three_o forename_a but_o nothing_o like_o the_o same_o in_o shape_n nor_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n run_v with_o a_o long_a arm_n a_o huge_a way_n into_o the_o land_n but_o rather_o approach_v to_o the_o figure_n of_o a_o half_a moon_n in_o this_o bay_n be_v crook-haven_n school-haven_n and_o several_a other_o great_a havens_n not_o only_o on_o the_o main_a land_n but_o also_o in_o some_o of_o the_o land_n whereof_o there_o be_v a_o great_a number_n in_o this_o bay_n the_o most_o easterly_a of_o all_o these_o land_n be_v baltimore_n the_o which_o surpass_v all_o the_o other_o in_o bigness_n give_v its_o name_n unto_o the_o bay_n that_o part_n of_o the_o bay_n which_o lie_v betwixt_o this_o island_n and_o the_o main_n have_v a_o narrow_a entrance_n but_o within_o of_o a_o great_a largeness_n be_v a_o marvellous_a good_a road_n where_o ship_n may_v come_v to_o a_o anchor_n on_o either_o side_n &_o lie_v defend_v off_o all_o wind_n it_o be_v five_o and_o six_o fathom_n deep_a on_o the_o side_n &_o six_o and_o 7._o in_o the_o midst_n in_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o harbour_n next_o to_o the_o east-side_n lie_v a_o blind_a rock_n &_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o it_o another_o rock_n which_o appear_v at_o low_a water_n there_o be_v nothing_o else_o that_o can_v do_v hurt_v this_o haven_n be_v far_o the_o princpal_a of_o all_o this_o bay_n have_v its_o name_n as_o well_o as_o the_o bay_n itself_o of_o the_o island_n be_v call_v baltimore-haven_n to_o the_o north_n of_o that_o island_n lie_v another_o â—land_n call_v spain-iland_n where_o one_o may_v pass_v betwixt_o these_o two_o land_n to_o the_o west_n and_o so_o out_o of_o baltimore-haven_n go_v into_o the_o sea_n but_o only_o with_o small_a vessel_n because_o half_a flood_n there_o be_v not_o above_o 12._o or_o thiteen_fw-mi foot_n of_o water_n in_o all_o that_o channel_n sect._n 11_o castle-haven_n rosse-haven_n clandore_n haven_n with_o the_o havens_n of_o kinsale_n and_o cork_n some_o mile_n beyond_o baltimore-bay_n be_v castle-haven_n where_o ship_n may_v come_v to_o a_o anchor_n in_o twelve_o fathom_n of_o water_n be_v of_o a_o reasonable_a bigness_n and_o very_o clear_a and_o clean_o as_o well_o in_o the_o entrance_n as_o within_o between_o castle-haven_n and_o kinsale_n be_v two_o other_o good_a havens_n to_o wit_n that_o of_o rosse_n and_o of_o clandore_n in_o which_o there_o be_v water_n enough_o and_o very_o clean_a ground_n the_o haven_n of_o kinsale_n be_v one_o of_o the_o famous_a of_o all_o ireland_n ship_n may_v sail_v into_o it_o keep_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o channel_n without_o any_o danger_n either_o without_o or_o in_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o harbour_n except_o a_o blind_a rock_n close_o to_o the_o east_n point_fw-fr within_o the_o haven_n on_o the_o westside_n lie_v a_o great_a shelf_n which_o shoot_v a_o great_a way_n off_o from_o the_o land_n but_o leave_v a_o very_a large_a passage_n along_o by_o the_o side_n of_o it_o in_o which_o as_o in_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o harbour_n it_o be_v many_o fathom_v deep_a this_o haven_n for_o some_o mile_n go_v in_o north-north-east_n but_o afterward_o turn_v westward_o until_o the_o key_n of_o kinsale_n where_o ship_n may_v ride_v in_o eight_o or_o nine_o fathom_n of_o water_n be_v defend_v off_o all_o wind_n ten_o or_o twelve_o mile_n to_o the_o east_n of_o kinsale_n be_v cork-haven_n the_o which_o go_v in_o north-north-east_n be_v within_o large_a and_o wide_a run_v a_o great_a way_n into_o the_o land_n for_o the_o town_n of_o cork_n until_o who_o key_n this_o haven_n be_v very_o clean_a and_o deep_a be_v seat_v many_o mile_n from_o the_o sea_n and_o from_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o harbour_n chap._n iii_o of_o the_o lesser_a havens_n and_o the_o bar_a havens_n of_o ireland_n also_o of_o the_o road_n and_o anchor-place_n upon_o the_o coast_n and_o in_o the_o little_a land_n near_o the_o coast_n sect._n 1_o wexford-haven_n after_o the_o description_n of_o the_o principal_a havens_n of_o ireland_n we_o shall_v come_v to_o they_o of_o less_o moment_n in_o which_o number_n we_o put_v all_o those_o which_o either_o in_o their_o entrance_n or_o within_o have_v not_o water_n enough_o for_o the_o bigh_a sort_n of_o vessel_n as_o likewise_o those_o the_o which_o be_v deep_a enough_o be_v but_o very_o little_a and_o of_o a_o small_a pourprise_n and_o in_o this_o description_n we_o shall_v observe_v the_o same_o order_n as_o in_o the_o former_a begin_v with_o wexford_n and_o so_o go_v northward_o than_o west_n afterward_o southward_o and_o last_o east_n and_o northeastward_a until_o we_o have_v go_v about_o the_o whole_a island_n the_o haven_n of_o wexford_n run_v in_o west_n and_o by_o north_n and_o with_o her_o innermost_a part_n altogether_o northward_o just_o before_o this_o haven_n lie_v two_o great_a shelf_n of_o sand_n by_o the_o side_n one_o of_o the_o other_o of_o which_o that_o on_o the_o southside_n be_v call_v hanemans-path_n and_o the_o other_o north-ground_n there_o go_v a_o channel_n betwixt_o hanemans-path_n and_o the_o land_n on_o the_o southside_n of_o the_o haven_n and_o another_o betwixt_o the_o north-side_n and_o the_o north-ground_n but_o this_o last_o have_v but_o six_o foot_n of_o water_n at_o full_a flood_n and_o in_o the_o other_o eight_o foot_n with_o the_o flood_n of_o ordinary_a tide_n and_o ten_o at_o springtide_n the_o chief_a channel_n be_v that_o which_o go_v in_o betwixt_o the_o two_o sand_n be_v four_o and_o five_o fathom_n deep_a beside_o these_o sand_n there_o be_v another_o shelf_n in_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o harbour_n itself_o which_o kind_n of_o sandy-bank_n lie_v across_o in_o the_o mouth_n of_o harbour_n and_o river_n be_v usual_o call_v bar_n and_o the_o havens_n which_o have_v they_o bared-haven_n with_o a_o high_a flood_n there_o be_v about_o sixteen_o foot_n of_o water_n be_v past_o the_o bar_n you_o have_v for_o some_o way_n three_o fathom_n of_o water_n three_o and_o a_o half_a and_o four_o but_o afterward_o for_o a_o great_a way_n but_o ten_o foot_n and_o ten_o a_o half_a with_o a_o high_a flood_n although_o under_o the_o castle_n where_o the_o ship_n come_v to_o a_o anchor_n you_o have_v four_o fathom_n and_o before_o the_o town_n three_o but_o because_o of_o the_o forementioned_a shallows_o no_o vessel_n can_v go_v to_o wexford_n that_o draw_v more_o than_o ten_o foot_n of_o water_n but_o must_v unlade_v and_o lade_v in_o a_o creek_n near_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o haven_n on_o the_o southside_n about_o three_o mile_n from_o the_o town_n where_o be_v water_n enough_o but_o no_o shelter_n for_o the_o south-west_n wind_n the_o which_o do_v come_v over_o the_o land_n to_o this_o place_n sect._n 2._o dublin-haven_n dublin_n haven_n have_v a_o bar_n in_o the_o mouth_n upon_o which_o at_o high-flood_n and_o springtide_n there_o be_v fifteen_o and_o eighteen_o foot_n of_o water_n but_o at_o the_o ebb_n and_o nepâ—-tide_n but_o six_o with_o a_o ordinary_a tide_n you_o can_v go_v to_o the_o key_n of_o dublin_n with_o a_o ship_n that_o draw_v five_o foot_n of_o water_n but_o with_o a_o springtide_n you_o may_v go_v up_o with_o ship_n that_o draw_v seven_o and_o eight_o foot_n those_o that_o go_v deep_o can_v go_v near_a dublin_n than_o the_o rings-end_n a_o place_n three_o mile_n distant_a from_o the_o bar_n and_o one_o from_o dublin_n this_o haven_n almost_o all_o over_o fall_v dry_a with_o the_o ebb_n as_o well_o below_o rings-end_n as_o above_o it_o so_o as_o you_o may_v go_v dry-foot_o round_o about_o the_o ship_n which_o lie_v at_o a_o anchor_n there_o except_o in_o two_o place_n one_o at_o the_o north-side_n half_a way_n betwixt_o dublin_n and_o the_o bar_n and_o the_o other_o at_o the_o southside_n not_o far_o from_o it_o in_o these_o two_o little_a creek_n whereof_o the_o one_o be_v call_v the_o pool_n of_o clantarf_n and_o the_o other_o poolebeg_n it_o never_o fall_v dry_a but_o the_o ship_n which_o ride_v at_o a_o anchor_n remain_v ever_o afloat_o because_o at_o low_a water_n you_o have_v nine_o or_o ten_o foot_n of_o water_n there_o this_o haven_n beside_o its_o shallownes_n have_v yet_o another_o great_a incommodity_n that_o the_o ship_n have_v hardly_o any_o shelter_n there_o for_o any_o wind_n not_o only_o such_o as_o come_v out_o of_o the_o sea_n but_o also_o those_o which_o come_v off_o from_o the_o land_n especial_o out_o of_o the_o south-west_n so_o as_o with_o a_o great_a south-west_n storm_n the_o ship_n run_v great_a hazard_n to_o be_v carry_v away_o from_o their_o anchor_n and_o drive_v into_o the_o sea_n which_o more_o than_o once_o have_v come_v to_o pass_v and_o particular_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o november_n anno_fw-la 1637_o when_o in_o one_o night_n ten_o or_o twelve_o bark_n have_v that_o misfortune_n befall_v they_o of_o the_o most_o
