Selected quad for the lemma: ground_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
ground_n	distance_n	file_n	rank_n	1,730	5	11.1963	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A20992	The art of warre, or Militarie discourses of leavying, marching, encamping; and embattailing an armie. Of building, defending, and expugning forts and fortified cities. Of ordinance, petards, and fireworks. Of the severall duties of officers, and souldiers. Of the Grecian, and Romane militia, and forming of battaillons; &c. By the Lord of Praissac. Englished by I.C.; Discours militaires. English	Du Praissac, Sieur.; Cruso, John, d. 1681.	1639 (1639)	STC 7366; ESTC S122251	80,136	227

such as used flying weapons The pikes bore a target or a corslet and greves a pike from 20 to 24 foot long and a sword The strongest of them covered themselves with a Macedonian target of brasse being foure foot in diameter All the pikes were called heavie armed They which used flying weapons which were called the light armed carried wicker targets bows darts and slings The heavie armed souldiers were thus disposed of 16 men made a file the first man being the file-leader commanded the whole file the eighth man was the bringet-up of the front-half-file the ninth man was the half-file-leader and the sixteenth man was the bringer-up of the file The whole file was divided into foure equall parts the first souldier of every fourth part was called Enomotarcba and had command over the other three A file File-leader ☉ First Enomotarch   ∘   ∘   ∘   ∘ Second Enomotarch   ∘   ∘ Bringer-up of the ½ file ∘ Half-file-leader ○ Third Enomotarch   ∘   ∘   ∘   ∘ Fourth Enomotarch   ∘   ∘   ∘ Bringer-up of the file ○ A companie had 16 files which made 256 men The officers of a companie were a Captain A. two Centurions B. foure Tetrarchs C. eight Dilochites D. 16 file-leaders I E. 16 bringers-up of the front-half-files H. 16 half-file-leaders G. and 16 bringers-up of the files F. Besides these they had an Ensigne a Sergeant a Trumpet a Rear-commander and a Cryer The figure of a companie The dutie of the officers was to instruct their souldiers in all the militarie motions these motions were to stand right in ranks and files to face to the right left and rear to double files and ranks to perform their countermarches and wheelings To render this more intelligible I will describe each of them apart First the companie is drawn up into a body as hath been shewed before then the ranks and files are made straight and even and they take their distances E. F. is the first file E. I. is the first rank There be three kindes of distances one for exercise which is for every souldier foure cubits of ground which is six foot The second to be ready for battaile expecting an enemie which is two cubits three foot that so the pikes may face every way The third for combat which is one cubit that being so serried they may the more strongly charge the enemie or sustain his charge The figure following sheweth in what order the souldiers ought to be to perform their motions and how they are to reduce themselves when they are commanded as they were This figure is represented in all the following battaillons by these marks o ∘ the white ones signifie the file-leaders or the front of the battaillon in the first standing before the command given and the black ones the ordinarie souldiers The small pricks shew the way by which every souldier moved the figures of men shew in what form the battaillon standeth after the motion according to the command given them and the cypher figures placed in the ranks and files shew which are to stand and which to move or which are leaders and which are followers The standing of souldiers which have made even their ranks and files attending the word of command to perform the exercise To cause all the battaillon to face to the right every souldier must turn his face to the place where his right hand was A battaillon faced to the right hand To cause all the battaillon to face to the left every souldier must turn his face to the place where his left hand was A battaillon faced to the left hand To cause the battaillon to face to the rear every souldier must turn his face by the right hand untill it be where his back was A battaillon faced to the rear To double files or ranks is to put two into one Doubling of files is called doubling the flanks or doubling the depth doubling of ranks is called doubling the front Files are doubled after three wayes either in inplacing the one within the other which is called doubling of files sidewayes In this doubling the even numbers of files mix themselves within the odde numbers and the file-leaders which are to move place themselves behinde them which are to stand fast and every souldier behinde his right hand man A battaillon which hath doubled their files side-wayes Files are also doubled when one is placed before the other which is called doubling of files advancing when the odde numbers place themselves before the even numbers as the following figure sheweth A battaillon which hath doubled files advancing Files are also doubled when the left flank or half ranks of the battaillon stands fast and the right flank advanceth untill it be before the other then causing it to face to the left and to march untill they stand right before them then to reduce their facing Ranks are also doubled by three wayes either by mixing them one within the other which is called doubling by ranks and here the even numbers of ranks