seem_v together_o to_o terminate_v the_o end_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o protension_n of_o the_o sight_n what_o the_o semidiameter_n of_o this_o horizon_n shall_v be_v have_v not_o be_v yet_o agree_v upon_o by_o all_o erastothenes_n will_v have_v it_o to_o be_v 44_o mile_n macrobius_n 23._o proclus_n 250._o albertus_n magnus_n 125._o these_o difference_n seem_v too_o great_a to_o admit_v of_o reconcilement_n yet_o take_v into_o our_o consideration_n the_o disparity_n in_o account_n of_o mile_n betwixt_o the_o modern_a and_o ancient_a cosmographer_n as_o also_o betwixt_o the_o greek_n and_o latin_n 2_o the_o diverse_a place_n of_o the_o sightâ—_n the_o various_a disposition_n of_o the_o place_n wherein_o they_o take_v their_o observation_n with_o other_o circumstance_n we_o shall_v diminish_v much_o of_o admiration_n but_o diverse_a other_o who_o opinion_n be_v more_o approve_a by_o modern_a cosmographer_n have_v define_v it_o to_o be_v about_o 63_o mile_n the_o cause_n why_o this_o horizon_n shall_v be_v so_o little_a in_o respect_n of_o the_o rational_a which_o pass_v by_o the_o centre_n be_v the_o roundness_n of_o the_o earth_n interpose_v betwixt_o the_o sight_n and_o the_o far_a part_n which_o we_o have_v former_o prove_v 3_o the_o eye_n may_v be_v so_o place_v on_o the_o earth_n as_o it_o may_v behold_v the_o whole_a hemisphere_n of_o the_o heaven_n and_o yet_o no_o part_n of_o the_o terrestrial_a sphere_n this_o may_v seem_v a_o paradox_n with_o vulgar_a judgement_n but_o it_o want_v not_o a_o demonstration_n draw_v from_o astronomical_a and_o optic_a principle_n to_o explain_v which_o we_o must_v suppose_v out_o of_o the_o ground_n already_o grant_v 1_o that_o the_o sensible_a and_o rational_a horizon_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o heaven_n aught_o to_o be_v esteem_v one_o and_o the_o self_n same_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a distance_n and_o disproportion_n betwixt_o the_o earth_n and_o the_o firmament_n 2_o that_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o beholder_n be_v in_o this_o sort_n suppose_v to_o be_v in_o the_o centre_n because_o in_o this_o consideration_n the_o distance_n betwixt_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o her_o centre_n be_v insensible_a 3_o that_o the_o visual_a ray_n wherein_o the_o sight_n be_v carry_v be_v always_o a_o right_a line_n now_o suppose_v according_a to_o our_o former_a figure_n the_o centre_n of_o the_o eye_n wherein_o consist_v the_o sight_n to_o be_v in_o the_o point_n of_o the_o terrestrial_a surface_n f_o the_o distance_n as_o we_o say_v betwixt_o f_o and_o e_o the_o centre_n be_v insensible_a the_o eye_n be_v imagine_v in_o the_o centre_n likewise_o the_o orison_n cfd_v and_o aeb_n for_o the_o same_o cause_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o heaven_n be_v to_o be_v esteem_v one_o and_o the_o same_o because_o ca_n and_o db_n have_v no_o sensible_a difference_n it_o be_v then_o manifest_a that_o the_o eye_n so_o place_v will_v behold_v in_o the_o heavenly_a sphere_n all_o which_o be_v include_v betwixt_o a_o and_o b_o to_o wit_n the_o hemisphere_n agb_n bound_v by_o the_o rational_a horizon_n aeb_n nevertheless_o in_o the_o terrene_a globe_n it_o can_v see_v nothing_o at_o all_o for_o either_o it_o shall_v see_v only_o the_o point_n f_o wherein_o it_o be_v seat_v or_o else_o some_o other_o point_n or_o part_v distant_a from_o it_o the_o former_a can_v be_v admit_v because_o the_o eye_n be_v there_o suppose_v to_o be_v place_v shall_v according_a to_o this_o supposition_n behold_v itself_o which_o be_v against_o philosophy_n for_o grant_v the_o sense_n only_o a_o direct_a and_o not_o a_o reflex_n operation_n it_o can_v be_v imagine_v how_o it_o shall_v perceive_v itself_o final_o it_o can_v see_v any_o point_n in_o the_o earth_n beside_o for_o then_o this_o point_n will_v either_o be_v place_v above_o the_o point_n f_o but_o this_o can_v be_v because_o f_o be_v suppose_v in_o the_o superficies_n admit_v of_o no_o point_n high_o in_o the_o sphere_n or_o else_o under_o it_o but_o this_o can_v be_v because_o cfd_n be_v a_o tangent_fw-la line_n and_o touch_v the_o sphere_n in_o f_o only_o there_o can_v according_o to_o geometrical_a principle_n be_v draw_v any_o right_a line_n from_o the_o point_n f_o which_o can_v touch_v any_o point_n in_o the_o say_a sphere_n but_o all_o will_v cut_v it_o and_o so_o the_o section_n cause_n impediment_n to_o the_o sight_n the_o earth_n be_v a_o opacous_a and_o round_a body_n 4_o from_o the_o horizontall_a circle_n be_v reckon_v the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n in_o any_o place_n assign_v the_o find_v out_o of_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n be_v a_o matter_n most_o necessary_a for_o a_o cosmographer_n as_o shall_v appear_v after_o where_o we_o shall_v speak_v of_o the_o latitude_n and_o climate_n it_o be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o arch_n of_o the_o meridian_n betwixt_o the_o horizon_n and_o the_o pole_n for_o the_o find_n out_o of_o which_o many_o way_n have_v be_v devise_v by_o artificer_n the_o first_o be_v take_v from_o the_o sun_n the_o second_o from_o the_o polestar_n from_o the_o sun_n it_o may_v be_v perform_v two_o way_n 1_o at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o equinoxe_n 2_o at_o any_o other_o time_n of_o the_o year_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o equinoxe_n it_o may_v be_v find_v out_o by_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o sun_n shadow_n at_o noontide_n in_o this_o manner_n let_v the_o meridian_n height_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v subtract_v from_o the_o whole_a quadrant_a which_o be_v 90_o degree_n there_o will_v remain_v the_o distance_n of_o the_o zenith_n to_o the_o equator_fw-la which_o be_v equal_a to_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n in_o the_o second_o place_n at_o any_o time_n of_o the_o year_n to_o know_v the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n out_o of_o the_o meridian_n height_n of_o the_o sun_n it_o be_v necessary_a out_o of_o a_o ephemerides_n or_o any_o other_o way_n accurate_o to_o find_v out_o the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n in_o his_o ecliptic_a for_o the_o day_n propose_v together_o with_o his_o declination_n for_o the_o declination_n of_o the_o sun_n the_o sun_n be_v in_o the_o six_o northern_a sign_n subtract_v from_o the_o meridian_n altitude_n or_o add_v the_o sun_n be_v in_o the_o six_o southern_a sign_n will_v precise_o give_v the_o height_n of_o the_o equator_fw-la or_o which_o be_v the_o same_o the_o meridian_n height_n of_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o equinoctial_a which_o be_v once_o find_v we_o may_v work_v as_o in_o the_o former_a by_o the_o polestar_n we_o may_v likewise_o find_v it_o out_o if_o we_o observe_v it_o three_o distinct_a time_n in_o the_o same_o night_n for_o three_o point_n be_v give_v every_o geometrician_n will_v find_v out_o the_o centre_n which_o in_o this_o case_n must_v be_v the_o pole_n many_o other_o way_n have_v be_v invent_v by_o skilful_a astronomer_n which_o appertain_v rather_o to_o astronomy_n then_o cosmography_n i_o purposely_o omit_v 24_o concern_v the_o horizon_n two_o thing_n be_v chief_o to_o be_v note_v the_o invention_n and_o the_o distinction_n the_o invention_n be_v consider_v either_o as_o it_o concern_v the_o zenith_n or_o pole_n or_o the_o plain_a of_o the_o horizon_n for_o both_o which_o we_o will_v set_v down_o these_o rule_n 1_o the_o height_n of_o the_o pole_n subtract_v from_o the_o quadrant_a of_o 90_o degree_n the_o residue_n will_v show_v the_o zenith_n or_o distance_n of_o the_o zenith_n from_o the_o pole_n the_o reason_n be_v evident_a because_o the_o height_n of_o the_o pole_n together_o with_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o pole_n and_o the_o zenith_n make_v a_o arch_n which_o be_v a_o whole_a quadrant_a so_o that_o the_o height_n of_o the_o pole_n subduct_v the_o distance_n will_v remain_v as_o for_o example_n if_o we_o put_v the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n here_o in_o oxford_n to_o be_v 51_o ½_o degree_n or_o thereabouts_o as_o have_v be_v former_o teach_v let_v these_o 51_o ½_o degree_n be_v subtract_v from_o 90_o then_o will_v remain_v 38_o ½_o which_o be_v the_o true_a zenith_n for_o that_o place_n 2_o a_o line_n which_o make_v right_a angle_n with_o a_o plummet_n perpendicular_o fall_v on_o it_o will_v design_n the_o horizontall_a plain_a the_o practice_n of_o the_o proposition_n be_v usual_o show_v by_o artificer_n by_o a_o certain_a instrument_n call_v a_o level_n which_o be_v make_v in_o a_o triangle_n form_n from_o the_o vertex_fw-la or_o head_n of_o which_o a_o line_n with_o a_o plummet_n fall_v on_o the_o basis._n now_o when_o it_o shall_v be_v find_v to_o be_v so_o place_v that_o the_o line_n and_o plummet_n fall_v on_o the_o basis_n shall_v make_v right_a angle_n with_o it_o and_o cut_v the_o whole_a triangle_n into_o two_o equal_a half_n we_o may_v account_v the_o base-line_n to_o be_v the_o plain_a of_o the_o horizon_n for_o of_o this_o plain_a such_o be_v the_o position_n
on_o this_o superficies_n successive_o grow_v great_a from_o the_o equinoctial_a towards_o either_o pole_n until_o it_o challenge_v equal_a diameter_n with_o the_o cylinder_n and_o likewise_o all_o the_o meridian_n grow_a wide_a and_o far_o off_o till_o they_o be_v as_o far_o distant_a everywhere_a as_o be_v the_o equinoctial_a one_o from_o the_o other_o hence_o may_v easy_o be_v understand_v the_o true_a mathematical_a production_n or_o generation_n of_o this_o part_n for_o first_o of_o a_o spherical_a superficies_n it_o be_v make_v a_o cylinder_n and_o second_o of_o a_o cylinder_n it_o be_v make_v a_o parallellogramme_n or_o plain_a superficies_n for_o the_o concave_a superficies_n of_o a_o cylinder_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o plain_a parallellogramme_n imagine_v to_o be_v wound_n about_o two_o equal_a equidistant_a circle_n have_v one_o common_a axletree_n perpendicular_a upon_o the_o centre_n of_o they_o both_o and_o the_o periphery_n of_o they_o both_o equal_a to_o the_o length_n of_o the_o parallellogramme_n as_o the_o distance_n betwixt_o those_o centre_n be_v equal_a to_o the_o breadth_n thereof_o in_o this_o chart_n so_o conceive_v to_o be_v make_v all_o place_n must_v needs_o be_v situate_a in_o the_o same_o longitude_n and_o latitude_n meridian_n parallel_n and_o rhumbe_n which_o they_o have_v in_o the_o globe_n itself_o because_o we_o have_v imagine_v every_o point_n betwixt_o the_o equatour_n and_o the_o pole_n to_o swell_v equal_o in_o longitude_n and_o latitude_n till_o it_o apply_v itself_o to_o the_o concavity_n of_o the_o cylinder_n so_o that_o no_o point_n can_v be_v displace_v from_o his_o proper_a seat_n but_o only_o dilate_v in_o certain_a proportion_n and_o this_o i_o take_v to_o be_v the_o best_a conceit_n for_o the_o groundwork_n or_o platform_n of_o this_o geographical_a chart._n 2_o except_o the_o distance_n betwixt_o the_o parallel_n in_o a_o plaine-chart_n be_v vary_v it_o can_v be_v excuse_v from_o sensible_a error_n it_o have_v be_v think_v by_o many_o geographer_n that_o the_o earth_n can_v apt_o according_a to_o due_a symmetry_n and_o proportion_n be_v express_v in_o a_o plain_a superficies_n as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o globe_n for_o as_o much_o as_o that_o which_o be_v join_v and_o unite_v in_o the_o globe_n be_v of_o a_o spherical_a figure_n be_v in_o the_o map_n extend_v and_o dilate_a to_o a_o diverse_a longitude_n and_o latitude_n from_o that_o spherical_a delineation_n and_o although_o it_o have_v be_v general_o conceit_v by_o many_o writer_n that_o no_o due_a proportion_n can_v be_v observe_v in_o a_o spherical_a superficies_n without_o sensible_a error_n yet_o most_o exception_n have_v be_v make_v against_o this_o chart_n here_o mention_v consist_v of_o one_o face_n and_o straight_a line_n which_o in_o substance_n if_o we_o consider_v the_o circle_n differ_v not_o from_o the_o nautical_a chart_n of_o who_o error_n martin_n cortese_fw-it peter_n nonnus_n and_o many_o other_o have_v complain_v which_o escape_n be_v excellent_o open_v and_o reform_v by_o our_o countryman_n edward_n wright_n in_o his_o correction_n of_o nautical_a error_n the_o reason_n or_o ground_n which_o draw_v these_o man_n to_o think_v that_o the_o earth_n can_v not_o be_v proportionable_o describe_v in_o a_o plain_a superficies_n proceed_v from_o the_o common_a proportion_n of_o the_o line_n and_o circle_n on_o the_o chart._n for_o suppose_v the_o parallel_n cut_v the_o meridian_n at_o equal_a angle_n to_o observe_v a_o equal_a distance_n everywhere_a one_o from_o the_o other_o these_o error_n and_o absurdity_n must_v of_o necessity_n ensue_v first_o what_o place_n soever_o be_v delineate_v in_o the_o ordinary_a chart_n the_o length_n of_o they_o from_o east_n to_o west_n have_v a_o great_a proportion_n to_o the_o breadth_n from_o north_n to_o south_n then_o it_o ought_v to_o have_v except_o only_o under_o the_o equinoctial_a and_o this_o error_n be_v so_o much_o the_o more_o augment_v by_o how_o much_o those_o place_n be_v distant_a from_o the_o equinoctial_a for_o the_o near_a you_o approach_v the_o pole_n the_o proportion_n of_o the_o meridian_n to_o the_o parallel_n still_o increase_v so_o that_o at_o the_o parallel_n of_o 60_o degree_n of_o latitude_n the_o proportion_n of_o the_o length_n to_o the_o breadth_n be_v twice_o great_a than_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o meridian_n be_v double_a to_o that_o parallel_n and_o so_o in_o all_o the_o rest_n whence_o as_o edward_n wright_n observe_v the_o proportion_n of_o the_o length_n of_o friesland_n to_o the_o breadth_n thereof_o be_v twofold_a great_a than_o in_o the_o globe_n which_o express_v the_o true_a proportion_n because_o the_o meridian_n be_v double_a to_o the_o parallel_n of_o that_o island_n in_o like_a sort_n it_o be_v plain_a that_o in_o the_o land_n of_o grock-land_n and_o groenland_n the_o length_n to_o the_o breadth_n have_v a_o fourfold_a great_a proportion_n in_o the_o common_a chart_n then_o in_o the_o globe_n because_o the_o meridian_n be_v fourfold_a great_a than_o the_o parallel_n of_o those_o place_n wherefore_o it_o can_v be_v conceit_v that_o the_o manner_n of_o find_v out_o the_o difference_n of_o longitude_n by_o the_o common_a chart_n can_v be_v anywhere_o true_a without_o sensible_a error_n except_o only_o under_o the_o equinoctial_a or_o near_o about_o it_o because_o in_o no_o other_o place_n the_o parallel_n be_v equal_a to_o the_o meridian_n in_o other_o place_n the_o error_n will_v be_v sensible_a according_a to_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o meridian_n and_o parallel_n of_o that_o place_n whereas_o if_o the_o contrary_n be_v grant_v it_o will_v follow_v that_o two_o ship_n sail_v from_o north_n to_o south_n under_o two_o several_a meridian_n will_v keep_v the_o same_o distance_n the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o of_o longitude_n near_o the_o pole_n which_o they_o have_v near_o the_o equatour_n which_o be_v impossible_a because_o meridian_n can_v be_v parallel_n the_o one_o to_o the_o other_o but_o by_o how_o much_o they_o approach_v the_o pole_n by_o so_o much_o they_o be_v near_o that_o in_o the_o end_n they_o all_o concur_v and_o meet_v in_o the_o pole_n itself_o second_o this_o common_a chart_n admit_v there_o will_v arise_v great_a error_n not_o only_o in_o the_o situation_n of_o diverse_a place_n which_o appear_v to_o be_v under_o the_o same_o meridian_n but_o also_o in_o the_o bear_n of_o place_n one_o to_o the_o other_o the_o reason_n be_v manifest_a for_o that_o the_o meridian_n be_v a_o certain_a rule_n of_o the_o site_n and_o position_n of_o place_n therefore_o whensoever_o any_o error_n shall_v be_v commit_v in_o the_o site_n and_o position_n of_o the_o meridian_n there_o must_v needs_o follow_v error_n in_o the_o designation_n of_o the_o rhumbe_n and_o other_o point_n of_o the_o compass_n and_o therefore_o every_o respective_a position_n of_o place_n to_o place_n set_v down_o in_o the_o common_a chart_n can_v be_v warrant_v a_o pregnant_a example_n we_o have_v in_o the_o way_n from_o india_n for_o the_o promontory_n of_o africa_n call_v the_o promontory_n of_o three_o point_n have_v of_o northern_a latitude_n 4_o degree_n and_o a_o half_a and_o the_o island_n of_o tristan_n acugna_fw-la have_v 36_o degree_n of_o southern_a latitude_n be_v in_o the_o common_a chart_n set_v under_o the_o same_o meridian_n but_o the_o chart_n show_v the_o distance_n between_o these_o land_n and_o the_o cape_n of_o good_a hope_n to_o come_v near_o to_o 400_o league_n both_o which_o can_v stand_v together_o for_o if_o all_o the_o coast_n from_o the_o promontory_n of_o three_o point_n unto_o the_o cape_n of_o good-hope_a be_v right_o measure_v and_o the_o promontory_n of_o three_o point_n lie_v also_o under_o the_o same_o meridian_n with_o those_o land_n yet_o must_v the_o distance_n be_v much_o less_o but_o if_o it_o be_v not_o less_o it_o can_v stand_v with_o reason_n that_o it_o shall_v have_v the_o same_o meridian_n with_o the_o promontory_n of_o three_o point_n but_o must_v needs_o lie_v more_o westward_o three_o there_o must_v needs_o arise_v a_o great_a error_n in_o the_o translate_n seacoast_n and_o other_o such_o place_n out_o of_o the_o common_a chart_n into_o the_o globe_n because_o they_o have_v only_o a_o respect_n to_o the_o number_n of_o degree_n of_o longitude_n and_o latitude_n find_v therein_o so_o that_o not_o only_a error_n appear_v in_o the_o sea-chart_n but_o also_o otherwhere_o thence_o derive_v these_o and_o many_o more_o error_n have_v be_v detect_v in_o the_o common_a sea-chart_n which_o as_o we_o have_v say_v respect_v the_o circle_n aught_o to_o be_v imagine_v one_o and_o the_o self-same_a with_o the_o projection_n of_o the_o line_n in_o a_o geographical_a table_n which_o oversight_n ger._n mercator_n in_o his_o universal_a map_n seem_v to_o correct_v yet_o leave_v no_o demonstration_n behind_o he_o to_o teach_v other_o the_o certain_a way_n to_o draw_v the_o line_n
sort_n as_o they_o imagine_v for_o the_o only_a withdraw_n of_o that_o hand_n and_o let_v go_v of_o that_o bridle_n which_o give_v the_o water_n that_o restraint_n will_v have_v be_v â—ufficient_a to_o have_v overwhelm_v the_o whole_a earth_n the_o second_o reason_n be_v take_v from_o land_n in_o the_o sea_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o part_n of_o the_o land_n raise_v up_o above_o the_o water_n three_o we_o find_v by_o experience_n that_o a_o ship_n carry_v with_o the_o like_a wind_n be_v drive_v so_o swift_o from_o the_o port_n into_o the_o open_a sea_n as_o from_o the_o sea_n into_o the_o port_n which_o can_v not_o be_v do_v if_o the_o sea_n be_v high_a than_o the_o land_n for_o it_o must_v needs_o be_v that_o a_o ship_n if_o it_o be_v to_o be_v carry_v to_o a_o high_a place_n shall_v be_v move_v slow_a than_o if_o it_o come_v from_o a_o high_a to_o a_o low_a four_o all_o river_n run_v into_o the_o sea_n from_o the_o inner_a part_n of_o the_o land_n which_o be_v a_o most_o evident_a sign_n that_o the_o land_n be_v high_a than_o the_o sea_n for_o it_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o water_n to_o flow_v always_o to_o the_o low_a place_n whence_o we_o gather_v that_o the_o sea_n shore_n to_o which_o the_o water_n be_v bring_v from_o the_o land_n must_v needs_o be_v low_a otherwise_o the_o water_n in_o run_v thither_o shall_v not_o descend_v but_o ascend_v this_o opinion_n i_o hold_v far_o more_o probable_a as_o be_v back_v by_o reason_n and_o the_o authority_n of_o our_o best_a philosopher_n yet_o not_o altogether_o exact_o true_a as_o we_o shall_v show_v hereafter_o but_o bartholomew_n keckerman_n in_o a_o late_a german_a writer_n hold_v these_o 2_o former_a opposite_a opinion_n as_o it_o be_v in_o one_o equal_a balance_n labour_v a_o reconciliation_n in_o a_o diverse_a respect_n say_v he_o it_o be_v true_a that_o the_o sea_n be_v high_a and_o that_o it_o be_v low_a than_o the_o earth_n it_o be_v high_a in_o respect_n of_o the_o shore_n and_o border_n to_o which_o it_o so_o come_v that_o sensible_o it_o swell_v to_o a_o globe_n or_o a_o circumference_n and_o so_o at_o length_n in_o the_o middle_n raise_v up_o itself_o and_o obtain_v a_o great_a height_n then_o in_o those_o part_n where_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o sea_n it_o decline_v towards_o the_o shore_n of_o which_o part_n the_o hight_a sufferâ—_n such_o a_o decrease_n that_o by_o how_o much_o near_o the_o shore_n they_o shall_v approach_v by_o so_o much_o the_o low_o they_o be_v in_o respect_n of_o the_o shore_n in_o somuch_o that_o touch_v the_o shore_n itself_o it_o be_v much_o low_a than_o the_o earth_n for_o this_o opinion_n our_o author_n pretend_v a_o demonstration_n which_o he_o ground_n on_o the_o 4_o chapter_n of_o aristotle_n de_fw-fr caelum_fw-la in_o his_o second_o book_n where_o he_o put_v down_o these_o two_o position_n which_o he_o call_v hypothesis_n or_o supposition_n first_o that_o the_o water_n no_o less_o concur_v to_o the_o make_n of_o a_o globe_n or_o circle_n than_o the_o earth_n for_o it_o so_o descend_v natural_o that_o it_o do_v sensible_o gather_v itself_o together_o and_o make_v a_o swell_a as_o we_o see_v in_o small_a drop_n cast_v on_o the_o ground_n second_o the_o water_n make_v a_o circle_n which_o have_v the_o same_o centre_n