sand_n or_o ground_n as_o any_o in_o all_o the_o world_n not_o alone_o upon_o the_o other_o side_n where_o the_o same_o be_v wide_a and_o open_a far_o distant_a from_o all_o other_o land_n but_o upon_o the_o east-side_n where_o the_o same_o be_v enclose_v betwixt_o ireland_n and_o great-britain_n in_o which_o whole_a space_n it_o have_v not_o any_o other_o sand_n than_o those_o situate_v along_o the_o coast_n between_o dublin_n and_o wexford_n these_o indeed_o be_v of_o a_o huge_a extent_n but_o not_o turn_v and_o wind_v as_o most_o part_n of_o the_o ground_n in_o other_o place_n but_o in_o a_o straight_a line_n north-north-east_n &_o southsouthwest_n be_v far_o from_o the_o land_n with_o their_o north-end_n and_o as_o they_o go_v southward_o so_o they_o do_v come_v near_o to_o the_o land_n and_o near_o the_o tuskar_n a_o rock_n right_n against_o the_o point_n of_o greenore_n in_o which_o place_n they_o end_v they_o be_v not_o much_o more_o than_o two_o mile_n distant_a from_o the_o land_n whereas_o the_o distance_n betwixt_o the_o north-end_n near_o the_o island_n dalkee_n which_o island_n as_o before_o we_o have_v show_v lie_v at_o the_o entrance_n of_o dublin-bay_n about_o threescore_o mile_n from_o the_o tuskar_n be_v above_o eight_o mile_n they_o be_v all_o of_o a_o stoney-ground_n in_o some_o place_n but_o one_o fathom_n deep_a and_o a_o fathom_n and_o a_o half_a but_o in_o the_o north-end_n two_o fathom_n and_o a_o half_a and_o three_o fathom_n betwixt_o these_o ground_n and_o the_o land_n lie_v two_o or_o three_o little_a sand_n beside_o those_o which_o lie_v in_o and_o before_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o bay_n of_o wexford_n one_o betwixt_o the_o south-end_n and_o greenore_n another_o to_o the_o south_n of_o the_o head_n of_o glascarick_n a_o good_a mile_n from_o the_o land_n call_v rush_n and_o ram_n and_o a_o three_o one_o mile_n to_o the_o south_n of_o arcklohead_n call_v glaskerman_n somewhat_o more_o than_o half_a a_o mile_n from_o the_o land_n and_o about_o two_o mile_n long_o sect._n 2._o of_o the_o channel_n betwixt_o the_o land_n and_o the_o forename_a ground_n the_o channel_n betwixt_o the_o great_a ground_n and_o the_o land_n be_v very_o deep_a all_o over_o so_o that_o the_o big_a vessel_n may_v pass_v through_o it_o from_o dublin_n to_o wexford_n and_o from_o wexford_n to_o dublin_n take_v care_n only_o that_o they_o do_v not_o come_v too_o near_o the_o ground_n the_o which_o be_v very_o steep_a on_o the_o inside_n as_o they_o be_v also_o without_o or_o on_o the_o east-side_n where_o ship_n may_v not_o come_v near_o to_o they_o than_o in_o 24._o and_o 25._o fathom_n because_o that_o in_o twenty_o fathom_n one_o be_v close_o by_o they_o it_o be_v requisite_a not_o to_o go_v further_o off_o from_o the_o land_n than_o in_o seven_o or_o eight_o fathom_n in_o which_o depth_n ship_n may_v within_o a_o cabel_n length_n sail_v all_o along_o the_o coast_n the_o which_o here_o every_o where_o be_v very_o clean_a and_o free_a from_o all_o danger_n and_o even_o between_o the_o land_n and_o the_o forename_a small_a ground_n glaskerman_n and_o rush_n and_o ram_n the_o sea_n be_v very_o clean_a and_o deep_a so_o as_o most_o ship_n do_v pass_v betwixt_o they_o and_o the_o land_n and_o not_o about_o by_o the_o out_o side_n of_o they_o these_o sand_n in_o four_o several_a place_n be_v cut_v through_o with_o fair_a broad_a and_o deep_a channel_n whereof_o the_o one_o be_v over_o against_o the_o bay_n of_o wexford_n the_o other_o against_o glascarick_n be_v no_o less_o than_o fifteen_o or_o sixteen_o fathom_n deep_a the_o three_o right_n against_o arckloe_n in_o which_o channel_n it_o be_v about_o seven_o or_o eight_o fathom_n deep_a and_o the_o four_o be_v direct_o against_o wickloe_n sect._n 3_o blind_a rock_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o ireland_n from_o the_o saltee_n unto_o wickloe_n there_o be_v some_o blind_a rock_n in_o this_o sea_n but_o lie_v for_o the_o most_o part_n close_o under_o the_o land_n or_o near_o some_o of_o the_o little_a land_n or_o high_a rock_n so_o as_o they_o may_v easy_o be_v shun_v the_o rather_o because_o most_o of_o they_o do_v at_o low_a water_n appear_v either_o in_o part_n or_o altogether_o to_o speak_v a_o little_a of_o these_o in_o order_n the_o saltee_n two_o little_a land_n situate_v half_a way_n between_o the_o haven_n of_o waterford_n and_o and_o the_o head_n of_o carnarord_n of_o the_o which_o have_v be_v speak_v heretofore_o have_v both_o at_o the_o north-side_n some_o blind_a rock_n whereof_o those_o which_o lie_v near_o the_o big_a and_o southermost_a island_n fall_v dry_a at_o low_a water_n about_o three_o mile_n to_o the_o south_n of_o the_o same_o big_a island_n lie_v a_o blind_a rock_n call_v kinmore_n of_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o ship_n at_o half_a ebb_n it_o come_v above_o water_n and_o be_v so_o steep_a that_o with_o the_o side_n of_o a_o ship_n one_o may_v lie_v close_o against_o it_o and_o have_v fourteen_o fathom_n of_o water_n so_o as_o without_o any_o danger_n one_o may_v sail_v very_o close_o by_o it_o to_o the_o southeast_n of_o the_o fore_n name_v big_a island_n do_v also_o lie_v some_o blind_a rock_n call_v the_o frail_n the_o which_o may_v be_v see_v at_o low_a water_n and_o ship_n may_v pass_v through_o the_o midst_n of_o they_o about_o half_a a_o mile_n from_o blackrock_n a_o note_a rock_n whereof_o shall_v be_v speak_v anon_o lie_v a_o blind_a rock_n call_v the_o barrel_n of_o the_o which_o one_o must_v take_v heed_n very_o careful_o a_o little_a to_o the_o west_n of_o carnarord_n lie_v a_o small_a rocky_a foul_a close_o under_o the_o land_n betwixt_o carnarord_n and_o st_n margaret_n bay_n it_o be_v foul_a and_o rocky_a but_o the_o foul_a ground_n do_v not_o reach_v far_o into_o the_o sea_n southsoutheast_n from_o st_n margaret_n bay_n lie_v a_o blind_a rock_n call_v caliogh_n the_o which_o at_o low_a water_n fall_v dry_a from_o the_o point_n of_o greenore_n a_o riff_o of_o blind_a rock_n and_o stone_n run_v almost_o the_o length_n of_o a_o mile_n into_o the_o sea_n the_o which_o at_o low_a water_n fall_v dry_a a_o good_a way_n from_o the_o land_n at_o the_o north-side_n of_o the_o head_n of_o arcklo_n lie_v a_o little_a stony_a row_n the_o which_o be_v shun_v very_o careful_o by_o the_o ship_n not_o dare_v to_o come_v near_o to_o it_o than_o in_o five_o fathom_n of_o water_n sect._n 4._o the_o rest_n of_o the_o blind_a rock_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o ireland_n just_o to_o the_o south_n of_o the_o head_n of_o wickloe_n a_o little_a way_n from_o the_o land_n lie_v a_o rocky_a sand_n call_v horse-shoe_n betwixt_o which_o and_o the_o land_n ship_n may_v sail_v through_o if_o need_v be_v but_o that_o be_v full_a of_o danger_n it_o be_v do_v very_o seldom_o and_o a_o little_a further_o to_o the_o south_n lie_v a_o little_a blind_a rock_n close_o by_o the_o land_n call_v the_o wolf_n the_o which_o at_o half_a ebb_n come_v above_o water_n betwixt_o which_o and_o the_o land_n fisher_n boat_n do_v pass_v the_o like_a blind_a rock_n &_o rocky_a sand_n lie_v upon_o the_o coast_n betwixt_o tredagh_n and_o dundalk_v as_o also_o betwixt_o dundalk_n and_o carlingford_n in_o both_o place_n close_o under_o the_o land_n at_o both_o the_o point_n of_o the_o havens_n of_o carlingford_n &_o strangford_n under_o st_n johns_n point_n situate_v half_a way_n between_o those_o two_o havens_n on_o both_o side_n of_o those_o two_o great_a rock_n a_o little_a way_n beyond_o strangford_n haven_n call_v southrock_n and_o northrock_n between_o the_o land_n of_o copland_n iles_n and_o the_o land_n at_o the_o south-point_n of_o the_o bay_n of_o knockfergus_n round_o about_o those_o great_a rock_n over_o against_o oldfleet_n call_v the_o nine_o maid_n to_o the_o west_n of_o the_o little_a island_n call_v sheeps-iland_n betwixt_o port_n belletree_n and_o skire_n portrush_v which_o rock_n be_v call_v the_o chicken_n halfway_n betwixt_o loughsuillie_a and_o sheeps-haven_n a_o mile_n or_o two_o from_o the_o land_n which_o rock_n the_o flood_n do_v cover_v but_o at_o ebb_n they_o come_v above_o water_n &_o in_o several_a other_o place_n upon_o the_o west-coast_n &_o the_o south-coast_n the_o which_o it_o will_v be_v tedious_a all_o to_o particularise_v wherefore_o we_o will_v conclude_v this_o rehearsal_n of_o the_o blind_a rock_n with_o that_o which_o to_o the_o west_n of_o st_n johns_n point_n a_o point_n situate_v three_o or_o four_o mile_n southwards_o from_o kilbeg-haven_n do_v lie_v somewhat_o more_o than_o a_o mile_n off_o from_o the_o land_n upon_o which_o the_o sea_n break_v with_o great_a noise_n and_o nevertheless_o one_o may_v free_o and_o without_o any_o danger_n sail_n between_o the_o same_o and_o the_o land_n sect._n 5._o rock_n in_o the_o irish_a sea_n upon_o the_o
