely betwixt the two Squadrons of either Wing is two paces distance for the Shot to fall off into the Rear The distance likewise betwixt the two Wings and the Battell must bee wider than the former to distinguish betwixt them which you may suppose to be three paces The distance likewise betwixt the four Squadrons that the Battell is composed of hath the same distance of two paces betwixt each for the Shot to fall off into the Rear as the Wings had Betwixt the outmost File of each Wing and the Impalement is likewise two paces in both four Also the ground which the Impalement occupies being seven Ranks is nine paces and odd feet so that the ground which both the Impalements on each side takes up comes to nineteen paces adding thereto the odd feet Betwixt the Impalement and the Horse upon the right Wing is ten paces also the distance betwixt the left Wing and the Horse is likewise ten paces The Space of ground the Horse takes up for their station they being ranged but ten in Rank or Brest is ten paces allowing five foot for every Horse upon both Flanks they take up twenty paces and the space for their falling off when they have discharged must be one pace at least on both the Wings two paces Now these distances being accounted and summed up together we may presently see how many souldiers may bee plac'd in Rank or Brest in the formost main Battell the ground being but 204 paces broad You having taken a survey of the distances betwixt each Squadron or Battalia with the ground the Impalement of Shot and Pikes takes up and the space between the Impalement and the Horse with the ground the Horse takes up for their stations you shall find it to be 81 paces being the neerest distances that possibly can be allowed in regard of the narrownesse of the ground Now if you deduct 81 paces from 204 which is the bredth of the ground there will remain 123 paces for to place their formost main Battell in These 123 paces being brought into feet by multiplying them by 5 the product will be 615. This again being divided by 3 being the space each souldier takes to use his Armes in the quotient shewes that 205 men may stand in Rank or Brest in the formost main Battell This 205 being also multiplyed by 10 for so many men each File must have in depth the product shews that the main Battell must consist of 2050 souldiers These 2050 souldiers being divided by 8 being the number of Battalia's in the main Battell the quotient doth shew there is 256 in each Battalia only two odd men are to be joyned with 30 Souldiers more and to bee distributed amongst the 8 Battalia's viz. four men in each Battalia to make the Files even so that then there will be in each Battalia 260 souldiers as the Figure demonstrates Now it is to be supposed that there is depth enough in this peece of ground to imbattell two such Battels more one in the Rear of another and may bee allowed 20 paces in distance betwixt each Battell and 7 paces in depth besides for the Carriages to be plac'd in as I shall shew you Wherefore observe the formost Battell hath ten men deep in File this 10 must be multiplyed by 7 the space of ground each souldier occupyeth with his weapons before and behind him and the product amounts to 70 foot the two next Battels being of the same depth in file takes up 210 foot of ground To bring this into paces you must divide the 210 by 5 for so many foot goes to a pace and the quotient will shew you it to be 42 paces these three Battels take up in depth then to this 42 paces you must add the distance of 40 paces which the two Battels towards the Rear are allowed them between the Rear of one Battell and the Front of the other and 7 paces for the Carriage to bee plac'd in and you shall find the 89 paces in depth of ground just taken up In the next place you may observe that the second Battell which is called the Battell of succour and is plac'd 20 paces behind the formost or main Battell is divided into three grand Battalia's having in each Battalia 340 men viz. in all three 1020 and are so plac'd with convenient distances for the formost Battalia's to retrait between them it being supposed that many of them will be slain before they be driven to make a retrait whereby those distances will easily contain them In the Rear Battell there is only 800 which are divided into two grand Battalia's of 400 in each with a large space for the former Battels to retrait into The Impalements as before is shewed hath in the Rear 1633 and upon each Flank 1036 viz. in both Flanks 2072. All these being summ'd up together you shall find 7605 men plac'd in all the Battalia's with the Impalement Lastly there remains 400 wanting five men which may be imployed to line the Horse or to surprize the enemies Ordnance or for what other purposes the Generall shall think fit Thus you see 8000 men marshalled in Battalia upon this peece of ground The Horse are 300 divided into six Troops viz. upon each Flank three Troops and in each Troop 50 Horse as before is shewed If you desire to know how many Horse may bee ranged a Brest in Battalia
18250 1095 6 6570 1098 1830 10 18300 1098 6 6588 1101 1835 10 18350 1101 6 6606 1104 184â— 10 18400 1104 6 6624 1107 1845 10 18450 1107 6 6642 1110 1850 10 18500 1110 6 6660 1113 1855 10 18550 1113 6 6678 1116 1860 10 18600 1116 6 6696 1119 1865 10 18650 1119 6 6714 1122 1870 10 18700 1122 6 6732 1125 1875 10 18750 1125 6 6750 1128 1880 10 18800 1128 6 6768 1131 1885 10 18850 1131 6 6786 1134 1890 10 18900 1134 6 6804 1137 1895 10 18950 1137 6 6822 1140 1900 10 19000 1140 6 6840 1143 1905 10 19050 1143 6 6858 1146 1910 10 19100 1146 6 6876 1149 1915 10 19150 1149 6 6894 1152 1920 10 19200 â—152 6 69â—2 1155 1925 10 19250 1155 6 â—â—30 1158 1930 1â— 1930â— 1158 6 6948 1161 1935 10 19350 1161 6 69â—6 1164 1940 10 19400 1164 6 6984 1167 1945 10 19450 1167 6 7002 1170 1950 10 19500 1170 6 7020 1173 1955 10 1955â— â—173 6 7038 1176 1960 10 19â—â—â— 1176 6 7056 1179 1905 10 1905â— 1179 6 7074 1182 1970 10 19700 1â—82 6 7092 1185 1975 10 19750 1185 6 7110 1188 1980 10 19800 â—188 6 â—â—28 1191 1985 10 19850 1191 6 71â—6 1194 1990 10 19900 1194 6 â—â—64 1197 1995 10 19950 1â—â—7 6 7182 1200 2000 10 20000 120â— 6 7200 2400 4000 10 40000 2400 6 14400 3000 5000 10 50000 â—â—00 6 18000 4000 6667 10 66670 4â—â—0 6 24000 5000 8333 10 83330 5000 6 30000 The use of the precedent Table described THis precedent Table is divided into seven Columes each Colume having its proper use set above it In the first Colume towards the left hand you shall find the number of paces Geometricall vizâ— foot to each pace placed In the second Colume you shall find the just number of men which those paces may contain in Brest or Rank â—â—cording as the first Colume shall point to you viz. each man taking up three foot for his particular station In the third Colume you shall find our ordinary way of placing our men 10 deep in File fit for skirmish The fourth Colume points to you the whole number of men being ordered 10 deep in File The fifth Colume shews how many Horses may bee plac'd upon so many paces of ground as the Colume of paces demonstrates viz. each Horse takes up five foot for his station in Rank The sixth Colume shews the manner of placing of them six deep in File The seventh Colume shews the just number of Horse being ordered six deep in File As for example You have paced out 1002 Geometricall paces which is 2004 of your ordinarie going paces taking but two foot and an halfe to each step Now if you would know how many men these forenamed paces may contain in Rank you must first enter the Table and in the first Colume of the last Table-Page right under the superscription of Paces Geometricall you shall find 1002 and just against it in the second Colume towards your right hand you shall find that 1670 men may be plac'd in Rank or Brest and in the next Colume being the third you shall find they are plac'd 10 deep in File then casting but your eye into the fourth Colume you shall find the whole number of them to be 16700 men Likewise if you would know how many Horses may be plac'd in Brest or Rank upon the fore-named quantitie of paces by casting your eye into the fifth Colume you shall find 1002 Horses and if they be ordered six deep in File then look into the seventh Colume and you shall find the whole number to bee 6012 Horses after the same manner you may find out any other number If you intend to order your Horse but five deep in File then to know how many bee of the whole number you must multiply the number in the fifth Colume by 5 and the product is the whole number After the same manner if you intend to impale the Flanks or Rear of your Battell after you know the number of paces as for example Suppose it to be 801 paces enter the Colume of paces and you shall find that 801 paces must have 1335 men to make one Rank for the Impalement now if you would have seven Ranks then you must multiply 1335 by 7 and the product will be 9345 the just whole number that the Impalement will take up being it consists of seven Ranks The reason why I have set down the paces Geometricall in the first Colume after a progressionall way one number exceeding another by three is because it fits even with the quantitie of feet each Foot-man and Horse-man occupyeth for his proper station in Rank or Brest otherwise there would be odd feet as in 2 paces which consists of 10 feet there can bee but 3 Foot-men plac'd who must take up but 9 feet so that there is an odd foot remaining which would put all out of order But in 3 paces there is 15 feet contained wherein may be 5 men plac'd Also in 3 paâ—es there must be even 3 Horses plac'd for a Horse taketh up in Brest or Rank an 〈◊〉 pace containing 5 feet Vale. FINIS God wins Rom. Ant. * Pedro Mexia in Lodoâ—â—â— Bavaro how by the death of Constructio the Emperour the designe against Florence was lost Paulus Emil. in Carolo by a schisme betweene Vrbat and Clement the Armie was ruined Sigon de regno Itallico Anno 896. how Rome was surprised by Arâ—ulphus the Emperour through a sudden fear Paulus Emâ—l in Phâ—lipo secundo Nauclerus in Croâ— the Christians overthrew the Soldan through a sudden feare Osorius in lib. 7. cap. 36. divers Battells lost by divers accidents Guic. lib. 5. the French were overthrowne by a word mistaken Titus Livius in dec 3. lib. 2. dâ—c 4. lib 7. Pedro Mexia in vita Imp. Adolph Guic in lib. 8. what victories hath beene lost by Sun wind and raine c. Esay 42. 