with_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n out_o of_o these_o ground_n will_v our_o keckerman_n conclude_v the_o water_n in_o some_o place_n to_o be_v high_a in_o other_o place_n to_o be_v low_a than_o the_o earth_n and_o hence_o proceed_v he_o to_o give_v a_o answer_n to_o their_o reason_n who_o have_v affirm_v the_o earth_n to_o be_v high_a than_o the_o sea_n what_o to_o think_v of_o the_o proposition_n or_o conclusion_n we_o will_v show_v hereafter_o but_o in_o the_o mean_a space_n i_o hold_v this_o conclusion_n not_o right_o infer_v out_o of_o these_o premise_n for_o first_o whereas_o he_o say_v that_o the_o water_n by_o nature_n be_v apt_a to_o gaher_n itself_o round_o into_o a_o orb_n or_o sphere_n i_o will_v demand_v whether_o such_o a_o rood_n body_n have_v the_o same_o centre_n with_o the_o world_n or_o a_o diverse_a centre_n he_o can_v say_v that_o it_o have_v a_o diverse_a centre_n from_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n first_o because_o as_o we_o have_v demonstrate_v in_o our_o first_o part_n the_o earth_n and_o the_o water_n have_v but_o one_o centre_n and_o that_o the_o water_n be_v concentricall_a with_o the_o earth_n second_o from_o the_o second_o proposition_n or_o ground_n of_o he_o out_o of_o aristotle_n if_o he_o mean_v such_o a_o sphaericity_n as_o have_v the_o same_o centre_n with_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n i_o answer_v first_o that_o he_o contradict_v himself_o because_o he_o give_v a_o instance_n in_o small_a drop_n cast_v on_o the_o ground_n who_o quantity_n be_v so_o small_a and_o convexity_n sensible_a can_v in_o no_o man_n judgement_n be_v concentric_a to_o the_o earth_n second_o out_o of_o this_o ground_n that_o the_o sphere_n of_o the_o water_n be_v concentric_a to_o the_o earth_n he_o confute_v himself_o for_o according_a to_o the_o principle_n of_o geometry_n in_o a_o sphere_n or_o circle_n all_o the_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o centre_n to_o the_o circumference_n must_v be_v equal_a then_o must_v all_o place_n in_o the_o circumference_n or_o superficies_n of_o a_o spherical_a body_n be_v of_o equal_a height_n from_o the_o centre_n and_o by_o consequence_n the_o sea_n be_v such_o a_o spherical_a body_n can_v have_v that_o inequality_n which_o keckerman_n imagine_v it_o to_o have_v wherefore_o some_o other_o demonstation_n must_v be_v seek_v for_o this_o conclusion_n i_o will_v go_v no_o further_o then_o that_o i_o have_v speak_v in_o the_o former_a chapter_n concern_v the_o figure_n of_o the_o water_n where_o i_o have_v probable_o show_v it_o to_o be_v conicall_a and_o out_o of_o this_o may_v be_v easy_o gather_v how_o it_o may_v be_v high_a than_o the_o land_n in_o some_o place_n as_o of_o the_o middle_n of_o great_a sea_n where_o the_o head_n of_o the_o cone_n be_v lift_v high_o in_o other_o low_a as_o in_o the_o narrow_a streit_n where_o the_o increase_n of_o the_o eminency_n be_v also_o less_o the_o ground_n and_o principle_n of_o which_o we_o have_v lay_v before_o 1_o the_o sea_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v high_a in_o one_o place_n then_o another_o beside_o the_o natural_a conformity_n of_o the_o water_n to_o a_o conicall_a figure_n as_o we_o have_v foreshowed_n whence_o one_o part_n of_o the_o superficies_n must_v be_v grant_v to_o be_v high_a than_o another_o we_o must_v needs_o in_o the_o sea_n acknowledge_v other_o accidental_a cause_n which_o produce_v a_o inequality_n in_o the_o part_n of_o the_o sea_n the_o chief_a whereoâ—_n be_v the_o equality_n of_o inclination_n in_o all_o part_n of_o the_o water_n to_o motion_n and_o the_o inequality_n of_o the_o channel_n and_o shore_n whence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o water_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v every_o whereof_o itself_o equal_o incline_v to_o motion_n be_v notwithstanding_o unequal_o receive_v into_o channel_n so_o that_o in_o some_o place_n have_v as_o it_o be_v a_o large_a dominion_n to_o invade_v as_o in_o the_o main_a ocean_n it_o fall_v low_a and_o evener_n in_o some_o other_o place_n as_o streite_n or_o narrow_a sea_n the_o water_n have_v a_o large_a entrance_n from_o the_o ocean_n but_o little_a or_o no_o passage_n through_o it_o must_v needs_o swell_v high_a and_o so_o one_o place_n by_o accident_n become_v high_a or_o low_a than_o another_o which_o far_a to_o confirm_v diverse_a instance_n may_v be_v allege_v out_o of_o modern_a and_o ancient_a observation_n for_o diverse_a history_n give_v testimony_n that_o sundry_a king_n of_o egypt_n by_o cut_v the_o isthmus_n or_o narrow_a neck_n of_o land_n lie_v betwixt_o the_o red_a sea_n &_o the_o mediterranean_a labour_v to_o make_v africa_n a_o island_n &_o open_a passage_n from_o one_o sea_n to_o the_o other_o but_o afterward_o they_o be_v persuade_v to_o desi_v from_o their_o enterprise_n some_o say_v because_o they_o see_v the_o red_a sea_n to_o be_v high_a than_o many_o part_n of_o egypt_n and_o hereupon_o fear_v a_o general_a inundation_n of_o all_o egypt_n if_o the_o passage_n be_v break_v open_a other_o have_v deliver_v that_o they_o fear_v that_o if_o the_o passage_n from_o one_o unto_o another_o be_v break_v open_a and_o the_o red_a sea_n have_v a_o vent_n that_o way_n the_o red_a sea_n will_v become_v so_o shallow_a that_o man_n may_v wade_v over_o it_o and_o so_o instead_o of_o make_v africa_n a_o island_n it_o will_v have_v be_v more_o join_v to_o the_o continent_n then_o before_o both_o opinion_n consent_v in_o this_o that_o the_o water_n
as_o meridian_n parallel_n &_o rhumbe_n on_o the_o chart_n in_o such_o sort_n as_o these_o error_n may_v be_v prevent_v and_o the_o due_a proportion_n and_o symmetry_n of_o place_n well_o observe_v but_o our_o industrious_a countryman_n have_v wade_v through_o all_o these_o difficulty_n and_o find_v out_o the_o true_a demonstration_n of_o a_o projection_n of_o these_o line_n to_o be_v inscribe_v in_o the_o chart_n in_o such_o sort_n as_o no_o sensible_a error_n can_v show_v itself_o from_o who_o copious_a industry_n we_o will_v extract_v so_o much_o as_o may_v serve_v our_o purpose_n only_o contract_v his_o invention_n into_o a_o short_a method_n have_v many_o matter_n to_o pass_v through_o in_o this_o treatise_n 2_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o parallel_n in_o the_o chart_n must_v increase_v proportionable_o as_o the_o secantes_fw-la of_o the_o latitude_n it_o have_v be_v a_o conceive_a error_n as_o we_o have_v show_v that_o all_o the_o parallel_n in_o the_o chart_n here_o mention_v shall_v everywhere_a keep_v the_o same_o distance_n one_o from_o the_o other_o from_o the_o equator_fw-la to_o the_o pole_n yet_o because_o no_o man_n for_o aught_o i_o know_v have_v out_o of_o geometrical_a ground_n discover_v the_o true_a proportion_n beside_o my_o forenamed_a author_n i_o must_v herein_o also_o follow_v his_o direrection_n as_o near_o as_o i_o can_v in_o his_o own_o footstep_n because_o i_o will_v not_o any_o way_n prejudice_n his_o invention_n first_o therefore_o we_o must_v consider_v in_o that_o chart_n because_o the_o parallel_n be_v equal_a one_o to_o the_o other_o for_o every_o one_o be_v set_v equal_a to_o the_o equinoctial_a the_o meridian_n also_o must_v be_v parallel_n and_o straight_a line_n and_o by_o consequence_n the_o rhumbe_n make_v equal_a angle_n with_o every_o meridian_n must_v be_v also_o straight_a line_n second_o because_o the_o spherical_a superficies_n whereof_o the_o chart_n be_v imagine_v to_o be_v produce_v be_v conceive_v to_o swell_v and_o enlarge_v itself_o everywhere_a equal_o that_o be_v as_o well_o in_o longitude_n as_o latitude_n till_o it_o accommodate_v itself_o to_o the_o hollowness_n of_o the_o cylinder_n round_o about_o therefore_o at_o every_o point_n of_o latitude_n in_o this_o cylinder_n so_o dilate_a a_o part_n of_o the_o meridian_n obtain_v the_o same_o proportion_n to_o the_o like_a part_n of_o the_o parallel_n that_o the_o like_a part_n of_o the_o meridian_n and_o parallel_n have_v to_o each_o other_o in_o the_o globe_n without_o sensible_a error_n now_o for_o as_o much_o as_o like_a part_n of_o the_o whole_n have_v the_o same_o proportion_n that_o these_o whole_n have_v therefore_o the_o like_a part_n of_o any_o parallel_n or_o meridian_n of_o the_o sphere_n have_v the_o same_o proportion_n that_o the_o same_o parallel_n and_o meridian_n have_v for_o example_n sake_n as_o the_o meridian_n be_v double_a to_o the_o parallel_n of_o 60_o degree_n so_o a_o degree_n minute_n or_o other_o part_n be_v also_o double_a to_o a_o degree_n minute_n or_o other_o part_n of_o the_o parallel_n and_o what_o proportion_n the_o parallel_n have_v to_o the_o meridian_n the_o same_o must_v their_o diameter_n and_o semidiameter_n have_v one_o to_o the_o other_o as_o be_v teach_v by_o geometrician_n now_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o compliment_n of_o the_o parallel_n latiude_n or_o distance_n from_o the_o equinoctial_a be_v the_o semi-diameter_n of_o the_o say_a parallel_n as_o in_o this_o diagramme_n here_o insert_v may_v easy_o appear_v for_o ae_n the_o sign_n of_o ah_o the_o compliment_n of_o of_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o parallel_n abcd_v from_o the_o equinoctial_a be_v the_o semi-diameter_n of_o the_o parallel_n abcd_v and_o as_o the_o semi-diameter_n of_o the_o meridian_n or_o whole_a sign_n be_v to_o the_o semi-diameter_n of_o the_o parallel_n so_o be_v the_o secant_fw-la or_o hypotenuse_n of_o the_o parallel_n latitude_n to_o the_o semi-diameter_n of_o the_o meridian_n or_o to_o the_o whole_a sign_n as_o fk_v that_o be_v ak_v to_o ae_n as_o be_v gk_n so_o be_v ik_fw-mi to_o fk_n therefore_o in_o this_o geographical_a chart_n the_o semi-diameter_n of_o each_o parallel_n be_v equal_a to_o the_o semidiameter_n of_o the_o equinoctial_a or_o whole_a sign_n the_o part_n of_o the_o meridian_n at_o every_o point_n of_o latitude_n must_v of_o necessity_n increase_v with_o the_o same_o proportion_n wherewith_o the_o secant_v of_o the_o arch_n contain_v between_o these_o point_n of_o latitude_n and_o the_o equinoctial_a increase_n out_o of_o which_o geometrical_a ground_n thus_o explain_v will_v arise_v a_o certain_a and_o easy_a method_n for_o the_o make_n of_o a_o table_n by_o the_o help_n of_o trigonometry_n whereby_o the_o meridian_n in_o any_o geographical_a or_o hydrographical_a table_n may_v true_o and_o in_o due_a proportion_n divide_v itself_o into_o part_n from_o the_o equinoctial_a towards_o either_o pole_n for_o take_v for_o grant_v each_o distance_n of_o each_o point_n of_o latitude_n or_o of_o each_o parallel_n one_o from_o the_o other_o to_o comprehend_v so_o many_o point_n as_o the_o secant_v of_o the_o latitude_n of_o each_o point_n or_o parallel_n contain_v we_o may_v draw_v out_o a_o table_n by_o continual_a addition_n of_o the_o secant_v answerable_a unto_o the_o latitude_n of_o each_o parallel_n unto_o the_o sum_n compound_v of_o all_o the_o former_a secant_v beginning_n with_o the_o secant_v of_o the_o first_o parallel_n latitude_n and_o thereunto_o add_v the_o second_o parallel_n latitude_n and_o to_o the_o sum_n of_o both_o these_o add_v the_o three_o parallel_n latitude_n and_o so_o forth_o in_o all_o the_o rest_n and_o this_o table_n will_v show_v the_o section_n and_o point_n of_o latitude_n in_o the_o meridian_n of_o the_o geographical_a map_n through_o which_o section_n the_o parallel_n ought_v to_o be_v draw_v which_o table_n we_o have_v late_o set_v out_o by_o edward_n wright_n in_o his_o correction_n of_o nautical_a error_n to_o who_o for_o further_a satisfaction_n in_o this_o kind_n i_o refer_v the_o diligent_a reader_n out_o of_o the_o same_o ground_n we_o may_v also_o deduce_v the_o rumbe_n for_o since_o that_o the_o chart_n as_o we_o have_v show_v be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o plain_a parallellogramme_n conceive_v to_o be_v make_v of_o the_o extension_n of_o a_o spherical_a superficies_n inscribe_v in_o a_o concave_n cylinder_n it_o must_v needs_o be_v that_o the_o rumbe_n make_v equal_a angle_n with_o all_o the_o meridian_n therefore_o if_o in_o the_o chart_n a_o circle_n be_v draw_v divide_v into_o 32_o equal_a part_n begin_v with_o the_o meridian_n pass_v by_o the_o centre_n of_o that_o circle_n the_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o centre_n of_o these_o section_n will_v be_v the_o rumbe_n for_o that_o place_n 9_o of_o the_o geographical_a plaine-chart_n we_o have_v speak_v it_o behoove_v we_o next_o to_o treat_v of_o the_o geographical_a planispheare_n the_o planispheare_n be_v a_o table_n or_o map_n of_o two_o face_n whereon_o the_o line_n be_v project_v circular_o betwixt_o the_o planispheare_n and_o the_o plaine-chart_n a_o double_a difference_n may_v be_v observe_v 1_o that_o the_o former_a consist_v altogether_o of_o right_a line_n aswell_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o parallel_n as_o meridian_n whereas_o the_o late_a be_v compose_v of_o circular_a or_o crooked_a line_n as_o well_o as_o right_v 2_o the_o former_a may_v well_o be_v express_v in_o one_o form_n or_o front_n as_o we_o may_v see_v not_o only_o in_o the_o nautical_a and_o common_a chart_n which_o we_o have_v show_v to_o be_v all_o one_o with_o the_o other_o in_o respect_n of_o these_o line_n but_o in_o many_o other_o common_a map_n as_o namely_o those_o of_o hondius_n whereas_o the_o planispheare_n can_v be_v express_v without_o two_o face_n or_o hemisphere_n whereof_o the_o one_o represent_v the_o eastern_a the_o other_o the_o western_a part_n of_o the_o terrene_a globe_n for_o herein_o we_o must_v imagine_v a_o globe_n to_o be_v cut_v into_o two_o equal_a hemisphere_n which_o be_v at_o once_o represent_v to_o our_o sight_n of_o this_o description_n of_o the_o earth_n by_o crooked_a line_n ptolemy_n in_o his_o 24_o chapt._n of_o his_o geography_n have_v teach_v we_o two_o way_n whereof_o the_o first_o depend_v from_o the_o aspect_n of_o a_o sphere_n turn_v and_o move_v round_o in_o which_o all_o the_o meridian_n be_v describe_v as_o right_a line_n but_o the_o parallel_n as_o circumference_n or_o crooked_a line_n the_o other_o delineation_n take_v his_o ground_n from_o a_o sphere_n represent_v to_o the_o sight_n not_o move_v but_o rest_v still_o in_o his_o place_n in_o which_o both_o meridian_n and_o parallel_n be_v draw_v circular_a these_o two_o way_n of_o ptolemy_n howsoever_o judicious_o invent_v in_o those_o time_n wherein_o a_o small_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v discover_v and_o geography_n very_o unperfect_a have_v be_v by_o late_a geographer_n much_o reform_v and_o correct_v
industrious_o calculate_v as_o i_o have_v here_o insert_v to_o save_v other_o a_o new_a labour_n of_o calculation_n the_o meridian_n be_v more_o easy_o find_v by_o hang_v any_o directory_n wire_n or_o needle_n over_o the_o terrella_n one_o end_n of_o which_o point_v towards_o the_o north_n and_o the_o other_o towards_o the_o south_n will_v discover_v the_o meridian_n line_n chap._n viii_o of_o the_o measure_n of_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n 1_o hitherto_o have_v we_o handle_v the_o terrestrial_a globe_n primary_o in_o such_o propriety_n as_o absolute_o agree_v unto_o its_o nature_n in_o the_o second_o place_n we_o be_v to_o handle_v such_o as_o secondary_o arise_v out_o of_o the_o former_a here_o we_o be_v to_o handle_v two_o chief_a point_n 1_o the_o measure_n 2_o the_o distinction_n 2_o the_o measure_n be_v that_o by_o which_o we_o find_v out_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o whole_a earth_n good_a reason_n have_v we_o to_o call_v this_o the_o secondary_a part_n of_o geography_n for_o as_o much_o as_o these_o accident_n and_o propriety_n we_o here_o consider_v arise_v altogether_o out_o of_o the_o former_a in_o the_o former_a treatise_n we_o have_v divide_v the_o natural_a sphere_n of_o the_o earth_n from_o the_o artificial_a but_o in_o this_o part_n for_o avoid_v of_o tedious_a repetition_n of_o the_o same_o thing_n we_o have_v join_v they_o together_o for_o howsoever_o the_o measure_n and_o dictinction_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v true_o ground_v on_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o earth_n itself_o yet_o can_v it_o not_o be_v well_o express_v and_o teach_v without_o the_o material_a instrument_n we_o have_v therefore_o think_v good_a to_o consider_v the_o measure_n of_o the_o earth_n before_o we_o come_v unto_o the_o distinction_n because_o it_o be_v more_o simple_a and_o uncompound_n depend_v on_o the_o lineament_n and_o measure_n of_o one_o circle_n whereas_o the_o distinction_n necessary_o require_v the_o conjunction_n and_o combination_n of_o diverse_a circle_n as_o meridian_n and_o parallel_n compare_v one_o with_o the_o other_o as_o shall_v be_v teach_v hereafter_o whether_o the_o great_a mass_n of_o the_o earth_n can_v be_v measure_v or_o no_o seem_v a_o matter_n not_o agree_v on_o by_o all_o some_o have_v hold_v a_o opinion_n that_o it_o can_v be_v measure_v in_o regard_n of_o the_o infinite_a magnitude_n wherewith_o they_o think_v it_o endow_v which_o opinion_n seem_v derive_v from_o some_o of_o the_o platonic_n who_o ascribe_v to_o the_o earth_n another_o figure_n beside_o the_o spherical_a have_v cast_v themselves_o upon_o uncertainty_n and_o be_v notable_a to_o reduce_v the_o quantity_n of_o the_o earth_n according_a to_o their_o own_o ground_n to_o any_o certain_a measure_n have_v deny_v it_o to_o be_v measurable_a but_o the_o ground_n of_o this_o opinion_n we_o have_v take_v away_o before_o in_o prove_v the_o earth_n to_o be_v of_o a_o true_a spherical_a nature_n and_o therefore_o circumscribe_v in_o certain_a bound_n apt_a to_o be_v measure_v another_o conceit_n more_o absurd_a than_o the_o former_a be_v not_o only_o the_o common_a people_n who_o condition_n may_v excuse_v their_o ignorance_n but_o of_o such_o as_o will_v be_v esteem_v learned_a who_o contend_v that_o the_o greatness_n of_o the_o earth_n can_v be_v measure_v the_o only_a reason_n they_o can_v allege_v for_o themselves_o be_v 1_o that_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v unaccessible_a by_o reason_n of_o steep_a rock_n high_a mountain_n spacious_a and_o thick_a wood_n moorish_a fog_n and_o such_o like_a impediment_n 2_o that_o the_o part_n of_o it_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n uneven_a and_o subject_a to_o no_o regular_a figure_n without_o the_o which_o no_o measure_n can_v be_v exact_a the_o first_o cavil_n be_v of_o no_o moment_n because_o whereas_o we_o affirm_v that_o the_o earth_n by_o man_n may_v be_v measure_v we_o hold_v it_o not_o necessary_a that_o it_o shall_v be_v traverse_v over_o by_o journey_n or_o voyage_n for_o as_o much_o as_o to_o the_o find_v out_o of_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o whole_a terrestrial_a sphere_n it_o may_v seem_v sufficient_a to_o know_v the_o measure_n and_o proportion_n of_o any_o little_a part_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o heaven_n as_o for_o example_n what_o number_n of_o miles_n league_n or_o furlong_n answer_v to_o any_o degree_n or_o degree_n in_o the_o heaven_n wherefore_o we_o suppose_v the_o earth_n to_o be_v measure_v over_o not_o with_o our_o foot_n but_o with_o our_o wit_n which_o may_v by_o mathematical_a rule_n be_v teach_v to_o march_v forward_o where_o our_o leg_n fail_v we_o the_o second_o objection_n only_o prove_v thus_o much_o that_o the_o earth_n partake_v of_o so_o many_o unequal_a part_n and_o irregular_a form_n can_v in_o the_o measure_n admit_v of_o so_o much_o exactness_n as_o if_o it_o be_v endow_v with_o one_o uniform_a face_n yet_o it_o be_v exact_a enough_o to_o contenta_fw-mi cosmographer_n who_o measure_v not_o by_o foot_n and_o inch_n but_o by_o league_n and_o mile_n in_o which_o we_o little_o regard_v such_o a_o needless_a curiosity_n 1_o the_o common_a measure_n by_o which_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v know_v be_v miles_n and_o furlong_n here_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o such_o instrument_n as_o serve_v for_o measure_v be_v of_o two_o sort_n either_o great_a or_o lesser_a the_o small_a be_v of_o diverse_a sort_n as_o a_o grain_n inch_n foot_n perch_n pole_n and_o such_o like_a some_o of_o these_o howsoever_o sometime_o useful_a in_o topographie_n can_v have_v little_a or_o no_o use_n at_o all_o in_o the_o vast_a greatness_n of_o the_o whole_a earth_n wherefore_o the_o geographer_n seldom_o descend_v so_o low_a but_o take_v notice_n of_o great_a measure_n such_o as_o be_v miles_n &_o furlong_n where_o we_o may_v observe_v by_o the_o way_n that_o the_o usual_a measure_n among_o the_o grecian_n be_v by_o stadia_fw-la or_o furlong_n among_o many_o of_o the_o latin_n by_o mile_n under_o which_o we_o also_o comprehend_v league_n these_o mile_n be_v diverse_o vary_v according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o country_n so_o that_o in_o some_o place_n they_o be_v esteem_v long_o in_o other_o short_a which_o difference_n may_v be_v learn_v out_o of_o this_o ensue_a table_n the_o instrument_n of_o measure_v the_o earth_n be_v 1_o furlong_n contain_v 125_o geometicall_a pace_n or_o 625_o foot_n 2_o mile_n which_o be_v either_o 1_o proper_a contain_v 8_o furlong_n or_o 1000_o pace_n 2_o improper_a which_o be_v either_o 1_o league_n which_o be_v either_o 2_o german_a mile_n which_o be_v either_o the_o 1_o old_a contain_v 12_o furlong_n 2_o new_a contain_v 16_o furlong_n 3_o common_z of_o 24_o furlong_n 1_o common_a which_o be_v 32_o furlong_n or_o four_o italian_a mile_n 2_o great_a contain_v 5000_o pace_n which_o be_v call_v the_o suenian_a or_o helvetian_a mile_n howsoever_o this_o distinction_n of_o mile_n may_v be_v many_o way_n profitable_a especial_o in_o the_o topographicall_a part_n yet_o shall_v we_o seldom_o make_v use_n of_o any_o other_o than_o the_o common_a german_a mile_n or_o the_o common_a italian_a mile_n to_o which_o as_o the_o most_o know_v the_o rest_n may_v easy_o be_v reduce_v 3_o the_o object_n here_o propose_v to_o be_v measure_v be_v the_o sphere_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o dimension_n according_a to_o which_o it_o be_v measure_v be_v either_o simple_a or_o compound_v 4_o the_o simple_a be_v twofold_a either_o the_o perimeter_n or_o the_o diameter_n the_o perimeter_n otherwise_o call_v the_o circumference_n be_v a_o great_a circle_n measure_v the_o earth_n round_o about_o 5_o the_o invention_n of_o the_o perimeter_n of_o the_o earth_n depend_v on_o these_o follow_a proposition_n 1_o if_o two_o or_o more_o circle_n be_v draw_v about_o the_o same_o centre_n and_o from_o the_o centre_n to_o the_o circumference_n be_v draw_v two_o right_a line_n the_o arch_n of_o all_o the_o circle_n comprehend_v within_o the_o say_v right_a line_n will_v be_v like_a and_o proportional_a one_o to_o the_o other_o this_o proposition_n be_v mere_o geometrical_a be_v take_v here_o as_o a_o ground_n without_o far_a demonstration_n whereof_o if_o any_o man_n doubt_v he_o may_v have_v recourse_n to_o clavius_n commentary_n upon_o johannes_n de_fw-fr sacrobosco_n this_o principle_n grant_v will_v beget_v these_o two_o consectary_n 1_o as_o one_o degree_n be_v to_o the_o number_n of_o correspondent_a mile_n or_o furlong_n so_o all_o degree_n of_o the_o circle_n to_o the_o number_n of_o mile_n or_o furlong_n measure_v the_o quantity_n of_o the_o perimeter_n of_o the_o earth_n 2_o wherefore_o one_o degree_n or_o portion_n of_o the_o circle_n be_v know_v by_o his_o number_n of_o mile_n or_o furlong_n the_o whole_a circumference_n may_v be_v find_v out_o the_o reason_n of_o this_o consequence_n every_o arithmetician_n can_v easy_o show_v out_o of_o the_o golden_a rule_n the_o chief_a point_n then_o