wexford_n to_o the_o point_n of_o glasearick_n from_o which_o place_n to_o the_o bay_n of_o dublin_n be_v about_o fifty_o mile_n the_o coast_n be_v full_a of_o inlet_n where_o it_o be_v very_o good_a anchor_a in_o good_a sand_n ground_n especial_o to_o the_o north_n of_o arkloe-head_n in_o a_o fair_a sand_n bay_v every_o where_o in_o eight_o seven_o or_o five_o fathom_n and_o between_o arkloe_n and_o missen-head_n be_v the_o space_n of_o six_o or_o seven_o mile_n in_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o bay_n of_o dublin_n at_o this_o side_n of_o the_o bar_n be_v good_a anchor_a as_o well_o on_o the_o south_n side_n before_o the_o village_n dalkee_n which_o place_n be_v know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o berton_n road_n as_o on_o the_o north-side_n round_o about_o that_o great_a cape_n name_v the_o head_n of_o houth_n between_o strangford-haven_n and_o the_o bay_n of_o knockfergus_n be_v divers_a good_a anchoring-place_n but_o all_o that_o coast_n be_v very_o foul_a with_o rock_n and_o blind_a rock_n to_o the_o north_n of_o knockfergus_n be_v divers_a inlet_n where_o one_o may_v come_v to_o a_o anchor_n there_o be_v some_o rock_n but_o they_o all_o stand_v above_o the_o water_n so_o as_o easy_o they_o may_v be_v shun_v sect._n 8._o the_o rest_n of_o the_o road_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o ireland_n to_o the_o west_n of_o fair-foreland_a the_o coast_n be_v flat_a and_o clean_o so_o as_o there_o ship_n may_v anchor_v every_o where_o in_o eight_o and_o nine_o fathom_n under_o the_o point_n of_o eniston_n on_o the_o westside_n one_o may_v anchor_v for_o easterly_a wind_n or_o to_o stop_v the_o tide_n between_o loughsuille_n and_o sheeps-haven_n be_v a_o inlet_n where_o ship_n may_v come_v to_o a_o anchor_n but_o the_o ground_n be_v somewhat_o foul_a on_o the_o westside_n of_o cape-horn_n ship_n may_v ride_v at_o anchor_n for_o easterly_a wind_n and_o along_o the_o whole_a coast_n between_o cape-horn_n and_o the_o isle_n of_o aran_n be_v every_o where_o good_a anchor-ground_n as_o also_o upon_o the_o west-coast_n between_o st._n johns-point_n and_o dungal-haven_n be_v the_o space_n of_o five_o or_o six_o mile_n in_o the_o sound_n of_o blasket_n it_o be_v good_a anchor_a on_o the_o southside_n of_o the_o point_n for_o northern_a and_o western_a and_o on_o the_o north-side_n for_o the_o contrary_a wind_n on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o old-head_n of_o kinsalâ—_n by_o the_o dutch_a mariner_n call_v cape_n velho_n ship_n may_v anchor_v as_o deep_a or_o shallow_a as_o they_o will_n there_o be_v also_o a_o good_a inlet_n for_o to_o anchor_v in_o a_o few_o mile_n beyond_o the_o haven_n of_o cork_n and_o on_o the_o east-side_n of_o ardimore-head_n be_v a_o bay_n where_o it_o be_v good_a ride_v for_o westerly_a wind_n in_o seven_o or_o eight_o fathom_n there_o be_v also_o a_o good_a anchor_a place_n or_o two_o betwixt_o dungarvan_n and_o the_o haven_n of_o waterford_n sect._n 9_o road_n in_o the_o land_n of_o salter_n dalkee_n irelands-eye_n and_o lambay_v as_o for_o the_o road_n in_o the_o land_n about_o half_a way_n betwixt_o waterford_n haven_n and_o carnarord_n lie_v two_o little_a land_n a_o mile_n or_o two_o from_o the_o land_n call_v salter_n the_o southmost_a whereof_o which_o lie_v further_a from_o the_o land_n be_v much_o big_a than_o the_o other_o ship_n may_v pass_v between_o these_o two_o land_n in_o five_o six_o and_o seven_o fathom_n on_o the_o east-side_n of_o the_o lesser_a island_n be_v a_o good_a road_n to_o come_v to_o a_o anchor_n in_o seven_o or_o eight_o fathom_n where_o ship_n may_v ride_v in_o safety_n for_o south-west_n west_n and_o north-west_n wind_n and_o on_o the_o north-west-side_n of_o the_o big_a island_n ship_n may_v anchor_v in_o seven_o eight_o or_o nine_o fathom_n the_o road_n be_v defend_v off_o southsoutheast_n and_o east-south-east_n wind_n close_o by_o the_o south_n point_n of_o dublin-bay_n lie_v a_o small_a island_n call_v dalkee_n betwixt_o which_o and_o the_o main_a land_n pass_v a_o sound_n seven_o eight_o and_o nine_o fathom_n deep_a in_o which_o you_o may_v anchor_v under_o the_o island_n on_o the_o north-side_n of_o the_o head_n of_o houth_n lie_v another_o small_a island_n scarce_o half_a a_o mile_n in_o compass_n wherein_a as_o also_o in_o dalkee_n no_o body_n inhabit_v both_o serve_v only_o for_o to_o feed_v cattle_n have_v a_o decay_a chapel_n on_o the_o westside_n over_o against_o which_o ship_n may_v come_v to_o a_o anchor_n three_o or_o four_o mile_n beyond_o ireland_n ay_o lie_v the_o i_o will_v of_o lambry_n belong_v to_o sir_n william_n usher_n of_o dublin_n who_o have_v there_o a_o fine_a little_a castle_n of_o free_a stone_n and_o close_o by_o it_o a_o village_n wherein_o dwell_v divers_a family_n of_o fisher_n and_o husbandman_n who_o plough_n part_n of_o this_o island_n and_o upon_o the_o the_o rest_n seed_n cattle_n and_o sheep_n the_o whole_a island_n be_v about_o three_o mile_n in_o compass_n be_v high_a land_n wherefore_o it_o may_v be_v see_v a_o great_a way_n off_o on_o the_o north-side_n of_o this_o island_n ship_n may_v anchor_v in_o twelve_o and_o thirteen_o fathom_n for_o a_o southerly_a wind_n for_o a_o sea-wind_n the_o ship_n must_v ride_v on_o the_o westside_n over_o against_o the_o castle_n but_o that_o road_n be_v not_o very_o good_a because_o always_o in_o that_o sound_n be_v about_o three_o mile_n broad_a go_v a_o great_a sea_n sect._n 10._o road_n in_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o little_a land_n about_o ireland_n right_o against_o the_o promontory_n of_o fair-foreland_n lie_v the_o island_n raghleen_n where_o ship_n may_v sail_v round_o about_o as_o well_o at_o the_o out_o side_n as_o betwixt_o it_o and_o the_o land_n according_a as_o the_o wind_n and_o tide_n serve_v on_o the_o south-west_n side_n be_v a_o fair_a bay_n with_o very_o fine_a sand-ground_n where_o ship_n may_v ride_v defend_v off_o all_o wind_n a_o little_a way_n on_o this_o side_n and_o to_o the_o east_n of_o brandhaven_n lie_v skire_n portrush_v a_o rocky_a island_n the_o which_o on_o the_o southside_n have_v a_o fair_a bay_n very_o good_a sand-ground_n where_o ship_n may_v anchor_v in_o six_o or_o seven_o fathom_n be_v shelter_v of_o all_o wind_n except_o the_o east-north-east_n wind_n the_o which_o along_o the_o coast_n do_v direct_o blow_v upon_o it_o there_o be_v a_o good_a road_n on_o the_o south-east-side_n of_o the_o i_o will_v of_o aran_n situate_v on_o the_o north-west-side_n of_o ireland_n and_o betwixt_o this_o island_n and_o the_o main_a there_o lie_v three_o or_o four_o small_a isle_n where_o ship_n may_v anchor_v in_o divers_a place_n and_o be_v secure_v off_o all_o wind_n there_o be_v also_o a_o good_a road_n for_o some_o wind_n under_o eneskie_a island_n the_o middlemost_a of_o the_o three_o land_n situate_v betwixt_o akill_n head_n and_o sline-head_n call_v boche_n where_o be_v good_a anchor_a in_o four_o fathom_n under_o the_o northern-most_a island_n of_o those_o three_o lie_v in_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o bay_n of_o galloway_n under_o enis_n morrow_n one_o of_o the_o blaskee_n under_o dorse_n i_o will_v lie_v betwixt_o the_o bay_n of_o more_o and_o bantree_n in_o the_o sound_n which_o pass_v betwixt_o the_o same_o i_o will_v and_o the_o main_a land_n ten_o or_o twelve_o mile_n to_o the_o east_n of_o cork-haven_n lie_v a_o island_n call_v balle-cotton_n where_o ship_n may_v anchor_v in_o five_o or_o six_o fathom_n for_o westerly_n and_o southerly_a wind_n there_o be_v also_o a_o good_a road_n on_o the_o east-side_n of_o capel-iland_n a_o little_a i_o will_v lie_v three_o or_o four_o mile_n from_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o haven_n of_o youghall_n chap._n iv._o quality_n and_o fashion_n of_o the_o irish_a coast_n or_o shore_n item_n a_o brief_a description_n of_o the_o principal_a promontory_n or_o head_n of_o ireland_n sect._n 1_o of_o the_o low_a and_o strandie_a shore_n of_o ireland_n the_o irish_a coast_n be_v not_o every_o where_o alike_o but_o of_o several_a sort_n in_o some_o place_n the_o land_n along_o the_o sea_n be_v low_a and_o flat_a have_v a_o broad_a sandy_a strand_n with_o a_o row_n of_o sandy_a hill_n the_o which_o do_v part_v the_o land_n from_o the_o strand_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o it_o be_v upon_o all_o the_o coast_n of_o holland_n and_o flaunders_n where_o these_o kind_n of_o hill_n be_v call_v duynen_n or_o down_n only_o with_o this_o difference_n that_o they_o be_v not_o so_o large_a nor_o high_a as_o in_o the_o low-countries_n and_o that_o the_o row_n of_o they_o take_v up_o but_o a_o little_a space_n in_o breadth_n this_o kind_n of_o strand_n be_v in_o most_o part_n of_o fingall_n be_v a_o portion_n of_o the_o county_n of_o dublin_n northwards_o towards_o tredagh_n and_o a_o good_a way_n beyond_o that_o and_o else_o where_o in_o other_o place_n lie_v no_o down_n or_o sandy_a hill_n
