Division yet he is there misplaced for by the same rule in the second and third Opinion as you place the Collonel in the Dignity of a file leader the Lieutenant Collonel hath his Dignity in the place of a Bringer up the Major in the place of the half File leader the first Captain in the place of the Bringer up to the Front half-files Thus far all three joyntly go together and because there is no difference in number of men but equal in both parties they need not stand so much upon an equal opposement but that the second Captain Numb 5. may have his just place of honour immediately next unto his Collonel If it were not for this mode of Dignity according unto a File in the marching of a Regiment and so unto a Rank in a Body I might as well and better require satisfaction the number of each Company being equal in Souldiers why there may not be two field officers in the Collonels Division as well as in the Lieutenant Collonels which I leave to better judgments For the proof of my assertion as joyning with Barrife Ward and others in apointing the second Captain whose is the fift place of Honour next to the File leader or next to the Collonels own company both in Rank and File Bar. pa. 17. 1. The File leader ought to be the worthiest because he hath the Command of his File and marcheth first against the Enemie 2. The Bringer up ought to be the second place of Honour because his place of March is in the reer and is in most danger should the Enemie charge on that part 3. The half file leader is the third place of Honour because when the Front half files are taken off upon any occasion he is the leader unless he be commanded to face about 4. The last man or Bringer up of the Front half files is the fourth man in dignity for so he is when the Reer Division is taken of 5. The next man to the File leader hath the fift place of honour for one doubling brings him into the Front 6. The sixt place of Honour is before the Bringer up for if the Body be faced about one doubling brings him into that accidental Front or keeping of his proper Front by once doubling he becomes bringer up to the File leader 7. The seventh Dignity of place is his who marcheth next after the half file leader for when the half files double the Front or march forth then one doubling ranks him even with the Front 8. The eight place of Honour the File being but eight in depth is the third from the front for he may be made a File leader also although it may be with more trouble for by countermarching of the Front and Reere into the midst and then facing to the first Front and after doubling of Ranks makes him a File leader also I desire to speak nothing here to tye up the Ingenious to any particular fancy when his own reason shall guide him in this Military Discipline as may not be irregular and contrary to the rules of Art Now each Souldier being well exercised in the Postures of the Pike and Musquet and knowing their Dignity both in File and Rank will not stand still here but must be labouring to march farther in this field of Military Discipline that by the knowledge thereof his undaunted courage might conduct him to some higher worth or place of Dignity CHAP. IV. Of the Drum I Come in the next place to advise every Souldier to be careful and endeavour to know the several Beates thereof or else he may often fall short of his Captains Commands There are these several Beates to be taken notice of as Military signs for the Souldier to walk or guide his actions by and are termed Semivocall signes as you may see in the Horse service pa. 9. The several Beates or poynts of War are 1. A Call 2. A Troope 3. A March 4. A Preparative 5. A Battalia 6. A Retreit Besides these six there are two other Beats of the Drum 7. A Ta-to 8. A Revally The Ta-to is beaten when the Watch is set at the discretion of the Governour after which in most places or Garrisons of note there is a Warning piece discharged so that none are to be out of their houses without the word is given them c. A Revally is beaten in the morning by day light at which time the subofficers are to take off their out Sentinels It is when by reason of the great noyse of Guns men armes and Horses the Commanders voyce for it can neither be heard or obeyed without the beat of the Drum And the action of the Souldier whether valiant or otherwise is to be guided by it And For the better performance hereof it is the Captains duty to teach his Souldiers distinctly the several beats of the Drum that they may be the better able to perform their respective duties when ever they shall be so commanded by the Drum CHAP. V. Of Distances HErein I shall shew you what distance is and the several sorts of distances Without distance no motion can be performed Although distance in it self is not motion yet there is a motion in that action that produceth our several distances of place between man and man or that space or intervall of ground either in File or Rank And I may truly assert that the Discipline of a Foot Company c. consisteth so much in distance and motion that there is great necessitie of learning this very principle for they are not fixed in one station but are mutually interchanged one with another as occasion is offered by command and so are all brought into Order by their distances for if a perfect form of order be not observed disorder must necessarily follow the effect of which produceth confusion In our Modern discipline there are these four distances in use 1. Close Order 2. Order 3. Open Order 4. Double distance 1. Close Order which is both in File rank one foot and half 2. Order which is both in File rank three foot 3. Open Order which is both in File rank six foot 4. Double distance which is both in File rank twelve foot There are several distances to be performed in 1. March 2. Motion 3. Skirmish 1. The distance of marching between File and File is three foot between Rank and Rank is six foot 2. The distance for motion as for doubling of Files and Ranks for facings and Countermarches between File and Rank is six foot 3. Distances for intire doublings and skirmishes between Rank and File is three Foot 4. Distances for prevention of Cannon shott is 12 Foot or 24. Foot the double double distance Note that the close Order is useful 1. To the Files of Pikes to the charge of Horse 2. Before you Command any Wheelings 3. When the Commander is to deliver somewhat to the Souldier that all may hear Observe Before you open or
the depth of the standing files intire to the right and left inwards 2. If you face them to their proper Front then to reduce them Command The three first and the three last Ranks double your left flank intire That is The three last Ranks face about and wheel to the right and the three first Ranks wheel about to the left all moving and meet in opposition in the midst of the left flank then face them to their Leader I have ended those Doublings whose Battalia's are strengthened in the Front Reer and both Flanks Although they may not be useful at all times in the field service yet it is not amiss for every Commander to be well grounded in the knowledge of them that by his experience therein he may not be silent when occasion serveth nor the Souldier seeking what to do when he may be commanded They are so necessary that some are delightful in private Exercises and most of them profitable in Field or Garrison I am sure the Ingenious if once experienced herein will confess them to be of such absolute necessity as not in the least to be slighted by any And further it is adjudged to be most convenient for all the Chief Officers to bend their thoughts before the time of Service to make their Commands as short as possible may be in order to which see Chapt. 8. and 11. I do declare that I have heard some of our late young Eltonists to be too tedious in their Commands and Reducements I shall advise the young Souldier to follow the Rules of Barriffe Ward Bingham and Hexham for there is in them enough to direct for most Services and then they may peruse Elton at last whose worth as I have been informed is not to be laid in the dust without the due respects belonging to a Souldier and I hope now a Loyal Subject CHAP. XI YOu may perceive in those several Commands for the strengthening of the Flanks and their Figures being produced and have closed some of their Files as occasion may offer it self they are one and the same in Number but not in Place As in the 8. Chapter I have also in this set down the several Commands that produce one and the same Figure yet the Commands are distinct and several all which if the Officer please to endeavour the remembring of How that such and such Commands will produce such a Figure he may in the hottest disputes take the shortest Commands to expedite his motions having respect to his Ground for the execution of them 1. Files to the right double Command 1. Produceth one and the same Figure Files to the right double advancing Comm. 2. Files to the right and left double 1. Outward 2. Inward Comm. 3. and 4. Double your Ranks to the right and left 1. Outward advancing 2. Inward advancing Comm. 5. Double your Files to the right intire advancing Comm. 6. Double your Files to the right intire advancing every man placing himself before his Leader Comm. 7. Files double your depth to the right intire Comm. 8. Files double your depth to the right placing your selves behind your Bringers-up Comm. 9. Double your Files to the right and left by Division Com. 17. 2. Half Ranks of the left double your right flank to the right Com. 11. Produceth one and the same Figure Half Ranks double your right flank to the right and left outwards  3. Half Ranks double your right flank by turning off to the right Com. 11. Produceth one and the same Figure Pag. Command 16. Half Ranks to the right by countermarch double your left flank Com. 13. Left half flanks double your right flank to the right and left by countermarch 1. Outward 2. Inward Com. 14. Left half Ranks wheel and double your right flank to the right intire Com. 18. Left half Ranks wheel off to the right and left and double your right flank by Division Com. 20. Left half Ranks double your right flank intire advancing Com. 15. These Figures are much alike only the change of Ground Left half Ranks double intire the depth of your right flank Com. 16. A very good Figure is produced by the. Com. 17.  Wheeling Front and Reer into the right flank Com. 19. This being an accidental Front is the same Figure with the 5.10 and 15. Command for the strengthening of the proper Front by the doubling of Ranks CHAP. XII I Shall now treat of that which is called in a more particular manner Inversion and Conversion shewing you what is meant by them And the nature and use of those several Commands most in practice belonging to each of them 1. Inversion produceth a File or Files That is either by Files filing or Ranks filing 2. Conversion produceth a Rank or Ranks That is either By increase of File ranking by Even or Vneven Parts Of Ranks ranking to the Right or Left Of Ranks wheeling to the Right or Left Flank Observe That in the performance of most of these Works there must be either a double or twice double distance of Ground But it must be the Commanders care so to open his Ranks or Files at such distances as the quantity of Ground will give leave I shall not demonstrate the Commands in the same method as I have the Doublings for the strengthening of the Front but shall insist in that method already set down because I find the reception hereof to be somewhat of difficulty with some of our Rural Officers First Inversion of files or tiles filing in sequence Secondly Files filing by countermarch 1. Command Files file to the 1. Right 2. Left To perform this to the right Command The right hand file to march away single clear of the body then the File leader of the next File is to fall in after the bringer up of the first File and so all the rest until the whole Body become one single file To reduce this Command File leaders lead up you Files to to the left OR Files file six to the left 2. Command Files file to the Right or Left intire advancing To perform this to the right The right hand file stand the second from the right advanceth into the Front of the first the third into the Front of the second and the rest successively into the Front of each other until they may be made one direct file To reduce this Command Face all about to the right Files file six to the right into the Reer OR As they stand without facing Command File six to the right gathering towards the Front 3. Command Files file inward into the right Flank To perform this Command Half files face about then file leader and bringer up of the left flank advance forward and each file of the half files from the left are to fall successively into the Reer of each file until they have made one intire then face them to their leader To reduce them Command Reer half files face about to the left Front half files file three
termed a Macedonian Countermarch In all which there is Countermarchings of Files Ranks The Front The Reer half files Half Ranks And these may all be performed by intire or divisional Countermarches 1. The Countermarchings of Files is when every Souldier followeth his leader 2. The Countermarchings of Ranks is when every Souldier followeth his side man 3. The Front and Reer half Files Countermarchings is when the Souldier shall follow their File leaders or Bringers up 4. The Countermarchings of half Ranks is when the Souldier shall follow their outside men I shall in the first place shew how Intire and Divisional Countermarches are performed by files and Ranks 1. Observe That in the execution hereof your distance is to be at six foot in rank and file 2. When you are to Countermarch to the right the file leaders are to step forward with their right legs and face about to the right passing down to the Reer with their respective File following them keeping even a breast with their right handmen and to be sure not to turn before they be advanced to the ground of their File leaders 3. All Intire Countermarches of Files or ranks may be reduced by contrary Countermarches If the Command be to the right reduce them to the left And so for Contermarchings of the Front Reer or flanks into the midst reduce them back from the midst It shall be my endeavour to demonstrate how all Intire and divisional Countermarches shall lye under these three heads Of Mantaining Losing and Gaining of ground First of Countermarches maintaining Ground In the second precedent rule it will not be amiss to cast your eye back for your better direction by which you 'l be able to pass these Countermarches with greater delight and Order 1. Command Files to the 1. Right or 2. Left hand Countermarch To perform this Let the file leaders step forward with their right legs and march even in Rank to the Reer and none to turn off until he come to his File leaders Ground To reduce this Command Files to the left hand Countermarch 2. Command Ranks to the 1. Right or 2. Left hand Countermarch To perform this Face them to the Right and the right hand file is to turn off to the right and to march even to the Ground of the left hand file You may reduce this by Ranks Countermarching to the left 3. Command Countermarch your Front and Reer into