to_o aristotle_n ground_n be_v by_o a_o tenne-fold_n proportion_v thin_a than_o the_o water_n moreover_o the_o air_n in_o these_o place_n seat_v in_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o high_a than_o other_o place_n and_o by_o consequent_a near_a the_o sun_n shall_v rather_o be_v rarify_v and_o thicken_v because_o heat_n be_v the_o great_a cause_n of_o rarefaction_n as_o we_o shall_v show_v hereafter_o for_o the_o reason_n allege_v for_o these_o opinion_n they_o be_v draw_v only_o from_o the_o weakness_n of_o their_o assertion_n which_o hold_v that_o fountain_n be_v derive_v either_o from_o rain_n water_n or_o from_o the_o sea_n both_o which_o we_o have_v examine_v brief_o and_o whereof_o we_o shall_v speak_v hereafter_o the_o school_n of_o conimbra_n not_o utter_o reject_v all_o the_o former_a opinion_n have_v undertake_v to_o forgo_v a_o opinion_n as_o it_o be_v partake_v of_o all_o pretend_v to_o say_v something_o more_o when_o indeed_o they_o produce_v nothing_o beside_o the_o former_a their_o assertion_n they_o have_v set_v down_o in_o eight_o proposition_n which_o i_o will_v faithful_o set_v down_o and_o then_o censure_n the_o first_o be_v that_o in_o subterranean_a place_n under_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v hide_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o water_n distinguish_v into_o river_n pond_n and_o lake_n this_o they_o prove_v from_o the_o daily_a experiment_n of_o such_o as_o dig_v diverse_a well_n and_o deppe_a trench_n in_o the_o earth_n who_o many_o time_n under_o the_o earth_n find_v not_o only_o many_o river_n and_o pond_n but_o many_o time_n happen_v upon_o so_o great_a abundance_n of_o water_n that_o they_o can_v neither_o find_v the_o bottom_n or_o bound_n thereof_o to_o this_o they_o add_v a_o experiment_n of_o philip_n and_o macedon_n record_v by_o asclepiadorâ—â—_n who_o cause_v many_o man_n expert_a in_o dig_v of_o metal_n to_o be_v let_v down_o into_o a_o old_a and_o forsake_a mine_n to_o search_v out_o the_o vein_n of_o metal_n to_o see_v whether_o the_o covetousness_n of_o antiquity_n have_v leave_v any_o thing_n to_o posterity_n these_o man_n use_v great_a light_n be_v say_v to_o have_v find_v nothing_o there_o but_o great_a and_o vast_a river_n and_o great_a receptacle_n of_o water_n this_o they_o also_o labour_v to_o confirm_v by_o many_o and_o sudden_a eruption_n and_o break_v out_o of_o water_n out_o of_o the_o earth_n whereof_o we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o speak_v more_o hereafter_o this_o first_o position_n howsoever_o in_o itself_o true_a enough_o seem_v little_a to_o the_o purpose_n but_o we_o will_v proceed_v to_o the_o second_o which_o be_v this_o that_o when_o god_n in_o the_o three_o day_n of_o the_o creation_n separate_v the_o water_n into_o one_o place_n and_o hide_v it_o in_o the_o cavern_n and_o secret_a receptacle_n of_o the_o earth_n at_o the_o same_o time_n disperse_v into_o diverse_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n a_o great_a quantity_n of_o water_n by_o diverse_a occult_a passage_n and_o channel_n whence_o come_v that_o great_a mass_n of_o water_n under_o the_o earth_n which_o be_v before_o mention_v this_o they_o seem_v to_o persuade_v by_o reason_n for_o say_v they_o as_o the_o wise_a architect_n of_o all_o for_o man_n sake_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o live_a creature_n for_o the_o use_n of_o man_n have_v discover_v the_o dry_a land_n by_o restrain_v all_o the_o water_n into_o one_o place_n so_o it_o be_v most_o necessary_a that_o he_o shall_v inward_o water_v the_o earth_n by_o which_o stone_n metal_n mineral_n &_o other_o such_o thing_n in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n shall_v in_o time_n grow_v and_o increase_v also_o that_o some_o water_n shall_v from_o hence_o break_v up_o out_o of_o the_o earth_n for_o diverse_a cause_n hereafter_o specify_v final_o as_o philo-iudaeus_a affirm_v for_o the_o continuation_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o otherwise_o may_v by_o drought_n be_v separate_v and_o divide_v the_o three_o proposition_n ground_v on_o the_o two_o former_a be_v this_o that_o many_o river_n and_o fountain_n in_o diverse_a place_n by_o god_n decree_n arise_v out_o of_o the_o earth_n by_o quantity_n of_o water_n hide_v in_o the_o cavern_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o they_o prove_v by_o reason_n draw_v from_o the_o utility_n of_o such_o fountain_n and_o river_n spring_v out_o of_o the_o earth_n four_o they_o defend_v that_o all_o fountain_n and_o current_n be_v not_o so_o make_v and_o appoint_v in_o the_o first_o creation_n because_o history_n &_o experience_n teach_v we_o that_o many_o have_v break_v out_o of_o the_o ground_n afterward_o whereof_o we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o speak_v hereafter_o fiâ—tly_o they_o affirm_v that_o if_o the_o opinion_n of_o aristotle_n be_v understand_v of_o all_o fountain_n and_o flood_n it_o can_v be_v approve_v for_o asmuch_o as_o it_o seem_v sufficient_o declare_v in_o the_o three_o opinion_n how_o such_o river_n may_v be_v generate_v without_o such_o vapour_n as_o also_o because_o many_o argument_n and_o place_n of_o holy_a scripture_n seem_v to_o prove_v the_o contrary_n as_o also_o the_o four_o river_n of_o paradise_n create_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o world_n can_v be_v guess_v to_o draw_v their_o original_n from_o such_o vapour_n as_o aristotle_n imagine_v to_o which_o accord_n many_o ancient_a father_n upon_o these_o place_n recite_v in_o that_o opinion_n whereas_o all_o river_n be_v think_v to_o fetch_v their_o original_n from_o the_o sea_n six_o for_o the_o credit_n of_o their_o master_n aristotle_n they_o be_v constrain_v to_o aver_v that_o although_o his_o opinion_n can_v be_v verify_v of_o all_o river_n and_o fountain_n of_o the_o earth_n yet_o if_o it_o be_v restrain_v to_o some_o such_o perpetual_a current_n it_o may_v have_v probability_n for_o asmuch_o aswe_n be_v to_o believe_v that_o many_o such_o large_a cavern_n and_o hole_n be_v hide_v under_o the_o earth_n in_o which_o no_o small_a quantity_n of_o vapour_n may_v be_v engender_v this_o probability_n be_v great_a in_o those_o river_n which_o be_v lesser_a in_o quantity_n then_o the_o great_a for_o the_o reason_n before_o show_v seven_o they_o affirm_v that_o it_o be_v absolute_o to_o be_v believe_v that_o not_o only_o great_a river_n and_o current_n be_v derive_v from_o subterranean_a water_n which_o have_v original_a from_o the_o sea_n but_o also_o less_o fountain_n and_o spring_n for_o the_o most_o part_n challenge_v the_o same_o beginning_n whence_o they_o labour_v to_o prove_v by_o this_o reason_n that_o in_o very_a few_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n there_o be_v find_v so_o perpetual_a and_o apt_a disposition_n of_o vapour_n under_o the_o ground_n as_o to_o nourish_v so_o many_o and_o so_o great_a current_n of_o water_n eight_o say_v they_o it_o can_v be_v deny_v but_o that_o water_n aswell_o proceed_v from_o rain_n as_o that_o which_o be_v generate_v of_o vapour_n in_o the_o cavern_n of_o the_o earth_n sometime_o may_v flow_v into_o fountain_n and_o river_n what_o concern_v torrent_n breed_v of_o rain_n they_o have_v recourse_n to_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o first_o opinion_n for_o other_o they_o make_v it_o also_o probable_a because_o we_o see_v by_o experience_n that_o vapour_n and_o air_n compass_v about_o with_o earth_n be_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o cold_a environ_v it_o turn_v into_o water_n this_o be_v indeed_o the_o opinion_n of_o those_o subtle_a jesuit_n of_o conimbra_n wherein_o although_o they_o give_v a_o flourish_n as_o if_o they_o will_v defend_v their_o master_n aristotle_n on_o who_o they_o comment_v yet_o mean_v they_o nothing_o less_o but_o indeed_o wary_o stick_v to_o the_o other_o of_o the_o divine_n and_o ancient_a father_n of_o the_o church_n touch_v the_o derivation_n of_o all_o 〈◊〉_d from_o the_o sea_n which_o opinion_n howsoever_o in_o itself_o most_o probable_a they_o know_v not_o how_o to_o manage_v and_o defend_v against_o opposition_n for_o whereas_o they_o suppose_v that_o in_o the_o first_o sepâ—â—tion_n of_o the_o sea_n from_o the_o dry-land_n a_o great_a quantity_n of_o water_n be_v disperse_v into_o diverse_a hollow_a place_n &_o cavern_n of_o the_o earth_n from_o whence_o river_n be_v derive_v and_o make_v they_o have_v not_o in_o any_o probable_a manner_n express_v how_o this_o water_n shall_v perpetual_o flow_v and_o feed_v so_o many_o &_o great_a current_n for_o first_o i_o will_v ask_v of_o these_o learned_a father_n whether_o the_o water_n enclose_v in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n whence_o these_o spring_n be_v feed_v be_v high_o or_o low_a than_o the_o fountain_n arise_v out_o of_o they_o if_o it_o be_v high_a whether_o the_o river_n be_v continual_o nourish_v on_o the_o old_a store_n or_o a_o new_a supply_n be_v daily_o make_v that_o so_o great_a river_n shall_v be_v maintain_v so_o many_o thousand_o year_n out_o of_o the_o old_a provision_n be_v most_o improbable_a because_o the_o
the_o part_n whereof_o this_o terrestrial_a sphere_n consist_v may_v be_v consider_v two_o way_n either_o as_o they_o be_v unite_v in_o the_o whole_a by_o a_o magnetical_a form_n or_o disjoin_v and_o take_v by_o themselves_o in_o the_o former_a the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v suppose_v to_o move_v in_o the_o same_o motion_n by_o which_o the_o whole_a sphere_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v move_v because_o the_o whole_a and_o all_o the_o part_n take_v together_o be_v the_o same_o and_o subject_a to_o the_o same_o circular_a revolution_n notwithstanding_o this_o any_o part_n several_a and_o disjoin_v from_o the_o whole_a have_v a_o right_a motion_n downward_o towards_o the_o centre_n by_o which_o it_o return_v to_o its_o true_a natural_a union_n this_o inclination_n of_o the_o part_n agree_v not_o with_o the_o whole_a earth_n neither_o unto_o any_o part_n unite_v and_o conglobate_v to_o the_o whole_a but_o only_o to_o a_o part_n separate_v from_o his_o place_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a may_v notwithstanding_o in_o his_o place_n enjoy_v a_o circular_a motion_n now_o to_o come_v more_o near_o home_o unto_o their_o argument_n draw_v from_o the_o homogeneity_n of_o the_o earth_n we_o answer_v as_o before_o that_o there_o be_v a_o twofold_a homogeneity_n the_o one_o of_o the_o matter_n and_o quantity_n the_o other_o of_o the_o magnetical_a form_n and_o nature_n of_o the_o former_a we_o may_v conclude_v out_o of_o the_o right_a motion_n of_o all_o the_o part_n the_o disposition_n of_o the_o whole_a so_o we_o understand_v it_o in_o a_o good_a sense_n first_o that_o every_o part_n be_v here_o to_o be_v understand_v not_o in_o but_o out_o of_o his_o proper_a place_n second_o that_o by_o the_o whole_a we_o ought_v not_o to_o understand_v the_o whole_a globe_n with_o all_o his_o part_n conform_v in_o one_o spherical_a frame_n but_o all_o the_o part_n indefinite_o take_v for_o if_o we_o shall_v understand_v of_o the_o whole_a globe_n their_o argument_n will_v in_o no_o way_n hold_v true_a if_o according_a to_o the_o late_a we_o may_v well_o grant_v they_o their_o conclusion_n yet_o can_v it_o not_o oppugn_v our_o assertion_n because_o it_o will_v follow_v out_o of_o the_o natural_a inclination_n of_o every_o part_n that_o all_o the_o part_n several_o take_v have_v such_o a_o disposition_n of_o return_v to_o the_o earth_n be_v separate_v there_o from_o yet_o will_v not_o this_o by_o any_o necessary_a inference_n be_v prove_v to_o agree_v to_o the_o whole_a globe_n of_o the_o earth_n but_o rather_o will_v it_o follow_v contrariwise_o that_o the_o whole_a sphere_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v move_v circular_o and_o therefore_o every_o part_n with_o and_o in_o it_o be_v move_v with_o the_o whole_a in_o the_o same_o motion_n a_o three_o argument_n which_o be_v think_v great_a than_o all_o the_o other_o be_v draw_v from_o two_o experiment_n the_o first_o be_v that_o a_o stone_n or_o bullet_n let_v fall_v from_o a_o high_a place_n to_o the_o ground_n will_v perpendicular_o descend_v to_o the_o point_n of_o the_o earth_n right_a under_o second_o that_o two_o bullet_n imagine_v to_o be_v of_o equal_a weight_n and_o matter_n be_v discharge_v from_o equal_a piece_n of_o ordinance_n with_o the_o like_a quantity_n of_o powder_n the_o one_o towards_o the_o east_n the_o other_o towards_o the_o west_n will_v reach_v a_o equal_a distance_n in_o the_o earth_n both_o which_o will_v seem_v impossible_a if_o we_o grant_v this_o supposition_n of_o the_o earth_n circular_a revolution_n for_o in_o the_o former_a case_n the_o earth_n slide_v away_o swift_o during_o the_o fall_n of_o the_o stone_n will_v change_v the_o point_n mark_v out_o for_o another_o and_o in_o the_o second_o for_o the_o like_a cause_n the_o bullet_n shoot_v towards_o the_o east_n be_v prevent_v by_o the_o swiftness_n of_o the_o earth_n motion_n carry_v along_o with_o it_o the_o ordinance_n out_o of_o which_o it_o proceed_v shall_v return_v back_o over_o the_o shooters-head_n and_o contrariwise_o that_o bullet_n shoot_v towards_o the_o west_n beside_o his_o own_o motion_n by_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o other_o way_n shall_v be_v carry_v so_o much_o far_o as_o the_o earth_n be_v remove_v from_o the_o place_n where_o it_o be_v first_o discharge_v both_o which_o experiment_n seem_v to_o cross_v this_o circumgyration_n of_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n which_o our_o magnetical_a cosmographer_n labour_v to_o confirm_v but_o with_o they_o to_o give_v a_o answer_n to_o these_o and_o the_o like_a experiment_n we_o must_v distinguish_v the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n into_o three_o sort_n some_o be_v hard_a and_o solid_a part_n adjoin_v to_o the_o globe_n as_o stone_n mineral_n &_o what_o else_o in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v unite_v to_o it_o or_o at_o least_o necessary_o adherent_a to_o the_o outward_a face_n of_o it_o some_o other_o part_n there_o be_v of_o a_o thin_a and_o fluid_a substance_n as_o the_o air_n and_o other_o vapour_n in_o it_o derive_v from_o the_o earth_n a_o three_o sort_n there_o be_v of_o such_o part_n as_o be_v in_o themselves_o solid_a be_v notwithstanding_o by_o some_o violence_n separate_v from_o the_o solid_a globe_n as_o stone_n cast_v into_o the_o air_n arrow_n bullet_n and_o such_o like_a discharge_v from_o the_o hand_n or_o engine_n for_o the_o two_o former_a we_o may_v easy_o imagine_v they_o carry_v with_o the_o same_o circular_a motion_n which_o we_o assign_v unto_o the_o whole_a be_v no_o other_o than_o the_o part_n of_o it_o depend_v from_o the_o whole_a mass_n for_o the_o three_o sort_n whereof_o consist_v the_o difficulty_n we_o can_v imagine_v they_o so_o move_v round_o as_o if_o they_o be_v whole_o separate_v from_o the_o communion_n of_o the_o earthly_a sphere_n for_o howsoever_o there_o seem_v a_o separation_n according_a to_o matter_n and_o quantity_n yet_o retain_v they_o the_o same_o magnetical_a inclination_n to_o the_o whole_a mass_n as_o if_o they_o be_v unite_v to_o it_o and_o therefore_o such_o solid_a part_n be_v move_v with_o the_o same_o uniform_a and_o natural_a motion_n wherewith_o the_o earth_n itself_o be_v turn_v so_o that_o in_o solid_a body_n so_o separate_v from_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n of_o a_o arrow_n or_o bullet_n shoot_v we_o must_v imagine_v a_o twofold_a motion_n the_o one_o natural_a &_o uniform_a whereby_o they_o be_v move_v as_o homogeneal_a part_n according_a to_o the_o revolution_n of_o the_o whole_a sphere_n the_o other_o violent_a by_o force_n impress_v from_o the_o agent_n the_o right_a motion_n proceed_v from_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o shooter_n can_v cross_v or_o hinder_v the_o natural_a because_o the_o one_o be_v right_a and_o the_o other_o circular_a admit_v no_o such_o proportion_n as_o that_o one_o shall_v hinder_v or_o further_o the_o other_o neither_o can_v these_o motion_n well_o be_v term_v contrary_a or_o opposite_a which_o be_v in_o diverse_a kind_n to_o explain_v this_o matter_n far_o we_o will_v add_v this_o diagramme_n lâ—t_v the_o whole_a orb_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v imagine_v to_o be_v lqm_n who_o centre_n be_v a_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o air_n ascend_v from_o the_o earth_n o_o q._n now_o as_o the_o orb_n of_o this_o fluid_a substance_n of_o the_o air_n ascend_v uniform_o be_v move_v round_o with_o the_o globe_n of_o the_o earth_n so_o must_v we_o imagine_v the_o part_n of_o it_o mark_v out_o by_o the_o right_a line_n oq_fw-la to_o be_v carry_v round_o with_o a_o unalterable_a revolution_n wherefore_o if_o any_o heavy_a body_n shall_v be_v place_v in_o the_o line_n oq_fw-la as_o for_o example_n p_o it_o will_v fall_v down_o towards_o the_o centre_n by_o the_o short_a way_n in_o the_o same_o line_n oq_fw-la which_o motion_n downward_o towards_o the_o centre_n can_v neither_o be_v hinder_v by_o the_o circular_a motion_n of_o the_o earth_n nor_o yet_o mix_v or_o compound_v with_o it_o it_o can_v be_v hinder_v because_o as_o we_o have_v show_v a_o right_a motion_n and_o a_o circular_a being_n not_o in_o the_o same_o kind_n can_v proper_o be_v repute_v contrary_a neither_o for_o the_o same_o cause_n can_v they_o be_v mix_v or_o compound_v wherefore_o this_o motion_n will_v be_v no_o other_o than_o one_o simple_a and_o right_a motion_n never_o vary_v from_o the_o line_n oq_fw-la which_o be_v once_o understand_v it_o be_v no_o hard_a thing_n to_o imagine_v a_o bullet_n or_o stone_n force_v by_o equal_a strength_n from_o q_o towards_o l_o and_o from_o q._n towards_o the_o point_n m_o to_o observe_v always_o a_o like_a distance_n notwithstanding_o the_o earth_n circular_a revolution_n have_v hitherto_o show_v this_o spherical_a motion_n of_o the_o earth_n to_o be_v possible_a and_o no_o way_n to_o contradict_v nature_n we_o be_v in_o the_o next_o place_n to_o show_v it_o to_o be_v no_o way_n opposite_a to_o the_o sense_n of_o