out_o of_o it_o do_v fly_v abroad_o and_o it_o be_v very_o common_a throughout_o all_o ireland_n but_o especial_o in_o the_o province_n of_o munster_n and_o connaught_n lie_v not_o deep_a within_o the_o ground_n but_o very_o near_o to_o the_o surface_n of_o it_o and_o in_o many_o place_n above_o ground_n the_o manner_n of_o burn_v it_o into_o lime_n usual_a over_o all_o ireland_n be_v this_o in_o the_o side_n of_o some_o little_a height_n they_o make_v a_o great_a pit_n round_o or_o square_a according_a as_o conveniency_n be_v offer_v of_o that_o bigness_n as_o may_v hold_v forty_o or_o fifty_o barrel_n &_o of_o that_o fashion_n that_o be_v many_o foot_n wide_a at_o the_o top_n it_o do_v by_o degree_n grow_v narrow_a towards_o the_o bottom_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o the_o furnace_n of_o the_o ironwork_n the_o inside_n of_o this_o pit_n they_o line_n round_o about_o with_o a_o wall_n build_v of_o lime_n and_o stone_n at_o who_o outside_n near_o the_o bottom_n a_o hole_n or_o door_n be_v leave_v by_o which_o to_o take_v out_o the_o ash_n and_o above_o that_o a_o iron-grate_n be_v lay_v which_o come_v close_o to_o the_o wall_n round_o about_o upon_o this_o they_o lay_v a_o lay_n of_o limestone_n be_v first_o knock_v asunder_o with_o a_o great_a iron_n hammer_n and_o break_v into_o piece_n of_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o fâ—st_n or_o thereabouts_o and_o upon_o that_o a_o lay_v of_o wood_n or_o turf_n or_o a_o certain_a sort_n of_o sea-coal_n the_o which_o be_v wonderful_a small_a and_o peculiar_o call_v comb_n be_v hardly_o use_v for_o any_o other_o purpose_n upon_o that_o they_o lay_v another_o of_o limestone_n and_o so_o by_o turn_n until_o the_o whole_a kiln_n be_v fill_v ever_o observe_v that_o the_o outmost_a lie_v be_v of_o wood_n turf_n or_o comb_n and_o not_o of_o limestone_n which_o be_v do_v the_o kiln_n be_v set_v afire_o until_o all_o be_v burn_v sect._n 5._o another_o manner_n of_o burn_a lime_n use_v in_o ireland_n there_o be_v another_o manner_n of_o burn_a lime_n use_v in_o ireland_n in_o kilns_n build_v altogether_o above_o ground_n and_o incomparable_o big_a than_o the_o other_o insomuch_o as_o to_o the_o quantity_n of_o three_o hundred_o barrel_n of_o lime_n at_o once_o be_v make_v in_o they_o in_o these_o kiln_n they_o burn_v whole_a stone_n without_o break_v they_o into_o piece_n as_o the_o other_o and_o that_o only_a with_o wood_n turf_n or_o comb_n not_o be_v fit_a for_o it_o whereof_o they_o consume_v a_o huge_a deal_n it_o be_v necessary_a from_o time_n to_o time_n to_o put_v new_a wood_n into_o they_o to_o which_o end_n three_o or_o four_o man_n day_n and_o night_n do_v stand_v by_o the_o kiln_n to_o keep_v the_o fire_n from_o decay_v or_o slacken_n these_o call_v french-kilns_a because_o the_o usâ—_n of_o they_o be_v first_o receive_v from_o thence_o have_v ever_o their_o wall_n make_v of_o limestone_n the_o which_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v turn_v into_o lime_n so_o as_o there_o remain_v nothing_o stand_v of_o these_o kiln_n after_o that_o the_o work_n be_v accomplish_v and_o the_o lime_n take_v away_o now_o albeit_o that_o in_o these_o kilnes_n a_o very_a great_a quantity_n of_o lime_n be_v make_v at_o a_o time_n nevertheless_o it_o have_v be_v find_v by_o experience_n that_o they_o be_v much_o more_o unprofitable_a than_o the_o other_o because_o they_o consume_v much_o more_o fire_v in_o proportion_n through_o the_o continual_a renew_n of_o the_o fire_n and_o require_v the_o constant_a labour_n of_o several_a man_n all_o the_o while_o they_o be_v burn_v which_o common_o be_v the_o space_n of_o three_o day_n and_o night_n for_o these_o reason_n be_v the_o use_n of_o these_o kilnes_n which_o never_o have_v be_v very_o general_a in_o ireland_n more_o and_o more_o leave_v off_o in_o these_o last_o year_n and_o the_o other_o almost_o only_o make_v use_n of_o in_o the_o which_o the_o lime_n come_v to_o stand_v they_o who_o burn_v it_o in_o no_o more_o than_o four_o penny_n the_o barrel_n at_o the_o most_o all_o manner_n of_o expense_n be_v reckon_v &_o but_o three_o to_o they_o who_o have_v the_o best_a convenience_n sect._n 6._o of_o the_o brick_n in_o every_o part_n of_o ireland_n there_o be_v find_v a_o kind_n of_o clay_n very_o fit_a for_o to_o make_v brick_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o potters-ware_n although_o the_o irish_a never_o have_v the_o wit_n or_o industry_n to_o make_v use_n of_o it_o for_o either_o of_o these_o two_o end_n yea_o they_o have_v ever_o be_v so_o far_o from_o make_v any_o earthen_a vessel_n that_o even_o the_o use_n thereof_o have_v be_v very_o rare_a among_o they_o and_o to_o the_o most_o part_n unknown_a not_o only_o before_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o english_a but_o also_o since_o yea_o even_o until_o these_o very_o last_o time_n although_o a_o great_a number_n of_o english_a potter_n in_o several_a part_n of_o the_o land_n have_v set_v up_o their_o trade_n so_o as_o all_o kind_n of_o earthen_a ware_n be_v very_o common_a and_o to_o be_v have_v at_o very_o easy_a rate_n and_o as_o for_o the_o brick_n they_o have_v be_v little_o use_v in_o ireland_n even_o among_o the_o english_a themselves_o for_o a_o great_a while_n but_o of_o late_a year_n they_o begin_v to_o be_v very_o common_a as_o well_o in_o the_o country_n as_o in_o the_o city_n especial_o dublin_n where_o all_o the_o new_a building_n the_o which_o not_o only_o in_o handsomeness_n but_o also_o in_o number_n do_v surpass_v the_o old_a be_v all_o make_v of_o brick_n but_o that_o which_o be_v make_v in_o ireland_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v not_o so_o good_a as_o that_o of_o other_o country_n not_o so_o much_o for_o any_o unfitness_n in_o the_o clay_n itself_o as_o for_o want_v of_o handle_v and_o prepare_v it_o aright_o as_o may_v easy_o be_v conceive_v by_o the_o follow_a description_n of_o the_o manner_n they_o use_v to_o make_v it_o sect._n 7._o the_o manner_n how_o they_o make_v their_o brick_n in_o ireland_n they_o dig_v a_o great_a square_a pit_n take_v away_o all_o the_o uppermost_a earth_n until_o they_o come_v to_o a_o good_a clay_n which_o common_o lie_v one_o or_o two_o spit_n deep_a this_o they_o dig_v up_o throughout_o the_o whole_a pit_n and_o have_v break_v it_o very_o small_a with_o the_o spade_n they_o do_v by_o degree_n pour_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o water_n among_o it_o work_v and_o labour_v it_o together_o with_o the_o spade_n and_o their_o foot_n till_o the_o whole_a mass_n become_v uniform_a firm_a and_o tough_a like_o stiff_a dough_n the_o which_o then_o in_o wheel_n barrow_n be_v carry_v out_o of_o the_o pit_n to_o a_o place_n where_o certain_a long_a table_n be_v set_v up_o to_o each_o of_o which_o table_n be_v allot_v one_o man_n one_o woman_n &_o one_o boy_n the_o woman_n take_v up_o the_o clay_n by_o handful_n from_o the_o heap_n lie_v upon_o the_o ground_n and_o reach_v it_o unto_o the_o man_n who_o thrust_v it_o into_o a_o little_a wooden_a form_n without_o bottom_n strawing_a now_o and_o then_o some_o sand_n upon_o the_o table_n that_o the_o clay_n may_v not_o stick_v to_o it_o and_o so_o have_v give_v they_o their_o due_a fashion_n the_o boy_n do_v carry_v they_o from_o thence_o to_o a_o place_n where_o he_o lay_v they_o all_o upon_o the_o ground_n not_o under_o any_o covert_n but_o in_o the_o open_a air_n after_o they_o have_v lyen_fw-we some_o day_n and_o be_v somewhat_o dry_v they_o be_v pile_v up_o in_o small_a heap_n twenty_o or_o thirty_o in_o a_o heap_n make_v the_o heap_n transparent_a in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o we_o have_v show_v above_o of_o the_o turf_n some_o day_n after_o those_o little_a pile_n be_v make_v into_o great_a which_o be_v many_o foot_n long_o and_o five_o or_o six_o foot_n high_a but_o not_o above_o two_o foot_n or_o two_o and_o a_o half_a broad_a make_v the_o lay_n transparent_a with_o some_o empty_a space_n between_o brick_n and_o brick_n even_o so_o as_o in_o the_o small_a pile_n the_o which_o at_o the_o top_n be_v cover_v over_o with_o straw_n lay_v upon_o the_o straw_n broad_a green_a sod_n to_o keep_v off_o the_o rain_n have_v lyen_fw-we so_o until_o they_o be_v quite_o dry_a they_o make_v great_a oven_n or_o kilnes_n of_o they_o fill_v they_o within_o with_o the_o same_o strawing_a betwixt_o they_o of_o that_o small_a sort_n of_o sea-caol_a whereof_o we_o have_v speak_v heretofore_o call_v comb_n or_o coome_n and_o have_v cover_v over_o the_o kiln_n with_o the_o same_o clay_n whereof_o the_o brick_n be_v make_v the_o thickness_n of_o two_o hand-broads_a or_o thereabouts_o they_o set_v it_o afire_o with_o wood_n underneath_o and_o continue_v the_o fire_n until_o not_o only_o all_o the_o brick_n pile_v within_o the_o kiln_n
into_o the_o land_n the_o which_o it_o do_v for_o the_o space_n of_o fifteen_o mile_n as_o far_o as_o to_o the_o town_n of_o belfast_n where_o a_o little_a river_n call_v lagon_n not_o portable_a but_o of_o small_a boat_n fall_v into_o this_o harbour_n in_o this_o bay_n be_v a_o reasonable_a good_a road_n before_o the_o town_n of_o knockfergus_n seat_v about_o nine_o mile_n within_o the_o land_n where_o it_o be_v good_a anchor_a in_o three_o fathom_n and_o three_o and_o a_o half_a on_o the_o north_n side_n of_o the_o bay_n somewhat_o near_o the_o sea_n under_o a_o castle_n call_v mouse-hill_n be_v a_o sand-bay_n where_o it_o be_v good_a anchor_a for_o all_o sort_n of_o ship_n aswell_o great_a as_o small_a one_o for_o the_o north_n and_o northwest_n wind_n but_o bad_a ride_v for_o the_o south-west_n sect._n 4._o sheep_n haven_n lough_n suillie_n and_o lough_n foil_n the_o three_o forementioned_a havens_n of_o carlingford_n strangford_n knockfergus_n be_v all_o in_o the_o province_n of_o ulster_n on_o the_o east-side_n thereof_o the_o say_a province_n have_v also_o three_o good_a havens_n on_o its_o northern_a coast_n not_o very_o far_o distant_a the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o viz._n sheep_n haven_n lough_n suillie_n and_o lough_n foil_n every_o one_o of_o these_o be_v a_o lough_n which_o the_o very_a name_n of_o the_o second_o and_o three_o sufficient_o testify_v open_a itself_o into_o the_o sea_n of_o the_o which_o sheep_n haven_n and_o lough_n suillie_n although_o they_o be_v fair_a large_a harbour_n as_o well_o as_o lough_n foil_n and_o that_o ship_n may_v ride_v there_o defend_v