place themselves within the odde numbers A battaillon which hath doubled ranks by ranks Ranks are also doubled by causing the half files to advance untill the half-file leaders come up to the front of the battaillon A battaillon which hath doubled ranks by the half files Ranks are also doubled when the battaillon divides it self at the half files or rear division The rear division again divideth it self into two equall parts at their half ranks the one part to the right the other to the left and each of these parts advanceth untill the half-file-leaders stand even with the front of the battaillon A battaillon which hath doubled ranks on the flanks Countermarching is when every souldier turning his face to the rear doth also change his place so to exchange the souldiers of the one part of the battaillon to another part It is performed by files and ranks and each of these is done three wayes the Macedonian Laconian and Persian or Cretan The countermarch by files is to turn the face to the rear and so to bring the file-leaders again to be foremost The Macedonian countermarch by files is when the file-leaders face to the rear and stand fast then all the rest of each file passe through and stand behinde their own leaders by which means the battaillon leaves before it for the field of combat the ground where it self stood as appeareth by the figure following A battaillon which hath performed the Macedonian countermarch The Laconian countermarch by files is when the file-leaders facing to the rear cause all the rest of their file to follow after them and lead them to another ground leaving that ground behinde them where they formerly stood or rather the bringers-up face about and every man of the file placeth himself before his bringer-up in their due places untill the file-leader come up to the front A battaillon which hath performed the Laconian countermarch The Persian or Cretan

countermarch is when the file-leaders face about and draw their files after them and come into the place of the bringers-up and the bringers-up come into the file-leaders places the battaillon possessing the same ground it had before A battaillon which hath performed the Persian or Cretan countermarch Countermarches by ranks are performed by the same rules and wayes as hath been shewed in those of files Wheeling is when the whole body of the battaillon turneth which is done upon the angles of the battaillon upon the right or left hand file-leader or on the middle of the front the middle file-leaders being as the center or on the center of the battaillon When the battaillon wheeleth upon the right hand file-leader it wheeleth to the right hand When it is upon the left hand file-leader it wheeleth to the left A quarter turn is called the first wheeling as when the battaillon A. comes to possesse the place B. turning upon the center E. An half turn is called the second wheeling which will be when the battaillon is come to possesse the ground C. Three quarter turn is called the third wheeling which will bring the battaillon into D. A battaillon wheeling upon the right hand file-leader The words of command are Make ready your armes Put your selves in battalia Make even your files and ranks Take your distances Advance your pikes Faces to the right As you were Faces to the left As you were Faces to the rear As you were Files to the right double As you were Double your files advancing As you were Double your files by the half ranks As you were Ranks double by ranks As you were Ranks double by the half files As you were Ranks double on both flanks As you were Countermarch c. As you were Wheel c. As you were Foure regiments made the battaile of heavie armed foot the two on the right hand were called the right wing and the two on the left the left wing The officers of these foure regiments were the Generall of foot N. The Lieutenants Generall O. The regiments are P. The front of the battaile of heavie armed foot So much concerning the heavie armed foot which differed not from the light armed concerning their order but onely in their number for the light armed had their files but of 8 deep in all the rest they were alike For they had as many files as many companies as many regiments as many officers disposed in the same order Foure regiments made the front of their battaile and two made a wing their commanders were The Lieutenant Generall Q. The Lieutenant Colonels assistants R. The regiments S. The front of the battaile of light armed foot Sometimes the light armed foot marched before the heavie armed sometimes they marched on their flanks sometimes between them and sometimes in their rear The form of battaile of the foot when the heavie armed marched before the light armed T. is the left wing V. is the right wing X. the heavie armed regiments Y. the light armed regiments The horse were sometimes placed round about the armie by squadrons sometimes on the wings and also on the rear sometimes amongst the armie on the wings of the battaillons and sometimes onely on the wings of the armie which they did most usually dividing them into two equall parts placing the one half on the right wing and the other half on the left wing The form of the armie ranged in battaile as well Infanterie as Cavalerie X. are the heavie armed foot Y. the light armed foot Z. the horse the one half on the right wing and the other half on the left As they which use flying weapons were but half the number of the pikes so the horse were but half the number of those which used flying