not_o back_v with_o any_o necessary_a demonstration_n for_o it_o prove_v not_o thing_n else_o but_o the_o earth_n to_o be_v the_o centre_n of_o all_o earthy_a and_o heavy_a body_n and_o not_o to_o be_v absolute_o place_v in_o the_o exact_a middle_n of_o the_o world_n another_o reason_n not_o much_o unlike_o the_o former_a be_v draw_v by_o some_o from_o a_o final_a cause_n and_o the_o natural_a harmony_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o world_n one_o with_o the_o other_o the_o earth_n say_v they_o be_v of_o all_o other_o body_n the_o most_o vile_a and_o sordid_a therefore_o it_o be_v agreeable_a to_o nature_n that_o it_o shall_v be_v place_v in_o the_o middle_n equal_o distant_a from_o each_o part_n of_o the_o heaven_n that_o one_o part_n may_v not_o seem_v to_o complain_v of_o this_o unpleasing_a vicinity_n more_o than_o another_o but_o this_o reason_n take_v as_o grant_v to_o matter_n as_o yet_o not_o decide_v first_o that_o the_o earth_n among_o all_o other_o body_n be_v most_o vile_a and_o sordid_a depend_v on_o the_o ground_n of_o peripatetic_n that_o the_o heavenly_a body_n suffer_v no_o corruption_n a_o thing_n soon_o speak_v then_o prove_v second_o that_o pure_a and_o impure_a body_n the_o most_o excellent_a and_o most_o vile_a in_o nature_n be_v always_o most_o distant_a as_o in_o nature_n so_o in_o place_n which_o be_v a_o peremptory_a assertion_n without_o ground_n a_o three_o reason_n more_o probable_a than_o the_o former_a be_v draw_v from_o the_o apparence_n of_o star_n above_o the_o horizon_n it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o star_n above_o the_o horizon_n appear_v always_o to_o be_v of_o one_o and_o the_o selfsame_o magnitude_n and_o quantity_n whether_o in_o the_o vertical_a point_n or_o in_o the_o east_n or_o the_o west_n or_o any_o other_o place_n whence_o we_o may_v collect_v that_o they_o differ_v equal_o in_o distance_n from_o the_o earth_n and_o by_o consequence_n the_o earth_n be_v seat_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o world_n for_o if_o it_o be_v otherwise_o that_o the_o star_n in_o some_o place_n shall_v be_v near_o in_o other_o far_a ofâ—_n they_o will_v somewhere_o seem_v great_a otherwhere_o lesser_a according_a to_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o optic_n this_o reason_n howsoever_o popular_a seem_v to_o admit_v a_o twofold_a exception_n first_o because_o it_o imply_v that_o a_o man_n stand_v on_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v equal_o distant_a from_o all_o place_n and_o part_n of_o the_o heaven_n whereas_o the_o heaven_n in_o the_o horizon_n be_v far_a distant_a by_o reason_n of_o a_o whole_a semidiameter_n of_o the_o earth_n interpose_v second_o all_o star_n arise_v in_o the_o east_n or_o set_v in_o the_o west_n ordinary_o seem_v great_a than_o in_o the_o vertical_a point_n by_o reason_n of_o vapour_n ascend_v and_o interpose_v whence_o we_o can_v well_o gather_v the_o earth_n to_o be_v seat_v in_o the_o midst_n from_o the_o like_a appearance_n of_o the_o star_n when_o experience_n teach_v the_o contrary_a that_o they_o seem_v not_o always_o of_o the_o like_a magnitude_n concern_v the_o first_o we_o answer_v that_o the_o semidiameter_n of_o the_o earth_n interpose_v betwixt_o the_o superficies_n and_o centre_n be_v in_o itself_o great_a but_o this_o as_o we_o shall_v prove_v in_o respect_n of_o the_o heaven_n be_v so_o little_a that_o the_o sense_n can_v gather_v any_o difference_n in_o observation_n of_o the_o star_n but_o that_o they_o shall_v always_o appear_v of_o the_o like_a magnitude_n concern_v the_o second_o we_o must_v needs_o acknowledge_v that_o vapour_n ascend_v about_o the_o horizon_n by_o a_o opticall_a refraction_n make_v the_o star_n seem_v great_a than_o other_o wise_a they_o will_v do_v but_o the_o reason_n may_v be_v understand_v in_o this_o sort_n that_o whether_o a_o â—an_v be_v place_v in_o the_o same_o horizon_n where_o the_o sun_n be_v when_o he_o rise_v or_o under_o that_o horizon_n where_o the_o sun_n be_v now_o under_o his_o meridian_n or_o under_o that_o horizon_n where_o he_o be_v set_v he_o will_v appear_v to_o be_v of_o one_o and_o the_o selfsame_o greatness_n without_o any_o sensible_a difference_n whereas_o therefore_o they_o speak_v of_o the_o appearance_n of_o star_n they_o will_v have_v they_o take_v as_o abstract_v from_o all_o impediment_n of_o sight_n or_o interpose_v vapour_n and_o so_o the_o reason_n may_v obtain_v her_o force_n the_o four_o reason_n why_o the_o earth_n shall_v be_v seat_v in_o the_o midst_n allege_v by_o ptolemy_n and_o other_o be_v this_o wheresoever_o any_o man_n stand_v on_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n six_o sign_n of_o the_o zodiac_n will_v show_v themselves_o and_o the_o other_o six_o sign_n will_v lie_v hide_v and_o by_o consequence_n half_o the_o heaven_n will_v appear_v the_o other_o half_o will_v be_v under_o which_o be_v a_o evident_a reason_n that_o the_o earth_n be_v in_o the_o midst_n for_o otherwise_o it_o can_v not_o so_o happen_v the_o former_a be_v confirm_v by_o ptolemy_n alphraganus_n and_o the_o best_a astronomer_n the_o consequence_n may_v be_v infer_v out_o of_o natural_a reason_n this_o argument_n will_v sufficient_o hold_v upon_o this_o supposition_n mention_v before_o and_o to_o be_v prove_v hereafter_o that_o the_o earth_n have_v no_o sensible_a magnitude_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o firmament_n no_o sensible_a difference_n can_v show_v itself_o betwixt_o the_o sensible_a and_o the_o rational_a horizon_n beside_o these_o reason_n which_o make_v the_o matter_n more_o than_o probable_a other_o be_v produce_v by_o ptolemy_n demonstrative_a â—ot_n admit_v any_o evident_a or_o probable_a exception_n or_o evasion_n the_o first_o be_v this_o if_o the_o earth_n be_v place_v out_o of_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o world_n it_o must_v have_v of_o necessity_n one_o of_o these_o three_o sites_n or_o position_n either_o it_o must_v be_v in_o the_o plain_a of_o the_o equinoctial_a or_o at_o least_o it_o must_v be_v place_v not_o only_o without_o the_o plain_a of_o the_o equinoctial_a but_o without_o the_o axletree_n that_o be_v to_o express_v it_o plain_o it_o must_v either_o be_v place_v beside_o the_o axletree_n yet_o equal_o distant_a from_o both_o the_o pole_n or_o else_o it_o must_v be_v on_o the_o axletree_n and_o so_o consequent_o near_o to_o one_o pole_n then_o the_o other_o or_o three_o it_o must_v needs_o be_v beside_o the_o axletree_n yet_o near_o to_o one_o pole_n then_o another_o if_o the_o first_o position_n be_v admit_v these_o absurdity_n will_v of_o necessity_n follow_v first_o that_o in_o a_o right_a sphere_n there_o will_v happen_v no_o equinoctial_a but_o only_o in_o that_o horizon_n which_o pass_v by_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o world_n for_o example_n sake_n â—et_o there_o be_v imagine_v a_o sphere_n bdce_n who_o centre_n be_v a_o let_v the_o equator_fw-la be_v de_fw-fr the_o axletree_n of_o the_o world_n bc_n and_o let_v the_o earth_n be_v in_o f_o the_o right_a horizon_n hg_v not_o pass_v by_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o world_n a_o which_o shall_v be_v parallel_n to_o the_o axis_n bc_n since_o the_o equator_fw-la cut_v the_o horizon_n in_o right_a angle_n it_o be_v most_o manifest_a that_o not_o only_o the_o equatour_n but_o other_o parallel_n of_o the_o same_o will_v be_v unequal_o divide_v of_o the_o horizon_n for_o as_o much_o as_o it_o pass_v not_o by_o the_o centre_n or_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o world_n wherefore_o it_o must_v needs_o follow_v that_o the_o day_n must_v continual_o be_v unequal_a to_o the_o night_n which_o contradict_v all_o experience_n because_o in_o a_o right_a sphere_n the_o day_n be_v always_o find_v to_o be_v equal_a to_o the_o night_n second_o out_o of_o this_o position_n it_o will_v follow_v that_o no_o man_n in_o a_o right_a sphere_n shall_v behold_v the_o half_a or_o hemisphere_n of_o the_o heaven_n but_o either_o a_o great_a or_o lesser_a part_n as_o may_v be_v demonstrate_v out_o of_o the_o same_o diagramme_n whereas_o sense_n can_v testify_v that_o six_o sign_n of_o the_o zodiac_n be_v always_o conspicuous_a above_o our_o horizon_n and_o the_o other_o six_o always_o hide_v only_o except_v that_o horizon_n which_o pass_v by_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n wherein_o the_o mediety_n of_o heaven_n be_v conspicuous_a three_o the_o same_o star_n in_o a_o clear_a air_n shall_v not_o always_o seem_v of_o the_o same_o magnitude_n for_o if_o the_o earth_n be_v place_v in_o the_o equinoctial_a plain_n and_o beside_o the_o axis_n of_o the_o world_n towards_o the_o zenith_n or_o meridian_n the_o star_n which_o be_v in_o the_o meridian_n will_v appear_v great_a than_o in_o the_o east_n or_o west_n because_o they_o be_v near_o but_o if_o it_o be_v place_v near_o the_o nadir_n or_o midnight_n point_n they_o will_v appear_v great_a in_o the_o east_n or_o west_n then_o in_o the_o meridian_n if_o it_o shall_v be_v place_v towards_o
tropic_n we_o account_v 23_o degree_n which_o add_v and_o resolve_v into_o mile_n will_v make_v the_o say_a sum_n within_o the_o compass_n of_o this_o zone_n be_v situate_a the_o great_a part_n of_o africa_n especial_o that_o of_o the_o abyssine_n which_o common_a opinion_n with_o little_a probability_n will_v have_v to_o be_v the_o empire_n of_o prester_n john_n also_o many_o land_n as_o java_n summatra_n taprobana_n beside_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o south_n of_o america_n call_v peruana_n it_o be_v imagine_v by_o the_o ancient_n as_o aristotle_n pliny_n ptolemy_n and_o many_o other_o philosopher_n poet_n and_o divine_n that_o this_o zone_n through_o extreme_a heat_n be_v altogether_o unhabitable_a for_o which_o cause_n they_o call_v it_o intemperate_a the_o reason_n of_o this_o conjecture_n be_v draw_v from_o the_o situation_n of_o this_o part_n in_o regard_n of_o that_o of_o the_o heaven_n for_o lie_v in_o the_o middle_a part_n of_o the_o world_n the_o sun_n must_v of_o necessity_n cast_v his_o ray_n perpendicular_a that_o be_v to_o say_v at_o right_a angle_n now_o according_a to_o the_o ground_n of_o peripatetic_n philosophy_n the_o idol_n of_o this_o age_n the_o heat_n derive_v from_o the_o sun_n arise_v from_o the_o reflection_n of_o the_o sunbeam_n against_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n wherefore_o the_o heat_n be_v there_o conjecture_v to_o be_v great_a where_o the_o reflection_n be_v find_v to_o be_v great_a but_o the_o great_a reflection_n according_a to_o all_o mathematician_n must_v be_v in_o this_o torrid_a zone_n where_o the_o sun_n dart_v forth_o his_o ray_n at_o right_a angle_n which_o reflect_v back_o upon_o themselves_o which_o false_a conjecture_n be_v a_o long_a time_n continue_v by_o the_o exuberant_a description_n of_o poet_n and_o defect_n of_o navigation_n have_v as_o yet_o scarce_o pass_v her_o infancy_n but_o how_o far_o these_o surmise_n come_v short_a of_o truth_n we_o shall_v declare_v in_o our_o second_o part_n to_o which_o we_o have_v reserve_v those_o physical_a and_o historical_a discourse_n concern_v the_o quality_n and_o property_n of_o the_o earth_n 7_o the_o intemperate_a cold_a zone_n be_v those_o which_o be_v include_v betwixt_o the_o polar_a circle_n and_o the_o pole_n whereof_o the_o one_o be_v northern_a contain_v in_o the_o arctic_a circle_n the_o other_o southern_a in_o the_o antarcticke_a these_o two_o zone_n be_v not_o make_v out_o of_o the_o combination_n of_o two_o circle_n as_o the_o former_a but_o by_o one_o circle_n with_o relation_n to_o the_o pole_n the_o greatness_n and_o extent_n of_o this_o zone_n be_v about_o 23_o degree_n and_o a_o half_a which_o resolve_v into_o italian-mile_n will_v produce_v 1380._o the_o northern_a cold_a zone_n contain_v in_o it_o groenland_n fineland_n and_o diverse_a other_o northern_a region_n whereof_o some_o be_v partly_o discover_v and_o set_v out_o in_o our_o ordinary_a map_n other_o some_o not_o yet_o detect_v for_o the_o other_o zone_n under_o the_o antarctic_a pole_n it_o consist_v of_o the_o same_o greatness_n as_o we_o know_v by_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o globe_n have_v other_o such_o accident_n correspondent_a as_o the_o northern_a so_o far_o forth_o as_o they_o respect_v the_o heaven_n for_o other_o matter_n they_o lie_v hide_v in_o the_o vast_a gulf_n of_o obscurity_n this_o port_n have_v never_o yet_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v expose_v herself_o to_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o christian_a world_n whether_o these_o two_o zone_n be_v without_o habitation_n by_o reason_n of_o intemperate_a cold_a as_o the_o other_o have_v be_v think_v by_o reason_n of_o too_o much_o heat_n we_o shall_v in_o due_a place_n examine_v 8_o the_o temperate_a zone_n be_v the_o space_n contain_v betwixt_o the_o tropic_n &_o the_o polar_a circle_n whereof_o the_o one_o be_v northern_a contain_v betwixt_o the_o tropic_n of_o cancer_n and_o the_o arctic_a circle_n the_o other_o southern_a comprehend_v betwixt_o the_o tropic_n of_o capricorn_n and_o the_o antarcticke_a circle_n why_o these_o zone_n be_v term_v temperate_a diverse_a reason_n be_v allege_v 1_o because_o the_o sunbeam_n here_o be_v cast_v oblique_o on_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o by_o consequence_n can_v produce_v so_o much_o heat_n as_o in_o those_o place_n where_o they_o be_v dart_v perpendicular_o if_o we_o only_o consider_v the_o constitution_n and_o site_n of_o the_o heaven_n for_o as_o we_o shall_v hereafter_o prove_v this_o may_v sometime_o be_v alter_v by_o the_o disposition_n of_o some_o particular_a place_n 2_o it_o may_v be_v call_v the_o temperate_a zone_n because_o it_o seem_v mix_v of_o both_o extreme_n partake_v in_o some_o measure_n the_o both_o quality_n of_o heat_n and_o cold_a the_o one_o from_o the_o torrid_a the_o other_o from_o the_o frigid_a zone_n 3_o because_o in_o these_o zone_n the_o distance_n betwixt_o summer_n and_o winter_n be_v very_o remarkable_a have_v a_o middle_a difference_n of_o time_n betwixt_o they_o as_o compound_v of_o both_o extreme_n these_o temperate_a zone_n include_v betwixt_o the_o tropic_n and_o the_o polar_a circle_n be_v twofold_a as_o the_o circle_n the_o northern_a temperate_a zone_n comprehend_v of_o the_o tropic_n of_o cancer_n and_o the_o arctic_a circle_n contain_v in_o it_o the_o upper_a and_o high_a part_n of_o africa_n stretch_v even_o to_o the_o mountain_n atlas_n moreover_o in_o it_o be_v place_v all_o europe_n even_o to_o the_o northern_a land_n in_o the_o arctic_a zone_n and_o a_o great_a part_n also_o of_o asia_n the_o other_o temperate_a zone_n lie_v towards_o the_o south_n be_v not_o so_o well_o know_v be_v far_o distant_a from_o our_o habitation_n and_o await_v as_o yet_o the_o far_a industry_n of_o our_o english_a and_o dutch_a navigator_n the_o breadth_n of_o this_o zone_n as_o the_o other_o contain_v about_o 43_o degree_n which_o be_v the_o distance_n betwixt_o the_o tropic_n and_o the_o polar_a circle_n which_o multiply_v by_o 60_o will_v be_v resolve_v into_o 2580_o italian-mile_n 1_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v the_o great_a of_o all_o next_o be_v the_o two_o temperate_a zone_n the_o cold_a zone_n the_o least_o of_o all_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v find_v to_o be_v great_a as_o well_v in_o regard_n of_o longitude_n as_o latitude_n and_o be_v divide_v by_o the_o equatour_n into_o two_o half_n the_o next_o be_v the_o temperate_a but_o the_o two_o cold_a zone_n howsoever_o equal_v in_o diameter_n to_o the_o torrid_a be_v notwithstanding_o least_o of_o all_o where_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o every_o zone_n be_v of_o the_o same_o latitude_n from_o north_n to_o south_n begin_v where_o we_o will_v because_o it_o be_v contain_v betwixt_o two_o equidistant_a circle_n but_o all_o enjoy_v not_o the_o same_o longitude_n from_o east_n to_o west_n for_o the_o part_n of_o every_o zone_n by_o how_o much_o near_o they_o be_v to_o the_o equatour_n so_o much_o great_a longitude_n will_v they_o have_v by_o how_o much_o near_o the_o pole_n they_o be_v so_o much_o the_o less_o longitude_n for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o parallel_n towards_o the_o pole_n grow_v always_o lesser_o and_o lesser_a the_o invention_n of_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o zone_n before_o mention_v may_v brief_o thus_o be_v perform_v the_o latitude_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v so_o much_o as_o the_o distance_n betwixt_o the_o tropicke_n which_o be_v astronomical_o ground_v on_o the_o great_a declination_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v double_v this_o declination_n be_v by_o clavius_n and_o other_o find_v to_o be_v 23_o degree_n 30_o scrup_n which_o be_v double_v will_v produce_v 47_o which_o again_o multiply_v by_o 60_o and_o resolve_v into_o mile_n will_v amount_v to_o 2820_o though_o the_o odd_a scruple_n of_o many_o author_n be_v neglect_v the_o latitude_n of_o the_o cold_a zone_n be_v also_o draw_v from_o the_o great_a declination_n of_o the_o sun_n for_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o pole_n circle_n from_o the_o pole_n itself_o be_v just_a so_o much_o as_o the_o declination_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a from_o the_o equatour_n to_o wit_n of_o 23_o degree_n 30_o scrup_n to_o which_o answer_n according_a to_o the_o former_a rule_n 1420_o italian-mile_n the_o invention_n of_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o temperate_a zone_n depend_v from_o the_o subtraction_n of_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a from_o the_o equatour_n that_o be_v from_o the_o great_a declination_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v double_v from_o the_o whole_a quadrant_a in_o which_o subduction_n the_o residue_n will_v be_v 43_o to_o which_o will_v answer_v 2580_o italian-mile_n 1_o the_o zone_n wherein_o any_o place_n be_v seat_v may_v be_v know_v either_o by_o the_o globe_n or_o geographical_a table_n or_o else_o by_o the_o table_n of_o latitude_n by_o the_o globe_n or_o universal_a map_n we_o may_v know_v it_o by_o the_o diligent_a observation_n of_o the_o four_o equidistant_a circle_n for_o if_o we_o
the_o other_o at_o the_o end_n the_o former_a be_v think_v not_o habitable_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o extremity_n of_o heat_n because_o the_o sunbeam_n there_o fall_v perpendicular_o and_o so_o make_v a_o great_a reflection_n the_o other_o for_o extremity_n of_o cold_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o obliquity_n of_o the_o sunbeam_n cause_v little_a or_o no_o reflection_n whence_o a_o second_o cause_n seem_v to_o be_v draw_v from_o the_o extreme_a drought_n of_o those_o place_n which_o seem_v most_o opposite_a to_o man_n temper_n require_v a_o reasonable_a degree_n of_o moisture_n but_o notwithstanding_o these_o reason_n of_o the_o ancient_n it_o must_v needs_o be_v confess_v as_o a_o undoubted_a truth_n confirm_v by_o experience_n of_o many_o nâ—uigatours_n that_o those_o region_n by_o they_o imagine_v unfit_a for_o habitation_n be_v not_o only_o habitable_a but_o in_o many_o place_n very_o populous_a neither_o want_n there_o many_o reason_n find_v out_o by_o latter_a writer_n to_o mitigate_v the_o rigour_n of_o this_o opinion_n some_o whereof_o we_o have_v already_o touch_v in_o our_o former_a treatise_n first_o whereas_o they_o urge_v the_o place_n under_o the_o equinoctial_a to_o be_v unhabitable_a by_o reason_n of_o intemperate_a heat_n we_o may_v easy_o answer_v that_o the_o day_n and_o night_n be_v then_o always_o equal_a contain_v not_o above_o 12_o hour_n so_o that_o the_o space_n of_o either_o be_v short_a the_o cold_a of_o the_o night_n may_v well_o assuage_v the_o extreme_a heat_n of_o the_o day_n another_o reason_n be_v ordinary_o take_v from_o the_o extraordinary_o high_a mountain_n common_o place_v under_o the_o equinoctial_a which_o approach_v near_o the_o middle_a region_n of_o the_o air_n must_v of_o necessity_n partake_v some_o what_o more_o of_o cold_a which_o daily_a experience_n can_v witness_v in_o that_o their_o top_n â—_o be_v cover_v with_o snow_n even_o in_o the_o depth_n of_o summer_n three_o the_o nearness_n of_o the_o main_a ocean_n to_o a_o great_a part_n of_o this_o region_n be_v a_o great_a cause_n of_o this_o cold_a temper_n because_o water_n be_v find_v to_o be_v by_o nature_n cold_a four_o the_o set_n and_o certain_a wind_n by_o nature_n ordain_v to_o blow_v in_o the_o hot_a time_n of_o the_o year_n may_v add_v much_o to_o temperature_n five_o the_o extraordinary_a rain_n and_o shower_n which_o those_o place_n suffer_v which_o be_v under_o the_o line_n especial_o when_o the_o sun_n be_v vertical_a be_v a_o great_a cause_n of_o the_o asswage_n of_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n last_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v from_o their_o cradle_n enure_v to_o no_o other_o quality_n or_o disposition_n of_o the_o air_n will_v take_v away_o much_o from_o our_o admiration_n on_o the_o other_o side_n no_o small_a reason_n may_v be_v show_v why_o the_o region_n lie_v near_o or_o under_o the_o pole_n shall_v not_o be_v so_o extreme_o cold_a but_o that_o they_o may_v admit_v of_o habitation_n first_o because_o the_o sun_n be_v for_o six_o month_n together_o above_o their_o horizon_n must_v needs_o impress_v into_o the_o air_n more_o heat_n than_o otherwise_o it_o will_v do_v beside_o the_o thickness_n incorporate_v as_o it_o be_v with_o heat_n must_v needs_o receive_v into_o it_o more_o degree_n of_o it_o then_o a_o thin_a and_o more_o refine_a air_n because_o the_o intention_n of_o the_o quality_n most_o common_o suppose_v the_o condensation_n or_o thicken_a of_o the_o subject_n wherein_o it_o be_v but_o no_o great_a reason_n can_v be_v show_v in_o this_o point_n then_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o northern_a inhabitant_n expose_v from_o their_o infancy_n to_o no_o other_o temperament_n if_o we_o shall_v ask_v a_o reason_n why_o we_o unmask_v our_o face_n against_o the_o encounter_n of_o the_o great_a cold_a be_v a_o soft_a and_o tender_a part_n not_o dare_v to_o uncover_v our_o other_o part_n what_o reason_n can_v a_o man_n invent_v but_o custom_n if_o any_o shall_v ask_v why_o barbarous_a people_n live_v in_o far_o cold_a climate_n than_o this_o of_o we_o go_v altogether_o naked_a whereas_o the_o cold_a be_v mother_n of_o many_o disease_n among_o we_o who_o go_v always_o clothe_v only_o use_v and_o custom_n can_v yield_v a_o answer_n