the midst To perform this Command Half files face about and turn to off the left Front half files turn off to the right and face to your leader You may reduce this figure by doing the same over again Or else by any other divisional Countermarch 4. Command Front and Reer half files countermarch to the 1. Right or 2. Left You may reduce this Figure by doing the same over again OR By Countermarching Front and Reer into the midst 5. Command Countermarch your Front and Reer half files to right and left from the midst To perform this Command Front half files face about and turn off to the right and Reer half files turn off to your left then face to your leader To reduce this Command To Countermarch from the midst into the Front and Reer The three last figures by command are several but the figures are still one and the same in quantity but not in quality or motion as you may perceive c. 6. Command Countermarch your flanks into the midst To perform this Command them to face to the right and left outwards the right flank turn off to the right and left flank turn off to the left until they meet in the midst To reduce them Command Countermarch from the midst to the right and left into both flanks 7. Command Right and left half Ranks interchange your ground To perform this Face to the right and left inward and march all and interchange your ground This is of no great use except it be when the right or left flank hath fought that then the reserved flank may come into service also You may reduce them by interchanging of them back again OR Divisionally to Countermarch their flanks into the midst of the Battel Secondly Countermarches lofing ground 1. Command Files to the Right or Left hand Countermarch placing your selves before your bringers up To performe this Command The bringers up to face about to the right then the file leaders with the rest successively to turn off upon the same ground he stands And on the same hand the Command is given so to place themselves accordingly You may easily reduce them by any other Countermarch of files 2. Command The last Rank stand the rest pass through to the 1. Right or 2. Left placing your selves behind your bringers up To perform this As the last Rank is to stand and keep their first aspect let all the rest face about to the right and march all turning successively behind their bringers up To reduce them you may pass them through or else Countermarch by file into their places 3. Command Front and Reer half files Countermarch to the 1. Right or 2. Left From the midst every man placing himself before his leader and bringer up To perform this Command The first rank of the front half files to stand the rest to face about and turn off to the right half file leaders face about and turn off to the left and both to march clear of the Front and Reer following their half file leaders and bringers up of the front half files To reduce this by an other Countermarch 4. Command Ranks to the 1. Right or 2. Left hand Countermarch losing ground To perform this to the right As in maintaining ground upon their turning off the rest march into the same place or ground and turn off also as in figure 2. Now this of losing ground altereth only in this the outmost file is to face to the right about until he hath directly faced the left flank and so to gain so much ground upon the left flank as they have lost upon the right OR That they have placed themselves on the outside or before of their left hand men 5. Command Ranks to the right hand Countermarch each following his right hand man and place himself on the outside of his left hand man To perform this Command The left hand file to stand the out most file to the right turn about to the right as to make his aspect or face to the left then move forward until he be clear of the second file losing the ground he stood upon and gain it again on the outside of the left flank To reduce this figure may be done by a contrary Countermarch 6. Command The right and left hand file upon each flank face to the right and left outwards the rest pass through placing your selves before your outmost files Observe files become ranks by their faceing To performe this Command The right hand file to face to the right and the left hand file to
than for publick Service 5. Command Give fire to the right and place your selves even in Front with the Pikes marching up between the midst of the Pikes Observe in the performance hereof the Pikes as they march are to open to the right and left and the fired Musquetteers are to be lead up according to Command To reduce this Command 1. Pikes to face inwards 2. Musquetteers face to the right and left outwards 3. Pass all through and interchange Ground 4. Face to your Leader 6. Command Musquetteers give fire to the right placing your selves on the outside of the left Flank of Pikes If you will reduce this without any firing you may Command the right half Ranks to pass through your Ranks of Pikes The Ingenious may find many ways for the Reducement Or when all the Musquetteers are on the left flank you may fire them over again and they are reduced 7. Command Musquetteers give fire to the right and to the Reer placing your selves between the Pikes and your own Divisions Having placed your left flank of Musquetteers in the Reer A useful firing then Command The outmost file upon the right flank are to face to the right and the last rank of Musquetteers in the Reer are to face about and both are to present and give fire together and having fired the outermost file upon the right hand faceth to the left and marcheth after their Leader in the interval between the Musquets and the Pikes They are to march a reasonable pace and the rank fired in the Reer is to wheel to the right placing it self in the Reer of Pikes c. This is easily reduced by commanding the Musquetteers to draw off into the left flank again Observe that flank that is farthest from the Enemy ought to be drawn into the Reer 8. Command Musquetteers give fire to both Flanks marching and place your selves between the Pikes and your own Divisions To perform this the outermost file of each flank presents outward 9. Command The Body standing Advance your Pikes Musquetteers and Pikes face to the right and left Musquetteers present and give fire to both flanks and flank your Pikes The outermost file upon the right and left flank presents and fires wheeling off by Division ranking or flanking the Pikes as they stand faced leaving such a distance as the rest may securely follow them every rank is to fire upon the same Ground and wheel off by Division after the same manner From this Figure as they will stand after firing there may be produced a great many brave Figures but now I must leave them to the skilful Artist To reduce this Command The Musquetteers to march all until they are clear of the Pikes then face them to the right and left inwards and close their Divisions and face them to their Leader 10. Command Because it may easily be produced from the precedent Figure it shall be from the first Figure of firing in the Front and Reer Chap. 19. the Body being faced to the right and left will be a firing to both Flanks 11. Command Shall be a firing to right Flank and to the Front and Reer Left half Ranks double your right Flank by Division You may face the Divisions any way which you intend for their firing After firing they are to wheel off into their own Divisions every Rank moving into his Leaders Ground To reduce them face them to their proper Front then Command half Ranks that doubled face to the left and so march into your places See the doubling of Flanks Figure 17. CHAP. XXI Of several Divisional Firings I Might here make mention of a great many Figures for firings some serviceable and others not but all left to the judicious for censure and to make use of the best yet none useless for delight or Garden Exercises The Figures cannot be perfect because I am tied to the exercise but of twelve Files four of them Pikes and eight Musquetteers it being a Number that our Western Commanders can make use of and no more yet any who may be capable to perform them will be able to invent others and command the production of such like in geater Numbers and with better delight 1. Command The two outmost Files upon each Flank stand the two inmost half Ranks of the Reer face about to the right the two inmost half Ranks both of Front and Reer march until you are clear of the Body of Pikes then half Files rank to the right and left inwards by wheeling into the Front For the Pikes open them to the right and left from the midst then Command the right and left hand File of Pikes to stand the Reer half Files of the remainder face about to the right then both half Files rank to the right and left inward into the Front and Reer This Figure in great Bodies must be performed otherways and may be very serviceable against the Horse the Pikes may advance into the Front of Musquetteers to secure them against the Horses fury if occasion shall serve After their first firing and wheeling off to the right and left in the Reer of their own Divisions then when the Pikes are defending them from the Horse let them fire over the Pikes This being done pass through the Musquetteers before the several Fronts of Pikes as they were before any firing To reduce them Command Face the Front and Reer to the right and left inwards The Front and Reer Ranks of Pikes file to the right and left inwards the right and left hand files of Pikes close to the right and left inwards and close all to the midst Then Command the Front and Reer Ranks of Musquetteers file to the right and left inward face in opposition and march into your places closing the whole Body to their close Order and open them again to their Order Evening of their Ranks and streightning of their Files they are reduced 2. Command and Direction Musquetteers open six foot to the right and left Front half Files of the right Flank of Musquetteers Advance intire into the Front of Pikes The Reer Division of the left Flank of Musquetteers face about to the right and double intire the Reer of the Pikes The Front Division of Musquetteers of the left face about to the right and march even in breast with the Reer half Files of Pikes The Front half Files of Pikes face to the right and left outwards and march until you are clear c. Face them to their Leader To reduce them The Front Division of Musquetteers face to the right and march into your places Reer Division of Musquetteers face to the left and march forth into your places Front half Files of Pikes face in opposition and close your Divisions The left flank of Musquetteers advance even with the Front of Pikes Musquetteers close to the right and left inward and face them to their Leader And they are reduced 3. Command Front half Files face to the right and left
3. For Counter-marches which is but the reducement of File-Leaders into the place of bringers up or one flank into the place of another which is more proper for the foot service than useful in the exercise of the Horse yet because some have used it in their exercise therefore I shall demonstrate one Counter-march by Figure in his place 4. For Wheelings They are of most excellent use in the service of the Horse and ought to be very carefully exercised by every Commander they serve in some respect to execute what is to be performed by Counter-marches which is to bring the Frontiers who are always supposed to consist of the ablest men thereby to be ready to receive the Charge of the Enemy in either Flank or Reer which by Counter-marches you cannot do Accordingly the Motions shall follow that the untutoured Souldier may the better apprehend them It shall be represented by the Letter h. All Motions are to be done intirely at one and the same time for in our Military Exercises they are the very life of an Army and the only means being truly performed that giveth Victory without which all preparations of Forces are in vain and avail nothing in the field to the end for which they were levied And this among experienced Souldiers is of inestimable reputation 1. To the Right Hand Note That in all Motions before a second be commanded I mean in all single Motions the body must be reduced to his first proper form To Reduce them command To the left or To your Leader or As you were 2. To the Left Hand To reduce them command To the Right or To your Leader or As you were 3. To the right hand about 4. To the left hand about This is by turning to the left hand until their Faces front the Reer The proper Front To reduce them To the right hand about 5. Ranks open forward to your double distance 6. Files to the right double 7. Files to the left double It is most convenient for the Horse to move from the right hand To reduce them Ranks to the right double or Files rank as you were 8. Files to the right hand Counter-march 9. Files to the left hand Counter-march Foot pa. 60. To perform this Direct That all the file Leaders move their Horses intirely a little forwards and so likewise turning off to the left hand they march even in rank down to the Reer and none of the rest to turn off until he come to his Leaders ground To Reduce them Counter-march to the left As this is for the maintaining of the same Ground so there may be a Counter-march for the gaining of Ground but I conceive them wholly useless but where you have not ground to make your Wheels Therefore not knowing what necessity may force us unto it is convenient the Souldier should be sometimes exercised therein Note That in your Counter-marches for gaining of ground the Souldier is to turn off the ground his Horse stands upon and so passing through each is to follow his Leader 10. Ranks close forwards 11. Files close to the left 12. Files close to the left to your close Order Observe in closing to the left the left File is to stand fixt the next are to move to the left 13. Ranks close forward to your close Order In performance of this Command the first Rank is to stand the second moving and taking its distance stands likewise and so the third It cannot be expected that any Wheeling of the Horse should be so exactly performed in so little a compass as is taken by the foot therefore every Commander ought discreetly to take larger room for the compass of his motion so that all his Wheelings may be performed intirely without distraction Note That Wheeling to the left for the Horse is the readiest way except you are prevented by some hinderances c. 14. Wheel to the left hand In this motion the whole body moveth to the left upon the left hand file-leader as the center And so you may keep wheeling until you have brought them to their proper front So if you wheel them to the left about the Reer then will be their accidental Front 15. Wheel to the right and left by Division The Wheelings of the accidental Fronts upon both Wings into the proper Front and close their Divisions will reduce them 16. Trot large and wheel to the left Wheeling to the right will Reduce them or by a circular Wheeling of them until they are brought into their proper form 17. Trot and wheel to the left about This bringeth the ablest men to be in the Reer for any speedy On-set and Wheeling to the right about will reduce them c. The word Alt doth signifie to make a stand and is derived from the Dutch word Halt which is as we say hold c. Observe that in all motions you make an Alt that the Souldery may settle themselves in their places both in Rank and File before you put any fresh Command upon them 18. Gallop and wheel to the left 19. Gallop and wheel to the left about To reduce both these is by wheeling to the contrary All these being performed to reduce them to their first form Open first your Ranks and then your Files and in opening of your Ranks the best way is to open them forwards CHAP. IX Of Firings I Had thoughts to have treated of Encampments and Embattelings but that being not my work at present I shall pass them by because it is my business to treat only of the exercise of a single Troop In the first place I shall set out one firing of Walhausens When your Enemy chargeth you in a full career Cruso fol. â—9 you are suddainly to open to the right and left facing inwards and charge them in the flanks and when the Enemy is past your body you are to wheel to the right and left inward and so charge him with a full career in the Reer but here you must observe their files to be six and eight in depth and so his Figure is represented as followeth This he commends very much for whilst the Enemy is upon his Career you are but upon your Trot and then opening to the right and left This he speaks of Cuirasiers either he must run through and do but little execution or else Alt in his career and so disorders himself which is advantageous to you But I am of another opinion as to our Mode of fighting being but three in depth we must rather sink than suffer any Voluntary Breach The same Author would have our Harquebuziers to give fire by Files either right or left advancing before the Body in a full career towards the Enemy but many do wholly reject it as being dangerous in Field service But now for the private exercise of a single Troop which may be necessary to bring the Souldier to a more ready and complete use of his Arms I shall demonstrate of Files firing