off_o all_o wind_n lough_n suillie_n be_v also_o of_o sufficient_a bigness_n to_o contain_v a_o thousand_o great_a vessel_n yet_o be_v they_o very_o little_o frequent_v because_o there_o be_v not_o any_o trade_n nor_o traffic_n nor_o any_o good_a town_n place_v upon_o or_o near_o they_o lough_n foil_n be_v of_o a_o great_a bigness_n at_o least_o twelve_o mile_n long_o and_o in_o most_o place_n five_o or_o six_o mile_n broad_a be_v almost_o every_o where_o of_o a_o equal_a breadth_n except_o at_o the_o two_o end_n where_o it_o grow_v narrow_a be_v of_o a_o oval_a figure_n for_o at_o the_o mouth_n betwixt_o magilions_n point_n and_o greencastle_n it_o be_v hardly_o a_o mile_n and_o a_o half_a broad_a and_o at_o the_o other_o end_v it_o be_v much_o narrow_a yet_o run_v from_o thence_o with_o a_o long_a arm_n some_o mile_n into_o the_o country_n be_v like_a to_o a_o broad_a river_n than_o to_o a_o lough_n upon_o this_o arm_n three_o or_o four_o mile_n from_o the_o great_a lough_n be_v the_o town_n of_o london-derrie_a in_o a_o place_n where_o that_o arm_n turn_v and_o wind_v itself_o in_o that_o manner_n as_o it_o environ_v the_o town_n on_o three_o side_n it_o be_v nothing_o big_a consist_v only_o of_o two_o long_a street_n the_o which_o cut_v one_o neither_o cross-waye_n in_o the_o midst_n but_o it_o be_v very_o handsome_a the_o street_n be_v broad_a and_o well_o pave_v the_o house_n some_o story_n high_a &_o build_v for_o the_o most_o of_o freestone_n with_o a_o handsome_a church_n market_n place_n and_o key_n and_o be_v enclose_v with_o a_o thick_a and_o very_a strong_a stone_n wall_n be_v one_o of_o the_o principal_a fortress_n of_o ireland_n it_o be_v but_o few_o year_n old_a have_v be_v build_v up_o from_o the_o ground_n by_o a_o company_n of_o london_n adventurer_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n james._n before_o the_o mouth_n of_o this_o lough_n lie_v a_o great_a sand_n call_v the_o toun_n upon_o which_o it_o burn_v great_o when_o the_o wind_n blow_v from_o the_o sea_n but_o so_o as_o a_o fair_a broad_a and_o deep_a channel_n remain_v betwixt_o the_o say_a sand_n and_o the_o westside_n of_o the_o land_n where_o there_o be_v at_o all_o time_n fourteen_o and_o fifteen_o fathom_n of_o water_n as_o in_o the_o mouth_n itself_o some_o eight_o or_o ten_o enter_v into_o the_o lough_n there_o be_v very_o great_a sand_n on_o the_o left_a hand_n from_o the_o one_o end_n to_o the_o other_o which_o be_v some_o mile_n broad_a from_o off_o the_o land_n and_o of_o the_o right_a hand_n be_v some_o little_a sand_n or_o shelf_n here_o lie_v close_o to_o the_o land_n betwixt_o these_o run_v a_o broad_a channel_n in_o most_o part_n three_o and_o four_o fathom_n deep_a and_o in_o that_o arm_n whereon_o londonderry_n stand_v it_o be_v deep_a yet_o in_o some_o place_n no_o less_o than_o ten_o or_o twelve_o and_o before_o the_o town_n four_o and_o five_o fathom_n so_o as_o this_o be_v one_o of_o the_o best_a and_o most_o commodious_a harbour_n of_o all_o the_o land_n sect._n 5._o kilbeg_n and_o dungall_n haven_n the_o country_n of_o tirconnell_n the_o which_o take_v up_o the_o whole_a westside_n of_o the_o province_n of_o ulster_n run_v a_o great_a way_n into_o the_o sea_n with_o its_o southern_a part_n on_o the_o south_n side_n of_o which_o foreland_n there_o be_v two_o very_a fair_a havens_n the_o one_o not_o far_o from_o the_o other_o viz._n kilbeg_n and_o dungall-haven_n kilbeg_n be_v a_o fair_a round_a bay_n where_o the_o great_a ship_n that_o go_v upon_o the_o sea_n may_v at_o all_o time_n with_o their_o full_a lade_n enter_v and_o come_v to_o a_o anchor_n be_v distant_a about_o twelve_o mile_n from_o cape_n de_fw-fr tellin_n the_o outmost_a or_o most_o western_a point_n of_o that_o forename_a foreland_n of_o tirconnell_n the_o entrance_n be_v very_o narrow_a so_o as_o unto_o they_o who_o be_v come_v to_o it_o there_o seem_v to_o be_v no_o open_n there_o until_o they_o be_v very_o near_o but_o it_o be_v very_o clean_a as_o well_o in_o the_o mouth_n as_o in_o the_o bay_n itself_o and_o nothing_o that_o can_v hurt_v the_o ship_n either_o come_n in_o or_o go_v forth_o be_v enter_v one_o may_v anchor_v where_o one_o will_v in_o five_o six_o seven_o eight_o fathom_n or_o more_o three_o or_o four_o mile_n to_o the_o south_n from_o kilbeg_n be_v a_o cape_n call_v st._n johns_n point_n and_o six_o or_o seven_o mile_n eastward_o from_o the_o say_a cape_n be_v dungal-haven_n wide_a and_o deep_a enough_o but_o in_o the_o entrance_n great_o encumber_v with_o shelf_n sand_n &_o rock_n so_o as_o great_a care_n &_o circumspection_n be_v requisite_a to_o enter_v or_o go_v forth_o safe_o these_o two_o havens_n have_v their_o name_n of_o village_n seat_v on_o they_o which_o be_v very_o small_a and_o no_o way_n considerable_a sect._n 6._o broad-haven_n akill-haven_n and_o galloway-haven_n the_o province_n of_o connaught_n extend_v herself_o betwixt_o ulster_n and_o munster_n take_v up_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o westside_n of_o ireland_n it_o have_v also_o some_o good_a port_n as_o namely_o broad-haven_n a_o other_o to_o the_o north_n of_o akill_n head_n and_o a_o three_o situate_v between_o the_o main_a and_o the_o north_n and_o east_n side_n of_o akill_n island_n in_o which_o one_o may_v ride_v in_o seven_o and_o eight_o fathom_n and_o be_v defend_v off_o all_o wind_n although_o it_o be_v rather_o a_o sound_n than_o a_o enclose_a harbour_n for_o the_o ship_n which_o be_v come_v into_o it_o need_v not_o to_o go_v forth_o the_o same_o way_n again_o but_o sail_v on_o betwixt_o the_o main_a and_o the_o island_n may_v at_o the_o south_n end_n of_o the_o i_o will_v come_v again_o to_o the_o open_a sea_n these_o havens_n be_v nothing_o famous_a be_v very_o seldom_o resort_v unto_o by_o any_o great_a ship_n except_o such_o as_o by_o tempest_n and_o foul_a weather_n or_o some_o other_o accident_n be_v necessitate_v to_o shelter_v themselves_o in_o the_o same_o but_o the_o famous_a port_n of_o this_o province_n be_v that_o of_o galloway_n be_v a_o very_a great_a bay_n some_o mile_n broad_a and_o many_o more_o long_o have_v in_o the_o mouth_n three_o ilandâ—_n name_v the_o isle_n of_o aran_n the_o which_o lie_v north_n and_o south_n by_o the_o side_n one_o of_o the_o other_o there_o remain_v three_o channel_n for_o to_o come_v out_o of_o the_o sea_n into_o this_o bay_n one_o channel_n run_v betwixt_o the_o land_n and_o the_o northern_a island_n call_v therefore_o north-sound_n the_o second_o between_o the_o the_o same_o northern_a island_n and_o the_o middlemost_a which_o channel_n be_v the_o most_o usual_a of_o the_o three_o be_v common_o style_v st_n gregory_n sound_n and_o the_o three_o between_o the_o southernmost_a island_n and_o the_o main_a name_v south_n sound_v the_o channel_n betwixt_o the_o southern_a and_o the_o middlemost_a island_n not_o be_v passable_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o sand_n and_o shelf_n wherefore_o the_o name_n of_o false-sound_n have_v be_v give_v to_o it_o the_o whole_a north-side_n of_o this_o bay_n be_v very_o foul_a with_o sand_n and_o rock_n so_o as_o one_o may_v not_o approach_v the_o shore_n in_o
other_o time_n of_o the_o year_n some_o furious_a storm_n arise_v the_o ship_n be_v dash_v against_o the_o rock_n against_o the_o rocky_a shore_n or_o against_o those_o ground_n which_o extend_v themselves_o betwixt_o the_o tuskar_n and_o the_o bay_n of_o dublin_n whilst_o the_o steer-man_n and_o pilot_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o darkness_n not_o be_v able_a to_o discern_v the_o land_n or_o any_o of_o their_o wont_a mark_n do_v not_o know_v which_o way_n to_o steer_v to_o shun_v those_o dangerous_a place_n and_o to_o keep_v themselves_o in_o the_o open_a sea_n sect._n 3_o nature_n of_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o irish-sea_n the_o ground_n of_o the_o irish-sea_n as_o well_o in_o the_o midst_n as_o under_o the_o land_n be_v almost_o every_o where_o clear_a sand_n but_o in_o some_o place_n black_a and_o muddy_a or_o oasiâ—-earth_n in_o very_a few_o place_n rough_a and_o sharp_a and_o scarce_o any_o where_o else_o but_o in_o the_o bay_n of_o wickloe_n so_o hard_a and_o stiff_o compact_v that_o the_o anchor_n can_v take_v no_o hold_n of_o it_o sect._n 4._o of_o the_o tide_n in_o the_o irish-sea_n what_o concern_v the_o ebb_a and_o flow_v in_o this_o sea_n which_o inviron_v ireland_n upon_o all_o the_o westside_n it_o flow_v against_o the_o land_n and_o the_o ebb_n fall_v back_o from_o it_o into_o the_o sea_n the_o flood_n from_o and_o the_o ebb_n towards_o the_o west_n for_o which_o reason_n very_o great_a tide_n as_o well_o of_o ebb_n as_o flood_n go_v upon_o all_o this_o coast_n not_o only_o the_o open_a shore_n but_o in_o the_o bay_n and_o inlet_n even_o those_o which_o go_v a_o great_a way_n into_o the_o land_n as_o the_o haven_n of_o limmerick_n so_o as_o those_o who_o have_v be_v at_o galloway_n do_v assure_v we_o that_o it_o do_v so_o mighty_o ebb_v and_o flow_v there_o that_o at_o high-water_n great_a vessel_n may_v sail_v over_o those_o rock_n the_o which_o with_o the_o ebb_n come_v above_o water_n upon_o the_o other_o side_n of_o ireland_n it_o eb_v and_o flow_v along_o the_o land_n for_o upon_o the_o north-side_n of_o ireland_n the_o ebb_n and_o flood_n