these_o reason_n make_v it_o probable_a enough_o that_o no_o place_n of_o the_o whole_a world_n be_v by_o nature_n make_v not_o habitable_a now_o that_o it_o be_v not_o only_o inhabitable_a by_o nature_n but_o also_o for_o the_o most_o part_n true_o inhabit_v will_v appear_v as_o easy_o if_o we_o trust_v the_o testimony_n of_o navigatour_n which_o have_v discover_v few_o or_o no_o region_n want_v some_o inhabitant_n but_o that_o this_o proposition_n may_v be_v more_o distinct_o understand_v we_o must_v know_v that_o the_o whole_a world_n be_v divide_v into_o sea_n and_o land_n for_o the_o sea_n we_o may_v call_v it_o habitable_a in_o that_o large_a sense_n before_o mention_v to_o wit_n that_o on_o it_o every_o where_o man_n in_o ship_n may_v breathe_v and_o live_v which_o be_v plain_a out_o of_o experience_n of_o navigatour_n who_o have_v sail_v round_o about_o the_o earth_n from_o east_n to_o west_n and_o have_v enter_v far_o towards_o the_o north_n and_o south_n where_o at_o least_o some_o time_n of_o the_o year_n or_o other_o they_o may_v find_v the_o way_n passable_a for_o the_o land_n which_o be_v here_o principal_o understand_v we_o must_v note_v that_o it_o may_v be_v consider_v two_o way_n either_o for_o every_o little_a quillet_n or_o parcel_n of_o land_n contane_v in_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o else_o for_o a_o certain_a region_n of_o some_o indifferent_a greatness_n in_o the_o former_a sense_n it_o be_v too_o much_o to_o affirm_v every_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n to_o be_v habitable_a for_o as_o much_o as_o many_o place_n as_o the_o top_n of_o the_o alps_n or_o the_o sand_n of_o africa_n proper_o admit_v of_o no_o habitation_n yet_o in_o a_o improper_a and_o large_a sense_n they_o may_v be_v call_v habitable_a because_o on_o they_o a_o man_n may_v live_v and_o breath_n for_o a_o certain_a space_n of_o time_n but_o if_o by_o the_o part_n of_o the_o land_n we_o understand_v some_o reasonable_a greatness_n no_o great_a doubt_n can_v be_v make_v but_o that_o it_o be_v either_o already_o inhabit_v by_o mankind_n or_o can_v at_o least_o admit_v of_o habitation_n as_o that_o which_o not_o only_o for_o a_o time_n afford_v a_o man_n life_n and_o breath_n but_o also_o some_o convenient_a mean_n of_o sustenance_n for_o no_o country_n have_v ever_o be_v find_v so_o indigent_a and_o barren_a of_o all_o vital_a aide_n which_o be_v neither_o capable_a of_o live_a creature_n in_o the_o land_n fit_a for_o man_n nourishment_n or_o that_o can_v draw_v fish_n from_o the_o sea_n or_o if_o this_o shall_v fail_v can_v afford_v fruit_n or_o herbage_n from_o the_o ground_n or_o in_o case_n all_o the_o rest_n be_v deficient_a can_v have_v passage_n by_o water_n to_o other_o country_n whence_o to_o relieve_v their_o necessity_n and_o no_o question_n but_o nature_n have_v store_v every_o country_n with_o some_o commodity_n or_o other_o which_o by_o traffic_n may_v draw_v riches_n from_o other_o region_n as_o by_o instance_n may_v more_o particular_o appear_v hereafter_o when_o we_o shall_v speak_v of_o particular_a region_n and_o their_o several_a accident_n 2_o all_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n have_v suffer_v manifold_a alteration_n and_o change_n as_o well_o in_o name_n as_o nature_n i_o need_v not_o spend_v time_n to_o demonstrate_v this_o assertion_n for_o that_o every_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n have_v be_v subject_a to_o much_o mutation_n in_o the_o process_n of_o time_n as_o well_o in_o nature_n of_o the_o soil_n as_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n a_o few_o obvious_a instance_n in_o each_o country_n will_v easy_o certify_v yet_o will_v it_o not_o seem_v amiss_o i_o hope_v to_o show_v the_o progress_n manner_n and_o cause_n of_o this_o alteration_n which_o will_v give_v no_o small_a satisfaction_n to_o discourse_v of_o all_o change_n according_a to_o all_o time_n be_v a_o matter_n infinite_a we_o may_v refer_v all_o to_o two_o head_n to_o wit_n the_o change_n of_o name_n and_o the_o change_n of_o nature_n concern_v the_o former_a that_o most_o country_n have_v change_v their_o first_o and_o original_a name_n be_v most_o evident_a to_o such_o as_o consult_v the_o map_n and_o write_n of_o our_o common_a geographer_n for_o few_o or_o none_o will_v discover_v unto_o we_o any_o region_n by_o that_o name_n by_o which_o it_o be_v know_v in_o former_a time_n in_o so_o much_o as_o great_a controversy_n and_o dispute_n have_v grow_v about_o diverse_a country_n mention_v by_o ancient_a writer_n whereof_o the_o name_n shall_v take_v its_o first_o original_a but_o of_o this_o change_n we_o shall_v speak_v hereafter_o but_o if_o we_o
the_o earth_n be_v either_o internal_a or_o external_a 3_o the_o internal_a i_o call_v such_o as_o be_v inbred_a in_o the_o earth_n itself_o which_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n either_o common_a or_o magnetical_a 4_o the_o common_a be_v in_o number_n three_o 1_o the_o magnitude_n or_o extent_n of_o a_o country_n 2_o the_o bound_n 3_o the_o quality_n the_o magnitude_n comprehend_v the_o length_n and_o breadth_n of_o any_o region_n some_o man_n may_v imagine_v that_o i_o make_v a_o needless_a repetition_n of_o these_o propriety_n for_o as_o much_o as_o many_o of_o they_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o before_o in_o our_o spherical_a part_n but_o i_o answer_v that_o i_o there_o handle_v no_o other_o matter_n but_o such_o as_o concern_v the_o whole_a globous_a body_n of_o the_o earth_n but_o my_o intent_n here_o be_v to_o treat_v of_o such_o propriety_n as_o particular_o design_n out_o a_o special_a place_n for_o it_o be_v not_o one_o thing_n to_o speak_v of_o the_o magnitude_n of_o the_o whole_a earth_n according_a to_o all_o its_o dimension_n and_o to_o treat_v of_o the_o manner_n of_o measure_v some_o particular_a region_n mark_v out_o in_o the_o sphere_n we_o have_v define_v the_o magnitude_n of_o a_o region_n to_o be_v either_o of_o length_n or_o breadth_n because_o as_o we_o have_v teach_v in_o our_o former_a chapter_n it_o be_v a_o space_n contain_v in_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n then_o can_v it_o not_o according_a to_o geometrical_a ground_n exceed_v two_o dimension_n these_o two_o dimension_n as_o we_o have_v say_v be_v length_n and_o breadth_n whereof_o every_o plain_a figure_n or_o superficies_n consist_v 5_o the_o magnitude_n of_o a_o region_n may_v be_v measure_v two_o way_n either_o by_o the_o diameter_n or_o the_o circumference_n the_o diameter_n be_v consider_v either_o in_o latitude_n or_o longitude_n of_o the_o latitude_n whence_o arise_v the_o breadth_n of_o a_o country_n from_o north_n or_o south_n note_v these_o rule_n 1_o if_o the_o place_n who_o breadth_n be_v seek_v be_v distant_a from_o the_o equatour_n and_o be_v whole_o situate_a in_o the_o same_o hemisphere_n the_o lesser_a latitude_n subtract_v from_o the_o great_a will_v give_v the_o diameter_n to_o put_v this_o rule_n in_o practice_n it_o behoove_v the_o topographer_n who_o will_v find_v out_o the_o greatness_n of_o any_o region_n to_o observe_v two_o latitude_n to_o wit_n to_o measure_v the_o latitude_n in_o the_o most_o northern_a point_n where_o it_o be_v great_a as_o also_o in_o the_o southern_a point_n where_o it_o be_v least_o of_o all_o this_o latter_a subduct_v from_o the_o former_a will_v give_v the_o diameter_n or_o breadth_n from_o north_n to_o south_n which_o may_v easy_o according_a to_o the_o rule_n in_o the_o former_a book_n be_v reduce_v into_o miles_n or_o other_o such_o measure_n for_o a_o example_n we_o need_v go_v no_o far_o than_o our_o island_n of_o great_a britain_n the_o southmost_a part_n of_o which_o lie_v about_o star-point_n in_o devon_n have_v in_o latitude_n about_o 50_o degree_n the_o northermost_a point_n situate_v near_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n ardurnus_fw-la in_o the_o farthermost_a part_n of_o scotland_n have_v in_o latitude_n about_o 60_o degree_n to_o omit_v minute_n the_o lesser_a of_o these_o latitude_n subtract_v from_o the_o great_a the_o residue_n will_v be_v 10_o degree_n which_o be_v imagine_v in_o the_o meridian_n which_o be_v a_o great_a circle_n be_v to_o be_v multiply_v by_o 60_o and_o so_o convert_v into_o mile_n which_o will_v be_v 600_o the_o length_n of_o britain_n from_o south_n to_o north._n 2_o if_o the_o place_n who_o magnitude_n we_o inquire_v be_v under_o the_o equatour_n the_o southern_a latitude_n add_v to_o the_o northern_a will_v show_v the_o breadth_n from_o the_o north_n to_o the_o south_n to_o illustrate_v this_o by_o a_o example_n we_o will_v take_v the_o whole_a continent_n of_o africa_n who_o southern_a latitude_n about_o the_o cape_n of_o good_a hope_n we_o â—â—all_v find_v to_o be_v near_o thirty_o degree_n the_o most_o northern_a latitude_n about_o the_o straits_n of_o gibraltar_n very_o near_o the_o same_o rate_n these_o two_o sum_n add_v together_o will_v amount_v to_o 60_o degree_n which_o multiply_v by_o 60_o the_o number_n of_o mile_n answerable_a to_o a_o degree_n in_o a_o great_a circle_n because_o we_o suppose_v it_o here_o to_o be_v a_o arch_n of_o the_o meridian_n we_o shall_v have_v 3600_o mile_n the_o breadth_n of_o africa_n from_o south_n to_o north._n 4_o the_o measure_n of_o the_o length_n of_o a_o region_n betwixt_o east_n and_o west_n admit_v of_o two_o case_n for_o either_o the_o country_n be_v suppose_v to_o be_v without_o the_o first_o meridian_n or_o under_o it_o both_o which_o shall_v be_v teach_v in_o these_o rule_n 1_o if_o the_o region_n be_v situate_a without_o the_o first_o meridian_n the_o lesser_a longitude_n subtract_v from_o the_o great_a will_v show_v the_o diameter_n betwixt_o east_n and_o west_n for_o a_o example_n of_o which_o we_o will_v take_v cape_n de_fw-fr barca_n lie_v over_o against_o s._n thomas_n island_n in_o africa_n under_o the_o equatour_n who_o longitude_n be_v about_o 30_o degree_n and_o melnide_v situate_a near_o the_o equatour_n over_o against_o sinus_n barbaricus_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o africa_n which_o have_v in_o longitude_n 63_o degree_n the_o least_o longitude_n to_o wit_v 30_o be_v subduct_v from_o 63_o there_o will_v remain_v 33_o degree_n which_o be_v take_v in_o a_o great_a circle_n which_o be_v the_o equatour_n or_o a_o parallel_n very_o near_o which_o admit_v no_o sensible_a difference_n we_o multiply_v by_o 60_o and_o there_o will_v arise_v 1980_o italian-mile_n but_o if_o the_o degree_n be_v take_v in_o one_o of_o the_o lesser_a parallel_n we_o must_v proceed_v according_a to_o the_o table_n of_o mile_n answerable_a to_o degree_n of_o latitude_n in_o the_o former_a book_n 7_o another_o case_n be_v when_o the_o place_n be_v situate_a under_o the_o first_o meridian_n the_o length_n and_o measure_n of_o such_o a_o region_n be_v find_v out_o by_o this_o rule_n 1_o let_v the_o western_a longitude_n be_v subtract_v out_o of_o the_o whole_a circle_n and_o to_o the_o residue_n add_v the_o eastern_a longitude_n the_o sum_n will_v give_v the_o greatness_n and_o distance_n betwixt_o east_n and_o west_n for_o a_o instance_n we_o will_v take_v groenland_n suppose_v in_o most_o of_o our_o globe_n and_o map_n to_o be_v a_o island_n which_o be_v set_v down_o direct_o under_o the_o first_o meridian_n pass_v by_o the_o azore_n in_o kaerius_n his_o globe_n it_o have_v assign_v it_o for_o western_a longitude_n about_o 340_o degree_n for_o eastern_a longitude_n about_o 30_o degree_n then_o according_a to_o our_o rule_n 340_o be_v subtract_v from_o 360_o the_o whole_a circle_n there_o will_v remain_v 20_o which_o be_v add_v to_o 30_o the_o eastern_a longitude_n there_o will_v arise_v 50_o which_o be_v multiply_v by_o 25_o the_o number_n of_o mile_n answerable_a to_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n be_v about_o 65_o there_o will_v be_v produce_v 1250_o italian-mile_n the_o distance_n or_o length_n betwixt_o the_o east_n and_o the_o west_n part_n of_o groenland_n 8_o hitherto_o of_o the_o measure_n of_o country_n by_o the_o diameter_n the_o other_o way_n be_v perform_v by_o the_o circuit_n which_o manner_n of_o measure_v we_o will_v brief_o censure_v in_o these_o two_o proposition_n 1_o the_o measure_n of_o any_o country_n by_o the_o circuit_n of_o it_o be_v very_o deceitful_a and_o full_a of_o error_n it_o have_v be_v a_o common_a custom_n among_o navigatour_n to_o judge_v of_o the_o greatness_n of_o any_o country_n by_o sail_v round_o about_o it_o which_o kind_n of_o measure_v be_v not_o always_o to_o be_v reject_v for_o as_o much_o as_o in_o new_a discovery_n sometime_o no_o other_o way_n can_v be_v have_v nevertheless_o this_o manner_n of_o measure_v must_v needs_o prove_v very_o uncertain_a for_o diverse_a reason_n first_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o ship_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o diverse_a and_o contrary_a wind_n which_o must_v needs_o happen_v very_o frequent_o can_v always_o move_v with_o the_o same_o swiftness_n second_o because_o the_o sea_n itself_o as_o we_o shall_v hereafter_o show_v have_v in_o diverse_a place_n diverse_a special_a motion_n and_o current_n as_o from_o the_o east_n to_o west_n whence_o it_o must_v needs_o enforce_v a_o inequality_n of_o motion_n in_o the_o ship_n the_o three_o reason_n which_o be_v great_a than_o all_o the_o rest_n be_v draw_v from_o the_o various_a figuration_n of_o country_n who_o greatness_n can_v be_v know_v by_o the_o circumference_n because_o as_o geometrician_n teach_v we_o two_o figure_n may_v have_v one_o and_o the_o selfsame_o circuit_n about_o they_o and_o yet_o the_o one_o shall_v extraordinary_o exceed_v the_o
the_o four_o first_o quality_n of_o heat_n cold_a drought_n and_o moisture_n whereon_o depend_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o disposition_n not_o only_o of_o the_o soil_n but_o also_o of_o man_n body_n for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o one_o ordinary_o borrow_v his_o fruitfulness_n or_o barrenness_n of_o these_o first_o quality_n and_o the_o other_o have_v his_o vital_a organ_n which_o be_v the_o minister_n of_o the_o soul_n much_o affect_v with_o they_o in_o so_o much_o as_o some_o philosopher_n have_v undertake_v to_o define_v all_o the_o difference_n of_o man_n wit_n and_o intellectual_a faculty_n out_o of_o the_o temperament_n of_o the_o brain_n according_a to_o these_o four_o accident_n and_o what_o physician_n will_v not_o acknowledge_v all_o these_o quality_n and_o their_o mixture_n to_o challenge_v a_o extraordinary_a pre-eminence_n in_o the_o disposition_n and_o constitution_n of_o man_n body_n who_o mixture_n be_v the_o first_o ground_n of_o health_n or_o sickness_n the_o second_o mean_n whereby_o the_o heaven_n may_v cause_v a_o diversity_n of_o temper_n in_o diverse_a place_n be_v from_o the_o special_a influence_n of_o some_o particular_a star_n and_o constellation_n incident_a to_o particular_a place_n for_o it_o be_v blockish_a to_o imagine_v that_o so_o many_o various_a star_n of_o diverse_a colour_n and_o magnitude_n shall_v be_v set_v in_o the_o firmament_n to_o no_o other_o use_n then_o to_o give_v light_n to_o the_o world_n and_o distinguish_v the_o time_n since_o the_o ordinary_a physician_n can_v easy_o discover_v the_o moon_n influence_n by_o the_o increase_n of_o humour_n in_o man_n body_n and_o the_o experience_n of_o astrologer_n will_v warrant_v much_o more_o by_o their_o observation_n as_o assign_v to_o each_o particular_a aspect_n of_o the_o heaven_n a_o particular_a and_o special_a influence_n and_o operation_n now_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o all_o aspect_n of_o the_o heaven_n can_v point_v out_o and_o design_n all_o place_n alike_o for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o beam_n wherein_o it_o be_v convey_v be_v somewhere_o perpendicular_o other_o where_o oblique_o dart_v and_o that_o more_o or_o less_o according_a to_o the_o place_n whence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o neither_o all_o place_n can_v enjoy_v the_o same_o temperament_n nor_o the_o same_o measure_n and_o proportion_n yet_o we_o say_v not_o that_o the_o heavenly_a body_n have_v any_o power_n to_o impose_v a_o necessity_n upon_o the_o will_n and_o disposition_n of_o man_n but_o only_o a_o inclination_n for_o the_o star_n work_v not_o immediate_o on_o the_o intellectual_a part_n or_o mind_n of_o man_n but_o mediate_o so_o far_o forth_o as_o it_o depend_v on_o the_o temperament_n and_o material_a organ_n of_o the_o body_n but_o of_o this_o we_o shall_v especial_o speak_v hereafter_o where_o god_n will_v shall_v be_v open_v the_o manner_n of_o this_o celestial_a operation_n by_o this_o we_o may_v understand_v how_o far_o the_o heaven_n have_v power_n to_o cause_v a_o diversity_n in_o place_n and_o nation_n the_o second_o reason_n may_v be_v the_o imbred_a quality_n figure_n and_o site_n of_o the_o place_n themselves_o for_o that_o there_o be_v another_o cause_n of_o diversity_n beside_o the_o situation_n of_o place_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o heaven_n may_v easy_o be_v prove_v out_o of_o experience_n for_o we_o find_v that_o place_n situate_v under_o the_o same_o latitude_n partake_v of_o a_o diverse_a and_o opposite_a temper_n and_o disposition_n as_o the_o middle_n of_o spain_n about_o toledo_n which_o be_v very_o hot_a and_o the_o southermost_a bind_v of_o virginia_n which_o be_v find_v to_o be_v temperate_a betwixt_o both_o all_o which_o notwithstanding_o be_v under_o the_o selfsame_o latitude_n or_o very_o near_o without_o any_o sensible_a degree_n of_o difference_n also_o we_o sometime_o find_v place_n more_o southward_o towards_o the_o equatour_n to_o partake_v more_o of_o cold_a than_o such_o as_o be_v more_o northern_a as_o the_o top_n of_o the_o alps_o be_v perpetual_o cover_v with_o snow_n be_v without_o question_n cold_a than_o england_n although_o they_o lie_v near_o to_o the_o equinoctial_a likewise_o aluares_n report_v that_o he_o see_v ice_n upon_o the_o water_n in_o the_o abyssine_n country_n in_o the_o month_n of_o july_n which_o notwithstanding_o be_v near_o or_o under_o the_o line_n and_o martin_n frobisher_n relate_v that_o he_o find_v the_o air_n about_o friezland_n more_o cold_a &_o stormy_a about_o 61_o degree_n then_o in_o other_o place_n near_o 70_o degree_n wherefore_o we_o must_v needs_o ascribe_v some_o effect_n and_o operation_n to_o the_o soil_n itself_o first_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o superficies_n which_o be_v diverse_o vary_v with_o wood_n rivers_n marsh_n rock_n mountain_n valley_n plain_n whence_o a_o double_a variety_n arise_v first_o of_o the_o four_o first_o quality_n which_o be_v cause_v by_o the_o sunbeam_n be_v diverse_o project_v according_a to_o the_o conformity_n of_o the_o place_n second_o of_o meteor_n and_o exhalation_n draw_v up_o from_o the_o earth_n into_o the_o air_n both_o which_o concur_v must_v needs_o cause_v a_o great_a variety_n in_o man_n disposition_n according_a to_o that_o proverb_n athenis_fw-la tenâ—e_fw-la coelum_fw-la thebis_fw-la crassum_fw-la or_o that_o bitter_a taunt_n of_o the_o poet_n on_o boeotian_n boeotum_fw-la in_o crasso_fw-la iurares_fw-la aëre_fw-la natum_fw-la for_o ordinary_a experience_n will_v often_o show_v that_o a_o thin_a and_o sharp_a air_n usual_o produce_v the_o best_a wit_n as_o contrariwise_o gross_a and_o thick_a vapour_n draw_v from_o muddy_a and_o marish_a ground_n thicken_v and_o stupefy_v the_o spirit_n and_o produce_v man_n common_o of_o blockish_a and_o hoggish_a disposition_n and_o nature_n unapt_a for_o learning_n and_o unfit_a for_o civil_a conversation_n second_o there_o must_v needs_o be_v grant_v to_o special_a country_n certain_a specifical_a quality_n which_o produce_v a_o certain_a sympathy_n or_o antipathy_n in_o respect_n of_o some_o thing_n or_o other_o whence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o some_o plant_n and_o herb_n which_o of_o their_o own_o accord_n spring_n out_o of_o the_o earth_n in_o some_o country_n be_v find_v to_o pine_v &_o wither_v in_o other_o some_o beast_n and_o serpent_n be_v in_o some_o place_n seldom_o know_v to_o breed_v or_o live_v wherewith_o notwithstanding_o other_o region_n swarm_v in_o abundance_n as_o for_o example_n ireland_n wherein_o no_o serpent_n or_o venomous_a worm_n have_v be_v know_v to_o live_v whereby_o africa_n and_o many_o other_o country_n find_v no_o small_a molestation_n neither_o be_v this_o variety_n only_o show_v in_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o kind_n but_o also_o in_o the_o variation_n of_o thing_n in_o the_o same_o kind_n whereof_o we_o may_v produce_v infinite_a example_n for_o who_o know_v not_o which_o be_v a_o physician_n that_o many_o simple_n apt_a for_o medicine_n grow_v in_o our_o land_n come_v far_o short_a in_o virtue_n of_o those_o which_o be_v gather_v in_o other_o country_n i_o need_v among_o many_o ordinary_a instance_n give_v no_o other_o than_o in_o our_o rhubarb_n and_o tobacco_n whereof_o the_o former_a grow_v in_o our_o country_n except_o in_o case_n of_o extremity_n be_v of_o no_o use_n with_o our_o physician_n the_o other_o as_o much_o scorn_v of_o our_o ordinary_a tobacconist_n yet_o both_o general_o derive_v from_o the_o true_a mother_n the_o indies_n in_o great_a use_n and_o request_n but_o of_o this_o last_o instance_n be_v most_o common_a and_o yet_o for_o their_o ignorance_n of_o the_o true_a cause_n most_o admirable_a the_o cause_n of_o the_o former_a might_n in_o some_o sort_n be_v find_v out_o either_o in_o the_o heaven_n or_o in_o the_o elementary_a nature_n of_o the_o earth_n but_o some_o special_a propriety_n have_v discover_v themselves_o which_o can_v be_v imagine_v to_o owe_v their_o cause_n to_o either_o but_o to_o some_o three_o original_a which_o the_o physician_n in_o their_o simple_n more_o proper_o term_n virtus_fw-la specifica_fw-la if_o any_o man_n shall_v demand_v why_o country_n far_o from_o the_o course_n of_o the_o sun_n shall_v be_v find_v hot_a than_o some_o which_o be_v near_a why_o the_o rhenish_a wine_n grape_n transport_v from_o germany_n into_o spain_n shall_v yield_v we_o the_o sherry_n sack_n every_o ordinary_a philosopher_n which_o have_v travel_v little_a beyond_o aristotle_n materia_fw-la prima_fw-la will_v be_v ready_a to_o hammer_v out_o a_o cause_n as_o ascribe_v the_o former_a to_o the_o height_n or_o depression_n of_o the_o soil_n the_o latter_a to_o the_o excess_n of_o heat_n in_o spain_n above_o that_o of_o germany_n but_o shall_v we_o far_o demand_v 1_o why_o ireland_n with_o some_o other_o region_n endure_v no_o venomous_a thing_n 2_o why_o wheat_n in_o s._n thomas_n island_n shall_v shut_v up_o all_o into_o the_o blade_n and_o never_o bear_v grain_n 3_o why_o in_o the_o same_o island_n no_o fruit_n which_o have_v any_o stone_n in_o