weapons that is a fourth part of the foot The Persians and Sicilians disposed their troops of horse in square bodies as the French do now adayes but the Scythians Thracians and Macedonians put them into a triangular form or wedge and the Thessalians into a rhomb or diamond They ordered their horse in these wedges and rhombs sometimes by files and sometimes by ranks as in these figures Captain Lieutenant Ilarchos Plagiophylarchos Captain Lieutenant Corporall Ilarchos Plagiophylarchos Vragos The Grecians disposed their armies into fundrie forms which was very easie for them to do they being able to lengthen thicken open close it change the figure or turn the front as pleased them by reason their souldiers were practised in all the motions aforesaid and at the sound of the trumpet both horse and foot knew what they were to do Sometime their armie marched with an even front according to the form shewed before when their enemie was before them sometimes in two bodies when the enemie was on their flanks sometimes in foure when they were in danger on all sides sometimes in sithes checquers crescents and manches In the figure following are represented six dispositions of battaile A. Double fronted B. Foure fronts C. The sithe or open fronted wedge D. The checquer E. The crescent F The manches ♂ The horse ♒ The light armed ♊ The heavie armed A B C D E F A battaillon which had a greater depth then front they called Orthion That which had the front exceeding the depth Plagion That battaillon is called oblique which fighteth by the wings one wing serving for the vanguard When the battaile was begun to be ranged by the wings and was ended at the middle it was called Parembole When they began to range their battaile by the midst and finished it on the wings it was called Prostaxis When the heavy armed foot being first placed the light armed were placed at their front it was called Protaxis When after that the heavie armed were ranged the light armed foot were placed in their rear it was called Epitaxis When the light armed foot were ranged in the intervalls between the pikes it was called Entaxis When the light armed were placed on the wings of the whole armie they called it Hypotaxis Of the heavie armed foot called Hoplites Number of men Files Greek names of the troops The names interpreted Greek names of officers Officers names interpreted 4.   Enomotia A quartain Enomotarcha A quartainer 8.   Dimoeria An half file Dimoerites An half file-leader 16. 1. Lochia A file Lochagos A file-leader 32. 2. Dilochia Two files Dilochites A Lanspassado 64. 4. Tetrarchia A squadron Te●rarcha A Corporall 128. 8. Taxiarchia A centurie Taxiarcha A Centurion 256. 16. Syntagma A companie Syntagmatarcha A Captain 512. 32. Pentacosiarchia A double companie Pentacosiarcha A Colonels assistant 1024. 64. Chiliarchia A brigado Chiliarcha A Commander of a brigado or Sergeant major 2048. 128. Merarchia A double brigado Merarcha A Lieutenant Colonell 4096. 256. Phalangia A regiment Phalangarchos A Colonell 8192. 512. Diphalangia One wing of the regiment Diphalangarchos Lieutenant Generall of foot 16384. 1024. Tetraphalangia The battaile of the heavie armed foot Tetraphalangarchos The

battalia the market-places and churches and to cause them to be seized upon by bataillons sending them at one and the same time towards the right and left hand and right forward the grosse remaining firm in battalia to send succours where need shall require keeping neare some gate to gaine and open it to let in the Cavallrie A place may be surprised at the walls without scalado by some defect in them as when they are old decayed weak of little thicknesse of brick stone and clay and without rampart for they may easily be pierced by some engine or instrument or if there be any lowe windows along the curtain or any sallie-ports or any sink-holes or drains for filth or places for water to passe in and out being ill guarded and weak Intelligences and treacheries may take effect when some occasion shall give you means to corrupt the fidelitie of those of the place which are able to give you entrance and deliver you the same These occasions will be when you shall discover a possibilitie to convey some desire of change into their mindes which often hapneth amongst high-minded souldiers which desire to make a fortune or amongst those which are revengefull when they be discontented at the Governour or some other officer Besides most of them think themselves ill dealt with when they be not advanced to offices having a higher estimation of themselves then they deserve and others be so covetous as there is nothing which they will not undertake for money These and the like things may accompanie intelligences and treacheries How to besiege and expugne cities CHAP. VII A Citie is said to be taken by force when it is carried with an Armie by batterie whereunto there belong three considerations The first before the enterprise The second during the time of the siege and the third after the taking of the citie Before the enterprise you must consider whether you ought and whether you be able to do it You ought when by this means you recover your own weaken your enemie you secure and fortifie your self on that part you encrease your revenue and you get good store of bootie But you ought not to do it if the charges of the siege will surmount your profit or that it will be difficult to hold the place after you have gained it or when it is so strong so well provided of all necessaries or so