13. Psal. 18. 34. Ezek. 33. Ver. 3 4 5. Pax Dei Col. 3. 13. 2. Kings 19. 37. Ester 1. 1. Chroriâ—â—r Carionis Lib. 2. 〈…〉 Centum millia peditum deâ—â—m millia equituÌ„ Carâ—on Lib. 2. Sexcenta millia Iustin. Lib 2. Iustin. Lib. 2. Chron. Cario Lib. 2. Iustin. Lib. â— Dan. 11. 2. â—â—ren Carionis Lib. 2. Iustin. Lih. 9. Plut. invita Alexquando omnes opes suas inter 〈◊〉 distribuâ—ssâ—t hic peâ—dâ—â— dicent◠〈◊〉 Rex reliquam erit spes sâ—la respondit In omni praelio non taâ—◠〈◊〉 et virâ—â—â—â—docta quam ars excrâ—â—tum solent traeslare victorum vegetius Lib. 1. 〈◊〉 â—acilius reâ—â—â—â—tur quâ—m expellantur 〈◊〉 Plut. in vita Alexand. Iustin 400000. Plutarch in vita Alexander decies centena militum millia Iosephus Lib. 11. Ant. Iud. cap. 8. Iustin. Lib. 11. Ab hoc enim quis non â—â—â—it 〈…〉 Chron. Carionis Et sia multitudine victus gloria tamen omnes vicit Chronicon Carionis Iustin. Lib. 12. Sibi Regem â—orum privatum â—â—stem
is shewed If this Posture be to be performed Marching your Pike being shouldred then first steppe forwards with your right foote and let your left hand receive the Pike and equall distance from your right hand towards the butt-end of the same raising your Pike forwards with your right hand from your shoulder then at the same instant step forwards with your left foot and receive the butt-end of the Pike with your right hand just behind the side of your right thigh But to performe this Posture â—rooping and your Pike advanced then you are only to step forwards with your left foot and with a little shogge of the shoulder and drawing backe the butt-end of your Pike in your right hand will cause the Pike to fall forwards where your left hand is at the instant to be ready to receive it betweene the Thumbe and the forefingers at a convenient distance Charge to the Horse Note in charging to the Horse it hath beene in former ages used to place the but-end of your Pike in the ground by the inside of your right foot and so to draw your Sword over your left arme and divers Rankes of Musquetiers plac'd to shoot over their heads behind them No question it is a very good way for your Bow-pikes but the former charging is most in use Charge to the Reare You may by the precedent Posture conceive how to charge your Pike either to the right or left hand But for the charging to the Reare the Pikes being either shouldered or advanced is somewhat difficult Therefore you may please to observe that if the Pike bee advanced you must with your left hand take it in his proper place up towards your head then suddenly turning your body about towards your left hand and being faced about you are to thrust backe your right hand with the butt-end of the Pike in it and withall your right leg is to be set out with it this will bring you into the right Posture But if your Pike be shouldered and you are to charge to the Reare then you must take the Pike in your left hand a good distance from your right hand towards the butt-end and at the same instant with your right hand raise the Pike from your shoulder as high above your head towards your left side as possibly you may then standing firme with your left legge you are to bring about your right side and legge towards the left hand about and being halfe turned you are to let loose your right hand and with your left hand you are somewhat to advance the point of the Pike forwards so that the butt-end may bee drawne backe by your right side for your right hand to receive it your right foot also at the very instant being stept backe makes you stand fully charged Port your Pikes This Posture is performed by holding the Pike a halfe distance betweene advancing and charging and was only invented to case the hind most Rankes from the intollerable labour of continuall charging and to secure the Pikes from the Bullets which would have more power to breake them if they hold them advanc'd Besides it is the most aptest and comliest Posture for a Company to use in marching thorow a Port or Gate and most readiest for to charge upon a sudden Checke your Pike This Posture is to be performed at three Motions First if your Pike be shouldered you are to raise it with your right hand from your shoulder and with a ticke of your left hand you are to convey the butt-end of it by your right side then thrusting backe your right with the Pike in it so farre as conveniently may be you are to take a fathom with your left hand as farre towards the Speare end of the Pike as possibly you may then conveying the Pike in your left hand baackward as before you are againe with your right hand to take another fathome within a foot of your Pikes end Lastly stepping forwards with your left foote you bring your left hand withall which receives the Pike within a quarter of a foot of the Speares end Provided alwayes that in all the motions of the hands you suffer not the butt-end to touch the ground untill you have checkt it with your left hand Pikes as you were Trayle your Pikes This Posture is performed after you have used the Circumstances in checking as in the precedent Posture is shewed by bringing up your Right foot even with your left and by removing your right hand just before your left close to the end of the Pike then you are to withdraw your left hand and place it a-kimbo by your side and your right hand will hold the end of the Speare just above your right huckle-bone with your body standing full forwards Pikes as you were Lay downe your Pikes This Posture is to bee performed your Pike being advanced by stepping forwards with your right foot then your right shoulder with a small bearing forwards and with it a little jogge causeth the Pike to meet the left hand which gently conveyes the Speares end to the ground then turning about your right arme in a kind of Circle will cause the backe of your hand to bee next the outside of your right Thigh then leaning your body forwards you convey the butt-end to the ground close at the side of your right foot so as the Pike will lye in an even line from your foot forwards Recover your Pikes and charge This Posture is performed your feet standing even together only owing your body forwards you cause the backe of your right hand to bee put downe close by the out-side of your right foot then in the raising of the butt-end of your Pike you turne your hand with the Pike in it so that the inside of your hand will bee towards your right side Then your left hand in the raising taketh the Pike at a convenient place or distance and elevates it either to the Posture of charging or ordering as the Officer shall please to command The word of Command which the Officer is to use for the reducing of these Postures to their first station is Pikes as you were There are divers other Postures which I doe here omit referring you to the booke of Militarie discipline Composed by that worthy Gentleman Master William Barrife Lieutenant to the Artillery Garden who hath merited much honour in performing so Noble a worke in a most concise and exquisite way for the which our Kingdome is much bound to him CHAP. LXXVIII How the Commanders shall draw their Files both of Musquetiers and Pikes and joyne them in one body fit to be exercised in grosse YOu have seene every Souldier performe his Postures well then you must draw out the File-leader of the Right-hand-file with his whole File Commanding every File-leader successively to draw up his File either of other And being drawne into a body command them to advance their Pikes In the meane time the Lieutenant or some other Officer