holy_a scripture_n and_o it_o be_v not_o unlikely_a â—hat_n many_o of_o those_o 〈◊〉_d people_n fetch_v their_o first_o original_n from_o they_o the_o second_a cause_n may_v be_v draw_v from_o the_o industry_n and_o labour_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n in_o tillage_n and_o manure_v of_o the_o ground_n wherein_o the_o southern_a inhabitant_n have_v be_v more_o deficient_a foâ—_n it_o be_v certain_a out_o of_o the_o holy_a scripture_n that_o noah_n ark_n wherein_o be_v thâ—_n seminary_n of_o mankind_n and_o almost_o all_o other_o liuâ—â—g_v 〈◊〉_d rest_v in_o â—he_n northern_a part_n of_o the_o world_n whence_o both_o man_n and_o beast_n begin_v to_o be_v propagate_v towards_o the_o southâ—punc_fw-la no_o far_o than_o necessity_n enforce_v the_o region_n inhabit_v gâ—â—wing_v daily_o more_o and_o more_o populous_a and_o as_o iâ—_n be_v groan_v to_o be_v deliver_v oâ—_n some_o of_o her_o child_n hence_o may_v be_v infer_v too_o consecâ—aries_n first_o that_o the_o northern_a hemisphere_n be_v 〈◊〉_d soon_o and_o be_v now_o therefore_o â—ore_o populous_a than_o the_o southern_a second_o that_o the_o chief_a and_o principal_a man_n which_o be_v best_a seat_v rathâ—r_n choose_v to_o keep_v their_o ancient_a habitation_n send_v such_o abroad_o who_o can_v either_o be_v best_a spare_v or_o have_v the_o small_a possession_n at_o home_n yet_o notwithstanding_o it_o can_v be_v imagine_v but_o they_o retain_v with_o they_o a_o sufficient_a company_n and_o more_o than_o go_v away_o out_o of_o which_o it_o must_v needs_o be_v grant_v that_o the_o northern_a half_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v best_o inhabit_v shall_v be_v best_o manure_v and_o culture_v from_o whence_o the_o ground_n must_v in_o time_n prove_v more_o fruitful_a and_o commodious_a for_o habitation_n for_o as_o a_o fruitful_a country_n for_o want_n of_o the_o due_a manure_a and_o tillage_n do_v degenerate_a and_o wax_v barren_a so_o diverse_a barren_a and_o sterile_a country_n have_v by_o the_o industry_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v bring_v to_o fertility_n and_o make_v capable_a of_o many_o good_a commodity_n necessary_a for_o man_n life_n if_o i_o be_v curious_a to_o draw_v argument_n from_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o heaven_n i_o can_v allege_v the_o greatness_n and_o multitude_n of_o star_n of_o the_o great_a magnitude_n in_o our_o northern_a hemisphere_n wherein_o the_o southern_a be_v deficient_a as_o also_o the_o long_o sojourn_v of_o the_o sun_n in_o our_o northern_a hemisphere_n but_o these_o as_o uncertain_a cause_n i_o pass_v over_o other_o reason_n may_v perchance_o be_v find_v out_o by_o those_o who_o be_v inquisitive_a into_o the_o secret_n of_o nature_n to_o who_o i_o leave_v the_o more_o exact_a search_n of_o these_o matter_n 4_o either_o hemisphere_n consist_v of_o 90_o degree_n may_v be_v divide_v into_o three_o part_n each_o of_o they_o contain_v 30_o degree_n 5_o of_o these_o part_n 30_o we_o allot_v for_o heat_n 30_o for_o cold_a and_o 30_o for_o temperature_n whereof_o the_o former_a lie_v towards_o the_o equatour_n the_o second_o towards_o the_o pole_n the_o three_o betwixt_o both_o the_o ancient_a cosmographer_n as_o we_o have_v show_v in_o our_o former_a treatise_n divide_v the_o whole_a globe_n of_o the_o earth_n into_o five_o zone_n which_o they_o suppose_v have_v also_o proportional_o divide_v the_o temper_n and_o disposition_n of_o the_o earth_n in_o such_o sort_n that_o according_a to_o the_o degree_n of_o latitude_n the_o heat_n and_o cold_a shall_v in_o rease_n or_o diminish_v which_o rule_n of_o they_o have_v be_v very_o certain_a be_v there_o no_o other_o cause_n concurrent_a in_o the_o disposition_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o air_n but_o only_o the_o heaven_n but_o since_o that_o many_o other_o concurrent_a cause_n as_o we_o have_v show_v mix_v themselves_o with_o these_o celestial_a operation_n and_o the_o experiment_n of_o navigatour_n have_v find_v out_o a_o disproportion_n in_o the_o quality_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o distance_n some_o late_a writer_n have_v seek_v out_o a_o new_a pertition_n more_o consonant_a to_o natural_a experience_n the_o whole_a latitude_n of_o the_o hemisphere_n consist_v of_o 90_o degree_n from_o the_o equatour_n to_o the_o pole_n they_o have_v divide_v into_o three_o part_n allow_v 30_o degree_n towards_o the_o equatour_n to_o heat_n 30_o degree_n towards_o the_o pole_n to_o cold_a and_o the_o other_o 30_o degree_n lie_v betwixt_o both_o to_o temperature_n these_o 30_o degree_n for_o imagination_n sake_n they_o have_v subdivide_v again_o each_o of_o they_o into_o two_o part_n contain_v 15_o degree_n a_o piece_n more_o particular_o to_o design_n out_o the_o special_a disposition_n of_o each_o region_n lie_v either_o northward_o or_o southward_o from_o the_o equatour_n which_o be_v the_o bind_v betwixt_o both_o hemisphere_n in_o the_o first_o section_n of_o 30_o degree_n lie_v northward_o from_o the_o equatour_n we_o comprehend_v in_o africa_n numidia_n nigritarum_fw-la regio_fw-la lybia_n guinia_n nubia_n egypt_n ethiopia_n superior_a in_o asia_n arabia_n india_n insulae_fw-la philippinae_fw-la in_o america_n nova_fw-la hispania_n hispaniola_n cuba_n with_o other_o part_n of_o america_n mexicana_n in_o the_o other_o extreme_a section_n from_o 60_o degree_n of_o latitude_n to_o the_o pole_n we_o comprehend_v in_o europe_n groenland_n island_n friesland_n norwey_n suethland_n for_o the_o most_o part_n nova_fw-la zembla_n in_o asia_n a_o great_a part_n of_o scythia_n orientalis_n in_o america_n anian_n quivira_n with_o diverse_a other_o part_n of_o the_o north_n of_o america_n mexicana_n in_o the_o middle_n betwixt_o both_o betwixt_o 30_o and_o 60_o degree_n of_o latitude_n we_o comprehend_v in_o africa_n barbary_n in_o europe_n all_o the_o kingdom_n except_o those_o north_n province_n before_o name_v and_o almost_o all_o asia_n except_o some_o place_n towards_o the_o south_n as_o arabia_n india_n and_o the_o philippinae_fw-la insulae_fw-la former_o place_v in_o the_o first_o section_n in_o like_a manner_n may_v we_o divide_v the_o southern_a hemisphere_n into_o three_o section_n in_o the_o first_o from_o the_o equatour_n 30_o degree_n we_o place_v in_o africa_n congo_n monomotapa_n madagascar_n in_o the_o southern_a tract_n beach_n and_o nova_fw-la guinia_n with_o many_o land_n thereunto_o adjoin_v as_o many_o of_o the_o philippinae_fw-la insulae_fw-la with_o insulae_fw-la solomonis_fw-la in_o america_n peru_n tisnada_n brasilia_n with_o the_o most_o part_n of_o that_o region_n which_o they_o call_v america_n peruana_n in_o the_o other_o extreme_a section_n from_o 60_o degree_n to_o the_o antarctike_a pole_n be_v couch_v the_o most_o part_n of_o that_o great_a land_n scarce_o yet_o discover_v call_v terra_fw-la australis_fw-la incognita_fw-la in_o the_o middle_a region_n betwixt_o both_o from_o 30_o to_o 60_o degree_n shall_v we_o find_v place_v in_o america_n the_o region_n of_o the_o pantagones_n in_o the_o southern_a continent_n maletur_fw-la javaminor_fw-la with_o many_o other_o in_o discover_v the_o quality_n of_o these_o several_a section_n or_o partition_n of_o the_o earth_n our_o chief_a discourse_n must_v be_v address_v to_o the_o northern_a hemisphere_n as_o that_o be_v more_o discover_v and_o know_v among_o old_a and_o new_a writer_n by_o which_o according_a to_o the_o former_a proposition_n one_o may_v parallel_v the_o other_o concern_v which_o we_o will_v infer_v these_o proposition_n 1_o in_o the_o first_o section_n of_o the_o hemisphere_n the_o first_o 15_o degree_n from_o the_o equatour_n be_v find_v somewhat_o temperate_a the_o other_o 15_o about_o the_o tropic_n exceed_v hot._n that_o the_o region_n lie_v under_o the_o equatour_n be_v temperate_o hot_a contrary_a to_o the_o opinion_n almost_o of_o all_o the_o ancient_n have_v be_v in_o part_n prove_v heretofore_o as_o well_o by_o reason_n as_o experiment_n for_o that_o all_o place_n by_o how_o much_o the_o near_o they_o approach_v the_o equatour_n by_o so_o much_o more_o shall_v be_v hot_a as_o some_o imagine_v diverse_a instance_n will_v contradict_v it_o be_v report_v by_o aluarez_n that_o the_o abyssine_a ambassador_n arrive_v at_o lisbon_n in_o portugal_n be_v there_o almost_o choke_v with_o extreme_a heat_n also_o pâ—rguer_n the_o german_n relate_v that_o he_o have_v feel_v the_o weather_n more_o hot_a about_o dantzicke_n and_o the_o baltic_a sea_n then_o at_o tholouse_n in_o a_o â—eruent_a summer_n the_o cause_n which_o we_o have_v before_o touch_v be_v chief_o two_o the_o first_o be_v that_o the_o sun_n be_v high_a in_o this_o orb_n in_o respect_n of_o those_o under_o the_o equatour_n and_o move_v more_o swift_o from_o they_o spend_v on_o they_o only_o twelve_o hour_n whence_o so_o great_a a_o impression_n of_o heat_n can_v be_v make_v as_o in_o other_o place_n for_o heat_n be_v a_o material_a quality_n must_v necessary_o require_v some_o latitude_n of_o time_n to_o be_v impress_v into_o the_o air_n or_o any_o other_o subject_n from_o the_o diminution_n of_o heat_n in_o the_o region_n must_v the_o air_n need_v receive_v into_o
itself_o the_o contrary_a quality_n of_o cold_a a_o argument_n of_o cold_a may_v be_v draw_v from_o the_o testimony_n of_o alvarez_n who_o affirm_v the_o water_n there_o in_o the_o month_n of_o june_n to_o be_v freeze_v over_o with_o ice_n the_o south_n wind_n blow_v the_o second_o cause_n be_v by_o judicious_a writer_n ascribe_v to_o the_o subtlety_n and_o rarity_n of_o the_o air_n under_o the_o equinoctial_a line_n which_o can_v receive_v into_o itself_o so_o many_o degree_n of_o heat_n as_o the_o thick_a and_o gross_a air_n of_o diverse_a place_n distant_a for_o the_o north_n region_n wherein_o europe_n and_o a_o great_a part_n of_o asia_n be_v place_v be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n full_a of_o water_n which_o burst_v out_o of_o secret_a and_o unknown_a concavity_n do_v produce_v infinite_a fen_n gogs_o lake_n and_o marsh_n which_o in_o the_o summer_n season_n cause_n infinite_a vapour_n to_o abound_v which_o be_v intermix_v with_o heat_n scorch_v and_o heat_n more_o fervent_o than_o the_o pure_a air_n of_o africa_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n free_a from_o the_o mixture_n and_o concourse_n of_o such_o slimy_a vapour_n that_o the_o air_n be_v thicken_v shall_v yield_v a_o great_a fervour_n every_o man_n out_o of_o ordinary_a experience_n can_v frame_v to_o himself_o a_o argument_n for_o we_o see_v fire_n and_o heat_v be_v incorporate_v as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o steel_n or_o iron_n to_o burn_v and_o heat_n more_o than_o in_o air_n or_o wood._n the_o like_a reason_n some_o will_v draw_v from_o the_o keeper_n of_o stoâ—es_n or_o hot_a house_n which_o do_v besprinkle_v the_o ground_n with_o water_n that_o the_o vapour_n be_v contract_v and_o the_o air_n thicken_v they_o may_v the_o long_o and_o better_o maintain_v heat_n and_o spare_a fuel_n another_o cause_n which_o we_o have_v former_o touch_v may_v be_v draw_v from_o the_o set_a and_o anniverwinde_n which_o blow_v most_o part_n of_o the_o year_n one_o way_n josephus_n acosta_n observe_v that_o betwixt_o the_o tropic_n the_o wind_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n easterly_n beyond_o westerly_a and_o a_o dutch-discoverer_n have_v relate_v that_o in_o guinea_n they_o have_v a_o certain_a wind_n which_o come_v from_o the_o land_n till_o noon_n and_o then_o very_a violent_a from_o the_o sea_n in_o so_o much_o as_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v wont_a to_o traffic_v in_o the_o morning_n be_v not_o able_a to_o endure_v it_o which_o if_o it_o be_v true_a we_o can_v imagine_v this_o region_n to_o be_v so_o hot_a as_o man_n suppose_v for_o here_o the_o heat_n in_o the_o night_n be_v assuage_v by_o the_o absence_n or_o remoteness_n of_o the_o sun_n likewise_o the_o excess_n of_o heat_n incident_a to_o noonetide_v be_v much_o qualify_v or_o as_o it_o shall_v seem_v by_o this_o relation_n altogether_o vanquish_v by_o the_o cold_a wind_n derive_v from_o the_o sea_n another_o reason_n no_o less_o probable_a may_v be_v derive_v from_o the_o excessive_a height_n of_o the_o land_n and_o great_a mountain_n observe_v to_o be_v near_o or_o under_o the_o line_n who_o top_n be_v always_o cover_v with_o snow_n which_o give_v a_o sufficient_a testimony_n of_o cold_a for_o instance_n we_o need_v go_v no_o far_o than_o the_o ridge_n of_o the_o mountain_n andâ—_n in_o america_n where_o they_o observe_v the_o air_n to_o be_v so_o chin_n and_o cold_a that_o it_o inforce_v they_o to_o scour_v and_o vomit_v which_o come_v near_o it_o the_o like_a whereof_o be_v relate_v of_o another_o call_v punas_n where_o the_o extremity_n of_o cold_a cut_v off_o their_o hand_n from_o which_o experience_n we_o may_v find_v some_o place_n near_o the_o line_n to_o be_v more_o infest_a with_o cold_a 〈◊〉_d heat_n the_o laâ—t_n and_o great_a â—eason_n may_v be_v take_v from_o the_o continual_a moisture_n wherewith_o the_o region_n situate_v betwixt_o the_o tropic_n frequent_o abound_v this_o moisture_n be_v derive_v from_o two_o cause_n 1_o from_o the_o melt_a of_o the_o snow_n on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n by_o the_o sun_n which_o run_v from_o thence_o continual_o into_o the_o valley_n keep_v they_o almost_o always_o waterish_a especial_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o summer_n when_o the_o sun_n be_v near_a 2_o from_o the_o extreme_a heat_n of_o the_o sun_n which_o be_v very_o near_o and_o many_o time_n vertical_a raise_v up_o continual_o moist_a vapour_n in_o great_a quantity_n these_o vapourâ—_n in_o so_o short_a a_o time_n as_o 12_o hour_n be_v not_o consume_v but_o meeting_n with_o the_o cold_a from_o the_o middle_a region_n of_o the_o air_n be_v therewith_o convert_v into_o drop_n which_o fall_v down_o again_o in_o great_a shower_n in_o so_o much_o as_o some_o traveller_n of_o good_a credit_n have_v tell_v i_o that_o all_o the_o while_o they_o sail_v betwixt_o the_o tropic_n they_o seldom_o see_v the_o sun_n by_o reason_n of_o rain_n and_o cloudy_a vapour_n whence_o we_o note_v with_o josephus_n acosta_n by_o way_n of_o consectary_n that_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o sun_n betwixt_o the_o tropic_n produce_v moisture_n but_o contrariwise_o without_o the_o tropic_n it_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o drought_n whence_o the_o inhabitant_n enjoy_v as_o it_o be_v a_o winter_n when_o the_o sun_n be_v to_o they_o vertical_a because_o of_o the_o distemperature_n by_o wind_n raines_n and_o storm_n and_o great_a inundation_n whereunto_o common_o all_o great_a river_n betwixt_o the_o tropic_n be_v most_o subject_a also_o they_o seem_v to_o have_v a_o summer_n when_o the_o sun_n be_v in_o or_o near_o the_o tropic_n because_o be_v somewhat_o remove_v he_o can_v be_v so_o powerful_a in_o draw_v such_o store_n of_o vapour_n and_o exhalation_n which_o he_o can_v dispel_v and_o consume_v thus_o we_o see_v the_o moiety_n of_o this_o first_o section_n lie_v 15_o degree_n from_o the_o equatour_n how_o soever_o subject_a to_o a_o great_a reflection_n of_o the_o sunbeam_n yet_o through_o the_o concurrence_n of_o other_o cause_n to_o be_v find_v indifferent_o temperate_a and_o the_o other_o 15_o degree_n about_o the_o tropic_n howsoever_o subject_a to_o a_o lesser_a reflection_n to_o be_v excessive_a hot_a which_o late_a cause_n beside_o all_o which_o have_v be_v say_v before_o shall_v be_v further_o confirm_v hereafter_o by_o the_o complexion_n of_o the_o native_a inhabitant_n which_o we_o shall_v find_v to_o be_v choller-adust_a the_o true_a symptom_n of_o a_o external_a heat_n but_o if_o any_o man_n shall_v answer_v that_o this_o accident_n be_v incident_a as_o well_o to_o the_o region_n situate_v under_o the_o equatour_n as_o to_o that_o under_o the_o tropic_n i_o will_v produce_v another_o reason_n draw_v from_o the_o colour_n of_o their_o countenance_n which_o under_o the_o equatour_n be_v not_o see_v so_o black_a and_o swarthy_a as_o elsewhere_o for_o towards_o the_o tropic_n be_v place_v the_o land_n of_o blackmore_n or_o nigritarum_fw-la regio_fw-la where_o the_o people_n be_v all_o coalblack_a which_o may_v perhaps_o happen_v also_o to_o those_o that_o dwell_v under_o the_o other_o tropic_n but_o that_o other_o cause_n interpose_v themselves_o which_o hinder_v the_o excess_n of_o heat_n which_o be_v take_v to_o be_v the_o chief_a cause_n of_o this_o blackness_n here_o some_o will_v oppose_v the_o opinion_n of_o herodotus_n which_o refer_v the_o cause_n of_o this_o blackness_n in_o the_o negro_n to_o the_o seed_n which_o he_o will_v have_v to_o be_v black_a other_o will_v have_v this_o blackness_n as_o a_o curse_n inflict_v upon_o cham_n posterity_n but_o these_o opinion_n carry_v very_o little_a show_n of_o probability_n for_o first_o if_o this_o former_a opinion_n be_v admit_v it_o will_v of_o necessity_n follow_v say_v boden_n that_o ethiopian_n in_o scythia_n shall_v always_o be_v bear_v black_a and_o scythian_n in_o ethiopia_n shall_v be_v always_o white_a for_o as_o much_o as_o all_o nation_n from_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o world_n have_v be_v confuse_v and_o mix_v by_o the_o distinction_n of_o colony_n but_o experience_n teach_v we_o that_o man_n trasplant_v into_o another_o soil_n will_v in_o manner_n of_o tree_n and_o plant_n by_o little_a and_o little_a degenerate_a and_o change_v their_o first_o disposition_n as_o if_o a_o blackmore_n marry_v and_o beget_v child_n here_o with_o we_o in_o england_n experience_n will_v plain_o declare_v the_o child_n to_o be_v more_o incline_v to_o whiteness_n then_o the_o father_n and_o the_o grand_a child_n more_o than_o they_o second_o if_o the_o second_o opinion_n of_o cham_n curse_n deserve_v any_o credit_n i_o see_v no_o reason_n why_o all_o his_o posterity_n such_o as_o by_o most_o writer_n consent_v be_v general_o the_o people_n of_o africa_n shall_v not_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o same_o execration_n as_o well_o as_o one_o little_a parcel_n of_o it_o moreover_o it_o be_v report_v by_o pline_n and_o confirm_v by_o appian_n that_o in_o those_o place_n be_v many_o