             1 2 3 4 5 6. 6 5 4 3 2 1  6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1 To make the If upon a single File Command 5 6 5 2 1 2  5 6 1 6 1 2 5 6 1 6 1 2 4 3 1 6 4 3  4 3 2 5 4 3 4 3 2 5 4 3 3 4 6 1 3 4  3 4 3 2 3 4 3 4 5 2 3 4  2 1 2 5 6 5  2 1 6 1 6 5 2 1 6 1 6 5  1 2 3 4 5 6  1 2 5 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6   6 5 4 3 2  1 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 This I saw July 1671. Reducement File Leaders stand the rest pass through and place your selves before your Leaders Ranks to the right double and Files to the right double Ranks to the left double and Files double your depth to the left File-Leaders stand the rest pass through to the right and place themselves before their Leaders Half double your Front to the right and Files to the right double Ranks to the left double and Files to the left double If more Files than one Command Reducement File rank to the left into the Front Rank file fix to the left File rank two to the right and Files to the right double Bringers-up double your Front to the left and double your Files to the right intire advancing Bringers-up double your Front to the right and double your Files to the left intire advancing Half double your Front to the right Files double your depth to the left File rank two to the left Files to the left double Reducement Bringer-up stand the rest pass through to the left and place your selves behind your Bringer-up Rank two to the left and Files to the left double Half file double your Front to the right and Files double your depth to the right File rank six to the left then Rank file six to the left Front half file double your depth to the left File-Leader with the odd men from the Front face about to the right and interchange Ground   6 5 4 3 2   6 5 4 3 2  6 5 4 3 2 The front and standing of each file as they come to be leaders in their respective dignities Dignity             The dignity of a file  1 6 4 3 5 2 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1  6 5 4 3 2 1 1. a 5. e 4. d 3. c 6. f 2. b 1 2 6 5 5 6 2 4 5 6 6 5  2 4 5 6 6 5 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 3 1 2 3 4  1 3 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 1 3 3 1 3 4 1 3  3 1 3 4 1 3 2 1 5 6 6 5 4 2 6 5 5 6  4 2 6 5 5 6   5 6 3 4 4 2 5 6 2 1 4 2  5 6 2 1 4 2 Dignity  I much quastion the dignity of this how ever I have incerted it 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dignity 6 5 4 3 2 1  f e d c b a f e d c b a  Reducement Files rank two to the left files to the left double Bringer up double your Front to the left Files double your depth to the left every man falling behind his bringer up Half files double your Front to the right Files double to the left intire advancing Files rank two to the right Files to the left double Bringer up double your Front to the right and files double your depth to the right every man placing himself before his leader Front half files double the Reer to the left Files double to the left in tire advancing every man placing himself before his leader Half files double your Front to the left Files double to the right intire advancing every man placing himself before his leader Reducement Ranks to the left double files to the left double then half files double your Front to the right then Bringers up face about to the right and march forth into your places File leaders stand the rest pass through to the left and place your selves before your leaders Ranks to the right double Files to the right double Front and Reer half files interchange ground File leaders half file leaders stand the rest pass through to the left place your selves before your leaders Bringers up double your front to the right and files double your depth to the right  Reducement Rank two to the left and files to the left double then Front half files double your Reer to the left intire advancing every one placing himself behind his leader Face about into the right and Countermarch your Reer into the Front Ranks to the right double and Files to the right double Front half files double your Reer to the right intire advancing Bringers up double your Front to the right files to the right double advancing placing your selves before your leaders Countermarch front and Reer into the midst Front and Reer half files interchange ground    N. 6. N. 5. N. 4. N. 3. N. 2.  N. 6. N. 5. N 4. N. 3. N. 2.   N. 6. N. 5. N. 4. N. 3. N. 2.  CHAP. XV. Of Countermarches WE read in the Tacticks of Aelian of three kinds of Countermarches used amongst the Graecians and Persians And are termed the 1. Chorean 2. Lacedemonian 3. Macedonian Countermarches There is another Countermarch that is of use in our modern exercises and is termed the Bastard Countermarch and so called because it participates some times of one and some times of another but always of two and may in many respects be more useful than the former Most Authors place this amongst the other Countermarches therefore I shall not now alter it although in my opinion it may be very well ranked amongst the doublings I thought to have been large in demonstrating the several natures of Countermarches but being conceived of all motions in this art the least beneficial to our latest mode of discipline I shall not be tedious to your Patience But if the skilful Souldier will put them into practice especially the Bastard Countermarch he will not only find some of them serviceable but all delightful in private Exercises Observe the Chorean Lacedemonian Macedonian is 1. Maintaining 2. Losing 3. Gaining Ground First The maintaining of Ground is a Countermarch commanded without any addition to it and is termed the Chorean or Cretan Countermarch Secondly The losing ground is a Countermarch commanded when the Souldier is to take his ground from the Reer and this is termed the Lacedemonian Countermarch Thirdly The gaining of ground that is a Countermarch taking of ground next before the front and forsaking the ground it first stood upon and this is
fitting of the Souldier for field services and others at their pleasure what their fancy may guide them unto And thus I have passed over the Grounds of Discipline for the Foot I expect Censures by the Ingenuous I submit to a correction but for the Carper let him remain in his own mud he shall never be complemented to a cleared fountain by me CHAP. XVII Of making file leaders successively both in number and place in a file six in depth and so for a whole body THe Souldiers having passed thus many dayes exercise in these principles of Art Military and now each Souldier is loving to his Comrade every file leader to the rest of his file being willing that their files should successively demonstrate some experiences as they have attained unto in the exercise thereof which will prove a great incouragement to the Ingenious Also it is profitable to a Commander to bring what Ranks he pleaseth into the Front and to exchange them and to reduce them to their proper file leaders A File to be made file leaders successively according to Number or by commanding as followeth Commanding by the file leader 1 File leaders  Rank two to the left and file to the left double 2 2 Ranks to the left double and Files to the left double  Countermarch Front and reer into the midst and face to that part which was the Reer 3 1 3 Half files double your front to the right and files to the right double   Face about to the right 4 4 2 4 File leaders stand the rest pass through to the right and place themselves before their leaders     Countermarch from the Reer into the midst and and face to that which was the Reer 5 3 6 5 5 Ranks to the left double and Files double your depth to the left     Files Rank two to the right and file to the right double face them about and it will reduce them 6 6 1 1 6 6 Ranks to the right double and Files to the right double  To Reduce  5 5 6 3 5 1. File leaders stand the rest pass through and place your selves before your Leader           4 2 4 4            3 1 3               2 2                1  A File to be made file leaders successively according to their Dignity 1. File leader 1       The second man from the Front 5 2 Bringers up double your Front to the right and files double your depth to the right Bringer up to the Front half file 4 6 3 File leaders and half file leaders stand the rest pass through to the left and place your selves before your leaders 3. Half file leader 3 3 6 4 Front and Reer half files interchange your ground The second man from the Reer 6 1 2 5 5 Ranks to the right double files to the right double 2. Bringer up 2 5 4 1 4 6 File leaders stand the rest pass through to the left and place your selves before your leader   4 5 3 3 2 To reduce them    1 6 1 1 1. Ranks to the left double and files to the left double     2 2 3 2. Half files double your front to the right      6 4 3. Bringers up face about to the right and march forth into your places       5  CHAP. XVIII Of certain firings in the Front HAving passed over the grounds of this Art Military I am now come to the executive part of the Tacticks and shall not here exceed the exercise of a single Company shewing the Souldier the use of some few Firings that they may the better perform their respective duties when they shall be commanded thereunto None can positively say this or that figure shall be or serve this day time or place c. because of the diversity of formes occasioned by situation of ground he number of men the order of the Enemy with many other observable Stratagems for the obtaining both of Wind and Sun I shall therefore according to my allotment of twelve files demonstrate by figure some Firings which being well understood may enable such for higher preferment as time and place may fortune them unto By way of digression I am sure it is a trouble to most ingenious spirits to see some Gentlemen chosen Captains in the Militia that are but prisoners to their own reasons and instead of being experienced in this Art have been wholly Ignorant of the least part thereof It is no wonder then if his Majesty may lose his expectation of a well disciplined Militia and the Souldier in hazzard of his life and Country too How easily might this be remedied if our Commanding power would but authorize the Commission officers to meet once in a moneth to exercise each other by their respective turns c. where they may also discourse and consult about Military affairs and then for these private Commanders by their affable and heroick perswasions to get some of their souldiers as may be for their conveniencie to meet with their armes and to exercise them this would not only be delightful but profitable both for King and Country And on the contrary the neglect hereof and also of the full number of men and Armes in the Militia hath made it to be ill spoken of and so little feared especially by those of our own inbred Enemies to the Royal Government these things will be better looked into hereafter If they will not be drawn to love and to be obedient to Royal Prerogatives they must be made to dread it And I humbly conceive there is no better way to effect the former than by having a choice Militia of such whose spirits should account it a baseness to abuse the Country and make not their Musters pass times for debauchery and that their Companies be not only well disciplined but well Armed also I proceed to the drawing up of files again into a body and preparing them for skirmish A Company of Foot being thus drawn up for service and the Colours flying in the head of the Company and there they are to remain until all forlorne firings are ended But so soon as the Drumm shall beat his further preparatives for a close skirmish the Ensign is to furle his Colours and retreit to the half files of Pikes Observe That all firings are either direct or oblique and the manner how they are to be performed are either Advancing Receiving or Retreiting otherwhiles there may be firing in the Reer marching from the Enemy or in the flank marching by an Enemy and also at several places for an Enemy