near to places of releef that there is greater likelihood of dammage then hope of good successe You are able when you have all manner of provision necessarie for the enterprise and that in sufficient measure The most necessarie things are money souldiers artillerie munitions for the armes as powder bullets morters granadoes muskets pikes c. And for the instruments as shovels pickaxes hand-barrows wheel-barrows sacks baskets c. And for wood to make platforms for the artillerie gabions sauceidges blindes boats c. And victuall in abundance The quantitie of all these must be measured by that which shall be requisite for the souldiers the canon and the time that the siege may be like to continue which may be computed by the proportion of your forces compared to those of your enemie by the qualities of the works of the place with the number of your munitions and artillerie by the garrison with your number of souldiers by the situation of the place and the releef which might be brought to it with the means which you shall have to stop and hinder it and to facilitate the bringing of victuall into your camp by the distance with the meanes to lead your armie thither by the qualitie of the ground with the conveniences which you have to make your approaches And because that oftentimes accidents do befall which were not foreseen as by unexpected releef an inundation or overflowing of waters a change of weather a mutinie amongst your own men or a contagion There must be a provident care taken for a retreat so as being constrained to it it may be made commodiously and easily without disorder if it may be for thereon dependeth the honour or dishonour the profit or dammage of the assailant During the siege you must observe many things with good order and principally these First you must environ and shut up the place entrenching your self round about fortifying your self as well against those which might come to releeve them as against the sallies of the town in such sort as not any person may be able to go in nor out choosing a fit place for the Armie to set down to make the field of battaile to make your quarters and their alarm-places Taking care that the quarters be secured by good retrenchments and forts well flanked and guarded within against the sallies and without against such as might come to releeve the place or disturb your Armie that they be commodious to receive and conserve the munitions for actions and executions You must dispose the approaches run your trenches make your way to arrive in safetie to the place where you intend to raise your batterie observing that it be as short as may be sheltered and faithfully guarded by a good number of men having room enough between piece and piece and for their reverse and that they command the place which you intend to batter that the trenches be ample large deep not straitned well slanked and defended by forts more or fewer according to the strength of the garrison which is within the place and to the time in which the releef might arrive During the time whilest you are making the trenches of approach you must take away all the high flanks with the canon then having run your trenches to the counterscarp you must raise platforms with beds for the Artillerie near the points of the counterscarp to take away all the low flanks by this means to render the passage of the moat secure And whilest this batterie is a making you must pierce the counterscarp and advance your galleries untill you joyn them to the Bullwork at the same time beginning the sap and the mine But if you be put to force it by Artillerie dispose your batterie so that it may commodiously discover the place which you intend to batter that there be room and libertie for the pieces loop-holes munitions guards and officers that it be not exposed to the Artillerie of the enemie or being so that it be sheltered by traverses and gabions making it hollow underneath if you fear mines and retrenching it round about to meet with the sallies of those of the town furnishing it with planks and pent-houses against their granadoes and stone-pieces also not approaching too near to prevent their fire-works and granadoes Make your batterie furiously and in good order battering within a fathome of the foundation of the wall piercing it in divers places then batter it acrosse to make the wall to totter The breach being made you must cause it to be viewed by men chosen to that purpose each having a

courageously without bowing himself to any unlesse it be to his chief commanders before whom he is to encline the head of the colours more or lesse according to their degree without making a shew of raising his hand to his hat or bowing his knee Of the Lieutenant All the Lieutenants ought to be as able as the Captains whom they represent seeing that in their absence they have the same charge and authoritie and ofttimes the Captains are young Gentlemen descended from illustrious and valorous persons which have courage sufficient but want strength and skill He must keep the Ensigne drum and all the officers and appointees near him to make use of them as occasion shall serve He must neither take on cashier nor punish any man in the presence of his Captain for at that time he hath no authoritie and all that he doeth is by permission and commission but in his absence he is to be obeyed as the Captain His companie being ordered for combat if his Captain be absent he is to lead them but if he be present he must keep on the rear and place his two