the_o scripture_n especial_o in_o the_o 8_o of_o the_o proverb_n and_o the_o 103_o psalm_n where_o god_n be_v say_v to_o have_v set_v a_o bind_v upon_o the_o sea_n which_o they_o shall_v not_o pass_v but_o this_o reason_n seem_v not_o warrantable_a that_o the_o great_a creator_n of_o all_o thing_n shall_v in_o the_o first_o institution_n of_o nature_n impose_v a_o perpetual_a violence_n upon_o nature_n moreover_o all_o miracle_n be_v temporary_a and_o not_o perpetual_a for_o than_o be_v it_o ordinary_a and_o so_o scarce_o a_o miracle_n other_o upon_o less_o ground_n have_v imagine_v that_o there_o be_v certain_a northern_a star_n in_o vrsa_fw-la maior_fw-la and_o draco_n of_o so_o great_a virtue_n that_o they_o can_v draw_v the_o ocean_n from_o this_o habitable_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n towards_o the_o north_n and_o so_o constrain_v the_o water_n that_o they_o can_v overwhelm_v the_o earth_n but_o this_o opinion_n be_v ridiculous_a and_o deserve_v no_o solid_a refutation_n be_v a_o mere_a conjecture_n without_o ground_n or_o probability_n other_o upon_o the_o like_a reason_n have_v dream_v that_o there_o be_v more_o water_n than_o earth_n in_o the_o globe_n and_o that_o the_o water_n by_o his_o extraordinary_a mass_n occupy_v the_o centre_n of_o the_o world_n turn_v the_o earth_n on_o one_o side_n make_v it_o to_o swim_v as_o a_o ship_n upon_o the_o sea_n but_o this_o assertion_n we_o have_v refute_v in_o our_o first_o chapter_n of_o the_o first_o book_n all_o these_o author_n suppose_v that_o the_o earth_n be_v uncover_v towards_o the_o north-pole_n but_o overflow_v with_o water_n towards_o the_o south_n which_o the_o experience_n of_o navigatour_n at_o this_o day_n have_v sufficient_o disannul_v other_o again_o affirm_v out_o of_o a_o peripatetical_a dream_n that_o the_o water_n be_v ten_o time_n great_a than_o the_o earth_n suppose_v the_o earth_n to_o be_v like_o a_o sponge_n to_o drink_v up_o the_o water_n to_o prove_v which_o assertion_n they_o produce_v a_o experiment_n that_o the_o earth_n be_v dig_v any_o thing_n deep_a in_o most_o place_n there_o will_v appear_v water_n whence_o they_o collect_v that_o the_o water_n be_v mix_v with_o the_o whole_a earth_n and_o receive_v into_o it's_o concavity_n but_o howsoever_o we_o may_v grant_v that_o there_o be_v many_o and_o vast_a concavity_n in_o the_o earth_n capable_a of_o water_n yet_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o the_o water_n shall_v be_v ten_o time_n as_o great_a as_o the_o earth_n for_o by_o this_o reason_n although_o all_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n be_v water_n it_o can_v not_o be_v but_o that_o a_o great_a portion_n of_o water_n then_o that_o in_o the_o earth_n shall_v arise_v above_o the_o earth_n because_o according_a to_o their_o own_o supposition_n 9_o part_n shall_v be_v above_o the_o earth_n neither_o can_v aristotle_n word_n be_v well_o wrest_v to_o this_o interpretation_n for_o as_o much_o as_o he_o understand_v this_o tenfold_o proportion_n of_o the_o water_n to_o the_o earth_n not_o of_o the_o space_n which_o they_o replenish_v measure_v by_o their_o circle_n and_o diameter_n but_o of_o the_o proportion_n they_o bear_v one_o to_o the_o other_o in_o their_o transmutation_n as_o that_o one_o measure_n of_o earth_n turn_v into_o water_n shall_v be_v as_o much_o as_o 10._o all_o these_o opinion_n seem_v so_o absurd_a it_o seem_v more_o probable_a to_o imagine_v that_o either_o the_o water_n be_v condensated_a and_o thicken_v which_o be_v in_o the_o beginning_n create_v thin_a whence_o will_v follow_v that_o they_o shall_v occupy_v a_o less_o place_n and_o by_o consequence_n leave_v the_o dry-land_n in_o many_o place_n habitable_a or_o which_o be_v more_o probable_a that_o god_n in_o the_o first_o creation_n make_v certain_a hollow_a concavity_n and_o channel_n in_o the_o earth_n which_o be_v before_o plain_a and_o uniform_a into_o which_o the_o water_n be_v receive_v and_o bound_v in_o so_o much_o that_o they_o can_v not_o flow_v abroad_o this_o seem_v enough_o to_o satisfy_v the_o search_n of_o such_o as_o be_v not_o too_o curious_a to_o search_v into_o his_o secret_n who_o power_n and_o omnipotence_n transcend_v the_o capacity_n of_o the_o wise_a in_o this_o division_n of_o a_o place_n into_o water_n and_o land_n we_o will_v first_o treat_v of_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o accident_n belong_v thereunto_o not_o that_o the_o water_n be_v worthy_a or_o great_a than_o the_o earth_n the_o contrary_a whereof_o we_o have_v prove_v heretofore_o but_o because_o the_o consideration_n of_o it_o be_v more_o simple_a as_o that_o wherein_o few_o matter_n be_v to_o be_v handle_v then_o in_o the_o land_n for_o rivers_n and_o lake_n although_o consist_v of_o this_o watery_a element_n we_o think_v fit_a to_o handle_v apart_o as_o adjunct_n belong_v to_o the_o land_n 4_o in_o the_o sea_n be_v consider_v two_o thing_n 1_o the_o adjunct_n 2_o the_o division_n the_o accident_n of_o the_o sea_n whereof_o we_o be_v to_o treat_v be_v either_o internal_a or_o eâ—ternall_n 5_o the_o internal_a be_v such_o as_o be_v inbred_a in_o the_o sea_n these_o again_o be_v either_o absolute_a or_o relative_n 6_o the_o absolute_a be_v such_o as_o agree_v to_o the_o sea_n without_o any_o comparison_n with_o the_o land_n such_o be_v either_o figure_n quality_n or_o motion_n 7_o the_o figure_n be_v the_o conformity_n of_o the_o external_a superficies_n of_o the_o sea_n whereof_o observe_v this_o theorem_n 1_o although_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o water_n be_v spherical_a yet_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o the_o part_n of_o it_o incline_v to_o a_o conicall_a figure_n that_o the_o whole_a water_n according_a to_o its_o outward_a superficies_n iâ—_n spherical_a and_o round_a be_v sufficient_o demonstrate_v before_o in_o the_o first_o book_n but_o notwithstanding_o this_o roundness_n of_o the_o whole_a the_o part_n of_o it_o may_v for_o aught_o i_o see_v admit_v of_o a_o conicall_a figure_n for_o as_o much_o as_o this_o have_v little_a or_o no_o proportion_n to_o the_o vast_a spheracity_n of_o the_o water_n no_o more_o then_o little_a hill_n to_o the_o greatness_n of_o the_o earth_n for_o the_o prosecution_n of_o which_o point_n i_o will_v first_o show_v the_o reason_n of_o this_o my_o conjecture_n ground_v on_o experience_n and_o afterward_o out_o of_o the_o ground_n and_o demonstration_n of_o the_o principle_n of_o mathematical_a philosophy_n endeavour_v to_o make_v it_o more_o manifest_a first_o therefore_o by_o a_o conicall_a line_n we_o understand_v a_o crooked_a line_n which_o differ_v from_o a_o periphery_a or_o circle_n in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o keep_v not_o always_o a_o equal_a distance_n from_o the_o centre_n but_o be_v high_a in_o the_o midst_n then_o on_o either_o side_n now_o if_o the_o part_n of_o the_o water_n stand_v still_o be_v in_o their_o high_a superficies_n exact_o spherical_a they_o shall_v by_o the_o same_o ground_n be_v concentricall_a or_o have_v the_o same_o centre_n with_o the_o whole_a earth_n but_o that_o it_o have_v not_o the_o same_o centre_n will_v appear_v by_o little_a drop_n of_o water_n fall_v on_o the_o ground_n which_o incline_v as_o we_o see_v to_o a_o round_a figure_n yet_o be_v it_o more_o than_o ridiculous_a to_o say_v that_o this_o round_a convexity_n of_o a_o drop_n can_v be_v concentricall_a with_o the_o whole_a earth_n since_o in_o so_o great_a a_o mass_n it_o be_v hardly_o sensible_a but_o here_o our_o ordinary_a philosopher_n be_v ready_a to_o answer_v that_o this_o conformity_n of_o the_o water_n drop_n in_o a_o round_a figure_n be_v rather_o violent_a then_o natural_a because_o the_o water_n be_v by_o nature_n moist_a be_v ready_a to_o fly_v and_o avoid_v the_o touch_n or_o drought_n or_o any_o dry_a thing_n and_o because_o the_o water_n thus_o avoid_v the_o drought_n can_v of_o necessity_n but_o some_o way_n touch_v it_o it_o be_v imagine_v to_o conform_v itself_o to_o that_o figure_n whereit_v it_o may_v least_o of_o all_o touch_n this_o be_v the_o round_a or_o spherical_a figure_n wherein_o any_o body_n contain_v can_v touch_v a_o plain_a otherwise_o then_o in_o one_o only_a point_n but_o against_o this_o conjecture_n of_o moisture_n fly_v drought_n strong_a enough_o be_v the_o experiment_n of_o scaliger_n in_o his_o 105_o exercitation_n that_o quicksilver_n a_o moist_a substance_n be_v cast_v either_o into_o water_n or_o iron-oare_n will_v gather_v itself_o to_o a_o round_a body_n notwithstanding_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o quicksilver_n natural_o neither_o avoid_v the_o touch_n of_o water_n or_o iron_n for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o one_o be_v very_a mâ—â—st_n the_o other_o of_o great_a affinity_n as_o our_o chimick_n teach_v with_o quicksilver_n the_o parent_n of_o all_o metal_n moreover_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o this_o conformity_n to_o roundness_n be_v in_o drop_n of_o rain_n fall_v to_o the_o earth_n through_o the_o air_n yet_o will_v not_o our_o
to_o wit_n that_o it_o may_v water_v aswell_o the_o metal_n in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o give_v moisture_n and_o nourishment_n to_o plant_n and_o live_a creature_n dwell_v thereon_o and_o this_o motion_n say_v he_o although_o it_o be_v against_o the_o particular_a nature_n of_o the_o water_n be_v not_o altogether_o violent_a because_o elementary_a body_n be_v bind_v by_o a_o certain_a law_n to_o obey_v and_o subject_v themselves_o to_o the_o heavenly_a so_o that_o motion_v impress_v by_o they_o be_v not_o enforce_v on_o they_o by_o violence_n for_o albeit_o in_o some_o sort_n it_o thwart_v the_o physical_a disposition_n yet_o have_v all_o creature_n a_o obâ—dientiall_a aptness_n as_o they_o term_v it_o to_o submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o superior_a but_o this_o opinion_n of_o thomas_n aquinas_n in_o my_o conceit_n seem_v less_o sound_a than_o the_o former_a for_o first_o thomas_n have_v no_o need_n at_o all_o of_o these_o shift_n hold_v some_o of_o his_o other_o ground_n for_o in_o another_o place_n compare_v the_o height_n of_o the_o sâ—a_n and_o land_n one_o with_o the_o other_o he_o firm_o maintain_v that_o the_o sea_n be_v above_o the_o land_n and_o that_o it_o be_v bound_v and_o restrain_v from_o overflow_a the_o dry_a land_n by_o the_o immediate_a power_n of_o the_o creator_n if_o this_o be_v grant_v what_o need_v there_o any_o ascent_n or_o draw_v up_o of_o the_o water_n by_o any_o external_a power_n of_o the_o heavenly_a body_n since_o the_o remit_v of_o this_o restraint_n of_o waterâ—_n in_o some_o place_n be_v sufficient_a to_o cause_v such_o spring_n and_o river_n in_o the_o earth_n second_o his_o opinion_n can_v stand_v without_o manifest_a contradiction_n of_o himself_o for_o how_o can_v the_o water_n be_v of_o his_o own_o nature_n heavy_a be_v draw_v upward_o without_o violence_n and_o thwart_a of_o nature_n and_o whereas_o he_o allege_n for_o himself_o a_o obedientiall_a aptness_n in_o the_o elementary_a body_n to_o obey_v the_o superior_a he_o shall_v find_v very_o little_a help_n to_o maintain_v his_o part_n for_o this_o obedientiall_a inclination_n must_v be_v either_o according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o water_n or_o opposite_a unto_o it_o or_o at_o least_o the_o one_o must_v be_v sudordinate_a unto_o the_o other_o that_o it_o be_v according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o water_n he_o himself_o disclaim_v and_o experience_n refute_v because_o it_o natural_o descend_v not_o ascend_v if_o it_o be_v opposite_a as_o indeed_o it_o must_v needs_o be_v he_o contradict_v himself_o if_o the_o physical_a and_o obedientiall_a inclination_n be_v subordinate_a the_o one_o to_o the_o other_o i_o urge_v that_o subordinate_a cause_n can_v produce_v no_o other_o than_o subordinate_a effect_n for_o asmuch_o as_o the_o cause_n and_o the_o effect_n be_v measure_v and_o proportion_v the_o one_o by_o the_o other_o but_o we_o plain_o see_v that_o the_o motion_n of_o ascent_n or_o descent_n be_v diametral_o oppose_v and_o contrary_a the_o one_o to_o the_o other_o so_o that_o they_o can_v otherwise_o proceed_v then_o from_o opposite_a and_o contrary_a cause_n second_o this_o obedientiall_a aptness_n be_v common_o understand_v of_o a_o creature_n in_o respect_n of_o his_o creator_n in_o who_o hand_n it_o be_v as_o to_o create_v all_o thing_n of_o nothing_o so_o to_o reduce_v all_o thing_n again_o into_o nothing_o but_o this_o although_o it_o be_v above_o nature_n yet_o no_o way_n contradict_v nature_n and_o easy_o it_o be_v to_o be_v imagine_v that_o the_o creator_n shall_v annihilate_v any_o creature_n then_o let_v it_o remain_v in_o his_o own_o nature_n give_v it_o a_o motion_n against_o nature_n moreover_o 〈◊〉_d we_o due_o consider_v nature_n in_o her_o course_n we_o shall_v find_v that_o the_o low_a &_o elemental_a body_n only_o concur_v to_o the_o conservation_n of_o the_o whole_a and_o of_o one_o another_o by_o follow_v their_o own_o private_a inclination_n for_o the_o whole_a be_v nothing_o else_o then_o a_o orderly_a consent_n and_o harmony_n of_o all_o the_o part_n from_o who_o mutual_a cooperation_n it_o receive_v his_o perfection_n so_o that_o where_o any_o part_n fail_v in_o his_o own_o office_n the_o whole_a must_v needs_o sustain_v damage_n three_o it_o will_v hardly_o be_v resolve_v by_o any_o of_o this_o opinion_n by_o what_o mean_n or_o instrument_n the_o heavenly_a or_o superior_a body_n can_v have_v such_o a_o operative_a power_n over_o the_o water_n as_o to_o lift_v it_o upward_o from_o his_o own_o centre_n for_o neither_o can_v this_o thing_n be_v perform_v by_o motion_n height_n or_o any_o influence_n which_o be_v the_o three_o mean_n of_o operation_n of_o celestial_a body_n on_o elementary_a i_o will_v not_o stand_v to_o prove_v every_o particular_a in_o this_o matter_n but_o only_o will_v have_v my_o adversary_n to_o answer_v and_o give_v a_o instance_n and_o speciality_n another_o opinion_n there_o be_v of_o aristotle_n follow_v by_o all_o peripatetic_n who_o in_o his_o first_o book_n of_o meteor_n and_o 13_o chapter_n go_v about_o to_o prove_v and_o maintain_v that_o all_o spring_n and_o well_n in_o the_o land_n be_v produce_v and_o generate_v in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n by_o any_o vapour_n resolve_v into_o water_n which_o opinion_n he_o labour_v â—o_o strengthen_v in_o this_o manner_n it_o be_v certain_a say_v he_o that_o the_o earth_n have_v within_o it_o much_o air_n because_o nature_n will_v nowhere_o admit_v a_o vacuity_n but_o the_o earth_n have_v not_o only_o many_o open_a but_o a_o great_a many_o secret_a hole_n and_o concavity_n which_o can_v otherwise_o be_v fill_v then_o with_o air_n moreover_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o other_o vapour_n therein_o contain_v and_o stir_v up_o by_o the_o force_n of_o the_o star_n be_v convert_v into_o air_n and_o that_o aswell_o the_o air_n include_v in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o vapour_n there_o also_o breed_v be_v perpetual_o convert_v into_o water_n this_o reason_n may_v seem_v to_o persuade_v because_o it_o follow_v of_o necessity_n that_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o earth_n expel_v their_o heat_n they_o shall_v harden_v &_o condensate_a &_o be_v dispose_v at_o last_o to_o the_o generation_n of_o water_n whence_o also_o the_o cause_n 〈◊〉_d give_v of_o the_o generation_n of_o water_n in_o the_o middle_a region_n of_o the_o air_n although_o it_o be_v not_o always_o thence_o breed_v aswell_o for_o other_o cause_n as_o for_o that_o the_o air_n by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v sometime_o too_o hot_a and_o the_o vapour_n be_v too_o much_o attenuate_v and_o ratify_v so_o that_o the_o matter_n of_o rain_n can_v be_v always_o supply_v this_o will_v aristotle_n have_v to_o be_v the_o original_n of_o all_o spring_n and_o fountain_n so_o that_o the_o water_n shall_v first_o distil_v as_o it_o be_v drop_n by_o drop_n out_o of_o this_o vapourous_a matter_n and_o this_o moist_a matter_n so_o collect_v and_o draw_v together_o shall_v afterwards_o break_v forth_o out_o of_o the_o ground_n and_o so_o cause_v such_o fountain_n some_o reason_n be_v also_o produce_v to_o prove_v this_o assertion_n for_o say_v the_o author_n of_o this_o opinion_n if_o the_o spring_n and_o riverâ—_n shall_v proceed_v from_o any_o other_o cause_n than_o they_o shall_v take_v their_o beginning_n from_o rainwater_n which_o be_v before_o refute_v or_o from_o the_o sea_n by_o certain_a secret_a passage_n which_o opinion_n seem_v too_o weak_a to_o endure_v examination_n first_o this_o seem_v a_o argument_n that_o the_o sea-water_n be_v common_o salt_n but_o the_o water_n of_o spring_n and_o rivers_n be_v for_o the_o most_o sweet_a and_o fresh_a and_o therefore_o such_o spring_n be_v not_o derive_v from_o the_o sea_n second_o because_o we_o never_o find_v the_o sea_n to_o be_v empty_v which_o must_v needs_o be_v if_o it_o shall_v give_v beginning_n to_o all_o such_o current_n of_o water_n in_o the_o earth_n three_o we_o have_v already_o show_v that_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v high_a than_o the_o water_n so_o that_o it_o can_v be_v conceive_v how_o river_n shall_v be_v derive_v from_o the_o sea_n to_o this_o opinion_n howsoever_o seem_v probable_a and_o support_v with_o the_o name_n and_o authority_n of_o so_o great_a a_o philosopher_n i_o dare_v not_o whole_o assent_v forasmuch_o as_o it_o thwart_v the_o testimony_n of_o holy_a scripture_n and_o can_v otherwise_o stand_v with_o reason_n because_o it_o can_v well_o be_v imagine_v how_o so_o many_o vapour_n and_o so_o continual_o shall_v be_v engender_v in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n to_o nourish_v so_o many_o and_o so_o great_a current_n as_o we_o see_v spring_v out_o of_o the_o earth_n for_o a_o very_a great_a quantity_n or_o portion_n of_o aire_n be_v condensated_a and_o make_v water_n will_v become_v but_o as_o a_o little_a drop_n the_o air_n according_a
as_o often_o it_o do_v to_o be_v set_v on_o fire_n for_o have_v water_n near_o it_o it_o may_v soon_o be_v quench_v whereas_o many_o little_a spring_n can_v afford_v so_o much_o water_n as_o will_v suffice_v for_o such_o a_o purpose_n last_o among_o other_o reason_n we_o can_v forget_v the_o pleasantness_n of_o fair_a river_n which_o be_v no_o small_a ornament_n to_o a_o city_n and_o delight_n to_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n 8_o thus_o much_o for_o river_n a_o lake_n be_v a_o collection_n of_o perpetual_a water_n nourish_v with_o fresh_a spring_n and_o have_v of_o itself_o no_o passage_n forth_o in_o this_o definition_n of_o a_o lake_n we_o have_v comprise_v these_o three_o thing_n first_o that_o it_o be_v a_o collection_n of_o constant_a and_o perpetual_a water_n second_o that_o it_o be_v continual_o feed_v &_o cherish_v with_o fresh_a spring_n rise_v up_o from_o the_o bottom_n three_o that_o it_o find_v no_o passage_n forth_o into_o the_o sea_n or_o otherwise_o by_o the_o two_o first_o it_o be_v distinguish_v from_o a_o great_a pond_n or_o stand_a pool_n call_v in_o latin_a stagnum_n for_o asmuch_o as_o a_o stand_a pool_n be_v common_o â—ed_v with_o rain_n water_n and_o have_v no_o spring_n from_o the_o earth_n whereby_o it_o may_v be_v long_o nourish_v be_v often_o time_n by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n exhaust_v it_o out_o by_o vapour_n either_o extraordinary_o diminish_v or_o altogether_o dry_v up_o whereas_o in_o a_o lake_n by_o reason_n of_o fresh_a spring_n the_o water_n be_v perpetual_a and_o remain_v sweet_a and_o wholesome_a except_o by_o some_o other_o accident_n it_o change_v its_o disposition_n for_o the_o latter_a clause_n that_o a_o lake_n find_v no_o passage_n forth_o it_o may_v be_v two_o way_n understand_v either_o of_o a_o visible_a or_o apparent_a passage_n outward_o through_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n to_o the_o sea_n or_o of_o a_o secret_a and_o subterranean_a passage_n under_o ground_n the_o former_a may_v again_o be_v understand_v of_o a_o passage_n forth_o immediate_o by_o itself_o or_o mediate_o by_o some_o river_n whereas_o we_o have_v say_v that_o it_o find_v no_o entrance_n into_o the_o sea_n we_o ought_v to_o understand_v it_o that_o immediate_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v account_v a_o continuate_a part_n conjoin_v with_o the_o sea_n nevertheless_o it_o may_v be_v disburden_v into_o the_o sea_n by_o some_o river_n run_v out_o of_o it_o as_o some_o will_v have_v the_o great_a river_n tanais_n not_o to_o have_v his_o head_n or_o fountain_n in_o the_o riphaean_a mountain_n as_o the_o ancient_n have_v teach_v but_o in_o a_o certain_a lake_n not_o faâ—re_v from_o the_o city_n tulla_n so_o volga_n &_o edill_n draw_v their_o original_n from_o a_o lake_n not_o far_o from_o moscow_n with_o many_o other_o of_o like_a nature_n what_o to_o think_v of_o the_o subterranean_a intercourse_n betwixt_o lake_n and_o the_o sea_n we_o will_v show_v in_o this_o theorem_a 1_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o most_o lake_n have_v some_o secret_a intercourse_n with_o the_o sea_n under_o ground_n for_o the_o confirmation_n of_o this_o point_n there_o want_v not_o reason_n the_o first_o reason_n may_v be_v draw_v from_o the_o quantity_n of_o water_n in_o most_o lake_n which_o be_v find_v without_o any_o great_a sensible_a difference_n to_o remain_v the_o same_o without_o any_o diminution_n or_o increase_n whereas_o if_o the_o water_n bind_v in_o with_o these_o limit_n shall_v have_v no_o passage_n out_o any_o way_n it_o shall_v increase_v to_o such_o greatness_n that_o it_o will_v easy_o overwhelm_v the_o bank_n to_o give_v a_o few_o instance_n we_o find_v that_o diverse_a very_o vast_a river_n exhaust_v themselves_o into_o the_o caspian_a lake_n as_o volga_n and_o edill_n which_o receive_v into_o they_o many_o notable_a river_n be_v at_o last_v themselves_o swallow_v up_o in_o the_o say_a lake_n in_o like_a manner_n the_o lake_n of_o palestine_n call_v the_o dead_a sea_n be_v know_v to_o receive_v into_o it_o beside_o diverse_a lesser_a river_n the_o great_a and_o famous_a river_n jordan_n here_o will_v i_o demand_v whether_o these_o great_a river_n perpetual_o cast_v themselves_o into_o a_o lake_n give_v a_o increase_n to_o the_o former_a quantity_n or_o not_o if_o they_o shall_v augment_v the_o water_n they_o will_v by_o consequence_n alter_v the_o bound_n but_o this_o be_v contradict_v by_o experience_n if_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o water_n suffer_v no_o increase_n it_o must_v needs_o follow_v then_o that_o the_o water_n shall_v some_o other_o way_n be_v diminish_v as_o it_o be_v here_o increase_v this_o must_v either_o be_v by_o the_o sun_n draw_v up_o some_o part_n of_o it_o by_o vapour_n or_o by_o some_o cavern_n of_o the_o earth_n drink_v up_o some_o part_n of_o it_o or_o last_o by_o a_o subterranean_a passage_n into_o the_o sea_n concern_v the_o former_a it_o can_v be_v deny_v but_o much_o water_n be_v draw_v up_o into_o vapour_n by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n yet_o that_o these_o vapour_n countervail_v the_o water_n perpetual_o bring_v in_o be_v in_o my_o conceit_n very_o improbable_a for_o against_o this_o quantity_n of_o water_n extract_v out_o this_o way_n of_o evaporation_n i_o will_v oppose_v these_o three_o thing_n which_o shall_v