give my judgement with those who do not allow the firings by way of Introduction to be useful in our modern Wars nor are they secure to the Souldier unless when the Commander shall find his Souldiers to be well exercised then amongst other various curiosities these may be performed By the word Introduction is meant a passing through or between and by its motion doth advance and gain ground upon an Enemy 16. Command Make ready to give fire by Introduction Then Command the files of Musquetteers to open by division to their open order and to pass through to the right c. The first rank of each flank presents and gives fire so done they stand and make ready again The second rank so soon as the first have fired passeth through and placeth it self before the first and do their fire and stand also and make ready again The third is to pass forward and stand in rank even with the first and when the second rank hath fired they must step before the second and having fired are to stand and make ready again and thus every rank is to follow his Leader successively until the Bringers up of each Division are to give fire and stand in the Front of all Observe in this firing you may keep your Pikes shouldered still moving slowly forwards if there be no danger of Horse and so keep even with the Front of Musquetteers This done twice over will reduce them A Second way of Introductive firing The first Rank is to fire and stand as in the forementioned Figure then the Bringers-up or last Rank whilst the File-leaders are firing shall march up and place themselves even with the second Rank and when they have fired the Bringers-up are to step before them and immediatly to present and give fire and when the rest have followed their Bringers-up and fired once over be sure that the File-leaders fire twice Both produce the horn battle who ought to be the first and the last and so stand the Pikes are to march up even with the Front of Musquetteers as in the former direction and they are reduced Extraductive 17. Firing There have been in use two Extraductive firings I shall speak but of one which is allowed somewhat useful especially in narrow passages and in case your Enemy be too powerful either in Horse or Foot that then the passage might be filled up with the Pikes but if your Pikes be not sufficient to do it as you will perceive by my Figure then double your Ranks let your Pikes be in such posture and motion accordingly as occasion shall offer it self Command Musquetteers face about to the right and march until you are clear of the Body of Pikes then face inward and close your Divisions for the Pikes command them to double their Ranks to the right Or half Files double their Front to the right To perform this Command The first rank of Musquetteers next after the Pikes face to the right then to march forth file-wise close up by the right flank of Pikes and when the Leader is advanced into the Front of Pikes he is to lead them athwart the whole Front of Pikes after which they are all to stand present and give fire and having fired they are to wheel off to the left and fall into the Reer of Musquetteers and whilst the first Rank is firing the second is to be marching so as to be ready to fall into their Places To reduce them Command the Pikes to advance six foot if they be doubled their Ranks to the right let them now double their Files to the left then Command I could have mentioned a great many more firings to the Front but through my confinement to such a small number of men and not an equality in arms Art compleated cannot be expected from me Must of these firings are solid and serviceable yet it cannot be conceived that three Ranks can make any abidement of Battle for continuance against any Enemy although sometimes they may be forced to be reduced into less Numbers yet by shewing the nature hereof you will be the better able to manage a greater c. CHAP. XIX Of firing in the Front and Reer And Reer alone BEfore I demonstrate the firings in the Reer I thought it fit to give one Figure of firing to the Front and Reer which may serve also for a firing to each Flank when the Commander pleaseth 1. Command Front half Files of Musquetteers march until your Bringers-up be even in breast with the Front of Pikes Reer half Files of Pikes face about to the right Reer half Files of Musquetteers face about to the right and march until the half File-leaders are even in breast with the Bringers up of Pikes For the first firing by this Figure so soon as the Ranks upon each Division have fired they are to wheel off to the right and left and fall into the Reer of their own Divisions And having so fired all over they are to wheel off and place themselves even in breast with the Pikes as now they stand faced then being faced to their Leader they are reduc'd This is not our drift of firing in the Reer but if in a March an Enemy eagerly pursues and assaults then by facing about and firing in the Reer or by Countermarching or Wheeling about and so firing these repulses orderly performed may cause a disorder in the pursuants And it is good sometimes as occasion may offer to keep an Enemy in play whilst he may advantage himself in his Ground either for his Embattlement or Ambushes or for the conveyances of Gunns or other Carriages c. 2. Firing Upon a March the last Rank is to face about and so to give fire wheeling off in File by Division and marching up towards the Front and placing themselves before their File-leaders 1. Observing that they rank even with the second rank of Pikes 2. In the performance of this you will lose one rank in the Front 3. Observe that whilst the rank of Musquetteers are firing in the Reer the next rank although he be marching he ought to be preparing with his cock bent and garded that with his three motions he may next fire so soon as his precedent rank is wheeled off 4. Although you are upon a march yet you are to fall one rank nearer to the Reer that the Body may be preserved intire 5. Observe further in the performance of all this your preparations and firings ought to be at three motions Cock your match Blow your coal Present c. Let the first be with the right leg advancing the second with the left leg advancing bending your cock then a little advancing forward with the right foot to present and give fire Now I give these Reasons for the Observations of some motions in these firings to the Reer because so soon as the Souldier hath fired if the last rank should immediatly face about and present c. there would be a
being more likely to labour after Victory not only for his Liberty but for his goods or estate As for those that were absolutely necessitous they might have liberty promised by their Enemies and so betray their Trust Again they would never take any Souldiers into their Armies but such as were well exercised before-hand and this did their work and obtained them Victories against their Enemies Vegetius Lib. 1. Chap. 8. The private Souldiers duty is as followeth Whensoever he is commanded for service let him labour to be sober and patient enduring all hardships and travels To know and observe all Orders Military Liv. Compleatly Armed and expert in the use thereof Horridum militem esse decet non caelato auro argentóque sed ferro It becometh a Souldier best to appear terrible not to be garnished with gold and silver but with steel And Souldiers ought not only to be obedient to their Captains but chiefly to Love God and Honour their King This being the duty of a Souldier in general there are two particular duties belonging to him that is as a Sentinel and a Scout 2. Sentinels The further any Sentinels are set from the body of the Guard it is thought necessary two should be placed and there they are to endeavour both to hear and see thereby to learn of their Enemy what may be intended and what they have discovered that whilst one goeth to certifie the Captain of the Guard the other may stand fixt and observe what else might happen in his fellows absence A Sentinel must not alight from his Horse unless it be for natural necessity and but one of them at once Near to the Body of the Guard there may be placed but a single Sentinel to observe the moving of the double If the distances be not too large if there be any other Cross-ways or advenues that each Sentinel may see the other then there may be but a single set for they must know that they are set there only to certifie the Body of the Guard concerning the several occurrances that may happen Suppose a Sentinel should be provoked by any advantagious affairs It is resolved he must not stir a foot for that Sentinel that shall by day or night remove from the place where he was set by his Corporal before he shall be by him fetched off or relieved shall he punished with death Polyb. lib. 1. If the whole Troop be upon the Guard the Lieutenant is to set forth the first Sentinels with the Corporal according to his directive Commands received Directions and to change them conducting them to his Guard but the Cornet is not to forsake his Standard Then the Captain of the Guard is to go the first Round to see not only that all things are safe but also whether thâ—se Sentinels are vigilent And upon his return there are four other Rounders to be sent twice in a night to discover round the Quarters Observe that no Sentinel is to have the Word but Officers and Corporals 3. Scouts They are not only to discover the High-wayes but also to scoure them they are to be of a number answerable to the danger of the Guard for the hazzard of them may prove dangerous both to a private Guard or an Army in General They are to give notice of the Enemies motion of his approach and of the number of them that all suddain surprizes may be prevented 4. A Provost Martial For the badge of his Office he is to have in his hand a staffe or Truncheon and having the same in his hand it is death for any Souldier violently to lay hands on him All Delinquents are to be delivered to him by the Chief in Command He is not to enter any quarter without the leave of the Chief Officer for any Prisoner He is to clear all by-ways of Souldiers that no prejudice may be done by them in their March He is to see all Orders published be duly executed He must be an honest man and take no Bribes 5. A Trumpeter ought to be a man skilful in all the sounds of the Trumpet distinctly He ought to deliver all Embassies c. He ought to observe the Enemies Works Guards and Souldiers that he may give a good accompt thereof at his return And for the better performance thereof he ought to be a man witty and subtle and to manage it discreetly He ought not in the least to discover any thing as may prejudice his own party He must not fail to sound the hours commanded One Trumpet is to be with the Cornet and he is to be allowed by the Captain for him who is to receive a list of the Guards from the Cornet and is privately to warn the Souldiers thereof 6. Corporals in a Troop of Horse have been always allowed to be of great use who ought to be of a civil carriage and stout spirit they are to be three or more according to the allowance of Horse c. They are to be assistant to the Lieutenant in placing of the Sentinels each in their several squadrons when they are to perform duty If any parties are to be sent abroad either for discovery or to scoure the high-wayes a Corporal is to be sent with them He is bound to keep a list of his Squadron 7. A Quarter-Master ought to be a man of much fidelity in regard of distributing of the Word and Billets He is to have the Command of the Troop in the absence of his superiour Officers Who in going to make his Billets is to have a Souldier along with him by the appointment of the Lieutenant who is to return to the Troop to conduct them to their Quarters 8. A Cornet ought to be a man of gallant behaviour and undaunted courage His place in the Troop upon a march is on the front of his own squadron and to take the Standard himself marching through any great Town or City or when commanded or into the field with it flying and when any General shall appear in the field he is to drop the head of his standard towards the ground in obeysance to him His Place when the Troop is drawn up to the opinion of some is for to exercise upon the left of the Captain somewhat behind the Captain But in fight or skirmish he is to place himself in the first rank of his own squadron with his staffe sunkt or slopt and in danger it is more honour to break his Launce or staff himself then to suffer his standard to be broken and taken from him He is to keep a list of the Troop and wait every day upon his Superiour Officers and such Souldiers as his Captain and Lieutenant shall appoint he shall send to the Guard In the absence of the Captain and Lieutenant he is to command the Troop 9. For the Lieutenant The Reer is assigned him for his place and was antiently called Tregidux that is a Reer Commander And Lieutenant is a French word signifying one which
Carabine 11. Draw forth your scouring stick or Rammer 12. Shorten your Rammer 13. Lade with Bullet and Ramm home 14. With-draw your Rammer or scowring stick 15. Return your scowring stick 16. Recover and rest your Carabine in your bridle hand 17. Fix your Hammer or Steel 18. Free your Cock 19. Present your Carabine In presenting of the Carabine he must rest it upon his bridle Arm placing the butt end to the right side near the shoulder or at length with his right hand 20. Give fire Note That the Carabine is to be fired about twelve foot distance and to be levelled at the knees of your Enemies Horse because that by the strength of the Powder and motion of the Horse your shot may be at Random 21. Drop or let fall your Carabine These Postures may serve for the Harquebuz but observe when at any time you make your Approaches towards an Enemy your Carabine is to be mounted with the butt end on your thigh with your hand above the lock and so when you march through any Town or City otherwise to be dropt Here follow the Commands for the Pistols Postures 1. Vncape your Pistols 2. Draw forth your Pistols This must be performed with the right hand the left Pistol first and then to mount the Muzzel 3. Order your Pistol Rest your Pistol a little in your bridle hand and then immediately take your Pistol near the middle part of it and place the butt end upon your thigh 4. Sink or rest your Pistol in your bridle hand 5. Bend your Cock or draw up your Cock to half bent 6. Secure or Guard your Cock 7. Open your Pan. 8. Prime your Pan. 9. Shut your Pan or order your Hammer or Steel 10. Cast about your Pistols Which is to be done against your left thigh with your muzzel upwards in your bridle hand 11. Gage your Flasks 12. Lade your Pistols with Powder For your more speedy lading of your Pistols there is lately invented a small powder flask with a suitable charge but it is not to be denied but your Cartroaches are very serviceable 13. Draw forth your Rammer 14. Shorten your Rammer 15. Lade with Bullet and ram home 16. With-draw your Rammer 17. Shorten your Rammer 18. Return your Rammer 19. Recover your Pistol 20. Fix or order your Hammer or Steel 21. Free your Cock 22. Bend your Cock at full bent 23. Present your Pistols 24. Give fire In the firing of your Pistols you are not to fire directly forwards to your Enemies horses head but towards the right hand with the lock of the Pistol upwards 25. Return your Pistol c. The Souldier having fired and returned his Pistol if time will permit him so to do he is to take himself to the use of the sword his sword being drawn and placed in his bridle hand near to the hilt of the sword and having received it into his weapon hand for service must place the pummel upon his right thigh and so to raise his point to his mark higher or lower as occasion serveth and therewith to endeavour to disable his Enemy either by cutting his Horses bridle or other his Arms that he serveth in which if discreetly managed will prove perilous to them And further it is very requisite that the Harquebuzier and Carabinier be often exercised to shoot bullets at a mark that in time they may be approved marks-men In order to which they are to take special care not to over-charge their peeces with powder as it is too much an errour in many endeavouring more for a report than for execution Wherefore there ought not to be in proportion for any peece but almost half as much the weight in Powder of the bullet or the Diameter and half of the peece is charge enough And it ought to be the special care of every Commander to see that his Souldiers be served with good powder and well cast bullets and that their bullets be directly fit to their Carabines and Pistols I should now come to shew you what is to be learned by a Souldier for the better demeaning of himself being joyned in a body But shall not in this place shew at large what is meant by a File or Rank half files or half ranks front Read in the exercise of the foot pag. flanks or reer because it will spend too much time and our late unhappy differences have given some light thereunto besides there is so much writ of them in several Treatises of the Infantry that it would be too much trouble here to treat thereupon CHAP. VII Of Distance EVery Troop consisteth of Ranks and Files Note That in drawing up of a Troop it must be performed by files not by Ranks and by squadrons as Chap. 5. In Order to distance I must briefly declare what a File and a Rank is A File is a sequent Number certain See Foot Ch. 3. standing head to crupper in a straight line from the Front to the Reer and according to our Mode of Discipline consisteth of three Persons 1 h 2 h 3 h A Rank is a Row of men uncertain in Number Pouldron to Pouldron even in breast be they more or less according to the quantity of Souldiers as it falls out to make a Rank There are to be observed two sorts of distances or orders in File and Rank Viz. Close Open Order Close Order in Files is three foot or as occasion serveth closing knee to knee Open Order in files is six foot Close Order in Ranks is three foot or as occasion serveth closing to the Horses crupper Open Order in Ranks is six foot And herein you must further know that there is a difference between the manner of taking the distance of the Cavalry and the Infantry In the Foot the distance is taken from the Souldiers body which cannot be understood in this place but only of space of ground between Horse and Horse CHAP. VIII Of Motions There be four kind of Motions Facings Doublings Counter-marches Wheelings BUt some of these being not of use to our present mode of Discipline therefore I shall treat no more of them but what may be useful 1. Facings are used to make the Company perfect and to be suddainly prepared for a Charge on either Flank or Reer With 10. 