fall_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o upon_o the_o westside_n flow_v from_o and_o ebb_v towards_o the_o west_n but_o upon_o the_o east-side_n from_o fair-foreland_n unto_o carlingford_n the_o flood_n come_v from_o and_o the_o ebb_n fall_v to_o the_o north_n as_o upon_o the_o rest_n of_o this_o east-side_n to_o wit_n from_o carlingford_n to_o carnarord_n it_o flow_v from_o the_o south_n and_o eb_v from_o the_o north._n for_o although_o upon_o all_o this_o side_n the_o flood_n run_v along_o the_o land_n yet_o do_v it_o not_o take_v its_o beginning_n from_o one_o and_o the_o same_o but_o two_o contrary_a point_n the_o which_o two_o flood_n come_v the_o one_o out_o of_o the_o main-sea_n in_o the_o north_n and_o the_o other_o out_o of_o the_o main-sea_n in_o the_o south_n do_v meet_v and_o stop_v one_o another_o before_o the_o haven_n of_o carlingford_n from_o tuskar_n and_o carnarord_n as_o far_o as_o to_o the_o head_n of_o clare_n be_v the_o whole_a south-eastcoast_a of_o munster_n the_o flood_n fall_v along_o the_o coast_n east-north-east_n and_o the_o ebb_n west-south-west_n but_o upon_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o coast_n of_o munster_n beyond_o the_o head_n of_o clare_n westward_n which_o coast_n lie_v west_n and_o by_o south_n the_o flood_n fall_v eastward_o and_o the_o ebb_n to_o the_o west_n sect._n 5._o strong_a tide_n in_o the_o sound_v strange_a propriety_n of_o the_o bay_n of_o wexford_n in_o the_o matter_n of_o tide_n that_o which_o the_o seafaring_a man_n do_v witness_n that_o in_o the_o sound_n of_o blaske_n of_o dalkee_n and_o in_o that_o of_o lambey_n as_o also_o in_o some_o other_o narrow_a channel_n of_o this_o sea_n there_o go_v a_o very_a strong_a tide_n as_o well_o of_o the_o ebb_n as_o flood_n be_v no_o other_o than_o may_v be_v observe_v almost_o every_o where_o else_o in_o place_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n but_o it_o be_v much_o to_o be_v wonder_v what_o the_o same_o do_v relate_v of_o the_o channel_n or_o entrance_n of_o the_o haven_n of_o wexford_n to_o wit_n that_o it_o eb_v and_o flow_v there_o three_o hour_n soon_o than_o without_o in_o the_o open_a sea_n so_o as_o when_o it_o be_v high_a water_n in_o the_o channel_n of_o that_o haven_n and_o upon_o the_o bar_n of_o the_o same_o the_o flood_n do_v still_o for_o half_a a_o tide_n or_o three_o hour_n after_o strong_o run_v by_o it_o to_o the_o north_n whereby_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o end_n of_o hanemans-path_n a_o great_a sand_n lie_v just_a before_o the_o haven_n of_o wexford_n be_v cast_v up_o more_o and_o more_o to_o the_o north_n and_o that_o the_o channel_n which_o pass_v by_o the_o north-side_n of_o that_o sand_n be_v the_o entrance_n of_o the_o haven_n be_v now_o more_o to_o the_o north_n than_o it_o have_v be_v former_o and_o as_o it_o flow_v three_o hour_n long_o in_o the_o open_a sea_n than_o upon_o the_o bar_n and_o in_o the_o channel_n of_o this_o haven_n in_o the_o like_a manner_n also_o the_o ebb_n in_o the_o sea_n fall_v to_o the_o south_n three_o hour_n after_o that_o it_o be_v low_a water_n in_o the_o same_o place_n but_o not_o so_o strong_o as_o the_o flood_n sect._n 6._o some_o other_o strange_a particular_n about_o the_o tide_n in_o the_o iâ—ish-sea_n relate_v by_o giraldus_n but_o find_v not_o to_o be_v true_a more_o strange_a it_o be_v what_o giraldus_n write_v of_o the_o havens_n of_o wickloe_n and_o arckloe_n to_o wit_n that_o in_o wickloe-haven_n it_o ever_o flow_v when_o in_o the_o sea_n it_o eb_v and_o that_o it_o eb_v there_o when_o it_o flow_v in_o the_o sea_n and_o that_o in_o the_o same_o river_n this_o haven_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o mouth_n of_o a_o little_a river_n the_o water_n be_v salt_n as_o well_o when_o the_o ebb_n be_v at_o the_o low_a as_o at_o the_o flow_a and_o high-water_n and_o that_o to_o the_o contrary_a in_o that_o riveler_n which_o at_o arcklo_n discharge_v itself_o into_o the_o sea_n the_o water_n keep_v its_o sweetness_n at_o all_o time_n never_o receive_v the_o mixture_n of_o any_o saltness_n as_o well_o with_o the_o flood_n and_o high-water_n as_o with_o the_o ebb_n but_o experience_n show_v these_o thing_n to_o be_v repugnant_a to_o the_o truth_n as_o also_o what_o he_o write_v of_o a_o rock_n not_o far_o from_o arcklo_n at_o the_o one_o side_n whereof_o he_o say_v that_o it_o always_o eb_v when_o it_o do_v flow_v on_o the_o other_o and_o to_o the_o contrary_n also_o that_o in_o milford-haven_n situate_v in_o the_o southernmost_a part_n of_o wales_n in_o a_o manner_n over_o against_o waterford_n and_o upon_o the_o next_o coast_n it_o eb_v and_o flow_v at_o quite_o contrary_a time_n to_o what_o it_o do_v at_o dublin_n and_o the_o coast_n thereabouts_o so_o that_o it_o shall_v begin_v to_o ebb_v in_o milford-haven_n when_o in_o the_o bay_n of_o dublin_n it_o begin_v to_o flow_v and_o to_o flow_v in_o milford-haven_n when_o it_o begin_v to_o ebb_v at_o dublin_n which_o how_o untrue_a it_o be_v all_o those_o can_v witness_v who_o have_v be_v in_o both_o place_n have_v have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o observe_v the_o time_n and_o hour_n at_o what_o age_n of_o the_o moon_n soever_o wherein_o it_o do_v begin_v to_o ebb_v and_o to_o flow_v there_o chap._n vii_o of_o the_o spring_n and_o fountain_n item_n of_o the_o brook_n and_o rivulet_n of_o ireland_n sect._n 1_o of_o the_o spring_n and_o fountain_n have_v sufficient_o speak_v of_o the_o sea_n wherein_o ireland_n lie_v and_o of_o whatsoever_o belong_v thereunto_o we_o shall_v now_o before_o we_o come_v to_o treat_v of_o the_o land_n itself_o speak_v of_o the_o water_n within_o the_o land_n first_o of_o the_o spring_n and_o brook_n afterward_o of_o the_o river_n and_o last_o of_o the_o lough_n or_o lake_n as_o for_o the_o first_o to_o wit_n fountain_n and_o spring_n ireland_n be_v very_o full_a of_o they_o every_o where_o not_o only_o in_o the_o mountainous_a and_o hilly_a part_n but_o even_o in_o the_o flat_a and_o champain_n country_n which_o spring_v for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v all_o of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o fashion_n be_v like_a unto_o a_o small_a pit_n full_a of_o water_n up_o to_o the_o brim_n at_o the_o low_o â—ide_v whereof_o the_o water_n do_v run_v forth_o without_o make_v any_o noise_n or_o bubble_a for_o that_o kind_a of_o fountain_n which_o forcible_o burst_v out_o of_o the_o side_n of_o a_o rock_n or_o spout_v their_o water_n on_o high_a be_v very_o rare_o to_o be_v find_v in_o this_o kingdom_n the_o water_n of_o these_o well-spring_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n cool_v clear_a and_o pure_a free_a from_o all_o strange_a smell_n and_o
be_v make_v to_o believe_v that_o st_n patrick_n by_o who_o the_o irish_a be_v convert_v to_o the_o christian-faith_n about_o four_o hundred_o year_n after_o the_o nativity_n of_o christ_n have_v cause_v the_o same_o and_o obtain_v it_o of_o god_n by_o his_o prayer_n to_o convince_v the_o unbeliever_n of_o of_o the_o immortality_n of_o the_o soul_n and_o of_o the_o torment_n which_o after_o this_o life_n be_v prepare_v for_o the_o wicked_a person_n wherefore_o also_o they_o give_v it_o the_o name_n of_o st_n patrick_n purgatory_n but_o it_o be_v very_o certain_a that_o nothing_o of_o it_o be_v know_v in_o ireland_n during_o the_o life_n of_o that_o holy_a person_n nor_o in_o a_o huge_a while_n after_o it_o have_v be_v devise_v some_o age_n after_o his_o death_n when_o that_o the_o general_a darkness_n of_o the_o time_n minister_v a_o great_a opportunity_n of_o such_o like_a invention_n to_o those_o kind_n of_o man_n that_o know_v how_o to_o abuse_v the_o blind_a devotion_n of_o ignorant_a and_o superstitious_a people_n to_o their_o own_o profit_n and_o filthy_a lucre_n sect._n 7._o of_o the_o property_n of_o lough-neaugh_a of_o turn_v wood_n into_o stone_n before_o we_o make_v a_o end_n of_o this_o chapter_n we_o must_v say_v something_o of_o the_o wonderful_a property_n which_o general_o be_v ascribe_v to_o lough-neaugh_a of_o turn_v wood_n into_o stone_n whereunto_o some_o do_v add_v to_o double_v the_o wonder_n that_o the_o wood_n be_v turn_v not_o only_o into_o stone_n but_o into_o iron_n and_o that_o a_o branch_n or_o pole_n be_v stick_v into_o the_o ground_n somewhere_o by_o the_o side_n where_o it_o be_v not_o too_o deep_a after_o a_o certain_a space_n of_o time_n one_o shall_v find_v that_o piece_n of_o the_o stick_n which_o stick_v in_o the_o ground_n turn_v into_o iron_n and_o the_o middle_n as_o far_o as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o water_n into_o stone_n the_o upper-end_n which_o remain_v above_o the_o water_n keep_v its_o former_a nature_n but_o this_o part_n of_o the_o history_n i_o believe_v to_o be_v a_o fable_n for_o my_o brother_n who_o have_v be_v several_a time_n in_o place_n not_o far_o distant_a from_o that_o lough_n and_o who_o of_o the_o english_a there_o about_o inhabit_v have_v inquire_v this_o business_n with_o singular_a diligence_n do_v assure_v i_o that_o he_o never_o can_v learn_v any_o such_o thing_n but_o that_o the_o turn_n of_o wood_n into_o stone_n be_v by_o every_o one_o believe_v for_o certain_a as_o have_v be_v try_v divers_a time_n by_o several_a person_n say_v moreover_o to_o have_v