persuade_v a_o reasonable_a man_n that_o the_o water_n receive_v in_o shall_v far_o surpass_v the_o vapour_n exhale_v from_o it_o first_o that_o the_o vapour_n be_v stir_v up_o in_o the_o day_n time_n when_o the_o sun_n be_v lift_v above_o the_o horizon_n at_o such_o a_o height_n that_o his_o heat_n be_v somewhat_o strengthen_v whereas_o all_o these_o watery_a current_n never_o intermit_a their_o usual_a course_n never_o cease_v to_o run_v by_o day_n or_o night_n wherein_o be_v see_v a_o double_a advantage_n of_o the_o river_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o watery_a exhalation_n second_o of_o these_o watery_a vapour_n so_o draw_v out_o a_o great_a part_n must_v at_o diverse_a time_n return_v back_o or_o at_o least_o so_o much_o otherwise_o by_o rainy_a shower_n drop_v down_o into_o this_o lake_n three_o these_o watery_a part_n thus_o rarify_v and_o attenuate_v in_o vapour_n shall_v put_v this_o supposition_n in_o equality_n diffuse_v themselves_o abroad_o in_o such_o extraordinary_a manner_n that_o all_o the_o region_n round_o about_o shall_v in_o all_o likelihood_n suffer_v a_o great_a inconueniency_n of_o foggy_a exhalation_n on_o the_o other_o side_n it_o be_v very_o unlikely_a that_o it_o shall_v be_v receive_v into_o empty_a cavern_n of_o the_o earth_n without_o passage_n into_o the_o sea_n or_o some_o great_a river_n disburthen_v itself_o thereunto_o for_o i_o will_v demand_v whether_o these_o cavern_n be_v ever_o fill_v with_o water_n or_o not_o if_o they_o have_v be_v fill_v how_o can_v they_o receive_v more_o water_n since_o the_o fill_n of_o any_o place_n suppose_v it_o to_o be_v first_o empty_a that_o they_o be_v never_o yet_o fill_v with_o water_n be_v far_o more_o unreasonable_a that_o any_o man_n shall_v imagine_v any_o caverne_n of_o the_o earth_n to_o be_v so_o vast_a with_o so_o great_a current_n of_o water_n perpetual_o run_v in_o almost_o six_o thousand_o year_n shall_v not_o replenish_v especial_o consider_v the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n not_o far_o from_o the_o upper_a face_n to_o be_v every_o where_o spread_v with_o water_n round_o which_o may_v also_o help_v to_o this_o purpose_n wherefore_o it_o can_v well_o be_v imagine_v but_o that_o every_o such_o great_a lake_n have_v some_o vent_n or_o passage_n unto_o the_o sea_n either_o by_o some_o secret_a &_o subterranean_a channel_n or_o at_o least_o by_o some_o great_a river_n issue_v out_o of_o it_o and_o so_o run_v into_o the_o ocean_n another_o reason_n may_v be_v take_v from_o the_o current_n of_o some_o sea_n which_o be_v by_o good_a reason_n ascribe_v to_o this_o cause_n for_o it_o be_v observe_v by_o skilful_a navigatour_n that_o the_o water_n be_v carry_v by_o a_o very_a stiff_a course_n from_o propontis_n and_o the_o black_a sea_n into_o the_o aegaean_a and_o from_o thence_o into_o the_o mediterranean_a the_o original_n of_o which_o current_a mâ—y_n with_o good_a conjecture_n be_v find_v out_o in_o the_o caspian_a which_o by_o some_o secret_a passage_n under_o ground_n disburthen_v itself_o into_o the_o black_a sea_n cause_v it_o to_o enforce_v his_o own_o water_n far_o of_o for_o the_o receipt_n of_o the_o other_o three_o that_o these_o subterranean_a passage_n be_v not_o unlikely_a may_v be_v confirm_v by_o many_o river_n which_o be_v swallow_v up_o some_o whole_o some_o for_o â—ome_v place_n only_o of_o the_o earth_n whereof_o we_o have_v speak_v before_o also_o it_o may_v seem_v likely_a by_o the_o water_n spread_v round_o about_o the_o earth_n which_o through_o the_o bowel_n of_o it_o find_v a_o passage_n from_o the_o sea_n bear_v as_o
be_v hard_a and_o more_o rocky_a than_o other_o as_o be_v more_o able_a to_o resist_v this_o violence_n of_o the_o water_n hence_o also_o it_o happen_v that_o old_a building_n be_v erect_v in_o the_o side_n of_o mountain_n have_v their_o foundation_n after_o a_o time_n uncover_v and_o be_v much_o subject_n to_o ruin_n a_o instance_n whereof_o may_v be_v give_v out_o of_o the_o roman_a capitol_n who_o foundation_n according_a to_o the_o relation_n of_o george_n agricola_n appear_v now_o plain_o above_o the_o ground_n which_o without_o question_n be_v heretofore_o deep_o root_v in_o the_o earth_n in_o plain_n and_o valley_n we_o find_v all_o thing_n to_o happen_v contrary_a wise_a to_o wit_n that_o all_o place_n in_o regard_n of_o their_o superficies_n be_v raise_v much_o high_a than_o they_o be_v in_o time_n past_a the_o reason_n whereof_o may_v easy_o be_v give_v out_o of_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o the_o earth_n carry_v by_o the_o wash_n of_o the_o rain_n from_o the_o topps_n of_o mountain_n into_o the_o valley_n whence_o we_o may_v perceive_v old_a house_n heretofore_o fair_o build_v to_o be_v now_o almost_o bury_v under_o ground_n and_o their_o window_n heretofore_o set_v at_o a_o reasonable_a height_n now_o grow_v even_o with_o the_o pavement_n so_o some_o write_v of_o the_o triumphal_a arch_n of_o septimius_n at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o capitol_n mountain_n in_o rome_n now_o almost_o cover_v with_o earth_n insomuch_o as_o they_o be_v enforce_v to_o descend_v down_o into_o it_o by_o as_o many_o stair_n as_o former_o they_o be_v use_v to_o ascend_v in_o like_a sort_n we_o see_v in_o old_a monastery_n &_o religious_a house_n their_o low_a room_n window_n &_o door_n very_o far_o couch_v under_o ground_n of_o which_o great_a inconvenience_n we_o can_v suspect_v the_o architect_n judgement_n but_o rather_o our_o forementioned_a cause_n from_o this_o bury_n of_o part_n of_o some_o house_n under_o ground_n it_o may_v be_v gather_v that_o the_o far_o they_o be_v under_o ground_n so_o much_o ancient_a they_o be_v as_o we_o may_v observe_v here_o with_o we_o in_o oxford_n that_o our_o most_o ancient_a college_n have_v the_o window_n of_o their_o low_a room_n somewhere_o altogether_o choke_v up_o with_o earth_n without_o or_o at_o least_o half_a way_n in_o somuch_o as_o the_o flore_fw-la within_o be_v find_v to_o be_v far_o inferior_a in_o height_n to_o the_o street_n without_o this_o be_v also_o confirm_v by_o architect_n who_o in_o dig_v up_o old_a foundation_n before_o they_o come_v to_o firm_a ground_n whereon_o to_o erect_v a_o building_n be_v enforce_v first_o to_o remove_v away_o the_o rubbish_n or_o as_o they_o term_v it_o the_o made-ground_n wherein_o oftentimes_o they_o find_v wood_n iron-instrument_n old_a coin_n with_o diverse_a other_o trash_n of_o this_o nature_n a_o instance_n we_o have_v in_o some_o of_o the_o low_a place_n in_o somersetshire_n where_o some_o upon_o occasion_n dig_v the_o earth_n somewhat_o deep_a have_v find_v great_a okes_n turn_v topsy_n turuie_o with_o their_o root_n upward_o to_o conjecture_v with_o some_o that_o this_o be_v cause_v by_o noah_n flood_n seem_v to_o be_v very_o improbable_a 1_o because_o as_o we_o have_v former_o show_v in_o this_o chapter_n the_o water_n in_o the_o deluge_n can_v not_o have_v so_o violent_a a_o motion_n to_o procure_v such_o a_o alteration_n in_o the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n 2_o it_o can_v so_o well_o be_v imagine_v how_o such_o tree_n shall_v remain_v so_o long_a a_o time_n without_o putrefaction_n wherefore_o we_o can_v well_o cast_v it_o on_o any_o other_o cause_n than_o the_o addition_n of_o the_o earthly_a part_n bring_v by_o rain_n from_o the_o mountain_n into_o the_o valley_n and_o so_o by_o some_o land-flood_n which_o partake_v much_o of_o slimy_a and_o earthly_a matter_n disperse_v abroad_o upon_o the_o land_n about_o now_o on_o the_o contrary_a part_n we_o find_v in_o few_o place_n of_o mountain_n such_o made-ground_n which_o have_v before_o be_v move_v this_o will_v also_o appear_v out_o of_o the_o industry_n of_o our_o low-countreyman_a who_o by_o bay_v up_o the_o river_n into_o certain_a artificial_a channel_n the_o ground_n about_o have_v be_v much_o raise_v where_o on_o the_o contrary_a side_n the_o force_n of_o the_o water_n into_o high_a place_n oftentimes_o be_v find_v to_o fret_v through_o the_o earth_n and_o make_v it_o low_o what_o we_o have_v speak_v of_o the_o effect_n of_o river_n and_o raine_n in_o diminish_v the_o greatness_n of_o the_o mountain_n and_o exalt_v of_o the_o valley_n we_o may_v in_o some_o sort_n find_v in_o the_o sea_n for_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v low_a than_o the_o earth_n and_o many_o great_a river_n continual_o run_v from_o the_o earth_n into_o it_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o there_o be_v carry_v in_o their_o current_n a_o great_a quantity_n of_o earth_n in_o so_o much_o as_o by_o the_o heap_v of_o sand_n and_o earthly_a rubbish_n the_o mouth_n of_o great_a river_n be_v in_o time_n choke_v up_o and_o commodious_a haven_n spoil_v and_o remove_v far_o into_o the_o land_n of_o which_o alternall_a transmutation_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o land_n wâ—_n shall_v speak_v hereafter_o &_o for_o present_a instance_n need_v to_o go_v no_o far_o than_o diverse_a town_n in_o devon_n which_o according_a to_o the_o relation_n of_o ancient_a man_n have_v heretofore_o be_v fair_a haven_n able_a to_o receive_v great_a ship_n to_o which_o notwithstanding_o at_o this_o time_n a_o small_a boat_n can_v arrive_v except_o in_o a_o full_a tide_n meteor_n the_o like_a whereof_o be_v report_v by_o aristotle_n 1_o of_o a_o place_n in_o egypt_n call_v delta_n make_v by_o the_o heap_v up_o of_o sand_n and_o slime_n bring_v by_o nilus_n from_o the_o ethiopian_a mountain_n 2_o of_o ammania_fw-la regio_fw-la which_o in_o time_n past_o be_v sea_n through_o the_o slime_n convey_v in_o the_o river_n become_v afterward_o as_o a_o stand_a pool_n which_o in_o process_n of_o time_n wax_v dry_a and_o join_v itself_o to_o the_o continent_n 3_o of_o maeotis_n palus_n that_o the_o dry_a land_n environ_v it_o round_o be_v so_o much_o increase_v that_o ship_n of_o that_o burden_n can_v arrive_v which_o can_v in_o time_n pass_v within_o 60_o year_n before_o which_o be_v also_o in_o some_o sort_n testify_v by_o polybius_n 4_o the_o like_a be_v relate_v of_o bosphorus_n thracius_n and_o many_o other_o place_n record_v by_o pliny_n 4._o of_o which_o we_o shall_v speak_v hereafter_o from_o these_o observation_n blancanus_n will_v infer_v these_o consectary_n 1_o that_o the_o earth_n be_v not_o from_o the_o beginning_n endow_v with_o mountain_n 2_o that_o it_o shall_v not_o so_o continue_v until_o the_o end_n of_o the_o world_n â—nd_v unless_o the_o fire_n whereof_o the_o scripture_n speak_v shall_v prevent_v it_o the_o whole_a earth_n shall_v in_o the_o end_n be_v overwhelmed_n with_o water_n as_o in_o the_o beginning_n and_o so_o be_v make_v void_a of_o habitation_n but_o on_o such_o conjecture_n i_o dare_v not_o too_o bold_o venture_v be_v speculation_n build_v on_o no_o sufficient_a ground_n all_o which_o can_v hence_o warrantable_o be_v collect_v be_v express_v in_o our_o former_a theorem_a 2_o of_o the_o figurature_n of_o country_n in_o mountain_n valley_n and_o plain_n we_o have_v speak_v it_o be_v requisite_a here_o we_o speak_v somewhat_o of_o wood_n and_o champion_n country_n 3_o a_o wood_n be_v a_o region_n or_o space_n of_o land_n beset_v with_o tree_n a_o champion_n region_n be_v a_o space_n of_o land_n either_o altogether_o void_a or_o scarce_o furnish_v with_o tree_n some_o critic_n here_o curious_o distinguish_v in_o latin_a betwixt_o sylva_n lucus_n and_o nemus_n by_o sylva_n understand_v a_o space_n beset_v with_o tree_n ordain_v to_o be_v cut_v down_o but_o lucus_n be_v a_o place_n where_o tree_n be_v not_o ordain_v to_o be_v cut_v down_o but_o reserve_v sacred_a for_o in_o such_o grove_n they_o do_v ancient_o use_v to_o offer_v sacrifice_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o diverse_a place_n out_o of_o the_o old_a testament_n where_o the_o heathenish_a manner_n of_o worship_v be_v forbid_v and_o sometime_o reprove_v in_o the_o king_n of_o juda_n and_o israel_n that_o which_o the_o latin_n call_v nemus_n be_v a_o grove_n or_o wood_n ordain_v only_o for_o pleasure_n and_o recreation_n but_o the_o discuss_n of_o these_o business_n rather_o belong_v to_o a_o grammarian_n then_o a_o geographer_n who_o take_v little_a notice_n but_o of_o those_o matter_n which_o most_o principal_o and_o remarkable_o belong_v to_o any_o region_n wherefore_o omit_v other_o curiosity_n we_o have_v distinguish_v only_o between_o a_o woody_n and_o a_o champion_n country_n whereof_o as_o we_o have_v define_v one_o be_v beset_v with_o a_o multitude_n of_o tree_n the_o other_o with_o few_o or_o none_o what_o concern_v a_o
understand_v themselves_o to_o be_v all_o as_o it_o be_v kin_n and_o descend_v from_o the_o same_o original_n then_o which_o there_o be_v no_o great_a mean_n to_o conciliate_v and_o join_v man_n affection_n for_o mutual_a amity_n and_o conversation_n as_o it_o be_v report_v of_o diomedes_n and_o glaucus_n and_o many_o other_o who_o be_v arm_v to_o one_o another_o ruin_n and_o overthrow_n have_v be_v draw_v to_o break_v off_o their_o hatred_n by_o the_o mere_a pretence_n and_o show_v of_o consanguinity_n but_o these_o who_o so_o arrogant_o boast_v themselves_o to_o be_v son_n of_o the_o earth_n not_o behold_v to_o any_o other_o country_n for_o their_o offspring_n strive_v to_o break_v in_o sunder_o the_o bond_n of_o society_n betwixt_o nation_n which_o god_n be_v word_n and_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n bind_v we_o to_o observe_v hence_o grow_v those_o mortal_a hatred_n and_o heartburning_n betwixt_o diverse_a country_n as_o of_o the_o egyptian_n against_o the_o hebrew_n of_o the_o greek_n against_o the_o latin_n wherein_o they_o persecute_v one_o the_o other_o extreme_o hence_o come_v it_o to_o pass_v that_o stranger_n among_o the_o roman_n be_v call_v enemy_n as_o the_o name_n of_o welshman_n with_o the_o german_n signify_v as_o much_o as_o a_o foreigner_n wherein_o they_o seem_v much_o to_o degenerate_v from_o the_o ancient_a hospitality_n of_o their_o ancestor_n for_o which_o they_o have_v be_v much_o praise_v final_o from_o this_o one_o root_n spring_v those_o infamous_a libel_n cast_v out_o of_o one_o nation_n against_o another_o write_v by_o such_o firebrand_n as_o delight_v in_o nothing_o more_o than_o dissension_n but_o how_o much_o better_o be_v it_o to_o reconcile_v all_o people_n out_o of_o this_o assure_a ground_n of_o consanguinity_n since_o religion_n persuade_v more_o to_o charity_n and_o agreement_n then_o to_o faction_n and_o contention_n but_o this_o i_o leave_v to_o the_o divine_a who_o it_o more_o proper_o concern_v 2_o the_o first_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v plant_v in_o paradise_n and_o thence_o translate_v to_o the_o place_n near_o adjoin_v for_o the_o confirmation_n of_o this_o point_n we_o need_v no_o far_a proof_n than_o the_o authority_n of_o god_n himself_o speak_v in_o his_o word_n whereon_o all_o truth_n be_v ground_v but_o of_o the_o placâ—_n of_o paradise_n where_o we_o place_v the_o first_o habitation_n sundry_a dispute_n have_v be_v among_o divine_n sufficient_o examine_v of_o late_a by_o a_o judicious_a and_o worthy_a writer_n in_o his_o history_n of_o the_o world_n which_o tract_n be_v too_o tedious_a to_o insert_v raleigh_n we_o will_v contract_v as_o far_o as_o concern_v our_o purpose_n first_o therefore_o it_o will_v seem_v meet_a that_o we_o examine_v their_o opinion_n which_o hold_v this_o history_n of_o paradise_n to_o be_v a_o mere_a allegory_n of_o this_o opinion_n be_v origen_n philo_n judaeus_fw-la fran._n gregorius_n with_o many_o other_o who_o by_o the_o four_o river_n of_o paradise_n will_v have_v to_o be_v understand_v the_o four_o cardinal_n virtue_n as_o by_o the_o tree_n of_o knowledge_n sapience_n or_o wisdom_n to_o which_o opinion_n also_o s._n ambrose_n teem_v to_o adhere_v who_o will_v have_v that_o by_o paradise_n shall_v be_v mean_v the_o soul_n or_o mind_n by_o adam_n the_o understanding_n by_o eve_n the_o sense_n by_o the_o serpent_n delectation_n by_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o tree_n the_o virtue_n of_o the_o mind_n against_o the_o father_n themselves_o i_o will_v not_o inveigh_v since_o some_o man_n suppose_v their_o conceit_n to_o be_v rather_o allusion_n than_o conclusion_n but_o against_o the_o opinion_n itself_o many_o reason_n may_v be_v draw_v to_o prove_v there_o be_v a_o true_a local_a paradise_n eastward_o first_o out_o of_o the_o text_n itself_o which_o say_v for_o out_o of_o the_o ground_n make_v the_o lord_n god_n to_o grow_v every_o tree_n pleasant_a to_o the_o â—ight_n and_o good_a for_o meat_n by_o the_o process_n of_o which_o story_n it_o seem_v that_o god_n first_o create_v man_n out_o of_o the_o garden_n as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o world_n at_o large_a and_o then_o put_v he_o in_o this_o garden_n the_o end_n whereof_o be_v express_v to_o dress_v and_o manure_v it_o paradise_n be_v a_o garden_n fill_v with_o plant_n and_o tree_n pleasant_a to_o behold_v and_o good_a for_o meat_n which_o prove_v that_o paradise_n be_v a_o terrestrial_a garden_n second_o to_o express_v it_o more_o plain_o he_o aver_v that_o it_o be_v water_v with_o a_o river_n spring_v out_o of_o a_o region_n call_v eden_n be_v a_o country_n near_o unto_o canaan_n in_o mesopotania_fw-la as_o ezechiel_n witness_v three_o epiphanius_n and_o st_n hierome_n urge_v to_o this_o effect_n if_o paradise_n be_v such_o a_o allegory_n than_o be_v there_o no_o river_n no_o place_n out_o of_o which_o they_o spring_v no_o eve_n no_o adam_n and_o so_o the_o whole_a history_n shall_v be_v turn_v into_o a_o mere_a fable_n or_o poëticall_a fiction_n four_o it_o be_v prove_v by_o continuation_n of_o the_o same_o story_n 1_o because_o god_n give_v adam_n freewill_n to_o eat_v of_o every_o tree_n of_o the_o garden_n the_o foresay_a tree_n except_v beside_o he_o leave_v all_o the_o beast_n of_o the_o earth_n to_o be_v name_v by_o he_o which_o can_v be_v mean_v of_o imaginary_a tree_n and_o beast_n for_o this_o be_v to_o make_v the_o whole_a creation_n enigmatical_a 2_o this_o name_n be_v often_o use_v in_o holy_a scripture_n elsewhere_o as_o in_o ezech_n 10_o genesis_n 13.19_o which_o will_v not_o have_v be_v so_o if_o the_o whole_a story_n have_v be_v mere_o allegorical_a &_o paradise_n a_o utopia_n since_o the_o scripture_n special_o the_o historical_a part_n of_o they_o be_v write_v in_o a_o plain_a stile_n fit_v the_o capacity_n of_o vulgar_a auditor_n last_o of_o this_o paradise_n plant_v in_o the_o east_n we_o may_v find_v some_o footstep_n in_o profane_a poet_n as_o in_o homer_n orpheus_n liâ—us_n pindarus_n hesiod_n who_o often_o speak_v of_o alcinous_n garden_n and_o the_o elysian_a field_n all_o which_o derive_v their_o first_o invention_n from_o this_o description_n of_o paradise_n record_v by_o moses_n in_o holy_a scripture_n whereof_o the_o heathen_a themselves_o have_v some_o obscure_a tradition_n the_o second_o opinion_n be_v that_o paradise_n be_v the_o whole_a earth_n and_o the_o ocean_n the_o fountain_n of_o these_o four_o river_n which_o be_v defend_v heretofore_o by_o the_o manichee_n noviomagus_n vadianus_n and_o goropius_n becanus_n the_o reason_n which_o they_o allege_v for_o their_o part_n to_o prove_v this_o assertion_n be_v chief_o these_o 1_o because_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v in_o scripture_n attribute_v to_o paradise_n be_v general_o ascribe_v to_o the_o whole_a world_n as_o that_o place_n of_o genesis_n bring_v forth_o fruit_n and_o multiply_v fill_v the_o earth_n and_o subdue_v it_o rule_n over_o every_o creature_n but_o this_o argument_n may_v easy_o be_v answer_v for_o although_o the_o world_n in_o general_n be_v create_v for_o man_n and_o all_o man_n descend_v from_o the_o same_o original_n to_o wit_n the_o loin_n of_o adam_n yet_o this_o disprove_v nothing_o the_o particular_a garden_n assign_v to_o adam_n to_o dress_v wherein_o he_o live_v before_o his_o transgression_n for_o if_o there_o have_v be_v no_o other_o choice_n but_o that_o adam_n have_v be_v leave_v to_o the_o universal_a as_o they_o imagine_v why_o shall_v moses_n say_v the_o garden_n be_v east_n from_o eden_n since_o the_o world_n can_v not_o be_v east_n or_o west_n but_o in_o respect_n of_o particular_a place_n also_o why_o be_v the_o angel_n set_v after_o adam_n expulsion_n to_o bar_v his_o re_fw-mi entrance_n if_o it_o be_v not_o a_o particular_a place_n for_o according_a to_o their_o opinion_n adam_n shall_v be_v drive_v out_o of_o the_o whole_a world_n their_o second_o reason_n be_v because_o it_o seem_v impossible_a that_o nilus_n ganges_n and_o euphrates_n by_o so_o many_o portion_n of_o the_o world_n so_o far_o distant_a shall_v issue_v out_o of_o the_o same_o fountain_n to_o this_o we_o answer_v that_o by_o common_a interpreter_n of_o scripture_n be_v ignorant_a of_o geography_n pison_n be_v false_o take_v for_o ganges_n &_o gihen_n for_o nilus_n although_o it_o can_v no_o way_n be_v true_a that_o ganges_n shall_v be_v take_v for_o a_o river_n by_o haâ—ilah_n in_o india_n and_o nilus_n shall_v run_v through_o aethiopia_n as_o we_o shall_v show_v hereafter_o the_o three_o opinion_n be_v that_o paradise_n be_v high_a than_o the_o moon_n or_o high_a at_o least_o than_o the_o middle_a region_n of_o the_o air_n this_o opinion_n be_v cast_v upon_o beda_n and_o â—abanus_fw-la to_o which_o also_o rupertus_n seem_v to_o accord_v who_o as_o it_o seem_v borrow_v their_o opinion_n from_o plato_n and_o he_o from_o socrates_n but_o these_o two_o as_o it_o seem_v be_v misinterpret_v because_o by_o paradise_n they_o