8. and 6. in depth 2. Doublings There hath been used in the Horse service these following as 1. As to strengthen the Front There were used to strengthen the Flanks 1. Doublings of Ranks 2. Doublings of half Files 3. Doubling of the Front by bringers up 4. Doublings of Files 5. Doublings of half Ranks The three first as to our Mode of Exercise may be wholly laid aside in regard they cannot be performed the Troop being but three in depth It is conceived the other two may be necessary either for Exercise sake or in regard of some suddain Onset on the Flanks thereby to strengthen them but I otherwise think this may be prevented by a speedy wheeling
half ranks move forwards to the right and left inwards and double the right flank face all to your Leader To reduce the 12. Command inward Front and reer half files double your Ranks intire to the left By direction you may Command Half files face about and every even rank from the front and reer move forth and double your ranks intire to the left flank then face to your Leader 13. Command Half ranks double your right flank to the 1. Right or 2. Left by Countermarch OR Half ranks to the right by Countermarch double your left flank To perform this Half ranks of the right T is produceth the same Figure as the 11. Command face to the right and Countermarch into the left flank losing ground To reduce this Double your Ranks to the left intire every man placing himself on the outside of your right hand men and face to your Leader OR Ranks that doubled face to the right and march forth into your places In like manner if you would double the right flank by countermarch the right flank is then to stand and you are to insert the left into the right flank as before the right will be by this Command inserted into the left And by the reducement of the one by the contrary hand you may reduce the other also 14. Command Left half ranks double your right flank to the right and left 1. Outwards 2. Inwards by countermarch These insertions I shall not demonstrate by Figure because the three last being but well observed will give you a light to the execution of these only I shall briefly give you the performances and reducements thereof If Outward Command Half ranks of the right face to the right and left half ranks face to the left then move forward and double your right and left flank to the right and left outwards face to your Leader To reduce this Command Front and Reer half files double your Ranks intire to the left flank every man placing himself on the outside of his right and left hand man By direction you may Command The Front half files to face about and the even ranks from the midst move forth to the left flank and double the odd placing your selves on the outside of your right hand men And every even rank from the reer half files move forth and double the odd placing yourself on the outside of your left hand men face to your Leader If Inwards Command Ranks face to the right and left outwards and the left half ranks turn off to the right and left inward moving forward until you have doubled the right flank face to your Leader To reduce this Command Front and reer half files double your ranks intire to the left flank every man placing himself on the outside of his right and left hand man For direction you may Command Half files face about and every even rank from the reer move forward and place your selves on the outside of your right hand men and every even rank from the front move forth and double the odd placing your selves on the outside of your left hand men face to your Leader 15. Command Left half ranks double your right flank intire advancing To perform this Command The left flank or the left half ranks march forth until they be clear of the remaining party then face them to the right and double the right flank and face them to their Leader To reduce this The left flank that doubled face to the left and march into your places OR Front half files double your Reer to the right 16. Command Left half Ranks double intire the depth of your right Flank To perform this Command The left half ranks to face about to the right until they are clear of the standing part then face to the left and double the right flank face to your Leader To reduce this Command Half files double your Front to the left intire OR Half files that doubled face about to the left and march forth into your places 3. How the Flanks may be strengthened by divisional Doublings 17. Command Double your Files to the right and left by Division To perform this Command Half files of the even files from the right face to the Reer then even files march clear of the standing part then move to the right and left and double the odd files To reduce them Command Face to the right and left inward march forth and take your places and face to your Leader 18. Command Half Ranks of the left double your right flank by Division To perform this Command Half files of the left half ranks face about to the right then Front and Reer half ranks of the left flank move clear of the standing body face all to the right flank and move even in breast with the right flank To reduce them Front and Reer half files that doubled face about inwards and march into your places OR The half files that doubled may double the depth of their right flank Obs You may in the Command when they are marched clear of the standing party Countermarch them with this Command Vide Com. 13. Front and Reer half files of the left flank countermarch to the right and left losing of ground into the right flank which will produce the same Figure Com. 18. only in place 4. The Flanks are strengthened by Wheelings 18. Command Left half ranks wheel off and double your right flank to the Right or Left Intire To perform this Command Right half ranks face outwards left half ranks wheel about to the left and keep wheeling until you have doubled the right flank face the moveants to their Leader To reduce them Face them to their proper Front then Command Reer half files double your Front to the left intire But if you countermarch them then the reducement of the 13. Command will give you light to it also 19. Command Wheel Front and Reer into the 1. Right or 2. Left Flank OR Front and reer half files wheel off into the right Flank by Division To perform this Command Face all to the right Wheel off to the right and lest and so keep moving until the Bringer up of the right hand file meet with the right hand file leader To reduce them if faced to the right Flank Wheel both Flanks into the Reer and face them to their Leader But if faced to their proper Front then Command Wheel Front and Reer into their left Flank and face them to their Leader 20. Command Left half Ranks wheel off to the right and left and double your right Flank by Division To perform this Command Half ranks of the right face to the right then the half files of the left half rank face to the Reer Front and Reer half files wheel off to the right and left about and more forwards until you are even a breast then double your right flank and face them to their accidental Front To reduce them Command Files that doubled double
perform it outwards Command The first rank to stand the rest to face to the right and left outwards the second rank to advance clear of the first and then to move forth even with the Front in breast and all the rest successively do the same until they be all even with the Front in one intire rank To reduce this Ranks as you were OR The first 12 or 12 middlemost stand the rest face to the right and left inwards the second to move into the reer of the first rank the third into the reer of the second and successively the rest into the reer of the remainder and being faced to their Leader and even in their ranks they are reduced 2. To perform it Inwards Command Ranks rank inward into the Front To produce it the first rank to move to the right and left outwards and so to keep moving or opening then the second rank is to advance into the ground of the first and the second is then to move with the first to the right and left outwards then the third is to advance into the place of the second rank so all are to do until the last rank is advanced intire into the Front To reduce this The first six upon the right and left hand stand then Command Ranks rank six to the right and left outwards And close your Divisions Lastly the Conversion of Ranks by wheeling into the Flanks 14. Command Ranks wheel to the Right or Left into the right Flank To perform this Command Every particular rank to be at double Distance in rank and at close Order in file Then Wheel them to their right hand until they have brought their Faces or Aspects unto the right Flank After you may face them to the Front To reduce this Command Files rank twelve to the right The first man is to stand the rest is to move forward to the right successively twelve in rank But if you wheel them to the left hand into the right flank you must command them to face about and wheel your ranks to the left hand until their Faces or Aspects be brought to the right Flank 15. Command Ranks of your Front and Reer half files wheel outwards to your right Flank I shall put in execution but two Ranks one in the Front half files and the other of the Reer half files which is sufficient for Demonstration To perform this Command Ranks open all to your twice double distance then Front half files wheel to the right and Reer half files wheel to the left And face to your Leader To reduce them Command Front half files rank twelve to the right Reer half files rank twelve to the left Face to your Leader march up and close forwards to your due distance 16. Command Ranks of your Front and Reer half Files wheel inwards into your right Flank To perform this Command Front and Reer half files march clear to your twice double distance Front and Reer half files face about Front half files wheel your Ranks to the left and Reer half files wheel your Ranks to the right Face to your Leader To reduce this Command Front half files rank twelve to the left Reer half files face about and rank twelve to the right Face to your Leader and close your Divisions 17. Command Ranks rank to each Flank by wheeling to the right and left into the same by Division OR Ranks wheel to the right and left by Division into both Flanks advancing or placing themselves before their right and left hand men Observe they are to be at double distance in Rank and at Order in File Figure 17. To reduce them Command them to face to the Reer and wheel into their places OR Files rank twelve to the right and left inward into the Reer and close them to their order then face them to their Leader But if you would avoid mixture of Arms you may place all your Musquetteers either in Front and Reer Or else wheel only the Musquetteers first and leave the Pikes standing Or else it may be performed in marching and then the Reducement is Ranks as you were 18. Command Ranks of your Front and Reer half files wheel outwards to your right and left Flank by Division They are to observe the same distance as in the former To perform this Command Half files face about Ranks open to your double distance then Front and Reer half files wheel to the right and left outwards into both Flanks Figure 18. To reduce this Command Who being faced to their Leader Front half files face to the Reer rank twelve to the right and left inwards And Reer half files face about and rank twelve to the right and left inward Files close to the midst to your order Face to your Leader CHAP. XIV Of making File-Leaders successively both of Number and Place in a File and so for a whole Body The Sweedish Mode also AS I have stinted my self to a set Number of Files so I have also to a set Number in a File not exceeding six being according to our present Mode of Discipline for if I had gone to a various Number in Files and added two to each File my Figures had been more delightful to some Spectators others I hope will find enough in this to qualifie or make them fit to do their King and Country service c. And now the Souldery having marched sometimes together and so loving being Souldiers indeed by reason of such experiences as they have attained unto in the exercise of this Military Art that each Leader is willing his follower should take his place which is a great incouragement to an ingenious Souldier This ought not to be slighted because it is profitable to a Commander to bring what Ranks he pleaseth to lead in the Front and to exchange them again and at last to bring the proper File-Leaders into their places Besides the incouragement it hath in private exercises it makes men studious whereby they may be able to Command in their respective Files when they are become Leaders In the first place take these short Commands to produce them as followeth Command 1. A File-Leader 2. Rank two to the left and Files to the left double 3. Countermarch Front and Reer into the midst and face to that part which was the Reer 4. Face about to the right 5. Countermarch from the Reer into the midst and face to that which was the Reer 6. Files rank two to the right and Files to the right double This being performed they are reduc'd I shall demonstrate by Tables the succession of each man's Leading and give you some or several Words of Command according to my own and others severally that shall produce such Leader into his place as they shall stand in sequence and as they shall also stand in their respective Dignities The Front and standings of each File as they come to be Leaders according to various Commands A File       Â