outmost Files of each Flanke are to face inwards and the rest of the body are to face to the right the left are to face outward those of the right Flanke passing through the right and placing themselves behind their right hand men those of the left Flanke passing through to the left and placing themselves behind their left hand men the motion is to be begun by the second File from each Flank For the reducement of this Counter-March you must first face them to their first Front then commanding the two innermost Files to face outwards and the rest are to passe through to the right and left inward placing themselves behind their right and left hand men which being done the whole body will stand faced to the right and left outwards then being faced to their Leaders they are reduced into their first stations Or you may make use of the Counter March next before or of the next following or of any other divisionall Counter-March of Rankes which doe not interchange ground The outmost file of each flanke stand the rest passe through to the right and left place your selves on the outside of your right and left hand men This divisionall Bastard Counter-March produceth the same effect which the other two next before it wrought onely differing in the Aspect for the Lacedemonian turned the Aspect outwards the Macedonian turned the Aspect inwards and this keepes the aspect still directed the same way To performe this motion you must command the outmost File of each Flanke to stand the rest of the body are to face to the right and left outwards viz the right Flanke passing through to the right and the left Flanke to the left those of the right Flanke placing themselves on the outside of their right hand men in like manner those of the left Flanke are to place themselves on the outside of their left hand men It may be reduced eyther by any of the foregoing divisionall Counter-Marches of Rankes or else being faced to any of the Flankes then the Rankes become Files And by divisionall Counter-marches of Files you may reduce devisionall Counter-marches of Rankes or by Rankes Files onely you must observe some facings yet you may reduce this motion by commanding the two inmost Files to stand the rest are to face to the right and left inwards and so march into their places Interchange Flanks This exchanging of Flankes or Bastard Counter-march is differing from all the other divisionall Counter-marches of Rankes for this transferres the right Flanke into the place of the left and the left Flanke into the place of the right it is very proper to receive a sudden charge from the horse for so soone as they shall bee commanded to enterchange their Flankes they face to the right and left inwards and then the inmost Files of the Pikes begins the motion the rest of each Flanke following orderly likewise the Pikes are to port so soone as they begin to move and are to charge as they see occasion if neede bee the Pikes may charge at the foot the Musquetiers giving fire over their shoulders if the Pikes have too large a distance they may close at their owne pleasures as soone as they have past through For reducement you may interchange ground againe or otherwise you may Counter-march your Flankes into the middest and then an intire Counter-march eyther of Rankes or Files will reduce them And this shall suffice to finish this discourse of Counter-marches wishing every commander to be ready and well verst in all of them but principally to make use of the three first intire Counter-marches of Files as also the same of Rankes for those you cannot possibly omit in your drillings the rest you may dispense with all at your pleasure And having thus exercised your men in these motions of Counter-march the next things you are to teach them are wheelings and they are of two kinds as in the next Chapter shall more fully be demonstrated CHAP. LXXXVI How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in the motions of wheeling with the description of their kindes and uses with their severall words of command placed in the Margent WHeelings are of two kindes viz. wheelings Anguler and wheelings on the Center and these are eyther intire or divisionall The use of intire wheelings is to turne the Aspect of the front proper eyther to the right to the left or to the reere eyther for the gayning of the Wind Sunne or some such like advantages or to entertaine their enemy with their best Souldiers and for your better performing of these motions of wheelings you must first close both your Rankes and Files to their order which is three foote both in Ranke and File and likewise upon all wheelings you must be sure to observe your Leader and follow him keeping your due distance your Musquets are all eyther to be poyzed or shouldred your Pikes are to be advanced further observe that upon the exercise of the motions whether it be distance facings doublings or Counter-marches or wheelings the Musquetiers ought to bee all upon one and the same Posture eyther poyzed or shouldred and the Pikes in like manner eyther shouldred or advanced the words of command followes in the Margent and the directions how to performe the motions right against them Wherefore first you are to command them to Wheele your Battell to the right This Anguler wheeling transferres the Aspect or Countenance of the front proper into that part which was the right Flanke it also remove the Battallia from the ground whereon formerly it stood and placeth it on the part before the front the Hinge of the motion is the right corner man which hath the leading of the right hand File he with a gentle motion moveth to the right and every man the more remote his place is from the right Angle the swifter must be his motion because he is to go a greater circumstance For reducement wheele your Battallia to the left in the like manner as it was wheeled to the right but withall note that this will not bring you backe into the same ground you formerly stood on because it hath advanced you the length of your Battallia before the place of your first Front wherefore to reduce you into the same place you stood on first you must face your Battallia to the right and being so faced whele your Battell to the left which being performed face to the left and then they are compleately reduced to their first forme and station This also is an Angular wheeling and transferreth the Aspect of the Front proper towards the Reere it is performed after the same manner of the former onely the motion is twise as much wherefore observe the directions in the former Note the ground you formerly did possesse will bee twise the length of your Battallia to the left of your left Flanke For the reducing them as well to their first ground as their first aspect you must
face them to the right and then wheele then to the left about which being performed face them again to the left and they are reduced perfectly to their first forme station Further observe that every following wheeling is a reducement unto that which is placed next before it and the wheeling next before may reduce that next following as to wheele your Flankes into the front by wheeling your Flankes into the Reere it is reduced or to wheele Front and Reere into both Flankes if you wheele both Flankes into the Front and Reere they are likewise reduced as before Wheele your Battaile to the right on the same ground This wheeling on the Center is more suddenly performed then the Angular wheelings and may be done in farre lesse ground for the left Flanke advanceth forwards still wheeling to the right the right Flanke contrariwise facing to the left and so falling backwards if you have an odde File then the middle File leader must be the Center of the motion but if you have an even number of files then the middlemost file leader from the left or if your wheeling bee to the left then the middlemost file-leader to the right must be the Center This hath beene used by the Grave van Nassaw in the Netherlands For the reducement you must wheele your battell to the left on the same ground and they will be in their first forme and station Wheele your Battell to the right about on the same ground This wheeling is also a wheeling on the Center or midst of the Front whereby the aspect of the Front proper is transferred towards the Reere and withall the Battell is remomoved from off the ground whereon formerly it stood and is placed upon the ground before the front it requires the very same action the former did onely the motion is double to the other To performe this motion every man of the left Flanke is to observe duly his right hand man and the right Flanke must keepe even and straight after their left hand man which becomes their Leaders filewise untill they have attained their ground after which they face as before making an even Front For the reducement wheele your Battell to the left about upon the same ground and they will be in their first forme Wheele off your front by division This motion of wheeling by division in great Battallias is very efficatious to oppose severall enemies at one and the same time with the front of your Battallia whereby your ablest Souldiers will bee first brought to action but if you wheele off your Battell by division and joyne them againe when they be in the Reere then all your Musquetiers are brought from the flankes into the midst of your Battallia and your Pikes will be upon the flankes this motion is easie to be performed for all the file-Leaders to the right flanke are to wheele about to the right the rest of each file following their Leaders the file-Leaders likewise of the left flanke are to wheele about to the left and then joyne or close their divisions To reduce them you must wheele them off againe by division or the wheeling next following will performe it Wheele your Front inwards to the Reere This divisionall wheeling of the Front inwards to the Reere may serve for a reducement unto the precedent wheelings and so it brings the Musquetiers to the flankes againe but if you performe this motion the company being first reduced then it brings the Pikes to the flankes if you chance to be anoyed with Horse in the Reere upon a March you having gayned some place of advantage as aside hill or the like then by wheeling your front inwards to the Reere you may perswade the enemy you are taking your flight but you shall be ready to entertayne his aproches with a setled orderly body for your shot will bee in the middest and the Pikes impaling their flankes so as the Horse can have no power over the shot to route them but they shall bee able to give fire upon them continually this motion is thus to bee performed The right hand file-Leader with all the Leaders of the right flanke are to advance forwards and so are to wheele about to the left every file still keeping close