understand_v of_o they_o that_o the_o water_n have_v this_o virtue_n only_o at_o the_o side_n and_o that_o not_o every_o where_o but_o only_o in_o some_o few_o place_n especial_o about_o that_o part_n where_o the_o river_n blackwater_n discharge_v herself_o into_o the_o lough_n he_o can_v never_o come_v to_o speak_v with_o any_o person_n who_o themselves_o have_v try_v this_o matter_n but_o with_o several_a who_o affirm_v that_o to_o their_o knowledge_n it_o have_v certain_o be_v do_v by_o other_o of_o their_o acquaintance_n for_o further_a confirmation_n of_o this_o particular_a which_o in_o itself_o be_v credible_a enough_o see_v that_o in_o many_o part_n of_o the_o world_n there_o be_v find_v water_n endue_v with_o that_o virtue_n serve_v that_o here_o and_o there_o upon_o the_o border_n of_o that_o lough_n be_v find_v little_a stone_n of_o a_o pretty_a length_n some_o of_o they_o round_o in_o their_o compass_n other_o flat_a or_o flattish_a and_o some_o angulous_a the_o which_o be_v look_v on_o as_o well_o near_o as_o from_o afar_o off_o seem_v to_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o wood_n and_o by_o every_o one_o be_v take_v for_o such_o until_o one_o come_v to_o touch_v and_o handle_v they_o for_o then_o by_o their_o coldness_n hardness_n and_o weight_n it_o appear_v that_o they_o be_v not_o wood_n but_o stone_n whereby_o it_o may_v probable_o be_v conjecture_v that_o the_o same_o former_o have_v be_v wood_n indeed_o and_o so_o have_v keep_v their_o old_a shape_n and_o fashion_n in_o length_n of_o time_n have_v be_v turn_v into_o a_o stony_a substance_n by_o the_o virtue_n of_o that_o water_n wherinto_o they_o be_v fall_v through_o the_o one_o accident_n or_o other_o giraldus_n write_v to_o have_v hear_v of_o a_o well_o or_o fountain_n in_o the_o north-quarter_n of_o ulster_n the_o which_o in_o seven_o year_n space_n turn_v into_o stone_n the_o wood_n cast_v into_o it_o but_o see_v that_o no_o body_n now_o adays_o know_v of_o any_o such_o well_o and_o that_o with_o all_o my_o inquire_v i_o can_v never_o come_v to_o hear_v any_o news_n of_o it_o i_o will_v believe_v that_o giraldus_n have_v be_v misinform_v and_o that_o they_o have_v tell_v he_o that_o of_o a_o well_o which_o be_v proper_a unto_o this_o lough_n chap._n x._o of_o the_o nature_n and_o condition_n of_o the_o land_n both_o for_o the_o outward_a shape_n and_o for_o the_o internal_a quality_n and_o fruitfulness_n sect._n 1_o distinction_n of_o ireland_n into_o champain-land_n hill_n and_o mountain_n the_o land_n of_o this_o island_n as_o of_o most_o all_o other_o country_n be_v of_o a_o various_a kind_n &_o fashion_n for_o some_o part_n be_v goodly_a plain_a champain_n other_o be_v hilly_a some_o mountainous_a and_o other_o be_v compose_v of_o two_o of_o these_o sort_n or_o of_o all_o three_o together_o and_o that_o with_o great_a variety_n the_o which_o also_o be_v very_o great_a in_o those_o three_o un-compounded_n sort_n sect._n 2._o a_o necessary_a observation_n about_o the_o use_n of_o the_o word_n hill_n and_o mountain_n to_o avoid_v all_o ambiguity_n and_o make_v ourselves_o clear_o understand_v in_o what_o we_o have_v say_v and_o be_v further_a to_o say_v upon_o this_o subject_n we_o think_v it_o necessary_a to_o forewarn_v our_o reader_n that_o we_o do_v use_v the_o word_n hill_n in_o a_o narrow_a signification_n than_o what_o be_v give_v to_o it_o in_o the_o ordinary_a use_n of_o speech_n for_o whereas_o all_o or_o most_o other_o language_n both_o those_o which_o be_v now_o in_o vulgar_a use_n and_o those_o which_o be_v only_o preserve_v in_o book_n have_v two_o several_a word_n for_o to_o signify_v those_o observable_a height_n which_o appear_v above_o the_o ground_n call_v the_o big_a sort_n by_o one_o name_n and_o the_o lesser_a sort_n by_o another_o the_o english_a language_n use_v one_o and_o the_o same_o word_n for_o both_o call_z hill_n aswell_o the_o one_o as_o the_o other_o without_o any_o other_o distinction_n but_o that_o sometime_o the_o word_n small_a or_o great_a be_v add_v now_o because_o this_o word_n so_o indifferent_o use_v will_v cause_v some_o confusion_n in_o the_o matter_n we_o treat_v of_o that_o have_v make_v we_o restrain_v it_o to_o one_o of_o the_o sort_n and_o to_o call_v hill_n only_o the_o lesser_a sort_n call_v in_o latin_a collis_fw-la in_o french_a colline_a in_o dutch_a heuvel_n and_o in_o irish_a knock_n as_o for_o the_o other_o and_o big_a sort_n who_o name_n in_o the_o aforesaid_a four_o language_n be_v mons_fw-la mountain_n berg_fw-mi slay_v we_o call_v they_o mountain_n which_o word_n mountain_n although_o it_o be_v good_a english_a yet_o in_o common_a speech_n it_o be_v seldom_o make_v use_n of_o in_o that_o sense_n whereunto_o we_o apply_v it_o but_o only_o to_o signify_v a_o country_n whole_o consist_v of_o those_o great_a hill_n especial_o when_o the_o soil_n thereof_o be_v lean_a and_o unfruitful_a sect._n 3_o of_o the_o mountain_n of_o ireland_n and_o first_o of_o the_o low_a sort_n the_o difference_n betwixt_o hill_n and_o mountain_n consist_v in_o bigness_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n for_o in_o the_o number_n of_o mountain_n be_v count_v not_o only_o those_o which_o lift_v up_o themselves_o very_o high_a into_o the_o air_n so_o as_o they_o may_v be_v see_v many_o mile_n off_o but_o also_o those_o the_o which_o take_v up_o the_o more_o in_o length_n and_o breadth_n what_o be_v want_v to_o they_o in_o height_n ascend_v slopin_o by_o degree_n the_o mountainous_a part_n of_o ireland_n do_v for_o the_o most_o part_n consist_v of_o this_o second_o part_n of_o mountain_n most_o of_o they_o in_o one_o quarter_n be_v muchwhat_a of_o the_o same_o height_n so_o as_o sometime_o one_o shall_v ride_v some_o hour_n together_o through_o the_o mountainous_a country_n without_o meet_v with_o any_o one_o mountain_n that_o great_o excel_v in_o height_n above_o the_o rest_n the_o which_o in_o particular_a may_v be_v observe_v in_o the_o mountainous_a country_n of_o the_o fuse_n betwixt_o dundalk_n and_o armagh_n in_o that_o of_o mourn_v betwixt_o the_o nurie_n and_o dondrom_n each_o of_o those_o two_o be_v above_o twelve_o mile_n long_o in_o all_o that_o space_n which_o be_v betwixt_o kelles_n a_o walled-town_n in_o the_o county_n of_o eastmeath_n and_o
kilacollie_a alias_o bailieborrough_n in_o the_o county_n of_o cavan_n which_o being_n ten_o mile_n long_o be_v almost_o nothing_o else_o but_o a_o continuance_n of_o hill_n of_o no_o great_a bigness_n all_o very_a fruitful_a land_n both_o pasture_n and_o arable_a in_o the_o county_n of_o westmeath_n from_o lough-crew_n to_o lough-sillon_a and_o beyond_o it_o as_o far_o as_o ballaneach_v where_o mr_n william_n fleve_v have_v build_v a_o fair_a house_n and_o farm_n ten_o year_n before_o the_o late_a detestable_a massacre_n and_o bloody_a rebellion_n of_o the_o irish._n these_o hill_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n low_a and_o small_a yet_o some_o of_o a_o good_a height_n and_o bigness_n the_o ground_n lean_a in_o many_o place_n very_o stony_a in_o some_o rocky_a not_o of_o any_o one_o continual_a rock_n but-by_a peecemeal_n here_o and_o there_o rise_v and_o appear_v yet_o be_v these_o hill_n in_o several_a place_n wet_a and_o moorish_a aswell_o in_o the_o rocky_a as_o other_o part_n these_o hill_n serve_v only_o for_o pasture_n of_o sheep_n in_o the_o major_a part_n of_o the_o mountainous_a country_n of_o wickloe_n the_o which_o beginning_n five_o mile_n to_o the_o south_n of_o dublin_n do_v extend_v itself_o above_o fifty_o mile_n in_o length_n and_o in_o several_a other_o part_n it_o have_v be_v observe_v in_o many_o part_n of_o ireland_n but_o chief_o in_o the_o county_n of_o meath_z and_o further_a northward_o that_o upon_o the_o top_n of_o the_o great_a hill_n and_o mountain_n not_o only_o at_o the_o side_n and_o foot_n of_o they_o to_o this_o day_n the_o ground_n be_v uneven_a as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v plough_v in_o former_a time_n the_o inhabitant_n do_v affirm_v that_o their_o forefather_n be_v much_o give_v to_o tillage_n contrary_a to_o what_o they_o be_v now_o use_v to_o turn_v all_o to_o plow-land_n other_o say_v that_o it_o be_v do_v for_o want_v of_o arable_a because_o the_o champain_n be_v most_o every_a where_o beset_v and_o over_o spread_v with_o wood_n which_o by_o degree_n be_v destroy_v by_o the_o war_n they_o say_v further_o that_o in_o those_o time_n in_o place_n where_o nothing_o now_o be_v to_o be_v see_v but_o great_a log_n of_o a_o vast_a extent_n there_o be_v thick_a wood_n which_o they_o collect_v from_o hence_o that_o now_o &_o then_o tree_n be_v dig_v out_o there_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n some_o yard_n long_o and_o some_o of_o a_o very_a great_a bigness_n and_o length_n sect._n 4._o of_o the_o high_a sort_n of_o mountain_n in_o ireland_n as_o for_o those_o other_o mountain_n the_o which_o with_o a_o excessive_a height_n rise_v up_o towards_o the_o sky_n they_o be_v not_o very_o common_a in_o ireland_n and_o yet_o some_o there_o be_v which_o although_o not_o comparable_a with_o the_o pyrenaei_n lie_v between_o france_n and_o spain_n with_o the_o alps_n which_o divide_v italy_n from_o france_n and_o germany_n or_o with_o other_o mountain_n of_o the_o like_a vast_a height_n nevertheless_o may_v