motion And if you place them behind their right hand men then let the right hand men face about to the left and the rest pass through and fall behind them Figure 9. A Counter word of Command will reduce them c. There are many Countermarches that produce one and the same Figure provided you close your Divisions and face them to their proper Front only they differ in place First therefore you may briefly observe that in those Countermarches that Maintain their Ground the first second third fourth and fifth Commands then in losing of ground the first second third fourth fifth tenth and eleventh Commands and in gaining of Ground the first second third fourth fifth sixth and seventh do and will produce one and the same Figure Secondly Also for maintaining of Ground the sixth and seventh and in losing of Ground the sixth seventh and eighth and also in gaining of Ground the ninth Commands produce one and the same Figures Oserve For the Countermarchings of half Ranks see in the doublings of the Flanks thirteenth and fourteenth Commands they producing the same Figures as the eleventh and twelfth Figures by all which you will the better understand the one for the other Although Countermarches are of great Antiquity and used amongst the Graecians yet it is not much of use in our present Mode of Discipline Therefore to conclude though knowledge of them be no burthen yet to be exercised in the face of an Enemy may prove prejudicial and the best expert in this Art allow that they may be best spared of any motions whatever CHAP. XVI Of Wheelings I Am to treat of Wheelings and the several uses of them as to the strengthening of the Front Reer and both Flanks Before you enter upon them take these four Observations 1. That you close your Ranks and Files to your Order 3. Foot 2. That in all your Wheelings you keep a due distance to your Leader 3. That in all Commands for Wheelings such moderation is to be used in their motions that they on the contrary flank be not forced by running to disorder themselves 4. That your Arms be at such Postures as may be equivalent to each other This is If the Musquets be poysed the Pikes are to be advanced which are the Postures best to be used in these Motions There are two sorts of Wheelings First Angular Wheelings Secondly Wheelings on the midst or Center I shall not use the word Center for it is more proper to a Circular body than to a square These in their Motions or Actions are termed either Intire or Divisional 1. Intire Wheelings are for the gaining of ground upon the Enemy or to fight him with your best men as occasion serveth turning the first Aspect wholly to the Command given 2. Divisional Wheelings being performed extend the Battle either in length or depth And may for the most part of them be called Doublings I have in the exercise of Doublings demonstrated some of them by Figures and shall not recite them here again but quote them by their several numbers of Commands First I shall begin with Angular Wheelings And they so called because the corner man to which the Aspect is commanded is the main hinge of the motion Observe the Wheelings to the right and to the left To the right and left about are termed Angular And for the Wheelings to the right and left and to the right and left about on the same Ground are Wheelings on the midst of the Front all which are Intire the other Divisional Center 1. Command Wheel your Body all or your Battle to the 1. Right Intire Angular Wheelings or 2. Left This Wheeling moves the main Body from the Ground whereon it first stood and placeth it on the right Flank causing the Aspects of the proper Front to be upon the same Observe that the right hand man is to move to the right hand with a very small Motion and every man else to remember that the farther off he is from the Right Angle the swifter must his motion be To reduce them Wheel to the left But this will not transfer them to the same Ground But to reduce them to their first Aspect on the same Ground you must face them all to the right then wheel them to the left and facing them to the left it is compleâ—ted 2. Command Wheel your Body all or your Battle to the 1. Right or 2. Left about This turneth the Aspect towards the Reer Now by reason the motion is twice as much as the former there ought to be the greater care had in the performance of it observing so much the motion of the right hand man that they fail not of being even in Rank with him To reduce them to their first Ground face to the right wheel to the left about then face them to the left Although to the left about may reduce them but not on the same Ground You may observe that Wheelings are the most facil for their Reducements as for Example Wheel your Flanks into the Front is reduced by wheeling your Flanks into the Reer OR To wheel your Front and Reer into both Flanks is reduced by Wheeling both Flanks into your Front and Reer c. Secondly I proceed to Wheelings on the midst or Center of the Front which are Intire and Divisional and are quicker in their motions and performed on less Ground 1. Command Wheel your battle to the 1. Right 2. Left on the same ground Intire This is termed Grove Van Nawsaw's Wheeling But it is a wonder to me why our Antient and Modern Writers call these Commands Wheelings on the same Ground when I am sure there will be ground lost in the motion from the first they stood upon In a direct square this may be better performed and less loss of Ground To perform this Command The left Flank advance forward still wheeling to the right and the right flank contrarywise facing to the left and keep falling backwards even in Reer with the left half ranks and so still moving unto the place commanded face all to the right flank You may wheel to the left also To reduce this Wheel your Battle to the left on the same Ground 2. Command Wheel your Body to the 1. Right or 2. Left about on the same Ground The direction to the former will serve for the performance of this only the motion is double as much and their faces are turned from the first Front toward the Reer To reduce this wheel your Battle to the left about on the same Ground Divisional Wheelings Bingham 2. part Tactic pag. 92. 3. Command Wheel to the right and left from the Front OR Wheel off your Front by Division Or if you will not go so far then wheel your Front into the Flanks by Division This wheeling your Front into the Flanks by Division produceth the same Figure with Figure â— If upon occasion Musquetteers be on the Front of the Pikes by
may at one and the same time charge either in the Front or Reer in Front and Reer also in Front Reer and Flank and of these I shall demonstrate some that I at first learnt and some amongst others that are most convenient to be learnt Now that the Souldier might be expert in his firings against the Enemy let him be often exercised with firings only in the pan falling off and on as shall be Commanded All which being well performed by the Musquetteers is a full accomplishment of what hath been before taught him by which the Commander shall be credited and the Souldier preferred to his merit Of firing by forlorne files 1. That which is to be used in our modern exercise is two manner of wayes the two outmost files of each flank of Musquetteers to march with two Serjeants so far as shall be commanded and there to stand and the foremost ranks are to give fire and to fall into the Reer of themselves either by wheeling off to the right or to the right and left Then let the remaining do the like and fall into their places Those that have fired are to fall off on the inside of the Musquetteers between them and the Pikes and as they are thus trooping back after firing to their places the rest are in like manner to move away and fire and fall in next the Pikes 2. Accordingly as you draw out two files so you may draw out more files to the number of Musquetteers and so to fire and fall into the Reer of themselves and places c. 3. You may move them all clear of the Pikes and let them open from the midst leaving sufficient Intervals for their wheelings in the Reer of themselves and then to place themselves even with their Pikes the second having fired as before place themselves in the Reer of the first division c. 4. Advance the two outmost files by the Serjeants who are to lead them to the place for execution as by order received Commanding 1. Files to rank inward to present and give fire all together 2. You may rank inward two Files or more and fire as before And having fired are to wheel off to the right and left by their respective file leaders placing themselves next the Pikes I proceed to a second way of firing and that is by Ranks First By advancing before the Front Secondly firing even with the Front Thirdly firing even with the half files Advancing before the Front may be performed by advancing of single ranks and so firing in the Front or by advancing of both flanks into the Front before the Pikes and so to fire by single ranks Which is performed by Commanding Demyhearse 5. Pikes stand Musquetteers move forward and place your selves before in the Front of your Pikes and close your Divisions I mention nothing to tye up the hand of the ingenious to any stinted form whose ablities may command his figures at pleasure Observe that when the forlorn files or Ranks march out they are to give fire as upon a retreit that is to stand and fire and wheel off that their followers may do the like unless the Enemy give ground And when the two last ranks were presented the next two ranks must be ready to march forward being fixed to present and give fire also Thus having fired in the Front by one single Rank or more they are by wheeling off to place themselves in the Reer of their own divisions before the Pikes the rest doing the like until they have all fired round A second way of firing by this figure shall be a reducement to it First The Frontiers having performed their firing are to wheel off by division until they come down so low as to be even to the first ranks of Pikes and so to rank even a breast All the Musquetteers are so to do successively and flank themselves even with the Pikes 6. Ranks advancing from the Front of a standing Battalia A Serjeant from each Flank leading up the two formost Ranks according to order the first Rank is to give fire wheel off and place themselves in the Reer of their own divisions the second in order is to execute the same with speed being not above three foot distance from the first being ready with his Musquett palm'd his Cock bent and Muzzel mounted so to Present and give fire and so to wheel off and place themselves as their Leaders had done before them 7. Ranks firing even with the Front The first Rank having fired and wheeled off placing themselves in the Reer of their Divisions the next ranks are to move forwards at three motions into their places making good their leaders ground and there to present and give fire wheeling off and placing themselves as by the former directions By the way you must observe if the body be upon a march the Pikes must be shouldered and when they come to charge they are to close forward at their close order It is presupposed ere one firing or two be performed or past over the bodies are almost close Then the Pikes are to be at their Port and at length to be at their absolute Charge and push home and being so near they may do great execution with their Musquets firing upon the half files of Pikes as if they were even with the Front Which brings me to 8. Ranks firing even with the half files When the Pikes are charging then the musquetteers may perform this who are to advance no further than the half files of Pikes and there you may either fire one Rank or more at the discretion of the Commander and as soon as every Rank hath fired successively they are to wheel off and place themselves in the Reer of their own leaders When the firing is ended and each Souldier in his proper place the Musquetteers marching up even in breast with the Front of Pikes they are reduced But in this firing the Musquetteers are to make good their leaders ground except it be upon a retreit then they are to fire upon the same ground and to wheel off that their followers may doe the like unless the Enemy give ground Horn. Bat. 9. Command Pikes stand Musquetteers march until the bringers up rank even with the Front You may in this as with some of the former fire two Ranks ten paces advanced before the Front and so whel off and place themselves in the Reer of their own files OR Secondly let the first Rank of Musquetteers present and give fire and wheel off to the right and left placing themselves in the Reer of their own files then the second Rank firing are to advance into their leaders place firing and wheeling off in the same manner and so they are all successively to do the like Then Thirdly when they have all given fire let them begin again and the file leaders having fired they are to wheel off to the right and left flank themselves even with the Pikes the second Rank