to their right hand file likewise the left hand file-Leader with all the Leaders of the left flanke are to advance forwards and wheele about to the right every file of the left flanke closing close to the left thus the outmost file of each flanke will meet and become the innermost the front being metamorphis'd into the Reere For reducement you may wheele them againe off to the right and left by division or else wheele your front inward to the Reere Wheele your Flanks into the Front This divisionall wheeling of the flankes into the front is Cosen-german to a doubling for by it all your shot are brought from both the flankes into the front and thereby so many shot more are brought to doe execution accordingly as the depth will permit This motion of wheeling your flankes into the front will not onely secure your shot but also is very proper to baricado up any passage with your Pikes so as the enemies horse will be defeated of their expectations upon the first motion of dividing every devision wheeleth about his owne angle untill the outmost file Leaders of each flanke meete together in the midst then facing to their Leader performes it For reducement of this motion wheele your flankes into the Reere or else foure times the same although the further way about Face all about to the Right and wheele your Flanks into the Reere This divisionall wheeling of the Flankes into the Reere is also neere akind to a doubling and is to be performed as the other in all respects for this wheeling brings your two outmost Files to be the first Ranke the bringers up of the right and left hand files meeting together the bringers up of the left flanke meeting face to face with the bringers up of the right flanke and so being faced to their Leader they which before were compleate files are now become halfe Rankes eyther to the right or left but you must note that before you beginne to wheele you must face your body about to the Reere and then the action will be all one as if you wheeled your flankes into the front It shall neede no further explayning in regard in the motion before this it is fully exprest But by the way take notice that in all wheelings you must observe to follow your Leaders which must be understood as well of those which are accidentally become Leaders by reason of facings as of those which be the first and propet Leaders as for example in this wheeling you must note that the bringers up are become the Leaders of the motion also you may further observe that the two middlemost bringers up are the Hinges of the wheeling For the reducement of this wheeling the
by way of Counter-march and is an oblique firing for whereas in the other firing by Rankes in the Diamond Battell each Ranke fired by increase of two beginning with one and ending with 15. 17. or 21 c. according to the quantitie of your Souldiers in a Ranke this second kind of firing contrary wise may beginne with 15. 17. or 21 c. and end with one still decreasing two and to performe this firing your Files must be at open order because the Musquetiers must Counter-march downe betweene the Intervals of their owne Files to the right every Musquetiere that findes him-himselfe without a Leader being to present and give fire and then to Counter-march to the right and to place himselfe in the Reere of his owne File behind the Pikes when the first Ranke if it consists but of 15. have given fire then the next Ranke of 13. is to present give fire and Counter-march still placing themselves in the Reere of their owne files next there fireth 11. then 9 c. And in this manner of firing they that fire together stand neither in Ranke nor File but obliquely when all the shot have fired and are Counter-marcht into the Reere of their owne Files then the Rankes will become two and two of a number Your men standing in the forme before described if you please you may produce another forme by facing them all to the Reere then command your Musquetiers to march ten or twelve paces your Pikes to stand and your Musquetiers will make resemblance of a hollow wedge and your Piks of a sollid wedge Lastly to reduce all these severall formes into the first proper square battell first let the sollid wedge close forwards into the hollow of the other then let the shot make ready present and give fire as before viz. every Musquetiere that findes himselfe without a Leader is to give fire and Counter-march to the Reere of his owne File and the rest doing the like successively when they have all fired and are all Counter-marcht cleare let the Pikes charge and then the body of your Battallia will have the forme of a Diamond againe Next face them all to the Reere and command the Rankes to file 8. c. to the right which being done passe the shot through which belongs to the left flanke into their places and close the Musquetiers to the right Flanke to their due distance and then they will stand in their proper reducement Wheele your Flankes into the front and face the body to one of the flanks and wheele your battell into a Convex halfe Moone The manner and use of the severall wayes of firing belonging to this forme of the Convex half Moone or semi-circuler Battell is a forme which our Schoolemaster in the rudiments Julius Casar did highly esteeme of it makes shew but of a few Souldiers in regard of the rotunditie of it yet being drawne out in Length it makes a very long Front it may be for the Landing of Souldiers in the enemies country or being secured in the Reere with Rivers Bogges Ditches or the like it hath beene accounted very prevalent to be opposed against an Armie of greater power It may be framed either with the shot outermost or innermost or lined If your battell be in forme of a Hearse then wheele them to the right and left about untill they have attained this forme of a Semicircle but if in a square then you must make use of those words of command plac'd in the Margent which will produce this Convex forme Having brought your Souldiers into this Semicircle you may face them all inwards the better to heare such speeches or orations as shall be by the Commander delivered unto them but for to receive a charge from the enemy you must face them outwards there must be certaine intervalls or distances betwixt each division for the shot to wheele off and march downe in The outmost Arch or first ranke of each division is to present and give fire those of the right Flanke wheeling off to the right and the left Flanke to the left placing themselves in the Reere of their owne divisions of Musquetiers still making good their Leaders ground the rest of the Rankes are to doe the same until they have all given fire Never the lesse if the enemies horse should bee too potent then let them give fire by division as is shewed before passing quite through their intervalls and placing themselves in the Reere of the Pikes every ranke is to make good his Leaders ground Thus also are the rest of the Musquitiers to give fire placing themselves in the concave part of the body as aforesaid following the Pikes which now makes good the Musquetiers ground the Pikes may eyther charge over hand or upon occasion at the foote drawing forth their Swords over their left arme and couching downe their heads by which meanes the Musquitiers may play over their shoulders for the first ranke having fired may kneele downe and charge againe and so the second ranke may give fire and kneele in like sort making ready againe and so all the rest untill the first ranke riseth up with the rest and give fire over againe So the skirmish may be continued the Pikes still opposing the Horse Pikes stand Musquetiers face to the reere and march until your are cleere of your body of Pikes Then face inwards and close your division then face to your Leader and double your Rankes For the reducement of this forme and to bring every Man to his place Let your shot either by firing or passing through be brought into the place they were in before they first gave fire then face the whole body to one of the flankes and march them untill they have evened their Rankes and straitned their Files this done then if all your Pikes be upon the right flanke wheele your right flanke into the midst if on the left flanke wheele Front and Reere into the left flanke This being preformed the Commander must passe to his proper file-Leaders and face the whole body to him and they will be in their first forme This way of firing by extraduction is also a firing in Front it is of singuler good use in a Strait or narrow passage where the wings and Reere may be secured from the fury of the Enemies Horse you must fill the mouth of the Passage with your Pikes and if the length of your Company be not sufficient to doe it then double your Rankes and your Pikes being charged Your Musquetiers being in the Reere are to march up into the Front and give fire as in the next place shal be demonstrated onely first by the way observe the words of directions placed in the Margent which produceth this forme The battel being ordred as a foresaid Let the first Ranke of Musquetiers which are those that followes next after the Pikes face to the right and march forth File-wise up close by the right flanke of Pikes untill he that is