Sergeants on the flanks that so every man may keep his rank and fight resolutely At an assault he must assist the Ensigne and lead him to the place of combat which he must have viewed beforehand It is his charge to observe the actions of the Corporals and Sergeants to hold them to their duties and to cause them to provide what is necessarie for the companie and to assist them where he shall see cause Of the Commissarie The office of a Commissarie of souldiers is to cause the musters to be taken and moneys to be payd to receive the oath and to give the quarters for the lodgings Of the Captain A Captain ought to be expert diligent and courageous he must know the duties of all that are under him but principally his own His office is to lead his companie wheresoever his Generall or Colonell shall command him His functions are to give the orders to his Lieutenant and Sergeants for the marching of his companie be it three or five in rank placing his muskets in the front and rear and the pikes in the middle Or in battaillon placing the muskets on the flanks of the pikes He must teach them how to fight be it in surprise of an embuscado in approach of cities in assaults encounters skirmishes or battailes To lead them on prudently labouring to bring them off with as much glorie as he shall have courageously brought them on The Captain must alwayes be at the head of his companie certain paces advanced before them unlesse it be to joyn in battaile for his sole person were not able to sustain the shock of the enemies pikes but then he is to place himself in the first rank of his companie He must cause his souldiers to be taught the use of their swords pikes and muskets teaching them how to order themselves in battalia and to rally themselves being disbanded either by occasion of an alto a narrow way or a defeat Also to make their huts and all other exercises of warre At every dislodging he must cause his company to be put into battalia and then to cause them to march according as the ground will permit and at their lodging to lead them in a long order of march either 3 or 5 in rank Marching with his companie alone he cannot punish a souldier with death unlesse he rebell for then he ought to kill him but for any other matter he can but disarm him take away his accoutrements of liverie degrade and cashier him or commit him to the censure of the Colonell of that regiment He must take care for the payment of his souldiers of their armes victuall and munitions to cause the hurt to be healed and to compose quarrels He must make choice of an expert Lieutenant a courageous Ensigne two diligent Sergeants suspecting Corporals a faithfull clerk a carefull harbinger a bold chirurgeon and a pious Chaplain The Captain appointeth his own Sergeants harbinger drum fyfe and chirurgeon but for his Lieutenant Ensigne Corporals and Appointees he must present them to his Colonell and to have his leave to place them in their offices The companie entring the guard the Captain is to march at the head with a pike in his hand and compleatly armed If it be in the field they are to be russet but rich ones if it be in a citie having a fair plume on his head-piece which he shall cause to be carried before him He must cause his souldiers to know how to fight single how in a body He must know the advantages of places armes times and occasions and how to make use of them To understand fortifications the manner of defending and assailing of places of strength how and in what manner the works are to be made that so when it shall come to his turn to direct or guard a work he shew not himself a novice or fresh water souldier Of the drum In every companie there must be one or two drums and over them all a drum major The dutie of every drum is to beat all manner of beats as the match the alarm the troop the chamadoes and answers thereunto reveills and proclamations They must know how to observe what they see to take good notice thereof and to make true report of it The drum major must be lodged near the Sergeant major or in his own lodgings it being his part to give instructions to the rest and to observe and take into his custodie the enemies drums which enter the camp He may with his staff correct the drums which fail of their duties All the drums are to attend him morning and evening to the Sergeant major to know the orders Of the harbinger He must have a list of the souldiers of his companie and make the divisions for the lodgings At the muster he giveth a muster roll of the souldiers to the commissarie controller or clerk and keeps account of the payes received and due also of the armes of the companie belonging to his Captain He is to take his quarter from the Quartermaster then to mark out the Captains lodging the Lieutenants Ensignes Sergeants his own the drums and fyfes and to put the rest into billets or lots and to cause the Corporalls to draw them by turn who shall distribute them among the souldiers this is to be done before the Ensignes lodging He ought to keep a register of all the lodgings of his quarter Of the barber chirurgeon In every companie there must be a chirurgeon to trim the souldiers to attend them which are sick to dresse the wounds of such as are hurt being as an assistant to the chirurgeon of the regiment having proper remedies to stench the bloud to hinder inflammations and to asswage the pain Of the Provost It is the Provosts charge to pursue fugitives to apprehend delinquents and to imprison them He hath under him a Lieutenant a