Veares notes of directions how far a mans Office and duty in a Regiment doth stand 186 FINIS HOC MVNIMINE TVTVIS VERO NIL VERIVS WF fec He that heareth the sound of the Trumpet will not be warned if the sword come to take him away his blood shall be upon his owne head for he heard the sound of the Trumpet and would not be admonished but he that receiveth warning shall save his Life MILITARY OBSERVATIONS Or the TACTICKS PUT INTO PRACTICE BY MILITARY ARCHITECTURE OR THE ART OF Fortifying Towns Together with the wayes of DEFENDING AND BESIEGING THE SAME By ANDREW TACQVETT of the Society of JESVS and Translated out of the Latine by J. L LONDON Printed by S. Simmons for Robert Pawlet Thomas Passenger and Benjamin Hurlock MDCLXXII To the Right Honourable AVBREY de VERE Earl of Oxford Baron Bolebec Samford and Badlesmere Chief Justice and Justice in Eire of all His Majesties Forrests Chaces Parks and Warrens on the South-side of Trent Colonel of His Majesties Royal Regiment of Horse-Guards Lord Lieutenant for His Majesty in the County of Essex Knight of the most Noble Order of the Garter and One of His Majesties most Honourable Privy Council My Lord I Shall not be tedious in informing Your Lordship of the reasons which induc'd me to this Dedication Your most Heroick Ancestors being alwayes the truest defenders of Loyalty and eminentest Patterns of Valour your Lordships particular disposition and affection to Martial acts the Experience you have had in the Fortifications abroad have Intituled you to the Patronage of these my Addresses and given you the undoubted right to be a fit Judge of all Military designs whatsoever And though the particular favours and kindnesses which I have receiv'd from your Honourable Family as owing my Education to the bounty of it have sufficient force to oblige me to a most humble and grateful acknowledgment yet in this case I laid aside those considerations and had respect only to your Lordships self as a Souldier furnish'd with all that may render you capable to examine either this or any other Martial Treatise I am confident My Lord the Book in it self how meanly soever by me Translated out of the Latine will not be unworthy your Lordships favourable aspect it being the Easiest and Exactest of that Nature that ever yet was Extant having been compiled from all Authors that have treated of that Subject by Andrew Tacquett of the Society of Jesus for the use of his Pupil Count d' Horne of Flanders The new Corrections of the Count d' Pagan and Van Ruse that we all so admire but no body practises is not here so much as spoke of he thinking it best that men should be well grounded in the old wayes afterwards for divertisement they may follow what Novelties they please I shall not insist further on the praises of the Author or obtrude him upon your Lordship by numerous commendations If at your vacant hours you shall vouchsafe to cast an Eye upon him I do not doubt but you will give him the esteem he deserves and favourably accept the poor Endeavours of him who is willing to omit no opportunity of testifying himself MY LORD Your Honours most Obliged humble Servant John Lacy. THE FIRST PART OF Military Architecture TREATING OF REGULAR FORTIFICATION CHAP. I. Wherein is contained the Definition Beginning Progress and Perfection of Military Architecture c. MIlitary Architecture is a Science how to defend and fortifie any place against the force of an Enemie Towns and Castles says Vegetius are either fortified by Nature or by hands or else by both By Nature as being situate in some high abrupt place or being encompass'd with the Sea Lakes or Rivers The Mountains about Cilicia in Asia and Helvetia of Germany almost render them inaccessible The Rock Aornis baffled the force of Hercules and Alexander The Castles of Namur and Hermenstein and many others in Europe are almost invincible by reason of the Rocks which lie underneath them Venice Straltsound Custrine and almost all Holland are defended by the waters that flow about them So that you may see Nature in her fortifying of Towns either casts about them the Element of Earth or Water And Art imitating Nature as it uses to do placed Walls and Rampars instead of Rocks and Mountains and Moats or Ditches where the Sea or Rivers have been wanting Fig. 1 But as all beginnings are wont to be so this of fortification was altogether simple and unskilful They rais'd their walls to such a height as might seem to deny the enemy an easie ascent by his Ladders The breadth was such as would hold six or seven Rancks of armed men nay Curtius reports the walls of Babylon were 32 feet broad But this Structure had two faults in it and both of them very dangerous The first was that the defendants standing on their wall without any covert lay open to their Enemy The other was that the Enemy approaching under their wall was so secured by the wall it self that he could not be hurt by the defendants that stood on high over him These Errors at length they endeavour'd to remedie by building throughout upon their wall a brestwork B C Z the top of their brestwork they distinguish'd with Battlements Z Z Z not joyn'd together but left open at certain distances so that the defendants cover'd with these Battlements could beat off the enemy through their open intervals so was the first Error in some manner sublated Fig. 2 To mend the other they caused loopholes to be cut in the wall at a mans height from the ground marked with the letter P P P. Nor yet were these inconveniences perfectly taken away for the Enemy lying within the triangles D E F G K H would escape the shot of the Townsmen Therefore they began to look on a flancquing or side defence and still keeping Fig. 3 their battlements and loopholes they built round their work square Turrets that ran out beyond the thickness of the walls and so they added to their fore-right defence which was only then in use a flancquing or side defence but this same side defence was as yet imperfect because the Enemy could be hid within the triangle I P K besides square Towers were not thought able enough to bear the brunt of Engines and and battering Rams Fig. 4 Therefore slighting their square Turrets they made round ones so the Triangle A C B in which the Enemy was hid became so much lessened that now he could not traverse his battering Engines within it and the Round form of Turrets was found to stand firmer than any other against the force of the batteries And here the Art and endeavour of the Ancients rested till Gunpowder being found men began to imitate Thunder and Lightning And indeed this last way of Fortification was far better than the former Nevertheless the business went yet suspected for the Triangle A C B was found large enough to shelter Pioneers
diversity of the figures prescribe several thicknesses and meerly again by guess In IV. V. VI. VII VIII IX The upper thickness of the Rampar feet 36. 39. 44. 48. 51. 57. And because Rampars and their Brestworks ought to be Cannon proof I will briefly add how much ground a Shot can penetrate A whole Cannon at 400 feet distance with a Ball of 48 pound shall strike 20 feet deep into firm Earth A Demy-Cannon at the distance of 300 feet with a Ball of 24 l. shall enter 12 feet of firm ground A Field piece at the distance of 200 feet with a Ball of 12. l. shall pass through about 7 feet of firm ground This Goldman reports But if the ground be loose it will penetrate far deeper Dogen denies that 20 feet of any ordinary Earth can be pierced with whole Cannon Shot VI. The lower thickness of the Rampar Fig. 8. The lower thickness of the Rampar is found if to the upper thickness L 3 or B F you add the outward and inward Talu's A B and F E 'T is therefore for the most part six or seven perches that is 72 feet or 84 feet but then the outward Talu E F will be somewhat less than half the height For the Quality of the Figure Authors order again by guess In IV. V. VI. VII VIII IX The lower thickness of the Rampar feet 54. 60. 66. 72. 78. 84. VII Of a Rampar Cased with Stone A Rampar cased with Stone is to be preferr'd before a bare one 1. because it chiefly hinders nocturnal invasions and sudden attempts since the enemy cannot mount it without Ladders the providing of which will be very troublesome and the use as uncertain 2. Because it hinders an open assault since it cannot be attempted but by Ladders which will be to no purpose or by the ruines of the wall thrown down with Mines 3. Because it is a stable and everlasting work whereas a bare Rampar unless it be continually repaired falls to the ground They that disagree reason after this manner 1. That Walls battered with Cannon sooner fall than the bare Earth 2. Their Stones beaten down fill up the Ditch 3. That the pieces or Splinters of the stones flying about will hurt the defendants The first I deny if the Walls be very thick or if as I ordered propt with an earthen Rampar As to the second 't will be the same thing or rather worse in a bare Rampar The third is avoided if you do not raise the wall to the top of the Rampar which is observed in the Wall of Antwerp This inconvenience will be much less if you make the walls of Brick VIII The Brestwork of the Rampar Upon the Rampar there is always a Brestwork built 4 G I K 3 Fig. 8. whose dimensions are these following 1. The inward height T 4 must be always 6 feet that it may conveniently shelter the Souldiers who seldome exceed this measure 2. The outward height 2 K must be feet for so not only the field and the out-Brestwork but also a great part of the Ditch will be defended by the Rampar and you may know how much if you can come to the knowledg of C φ which will be found after this manner as I O is to O K so is I C to C φ. The three first terms are known therefore the fourth C φ must be known Now from C V known take C φ known there will remain φ V also known 3. The inward Talu D I must be always 1 foot there is no need of a greater since it lies from the Enemie and is propt up sufficiently by the Step or Banquet G 4 D neither is it exposed to the feet of men always running up it as the inward side of the Rampar 4. The outward Talu 2 3. must be always 2 feet for since the outward side of the Brestwork K 3 lies in a streight Line with the outward side of the Rampar 3 E and K 2 3 F are parallel 'T is evident that the Triangles 2 K 3 F 3 E are like Triangles Therefore since in the fourth number we ordered the outward Talu of the Rampar E F to be half the height of the Rampar F 3 32 will also be half the height 2 K But 2 K was appointed to be always 4 feet therefore 32 will be always 2 feet 5. The upper thickness O K must be Cannon proof therefore since a whole Cannon will scarce strike through 20 feet of Earth 21 feet may suffice 6. The lower thickness D 3 is composed of the two Talues D T 32 and the upper thickness O K the two Talues taken together make 3 feet and the upper thickness 21 feet so that the lower thickness will be 24 feet And here again our Engineers sport it and for the variety of the Figures alter the thicknesses after this manner In IV. V. VI. VII VIII IX c. Lat. sup 9 11. 12. 15. 17 21 feet Lat. inf 12 14 15 18 20 24 feet The Step or Banquet is built at the foot of all Brestworks on the inside and is 3 feet thick or broad and 1 ½ feet high IX The Terreplein or Walk upon the Rampar The Walk on the Rampar L 4 is found if from the upper thickness of the Rampar L 3 you substract the lower thickness of the Brestwork D 3 and the thickness or breadth of the step D 4 wherefore since D 3 in number 8. was ordered to be 24 feet and D 4 to be 3 feet and in the 6 number L 3 was ordered to be 51 feet or 57 feet there remains for the Walk 24 feet or 30 feet But if you have a mind to sport with the Engineers above it will be In IV. V. VI. VII VIII IX c. The breadth of the Terreplein 21. 22. 25 ½ 27. 28. 30. feet X. The Bank of the Ditch If the Rampar want a Fauss-bray there will be left a Bank-side or a space of Earth 6 feet broad from the feet of the Rampar to the Brink of the Ditch R S. CHAP. IX The Orthographie of the Fauss-bray I. The End and necessity of a Fauss-bray EXperience hath taught us in the taking of many Towns in Holland that so soon as the Out-works are taken in the Moat without any great difficulty will be covered with Galleries and so conquered for the water in the Moat hindering the sallies of the besieged the Builders of the Galleries can only be called from the opposite flanques being safe before by reason of the necessary height of the Rampar which protects the Enemy lying so near under it from the Shot and sight of the besieged Against so deadly an inconvenience the Brestwork 5 N P Q R is built at the foot of the Rampar which is called commonly Fauss-bray or parapet des Rondes And in this alone consists the safety of a Moat or wet Ditch For from this the besiegers are beat off on all sides with Shot almost quite level or Horizontal And
Perpendicular or direct height by help of the Suns shadow COnvey the left side of the Quadrant Geometrically towards the Sun the Thread and Plummet having their free course moving it up or down until both your sights have received the Sun-beams then if your Thread be found in the twelfth part all things that are upright or truly perpendicularly elevated are equal in height with their shadows If the Thread with the plummet be observed to cut any of those parts next the sights called right shadow between m and h then every upright thing is more than the shadow by such a proportion as 12 exceeds the parts where the Thread was found If the Thread fall upon the first division then 12 times the shadow is the height If it fall upon the second Division 6 times the shadow is the height If it fall upon the third Division 4 times the shadow is the height If it fall on the fourth Division 3 times the shadow is the height In the fifth Division twice and two fifths of the shadow is the height In the sixth twice in the seventh once and five sevenths in the eighth Division one and a half in the ninth one and a third in the tenth one and a fifth part in the eleventh once and the eleventh part of the shadow is the height on the twelfth part then the length of the shadow is the height as we said before Or in few words it may be done thus Multiply the length of the shadow by 12 the product divided by the parts in which you found the Thread your quotient sheweth the height But if the part cut be on the contrary shadow that is if the Thread fall between g and m augment then the length of the shadow by the parts declared by the plummet and the increase divide by 12 and the product is the Altitude Example In the Foregoing figure it is plainly to be perceived when the figure falleth upon the 12 Division the shadow is equal with the thing it self In the 6 of the right it is but half in the 6 of the contrary it is twice the height and so to conclude as the side in the right exceeds the parts so doth the Altitude the shadow and the contrary in the contrary shadow Behold the figure 6 where you will find the Thread cutteth 6 parts of the contrary shadow upon the Quadrant the shadow B C then being 210 foot multiply as I have said the length of the shadow 210 foot by 6 the parts cut by the Thread and it makes 1260 and that divided by 12 riseth 105 which is the Altitude of such a body that casts a shadow of 210 feet Also the height of any unknown thing may be known by taking the length of its shadow and the length of the shadow of any staff set upright whose length is known saying as the length of its shadow is to its height so the length of the shadow of the unknown thing is to its height CHAP. III. Without Shadow or any Supputation by your Quadrant Geometrical to take heights approachable LIft up ingeniously your Quadrant exactly made towards the thing to be measured looking diligently through both sights backward or forward as occasion is given until you see the top so that your Line or Thread fall just upon the middle or 12 Division now if you measure your distance from you to the foot of the Object which is the point directly under the top then have you the Altitude of the highest summitie to the right point or base in heightequal with our standing adjoyning with it the height of your eye downwards CHAP. IV. With the Aid of two Stations to find out Inapproachable heights SEek two Stations going hither and thither yea toward or from the thing you intend to measure so that in the one place the thread may fall just in 12 and at the other Station in 6 points of a right shadow then if you double the Distance of both places the Summitie shall appear from that part of the thing measured which is equal in height with your Eye or if your standing be even with the Base joyning to that double distance the height of your eye you have the whole Altitude from the ground c. If the one Station cause the Thread to fall in 12 and the other in 8 of a right Shadow then triple the Distance between the two Stations so have you the height also Or if the one be in 