the conductor of them become into the Front of the Pikes then he is to leade them quite crosse the Front of Pikes untill he have attained the further part of the Front to the left which being done they are all to stand present and give fire You must observe withall that he in this firing that was the right hand man of the Ranke and was the Leader of the motion now becomes the left hand man when he gives fire and when they have fired they are to wheele off to the left close by the left flanke of Pikes and so to fall into the Reere of the Musquetiers In the Interim whilst that the Ranke that first fired is wheeling away the second ranke is marching into their places to give fire And in this maner they may maintaine their skirmish so long as they please the Pikes either porting or charging all the while The Musquetiers in their time of their crossing the Front are to couch or stoope under their Pikes that they may be no impediment to them in their charge There is another way of firing by extraduction which is that the Right hand Leader of Musquetiers placeth himselfe before the right File Leader of Pikes the rest all faling beyond him but this is a more imperfect way then the former and not worth the further describing For Reducement you must command your Pikes to stand and your Musquets to double their Front by division But if you want roome to doe it then first double your Files to the contrary hand of that which you doubled your rankes and so having doubled by division as a foresaid they will be reduced as at first Wheele your flankes into the front face to your Leader The firings belonging to a broad fronted battell are of singular use either offensive or defensive The words of direction that produceth this forme is in the Margent and the maner of performing it is thus first cause your Pikes to stand and your Musquetiers to march untill the reere ranke of Musquetiers be advanced a little space before the Front of the Pikes then let the Musquetiers face inwards or in opposition and close their division and then face to their Leaders And if you would bring more hands to fight double rankes to any hand But the speediest way to produce thus forme is to wheele both flankes into the Front For the manner of firing there are Intervalls made for each division to the right that so they may either fall into the reere of the shot and there continue the firing or else fall into the reere of the Pikes and be thereby secured from the enemies horse Wherefore be pleased to observe the words of Command whereby this forme is produced which is placed in the Margent For the performance of this firing the first ranke is to present and give fire then wheele off to the right all passing downe the Intervalls to the right and placing themselves in the reere of their owne shot the Musquetiers making good their Leaders ground Likewise after the next rankes have fired they are after the former Manner to wheele off and to place themselves This way they may give fire once or twise over and then make use of a second way And that is to place themselves in the reere of the Pikes either standing or advancing Or if neede be the Pikes may close their divisions and charge at the foote the Musquetiers giving fire over them For Reducement If you make this forme of battell by wheeling your flankes into the front and there having given fire as foresaid Then you must cause them to give fire over againe and so fall into their former places for you must observe that the second firing will cause the body to face to the Reere which then becomes a Front accidentall and then by wheeling your Flankes into the Front againe and facing them about to the right will bring them into their first station or if you would reduce them without giving of fire over againe then you must Command your shot to double their Front by division that being done you are to wheele both Flankes into the Reare then facing to their Leaders you must againe Command the Musquetiers to double their Front by division and they will be in their first forme and station CHAP. XC How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in giving fire to the Reere with the severall wayes there to belonging and how they ought to be performed HAving in the former discourse shewed the diverse and sundry wayes of giving fire in the Front It seemes now requisit I should doe the same Office in demonstrating the severall wayes of giving fire in the Reere Wherefore after the Commander hath taught his Souldiers these wayes or at least the chiefest of them in giving fire in the Front he must performe the like paines in exercising them in their firings in the Reere And first having Commanded them to face about into the Reere or wheele them about or performe it by Counter marching The Company we presuppose stands in Battallia with the wings of shot upon each flanke of the body of Pikes the Pikes being shouldred you may cause them to march easily forwards the Enemie being supposed to appeare in the Reere Command your last ranke of Musquetiers to face about present and give fire wheeling off by division File-wise marching uptoward the Front and there placing themselves before the foremost ranke of shot the outmost man of each ranke being the Leader up of those which have fired where first taking their place on the outside the rest wheeling about them and ranking even with them on the inside ever observing that they ranke even with the second ranke of Pikes the rest of the shot also doing the like and in this manner to continue the firing as occasion shall require This kinde of firing may easily be performed if Souldiers will but observe these following directions viz when the last ranke of Musquetiers have presented to the reere and are giving of fire then the ranke which marcheth next before them must blow open and present at three motions still keeping along even with the body of Pikes untill that lastly they present to the reere by which time the ranke that last fired will be wheeled away The next ranke so soone as the other hath presented is likewise at three motions to doe the same and so successively for all the rest every ranke observing upon each rankes firing to loose one and to march one ranke neerer to the reere of the battell that so that part may still be kept absolute Captaine Swan at the giving over of Deventer in Gilderland by Stanly and Yorke did defend himselfe from the enemies Horse by giving fire in the reere untill he had gained a place of strength which honorable performance will never be buried in oblivion But suppose the Enemies horse shall still pursue your troopes in the reere you having gained some straight or place of aduantage
least in danger crosse the Reere of Pikemen The words of command and direction you shall finde in the Margent which produceth this latter forme of firing the words of command being given to fire to the Reere and right Flanke The outermost File of Musquetiers presents to the right and the last Ranke of Musquetiers presents to the Reere and so both give fire the rest of the body in the meane time marching a reasonable pace The right hand File on the right Flanke and the last Ranke of the Musquetiers in the Reere of the Pikes having fired the File facech to the left after their File Leader and so marcheth up betweene the Musquetiers of the same division and the Pikes the Rankes also wheeling off to the right and placing it selfe next after the Reere of Pikes and if you please you may make an Intervall or space betweene the Musquetiers in the Reere that so one part may wheele off to the right on the outside the other part wheele off to the right and march up betweene the Intervalls into their places The first File file upon the Flanke and the first Ranke in the Reere that presented having given fire and wheeled cleare of the body the next File and ranke is to present and give fire after the same manner wheeling off and taking their places as aforesaid and so successively the rest both Files and Rankes gives fire observing the same order and having given fire once twice or oftner over they are still reduced to the same they were before the firing began then draw your shot from the Reere to the left Flanke againe and they will be in their first forme and station Musquetiers give fire to both Flankes marching up betweene the Pikes and your owne divisions This kinde of firing to both Flankes marching may be upon some occasions serviceable and the shot after they have given fire may be eyther placed betweene their owne divisions and the Pikes or betweene the midst of the Pikes for their better securitie the shot being placed upon both the Flankes of the Pikes as we left them in the former discourse you must make use of the words of command and direction which is placed in the Margent which will produce this forme of firing The command being given the outmost file of each Flanke presents outward the rest of the body still continuing of the march the presented Files in the interim giving fire then facing after their proper File-Leaders who are to leade them up betweene the Musquetiers of their owne divisions and the Pikes in the time of their wheeling away the next two outermost Files are to present firing after the same manner and leading up as before the rest successively doing the like untill they have fired all over which brings them to their former places Advance your Pikes and stand face to the right and left Musquetiers give fire and Flanke your Pikes This kinde of firing to both Flankes upon a stand is produced by the words of command and directions placed in the Margent onely observe the Musquetiers are placed upon both Flankes of the body of Pikes as you left them in the precedent discourse The words of command being given the whole body both of Pikes and Shot are to face to the right and left hand and then the formost Rankes of Musquetiers which before the facing were the outermost Files are to present and give fire and