12 and the other in 9 of right shadows then quadruple the distance the one under 12 and the other under 6 of the contrary shadow and the place between both Stations is equal with that you measure ever understanding from your Eye upwards CHAP. V. How by the Quadrant with Calculations speedily to find all heights accessible YOur Quadrant as in the former Figure handsomly elevated against or towards the thing to be measured perceiving through both sights just the top mark well the Division or points crossed by your Thread whether it be of the right shadow then multiply the distance between you and the foot of the Object by 12 and divide that Sum by the parts cut upon your Quadrant which your Thread manifesteth and the remainder is the height of the Object from your Eye But if the Thread fall upon contrary shadows work contrarily that is augment it by the part and divide that Sum by 12 Remembring ever to add the height of your eye downward to your quotient so have you your desire the Base being equal with your standing Example Admit the Thread with the plummet note 6 parts of contrary as you may see in the foregoing figure the distance from the base A to your standing B 115 foot multiplied by 6 so have you 690 which divided by 12 yieldeth 57 ½ foot to this adjoyn 5 foot being the height of your eye from the ground and so find the Altitude to be 62 ½ foot To find what part of your Altitude is Level with your Eye Cause the Plummet and Thread to fall upon the side of your Quadrant where the Degrees begin which you will find before in the Description of the Quadrant to be the side A B and then searching through the Sights that part that which you can spye of your Altitude the plummet hanging upon the said Line A B is level with your Eye the height whereof from the base compared with the Altitude of your Eye discovereth the inequality or difference of the ground that is to say how much higher or lower the base of the thing to be measured is than the ground at your Station which difference as you shall see cause added or substracted from your heights found as is before declared yieldeth most exactly the true Altitude And thus you may be assured never to err how unequal or uneven soever the ground be You may also by two things of one length joyned thus in a right Angle find the Altitude of any thing CHAP. VI. To Measure
the Distance any place is from the top of a Castle or Work THis Work is Performed as the former in the 2d Chap. only here with a Plummet and Line we take the heighth or depth from the top of the Castle A to the foot of the Castle B and suppose that to be equal to the distance there taken and the distance B C equal to the height and then work by the Rules there given and you will find the distance C B. This is so plain there needs no Example CHAP. VII To get the Length or Distance of any place or Mark in sight be it never so far without Instrument AMongst many practices I find this the onliest way to obtain our desire without the help of an Instrument yet in this is necessarily required to have ground enough at liberty on one side Then begin thus at the beginning of your Length set up a staff or mark that may be seen afar off then go from it Orthogonal or Square-wise on which side you will 200 foot the more ground the better Put up there a staff also now convey your self to the first staff or mark going back from it 300 foot more or less at your pleasure set up there a third staff so that the first mark or staff and it agree all in a streight Line from your sight to the farthest part of your length by the judgment of your eye now go side-wise from thence as far in a right Angle until the second mark offer it self aright between the extream part of your length and sight and there put the fourth staff All this performed seek out the distance between the first staff and the Second and that name your first distance then the distance between the first and third name your second distance Again the distance between the third and fourth staff is the third distance Deduct your first distance from the third so remaineth the Divisor then multiply your third distance by your second and the product divide by your Divisor the quotient sheweth the true length from the third staff to the fortress or mark desired for plainness behold the figure Example Here this Letter A represents the Castle being the distance to be measured B is your first staff C the second staff differing from B the first Orthogonal 100 foot D the third staff being distant back from the first in a Right line with the mark A 133 foot E is the fourth staff running sidewise Orthogonally or in a Square from the third until the farthest part of your length A is perceived in a right Line with the second staff at C and this distance D E let be 120 foot Now by Substraction take 100 from 120 there remaineth for a Divisor 20 then multiply 133 by 120 so riseth 15960 which divided by 20 and there cometh 798 foot the true distance between D and A from which if you abate A B 133 there remaineth B A your propounded distance But forasmuch as this conclusion is to be done without Instrument and here Orthogonal motions sidewise is required it shall be requisite also to declare how an Orthogonal or Right angle is upon a sudden to be made ye shall therefore according to Pythagoras's Invention mentioned among the Definitions at the beginning of this Book take 3 Staves Cords or such like making the one 4 such parts as the other is 3 and the third 5 This done conjoyn their ends together and the angle subtended of the longest staff is a right which first placed at B and after at D directing one of his comprehending sides to A the other shall guide you to C and E or if you desire with more expedition to dispatch and not to tarry the proportioning of Cords or such like to this Pythogarick Rule take any 3 Staves Sticks or Threads and conjoyn them making a Triangle it matters not of what form or fashion they be then placing one angle thereof at B turning one side to A direct your self sidewise to the other alwayes remembring to place the same angle at D and departing sidewise again in like manner in all the rest do as before is declared Thus using any mean diligence yuo shall most exactly measure any distance CHAP. VIII With Halbeards Pikes or any Staves having no other Instrument you may measure the Distance between any two Towers Castles or other Marks lying in a right line from you not coming near any of them YOu must first as we have declared in the last Chapter prepare a Triangle with joyning any three Staves or such like together which you must at your standing place in such sort that one of the sides containing the Angles may lye directly toward the Mark Then setting up a Staff Pike or other Mark there depart sidewise as the other side of your Angle shall direct you so far as you list the more ground the better and there set up your second Staff or Mark then go directly back from your first Staff alwayes keeping it exactly between your sight and the Mark as many score again or Pike lengths as you list setting up a third staff this done you shall place the same Angle you used at your first Staff now again at your third staff in all points as it was before the one side of the Angle lying directly toward the first Staff the other side will shew you whither you shall go to place your fourth Staff for passing still in a right line with that side of your Angle you shall at the last find the second justly scituated between you and the farthest Mark and there set up the fourth Staff then remove your Angle again to the second Staff and placing there as before the one side even with the first Staff pass on in a right line with the other until you come directly between your nearest Mark and the fourth Staff and there pitch up the fifth Now you must measure how many Paces Halbeards or Pikes length are between your first and second Staff deducting that from the distance between the third and fourth and this Remainder shall serve you for a Divisor then multiply your distance between the second and fifth Staff by the distance between the third and fourth the product divide by your reserved Divisor and it yieldeth in the Quotient the true distance between these two Marks See the foregoing Figure Example Let A B be the two Marks whose distance I would measure my standing place where I set up my first Staff I in the middle my Triangle made of three Staves Halberds Bills or any such like things K L M the Staves or Halberds of which I make my Triangle N which I first place at C secondly at D thirdly at E and note at C and D the scituation of the Triangle is all one but at E it somewhat differeth as you may behold in this Figure which I would have you note lest haply you be deceived in your practice C E the distance between the first and third
the perpendicular before erected then see how much of that space which representeth the score in dividing your Stationary distance is contained in the perpendicular so many score is the mark off from your first Station and by dividing the Hypothenusal line you may find the Distance from the second Station Example A the first Station C the second D the mark A C 80 paces Degrees of the Quadrant cut by the line feducial at the second Station is 71 d. ½ and H is the unity or measure representing one score E F 4 parts G F 12 G E 12 ⅔ or thereabouts Thus may you conclude the mark to be distant from the first Station 12 score paces the Hypothenusal line or distance of the mark from the second Station 12 score and 13 paces See the Figure To perform this Work by Calculation In the foregoing Figure B is the place to be measured A the mark where I first disposed my Instrument from it I go Orthogonally to C the Index suppose cuts there 400. In the right side of your square the distance between B and C I have supposed 80 paces wherefore multiply 1200 by 80 and there cometh 96000 whfch divided by 400 declareth unto me 240 paces the true length from A to B. Or by dividing 1440000 the square of 1200 with 400 the parts cut you shall produce in the Quotient 3600 your proportionable part found by the Rule of Reduction which augmented in 80 yieldeth 288000 and that divided by 1200 bringeth in the Quotient 240 which is the length A B agreeing with the former operation But if you would find C B or the Hypothenusal line being the distance between the second Station and the mark then by the former Table of Squares or with your Pen find the Square of A C and the Square A B the distance already found from the first Station these two Squares added together the Square Root of that Sum is the distance C B viz. 253 paces or if the Sum of the Square of A B and A C be sought for in the Table of Squares you will find against it 253 paces the length of C B which was to be found for the Square of A B more A C is alwayes equal to the Square of C B and the Square of C B less the Square A C is equal to the Square of A B. CHAP. XI To measure the distance between any two marks that lye in one right line from the Eye THis may be resolved by the former Proposition measuring how far either distance is from your self and then deduct the one from the other or thus another way the side of your Geometrical Square directed towards them depart Orthogonally as is before declared 100 or 200 paces at your pleasure but the more the better then place your Instrument again turning the side of it towards the first Station remove then the Index to either marks noting what parts at either place the Index doth cut of the Scale and if the Index at both times falls on the left side deduct the lesser from the greater with the number remaining augment this distance between your Stations and dividing by the whole side of the Scale your Quotient is the distance If the Index fall on the right side at either time then must you by the Rule given in the Ninth Chapter reduce them into proportional parts or if at one time it fall on the left side and at another time on the right then shall you only reduce the parts cut on the right side which done deduct as before is said the lesser from the greater and with the remainder multiply your distance Stationary the product divided by 1200 yieldeth how far one mark is beyond another Behold the Figure Example Admit A B the marks in a right line from C your first Station D the second Station Orthogonally scituated from C where your Square being placed suppose your Index first cut 800 parts on the left side and after 900 parts on the right side you must divide the Square of 1200 by 900 as was taught in the former Chapter so will your Quotient amount to 1600 from which if you withdraw 800 the parts cut on the left side there will remain 800 which multiplyed by 200 paces the distance Stationary C D there amounteth 160000 this divided by 1200 yieldeth in the Quotient 133⅓ therefore the distance from A B your mark is 133 paces 1 foot and 8 inches CHAP. XII To measure the Distance between any two marks lying in one plain level ground howsoever scituated without Arithmetick THis at two Stations may be done as we have done before but we will here suppose but one Station knowing the distance from that Station to each place and the Angle it makes with each Station then by help of a pair of Compasses and any line of equal parts this is most easily wrought as is well known to small Practitioners in this Art it being also the 4th Question in Right-lined Oblique Triangles I did intend to shew the working of every one of these Questions by Logarithms but considering a Gunner hath not alwayes such Tables by him and if he have them and understands right-lined Triangles doubtless he may easily apply them to this work I therefore thought what I have done in this case to be sufficient CHAP. XIII The Description of an Instrument whereby to plot out any Coast Country City or Garrison and to take the distance to every Remarkable Object THis Instrument is four square with a Circle in the middle divided into 360 equal parts or degrees Let the division of the square be from 1 to 100 or as many as you can you must also have fixed to it an Index with sight upon the same as you may see by the Figure following in the next Page It is called a Circumferenter or Geometrical Square To draw a Plot of any Coast or Country in such sort that you may readily tell how far any place is distant from you or one from another Example There is a Sea Coast having sundry Harbours Towns Villages Castles and such like scituated thereon whose Plot in due proportion I require with the exact distances of every place one from the other Having therefore elected a lofty seat from whence I may behold all these places my Instrument scituated as is declared removing the Index to a Castle that is farthest being a Castle standing in the mouth of a Haven having received it through my Sights the line fiducial of my Index cutteth 30 degrees then I remove it to the next being a Village or Fish Town and the Index cutteth 50 degrees and so round to all the rest and thus I shall have the Table of my first Station as followeth The Table of my first Station  Deg. The Castle 30 The Village 50 The City 75 The Eastern Head of the Bay 95 The Western Head of the Bay 97 ½ The Fort within Land 130. This done I behold another Hill or high place