then wheele off by division Ranking even with the formost Rankes of Pikes and leaving sufficient Intervalls for the rest of the Musquetiers to march betweene them and the Pikes The next Ranke presenting and firing after the same manner but not advancing forwards onely firing upon the same ground and wheeling off by division afterwards passing downe betweene the Intervalls and so ranking after their Leaders but you must observe by the way that they that were outermost when they gave fire are likewise to be so when they have taken their places All the Rankes of Musquetiers having fired and wheeled off as before the Pikes if neede be may charge and the Musquetiers giving fire over againe wheeling off outwards and placing themselves in the Reere of their owne divisious Having advanced your Pikes and faced your body to their first Front all your Musquetiers will be in Front and Reere and then if your halfe Files about and give fire after the same manner formerly discoursed of to the Front and Reere having faced them againe to their first Front they will be reduced as at first into their ordinary square CHAP. XCIIII How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in a Triple way of giving fire to the Front BY this triple firing to the Front the precedent forme of firing to both Flankes standing may be reduced for the Musquetiers of the Reere division opening to the right and left and sleeving upon the Flankes of the Pikes untill the Leaders of the Reere division who then were the halfe File-Leaders ranke even with the Front of Pikes and those in the front division are placed before the Pikes in the Front securely covering them from the enemy The word of command and directions that produceth this forme of firing is placed in the Margent Musquetiers of the Reere double your Front of Pikes by division The one halfe of the shot being placed before the front of the Pikes and the other halfe placed upon eyther flanke even with the first Ranke of Pikes and the word of command being given then the first Ranke of Musquetiers both of front and flankes presents to the front and gives fire wheeling off to the right and left by division The Musquetiers of the front division being wheeled off as aforesaid close by the flankes of their owne Musquetiers passe directly downe betweene the Intervals and place themselves even in Ranke behind the Musquetiers of the Reere division which are upon the flanks like wise the Musqueters that fired at the same time on the flankes wheele also off the right flanke to the right the left flanke to the left marching directly downe even with the reere Rankes of the Pikes and there place themselves againe even in ranke with the last ranke of Pikes this done the rest of the rankes successively give fire and doe the like every ranke taking his place after the ranke that fired last before them the other Rankes mooving one ranke forwarder the Musquetiers having given fire once over and falling off according to this direction they will all be reduced to the Flanke againe as at first View the figure in the next page The Figure of the Triple firing to the Front Front Serjeant Serjeant Serjeant Serjeant CHAP. XCV How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in giving fire three wayes at once viz. to the Front Reere and right Flanke IN performing this firing three wayes at once first you may suppose the Musquetiers to be placed upon eyther Flanke of the Pikes then by commanding the halfe Rankes of the left to double
seeme square viz. as deepe in Flanke as broad in Front so that thereby the enemy might be deluded and therefore sometimes they would order eight horse in Front and but 4. in Flanke which seemed as a square by reason a horse taketh up twice as much space in his length as in breadth whereupon finding the inconveniences of those kinde of squares they bethought them of a more perfect square lesse than which they durst not venture and more they could not for want of horse in regard their pollicie was to discourage the Enemy by making their Troopes shew more than indeede they were wherefore they framed their Troopes of 50. horse and ordered them tenne in Ranke and five in File which forme represents a square in regard the five horse take up as much ground in their length as the tenne doe in breadth and this proportion they held best for had there beene sixe seven or eight horse in a File they could not have done any good in regard of the shortnesse of their squares as Leo after confessed But our manner of charging the Enemy differs from theirs for wee are to give fire upon the Enemy by Rankes and so fall off into the Reare so that all the Rankes shall come up and give fire by degrees upon the Enemy whereas their Troopes gave a firme close charge and wheeled off together this was the use both of their Archers and Spearemen Now our moderne Captaines although they have abandoned the use of their Speares yet they have detained their forme of ordering their Troopes five deepe in file and because each horseman hath two Pistolls therefore they suppose that they may charge and discharge as well as the foote Troopes that are tenne deepe with one Musquet for their armes but let the ablest horseman of them all say what he please he shall finde it another businesse especially if both sides stand to their tackling untill all the Rankes have given fire for the small distance of time and the ordering of their unruly horses will make them fall short of their expectations but indeede our horse Troopes seldome stand so long in competition for the victory but that one side either retreates or doe worse for if they should it should be easily seene that that Troope whose Files were ordered sixe in deepth would soone weare through the adverse part whose extent is but five Wherefore I could wish that all our Troopes might be so ordered in regard it is a number so proper and apt either to be divided or to be doubled or to be drawne into any forme of Embattelling wherefore more than sixe are unprofitable and lesse than sixe are not so serviceable In former ages they were driven to their inconvenience in regard they were scanted of horse and so to make their fronts equall with the Enemies they in pollicie framed their Battalias but of five deepe whereas their Enemies were compounded of many more as 6. 8. or 10. many times but after they had found out their pollicy which was only to make the fronts of their Battells equall with theirs being constrained in regard of their thinnesse to line them with shot and to have stands of Pikes to rescue them to make them abler to resist their enemies streng Phalange they likewise ordered their Troopes after the same manner whereby they delated their Fronts farre witer than before and so over winged them whereby many times they gained victory Our Kingdome blessed be God shall not neede to be driven to that exegint to make such simple shifts In regard we have or may have more than sufficient to oppose the potentest Enemy that shall dare venture or indeede possibly can conveigh so many Troopes over but that we shall be not onely his equall but exceede him wherefore I have framed each Troope of 120. horse and the same to be divided into foure Corporallships viz. thirtie in each each Corporallship to march sixe in brest and sixe in depth and so I leave it to your best considerations CHAP. CXXVI How the Chavalry are to order and demeane themselves in proportionable Battells fit to be joyned with the Infantry with their due order of fighting against the Enemies foote Troopes Likewise how they are to give or receive a charge of the Enemies Cavalry in grose as also in single combats and assaults AS in ordering of the Infantry so in disposing of the Cavalry in Battalia for the well fighting of a pitch'd battell against the Enemy these Circumstances are to be considered First there are to be drawne out of sundry Troopes of Carabines a certaine number of horse which are to be joyned with a proportionable number of foote these are speedily without keeping any order or distances to runne upon the Enemies Ordnance and either to surprise them or to hold those of the Enemie that gaurd them in combustion so that their Ordnance shall be hindred from annoying your Troopes of horse who are farre more subject and liable to receive harme from the Ordnance in regard they are mounted high then the Infantry can possibly be wherefore the Cavallry many times have beene constrained to retire themselves into some place of advantage as a Vally or in the Reare of the foote Troopes to hide and secure themselves from the great shot untill such time as the Armies were drawne neare together so as they could not discharge for indamaging their owne Troopes In the next place there are certaine horse to be commanded out of divers Troopes of Carabines to assist and guard the forlorne Hopes of the Infantry and these are to towle out the Enemy to beginne light skirmishes the better to animate the maine Battell against they shall be ready to charge by seeing their valours and many times they have beene a meanes of disordering the Enemies grand Battalias The maine battell of the Cavalry is divided into there distinct divisions viz. the Vanguard the Battell and the Rearegaurd these three make one intire Front and are to be ordered at three foote distance when they are ready to charge This principle Battell is to stand in an even front with the Infantry viz either upon the right or left wing or upon both when there is no naturall strength as Rivers Quagmires Hedges or the like to secure one of the wings you are to place your Cavalry wide off the Empalement of the Flankes of the Battell of the Infantry a hundred paces at the least for feare of anoying your foote Troopes likewise there must be the space of 25 paces of ground in distance left betweene every company and 50. paces betwixt each Regiment The winges of the horse Battell next adjoyning to the Flankes of the foote are to be of Cuirassiers in regard they are rather to secure the Flanks of the Infantry by sustaining a charge then for to advance forwards to give the Enemie a charge unlesse upon some great occasion the residue of this maine Battell may be compounded Harquebuziers and
King of Sweden who used to range his Battalia's but six men in depth so that with ten thousand well-exercised men he could extend the Front of his Army as broad as the enemy could with fourteen thousand and make his partie good with them in regard of his sundry Retreats which brings fresh hands to fight and weary out the enemy as also hee would not misse of places of advantage environed with water or marish grounds c. so that his Army should not be assaulted upon all sides Sebastian King of Portugal when he aided Mulehamet in the Wars of Barbary against Abdimelec King of Morocco ranged the Rear of his Battell against the River Maraga which was as a wall to defend them Moreover a Generall must take this for a Rule viz. to enlarge or strengthen the Front of his Battell according to the number of his Souldiers as also according to the force of his enemies Troops if the place where you are to imbattell in be narrow then of necessity you must straighten your Ranks and if the place be wide and open you must bee very carefull not to extend the Front of your Battell too wide except your Army bee of greater potencie than the enemies then by extending out the Wings of your Battell you may gain advantage by over-winging them whereby you may charge them both in Flank and Front at once But hee that shall adventure to charge an Army upon all sides either must have four times more men than the enemy or else he must be sure to perish for want of discretion Also there is great discretion to be used in ordering of Battels that they may not bee plac'd in low grounds neer any hill or high banks or upon the side of a hill because the lower grounds are subject to the enemies Ordnance if the enemy should have this advantage the best way to prevent it is to march out of distance from such places of advantage to cause them to come down to you But some fondly have maintained the lower ground to be of greatest advantage in regard the Muskets will doe more service in shooting upwards than downwards To this I answer it is but a simple opinion for it is double advantage to have the higher ground in regard both Horse and Foot will soon find to their costs that it is a double pains besides they come upon them with a great deal more power down hill than they can up hill and a bullet shot from a side-hill may shoot through two or three Ranks when as that which is shot upwards cannot shoot past through one as for their bullets rowling out they are simple men that charge them the mean time But this by the way Tenthly your Battell must bee so ordered and disposed that the enemy may bee brought into some stratagem or made to disorder his Troops which may be done many waies as by causing your Army orderly to retrait so that the enemy may disorder his Ranks in the pursuit and then to take the occasion to fall on again orderly and rout them The ancient Generals were very politick in this for when they knew that their enemies plac'd their greatest strength in any one Point or Wing of the Army then contrarily they would frame that Point or Wing weakest which was to encounter with them their ablest forces they commanded to stand firme and not seek to repulse the enemy but to resist them and the weakest Battalia's they caused to assault the enemy and then to retrait to their Battalia's behind them by this means they brought the enemy into two great disorders the first was the enemy had his best Souldiers inclosed betwixt their adversaries Battalia's the second was when the enemy thought they had gotten the victory their Bands would disorder themselves by pillaging as the like hapned at the Battell of Dreux in France where the Lord of Guise stood fast with his Battalia all the rest being fled from him but the valiant Switzers who opposed themselves against all the fury of the enemy In the mean time the Prince of Codee's Troops being confident of the victory some of them following the slaughter and others fell to pillaging thus being scattered abroad the Lord Guise finding his opportunity with those men he had hee marched up to them with a bold countenance and overthrew them before they could order themselves in any form to receive their charge Likewise Scipio plac'd his weakest Forces against Asdrubal's best souldiers which hee had plac'd in the midst of the Battell and upon each Flank Scipio had plac'd his ablest men So soon as Asdrubal charged Scipio's Battell they retraited only the two Flanks of his strongest souldiers stood firme Asdrubal's souldiers pursuing the retrait before they were aware were gotten between the two Divisions of the Flanks of Scipio as if they had been in an half-Moon they there being charged upon both sides by them his weakest men being there were soon vanquish'd and the rather because his chiefest Forces being plac'd in the midst of his Battell could not come to fight Eleventhly You must know how and when to make use of such instruments as may hinder the enemies Horse and disorder and annoy his Foot-troops and for this purpose the King of Sweden made use of an instrument which he termed a Swines Spike formerly used by one of our Kings whereby he gained a Conquest in France it was a peece of Ash four foot long at each end a speared pike of yron his Musketires stook this at their girdles and as they advanc'd forwards to give fire upon their enemy every man stook down his instrument aslope into the ground this hindred the Horse from charging them Also many have made use of the Caltrop it being a small peece of round wood with pikes sticking up every way each souldier having one or two of these about him may cast them before the Front and Flanks of the Army these will much annoy the enemies Horse Also your Powder-pots being plac'd in the earth and fire given unto them just as the enemy shall be approaching over them these will infinitely disorder and kill them Moreover it behooves a Generall to be of a very quick apprehension and to forecast with himself what stratagems will best sute with the condition of the enemy and the situation of the place and how and when to put them in execution that they may work their best effect In the framing of your Battell you must bee mindfull to order the Battalia's so as there may be a space left of two paces for the Musketires to march down by the sides of the Pikes after they have given fire upon the enemy for if the distance should bee lesse as divers would have it the motion of the Battalia's would presently close them up Also the distances between the Battels of the forlorn hopes and the front of the main Battel ought to be sixtie paces or according as the place will admit
upon this peece of ground by the precedent Rule you cannot erre And for explaining what hath been discoursed of I hold it not amisse to exemplifie it by Figure as followeth A Table demonstrating the quantitie of paces of Ground which any number of Souldiers be they Foot or Horse shall occupie for their stations in Rank or Brest whereby may be known how many men or Horse may bee plac'd in single Rank or length in the formost Battell And being in File 10 deep the just number of them is likewise described or the Horse 6 deep in File the true number of them is to be known as followeth Paces Geometricall The Souldiers standing in Brest or Rank 10 deep in File The number of Souldiers so plac'd The Horse standing in Brest or Rank Horse 6 deep in File The number of Horse so plac'd 3 5 10 50 3 6 18 6 10 10 100 6 6 36 9 15 10 150 9 6 54 12 20 10 200 12 6 72 15 25 10 250 15 6 90 18 30 10 300 18 6 108 21 35 10 350 21 6 126 24 40 10 400 24 6 144 27 45 10 450 27 6 162 30 50 10 500 30 6 180 33 55 10 550 33 6 198 36 60 10 600 36 6 216 39 65 10 650 39 6 234 42 70 10 700 42 6 252 45 75 10 750 45 6 270 48 80 10 800 48 6 288 51 85 10 850 51 6 306 54 90 10 900 54 6 324 57 95 10 950 57 6 342 60 100 10 1000 60 6 360 63 105 10 1050 63 6 378 66 110 10 1100 66 6 396 69 115 10 1150 69 6 414 72 120 10 1200 72 6 432 75 125 10 1250 75 6 450 78 130 10 1300 78 6 468 81 135 10 1350 81 6 486 84 140 10 1400 84 6 504 87 145 10 1450 87 6 522 90 150 10 1500 90 6 540 93 155 10 1550 93 6 558 96 160 10 1600 96 6 576 99 165 10 1650 99 6 594 102 170 10 1700 102 6 612 105 175 10 1750 105 6 630 108 180 10 1800 108 6 648 111 185 10 1850 111 6 666 114 190 10 1900 114 6 684 117 195 10 1950 117 6 702 120 200 10 20â—0 120 6 720 123 205 10 205â— 123 6 738 126 210 10 2100 126 6 756 129 215 10 215â— 129 6 774 132 220 10 2200 13â— 6 792 135 225 10 2250 135 6 810 138 230 10 2300 138 6 828 141 235 10 2350 141 6 846 144 240 10 2400 144 6 864 147 245 10 2450 147 6 882 150 250 10 2500 150 6 900 153 255 10 2550 153 6 918 156 260 10 2600 156 6 936 159 265 10 2650 159 6 954 162 270 10 2700 162 6 972 165 275 10 2750 165 6 99â— 168 280 10 2800 168 6 1008 171 285 10 285â— 171 6 1024 174 290 10 2900 174 6 1042 177 295 10 2950 177 6 1060 180 300 10 3000 180 6 1078 183 305 10 3050 183 6 1096 186 310 10 3100 186 6 1114 189 315 10 3150 189 6 1132 192 320 10 32â—0 192 6 1150 195 325 10 3â—50 195 6 1168 198 330 10 3300 198 6 1186 201 335 10 3350 201 6 1204 204 340 10 3400 204 6 1222 â—â—â— 345 10 3450 207 6 1242 21â— 350 10 3500 210 6 1260 21â— 355 10 355â— 213 6 1278 216 360 10 3â—â—0 216 6 1296 219 365 10 3650 219 6 1314 222 370 10 3700 222 6 1332 225 375 10 3750 225 6 1350 228 380 10 3800 228 6 1368 231 385 10 3850 231 6 1386 2â—4 390 10 3900 234 6 â—404 237 395 10 3950 237 6 1422 240 400 10 4000 240 6 1440 243 405 10 4050 243 6 1458 246 410 10 4100 246 6 1476 249 415 10 4150 249 6 1494 252 420 10 4200 252 6 1512 255 425 10 4250 255 6 1530 258 430 10 4300 258 6 1548 261 435 10 4350 261 6 1566 264 440 10 4400 264 6 1584 267 445 10 4450 267 6 1602 270 450 10 4500 270 6 1620 273 455 10 4550 273 6 16â—8 276 460 10 4600 276 6 1656 279 465 10 4650 279 6 1674 282 470 10 4700 282 6 1692 285 475 10 4750 285 6 1710 288 480 10 4800 288 6 1728 291 485 10 4850 291 6 1746 294 490 10 4900 294 6 1764 297 495 10 4950 297 6 1782 300 500 10 5000 300 6 1800 303 505 10 5050 303 6 1818 306 510 10 5100 306 6 1830 309 515 10 5150 309 6 1854 312 520 10 5200 312 6 1872 315 525 10 5250 315 6 1890 318 530 10 5300 318 6 1908 321 535 10 5350 321 6 1926 324 540 10 5400 324 6 1944 327 545 10 5450 327 6 1962 330 550 10 5500 330 6 1980 333 555 10 5550 333 6 1998 336 560 10 5600 336 6 2016 339 565 10 5650 339 6 2034 342 570 10 5700 342 6 2052 345 575 10 5750 345 6 2070 348 580 10 5800 348 6 2088 351 585 10 5850 351 6 2106 354 590 10 59â—0 354 6 212â— 357 595 10 5950 357 6 2142 360 600 10 6000 360 6 2160 363 605 10 6050 363 6 2178 366 610 10 6100 366 6 2196 369 615 10 6150 369 6 221â— 372 620 10 6200 372 6 2232 375 625 10 6250 375 6 2250 378 630 10 6300 378 6 2268 381 635 10 6350 381 6 2286 384 640 10 6400 384 6 2304 387 645 10 6450 387 6 2322 390 650 10 6500 390 6 2340 393 655 10 6550 393 6 2358 396 660 10 6600 396 6 2376 399 665 10 6650 399 6 2394 402 670 10 6700 402 6 2412 405 675 10 6750 405 6 2430 408 680 10 6800 408 6 2448 411 685 10 6850 411 6 2466 414 690 10 6900 414 6 2484 417 695 10 6950 417 6 2502 420 700 10 7000 420 6 2520 423 705 10 7050 423 6 2538 426 710 10 7100 426 6 2556 429 715 10 7150 429 6 2574 432 720 10 7200 432 6 2592 435 725 10 7250 435 6 2610 438 730 10 7300 438 6 2628 441 735 10 7350 441 6 2646 444 740 10 7400 444 6 2664 447 745 10 7450 447 6 2682 450 750 10 7500 450 6 2700 453 755 10 7550 453 6 2718 456 760 10 7600 456 6 2736 459 765 10 7650 459 6 2754 462 770 10 7700 462 6 2772 465 775 10 7750 465 6 2790 468 780 10 7800 468 6 2808 471 785 10 7850 471 6 2826 474 790 10 7900 474 6 2844 477 795 10 7950 477 6 2862 480 800 10 8000 480 6 2880 483 805 10 8050 483 6 2898 486 810 10 8100 486 6 2916 489 815 10 8150 489 6 2934 492 820 10 8200 492 6 2952 495 825 10 8250 495 6 2970 498 830 10 8300 498 6 2988 501 835 10 8350 501 6 3006 504 840 10 8400 504 6 3024 507 845 10 8450 507 6 3042 510 850 10 8500 510 6 3060 513 855 10 8550 513 6 3078 516 860 10 8600 516 6 3096 519 865 10 8650 519 6 3114 522 870 10 8700 522
Souldier should grouÌ„d his worth on The obedient behaviour of the Turkes in their warres Sixe speciall vertues required in a Souldier An Illustration of Authoritie by the draughts of Pictures How Souldiers must be obedient to thâ—r Officers bee they of never so low a degree Plato in lib. 1. de Legib There may bee use made of the Treason but the Traytor shall nere be trusted The duty of a Governour of a Garrison The office of the Maior of a Fort. A Corporall is to order his Watch by the burning of a peece of Match so many inches for an houre The Maior by the Governours commandement is to see every Captaine exercise his company twice aweeke at least in the Summer time and the Squadrons upon the guard in the Wintâ—â— every night In every Bulworke ought to be a Corps 〈◊〉 Guard and over each Port for the Souldiers to guard by night in The Mayor must see his store-house be fild with Ammunition and Victuals fit to entertaine a long Siege Note it is not above one or two Companies of a Regiment that guards in the out-workes at one time Vnlesse some trees or bankes may safegard them Hist. Italy Comines lib. 1. Pag. 22. Daniel 2. 28. Comines Deut. 4. 2. Ioshua 1. 7. and 7. 13. Pro. 30. 6. Revel 22. 18. Numb 16. 3. The bound him and cut off his eye-lids and set him in a hollow tree upright filled full of sharpe nayles there continuing in horrible paine till hee dyed Numb 10. 12. Lactantius Virgil. Tertul. Rom. 13. 1 2. Proverb 19. 12 Titvs 3. 1. Astra regunt homines Sed regit astra Deus Joâ—â—â—ille cap. 16. Licurgus his witty answer De Bello Gallico lib. 6. 1623. Tacitus Strab. lib. 3. of the Venet. Tacit. lib. 4. cap. 5. Aristot. lib. 4. de anim cap. 6. The wonderfull loyaltie and valour of Proâ—esâ—lâ—us Heylin Heylin Knollâ—s Xiphilinus Two things requireable in a valiant Souldier to make him fit to undergoe the greatest misery warre can reduce him unto The definition of griefe and sadnesse Three kindes of sadnesse which blemish the valour of a Souldier Philip de Comines Treasury of time Strabo lib. 7. Pezelin Slâ—id Heylin Vpon some occasions Souldiers ought not to misconster the forbearing to joyne Battell and take it as cowardise A second reason why a Generall may refuse Battell without the imputation of a Coward The third reason why a Generall may refuse Battell without the imputation of a coward The first observation of an Army indued with valour Second observation Third observation The fourth simptome of valour in an Army The fift simptome of valour in an Army The sixth Simptome The seventh Simptome The eight Simptome How valour may bee begotten and bred Ioshua 1. vers 6. 7. A safe argument to prove the lawfulnesse of duells Numb 5. 26 27. The Combat is denied to a Christian in action sufferance and right Miracles only pertaine to the power of God Murther may happen by Combats The act of Combat killeth charity Naturall equity is for the conservation of mankind and combat is for his destruction The two maine precepts of naturall equity are broken by the act of Combat King Iames his observation upon Comb. Pag. 2. Pag. 3. Ibidem Pag. 4. Pag. 6. Pag. 8. Pag. 9. Pag. 4â— The distinguishing of abuses from whence quarrels arise Pag. 45. The party offending is to be immediately committed The Lye ranckt with the highest Verball wrongs Pag. 50. pag. 52 pag. 53. pag. 54. pag. 56. pag. 57. Ibidem pag. 67. pag. 8â— pag. 86. pag. 87. 〈…〉 pag. 88. pag. 90. pag. 93. pag. 97. pag. 98. pag. 100. Pag. 17 Pag. 113. Pag. 114. What orders the Governour gives him in charge â—he is to let his Captaine understand of it If the Guard bee at a Port then the Serjant is to guard with his Holbert all the day with the Squadron and many times all night in times of danger Ensigne Epps at the Battell of Flanders c. If it bee in the darke or night season Note the Captaine is not to release any prisoner that is committed by any of higher authority without their consent Quem 〈◊〉 oderunt quenquisque odit perisse experit Many times the Captaines themselves are sent for to take the Word themselves and the Orders if they be of importance The Serjeant-Major is to draw the Billeâ—s from the Major Generall and the inferiour Officers to takâ— them from him He is to have a Catalogue of the just number of the Army together with the true sortment and division of every weapon and in his memory he must have the formes of all kind of Battells Some have held that the Earle Marshall iâ— chiefest in the Generalls absence and ought to have the principall command of the Armie In the Discourse of the marching of an Army you shall more fully reade how to dislodge a Campe by night The especiall Officers named for the private councell of Warre The three usuall words of command in time of Service Note the Musquetiers of the right Flanke are to make the Van. Note that betweene each division in march there ought to be 12 foote distance viz. 6 foote before the Officeâ— and 6 foote behind Note in march the Files must be at order and the Rankes at open order Note in all the Postures of a Musquet the hand and foot must move at one instant for the better grace of the posture Note the Musquet is rested when this Posture is to be performed The Musquet being shouldred it is to bee poised as I have shewed you in the first Posture here mentioned at Resting your Musquet Note after the Musquet is setled on the shoulder the Rest must hang almost perpendicular towards the ground Note here they begin to make ready which they may doe eyther standing or marching This Posture is as usually done when the Musquet and Rest is joyned together Note you ought to take the Peece in such an even ballance that the butt-end rests not against the ground Note the Souldiers must be placed in their distance for Motion sixe foote both in Ranke and File When your Souldiers begin any motion let them advance their Armes when they come to a stand and have performed their motion let them order their Armes As for the causing your Souldiers to face to the right and left or to the right and left inward or to the right angle or left angle or to the foure Angles I leave it to the discretion of the Commander either to doe it or leave it and the like for the facing of halfe files It is nccessary for Souldiers to move 10. or 12. paces upon every motion of facing whether entire or Divisionall Of the several distances you shall reade before The manner of doubling of Files described The manner of doubling of Rankes by the Bringers-up described The manner of doubling of Files outward and inward described Of doubling Files to the right and left inwards The manner of doubling of Rankes by