just_o be_v count_v among_o the_o lofty_a mountain_n of_o this_o number_n be_v the_o mountain_n of_o carlingford_n betwixt_o dundalke_n and_o carlingford_n the_o which_o in_o a_o clear_a day_n may_v easy_o be_v see_v from_o the_o mountain_n to_o the_o south_n of_o dublin_n the_o which_o be_v more_o than_o forty_o mile_n distant_a from_o they_o the_o mountain_n about_o lough_n suillie_n in_o the_o north-part_n of_o ulster_n the_o which_o may_v be_v see_v many_o mile_n off_o in_o the_o sea_n the_o curlews_n that_o sever_v the_o county_n of_o slego_n and_o roscoman_n in_o connaught_n the_o twelve_o mountain_n in_o the_o north-quarter_n of_o the_o county_n of_o tipperary_n in_o munster_n the_o which_o far_o exceed_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o mountain_n there_o be_v know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o the_o twelve_o hill_n of_o phelimâ—ghe_a madonna_n knock-patrick_n in_o the_o west_n part_n of_o the_o county_n of_o limmerick_n not_o far_o from_o the_o bay_n of_o limmerick_n which_o mountain_n can_v be_v seâ—n_v by_o the_o ship_n which_o be_v a_o huge-way_n from_o the_o land_n yet_o the_o mountain_n of_o brandon_n hill_n in_o the_o county_n of_o kerry_n to_o the_o east_n of_o the_o haven_n of_o smerwick_n the_o which_o be_v discover_v by_o the_o seafaring_a man_n when_o they_o be_v above_o fifty_o mile_n from_o the_o land_n in_o the_o northwest_n quarter_n of_o the_o county_n of_o waterford_n call_v slew-boine_a that_o in_o the_o mountainous_a country_n of_o wickloe_n which_o for_o its_o fashion_n sake_n be_v common_o call_v the_o sugarloaf_n and_o may_v be_v see_v very_o many_o mile_n off_o not_o only_o by_o those_o that_o be_v upon_o the_o sea_n but_o even_o into_o the_o land_n sect._n 5._o nature_n of_o the_o ground_n in_o ireland_n and_o of_o the_o fruitful_a ground_n next_o to_o the_o foregoing_a division_n of_o ireland_n take_v from_o the_o fashion_n and_o outward_a form_n of_o the_o land_n come_v to_o be_v consider_v that_o which_o consist_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o soil_n or_o ground_n some_o part_n of_o the_o country_n be_v fruitful_a and_o other_o barren_a the_o fertile_a soil_n be_v in_o some_o place_n a_o blackish_a earth_n in_o other_o clay_n and_o in_o many_o part_n mix_v of_o both_o together_o as_o likewise_o there_o be_v sundry_a place_n where_o the_o ground_n be_v mix_v of_o earth_n and_o sand_n sand_n and_o clay_n gravel_n and_o clay_n or_o earth_n but_o the_o chalke-ground_n and_o red_a earth_n which_o both_o be_v very_o plentiful_a and_o common_a in_o many_o part_n of_o england_n be_v no_o where_o to_o be_v find_v in_o ireland_n these_o ground_n differ_v among_o themselves_o in_o goodness_n and_o fatness_n not_o only_o according_a to_o the_o different_a nature_n of_o the_o soil_n whereof_o they_o consist_v but_o also_o according_a to_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o mould_n or_o uppermost_a good_a crust_n &_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o ground_n which_o lie_v next_o to_o it_o underneath_o for_o the_o best_a and_o rich_a soil_n if_o but_o half_a a_o foot_n or_o a_o foot_n deep_a and_o if_o lie_v upon_o a_o stiffie_a clay_n or_o hard_a stone_n be_v not_o so_o fertile_a as_o a_o lean_a soil_n of_o great_a depth_n and_o lie_v upon_o sand_n or_o gravel_n through_o which_o the_o superfluous_a moisture_n may_v descend_v and_o not_o stand_v still_o as_o upon_o the_o clay_n or_o stone_n make_v cold_a the_o root_n of_o the_o grass_n of_o corn_n and_o so_o hurt_v the_o whole_a there_o be_v indeed_o some_o country_n in_o ireland_n where_o the_o ground_n underneath_o be_v nothing_o but_o stone_n and_o the_o good_a mould_n upon_o it_o but_o very_o thin_a it_o be_v nevertheless_o very_o fruitful_a in_o corn_n and_o bring_v sweet_a grass_n in_o great_a plenty_n so_o as_o sheep_n &_o other_o cattle_n do_v wonderful_a well_o thrive_v there_o which_o kind_n of_o land_n be_v very_o common_a in_o the_o county_n of_o galloway_n and_o in_o some_o other_o county_n of_o connaught_n as_o also_o in_o sundry_a part_n of_o the_o other_o province_n but_o the_o reason_n thereof_o be_v in_o those_o part_n because_o the_o stone_n whereon_o the_o mould_n do_v lie_v so_o thin_o be_v not_o freestone_n or_o any_o such_o cold_a material_a but_o limestone_n which_o do_v so_o warm_a the_o ground_n and_o give_v it_o so_o much_o strength_n that_o what_o it_o want_v in_o depth_n be_v thereby_o large_o recompense_v sect._n 6._o cause_n hinder_v the_o fruitfulness_n of_o the_o ground_n where_o the_o soil_n otherwise_o be_v not_o bad_a except_o in_o the_o case_n now_o by_o we_o declare_v neither_o corn_n nor_o grass_n will_v grow_v kind_o where_o the_o ground_n though_o otherwise_o good_a be_v not_o deep_a enough_o as_o also_o where_o it_o have_v a_o bad_a crust_n underneath_o from_o whence_o it_o come_v that_o in_o many_o place_n where_o the_o grass_n do_v grow_v very_o thick_a and_o high_a the_o same_o nevertheless_o be_v so_o unfit_a for_o the_o food_n of_o beast_n that_o cow_n and_o sheep_n will_v hardly_o touch_v it_o especial_o if_o they_o have_v be_v keep_v in_o better_a pasture_n first_o except_o that_o by_o extreme_a famine_n they_o be_v compel_v thereto_o and_o that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o coarsness_n and_o sourness_n of_o the_o grass_n cause_v by_o the_o stand_n still_o of_o the_o water_n the_o which_o through_o the_o unfitness_n of_o the_o nether_a crust_n find_v not_o a_o free_a passage_n downward_o make_v cold_a the_o good_a mould_n and_o the_o crop_n and_o grass_n degenerate_a from_o its_o natural_a goodness_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n the_o land_n in_o many_o part_n where_o otherwise_o the_o soil_n in_o itself_o will_v be_v fit_a enough_o to_o produce_v good_a wheat_n or_o barley_n will_v hardly_o bear_v any_o thing_n else_o but_o oat_n or_o rye_n and_o that_o none_o of_o the_o best_a as_o in_o other_o part_n the_o fault_n be_v in_o the_o soil_n itself_o
the_o marl_n in_o ireland_n and_o the_o manner_n of_o marling_n the_o land_n there_o marle_n be_v a_o certain_a sort_n of_o fat_a and_o clayish_a stuff_n be_v as_o the_o grease_n of_o the_o earth_n it_o have_v from_o ancient_a time_n on_o great_o use_v for_o manure_v of_o land_n both_o in_o france_n and_o england_n as_o may_v appear_v out_o of_o pliny_n in_o the_o six_o seven_o and_o eight_o chapter_n of_o his_o seventeen_o book_n the_o same_o also_o be_v still_o very_a usual_a in_o sundry_a part_n of_o england_n be_v of_o a_o incomparable_a goodness_n the_o which_o cause_v the_o english_a who_o out_o of_o some_o of_o those_o place_n where_o marle_n be_v use_v be_v come_v to_o live_v in_o ireland_n to_o make_v diligent_a search_n for_o it_o and_o that_o with_o good_a success_n at_o last_o it_o have_v be_v find_v out_o by_o they_o within_o these_o few_o year_n in_o several_a place_n first_o in_o the_o kings-county_n not_o far_o from_o the_o shanon_n where_o be_v of_o a_o gray_a colour_n it_o be_v dig_v out_o of_o the_o bog_n and_o in_o the_o county_n of_o wexford_n where_o the_o use_n of_o it_o be_v grow_v very_o common_a before_o this_o rebellion_n especial_o in_o the_o part_n lie_v near_o the_o sea_n where_o it_o stand_v they_o in_o very_o good_a steed_n the_o land_n of_o itself_o be_v nothing_o fruitful_a for_o although_o the_o ground_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v a_o good_a black_a earth_n yet_o the_o same_o be_v but_o one_o foot_n deep_a and_o have_v underneath_o a_o crust_n of_o stiff_a yellow_a clay_n of_o half_a a_o foot_n be_v thereby_o great_o impair_v in_o its_o own_o goodness_n in_o this_o depth_n of_o a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a next_o under_o the_o clay_n lie_v the_o marl_n the_o which_o reach_v so_o far_o downward_o that_o yet_o no_o where_o they_o be_v come_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o it_o it_o be_v of_o a_o blue_a colour_n and_o very_o fat_a which_o as_o in_o other_o ground_n so_o in_o this_o be_v chief_o perceive_v when_o it_o be_v wet_a but_o brittle_a and_o dusty_a when_o it_o be_v dry_a sect._n 2._o the_o manner_n charge_n and_o profit_n of_o marling_n the_o ground_n the_o marl_n be_v lay_v upon_o the_o land_n in_o heap_n by_o some_o before_o it_o be_v plough_v by_o other_o after_o many_o let_v it_o lie_v several_a month_n ere_o they_o plough_v it_o again_o that_o the_o rain_n may_v equal_o divide_v and_o mix_v it_o the_o sun_n moon_n and_o air_n mellow_a and_o incorporate_v it_o with_o the_o earth_n one_o thousand_o cartloads_a of_o this_o go_v to_o one_o english_a acre_n of_o ground_n it_o be_v very_o chargeable_a for_o even_o to_o those_o who_o dig_v it_o out_o of_o their_o own_o ground_n so_o as_o they_o be_v at_o no_o other_o expense_n but_o the_o hire_n of_o the_o labourer_n every_o acre_n come_v to_o stand_v in_o three_o pound_n sterling_a but_o these_o great_a expense_n be_v sufficient_o recompense_v by_o the_o great_a fruitfulness_n which_o it_o cause_v be_v such_o as_o may_v seem_v incredible_a for_o the_o marled-land_n even_o the_o very_a first_o year_n full_o quit_v all_o the_o cost_n bestow_v on_o it_o there_o beside_o it_o be_v sufficient_a once_o to_o marle_n whereas_o the_o ordinary_a dung_v must_v be_v renew_v oftentimes_o sect._n 3_o the_o usage_n of_o the_o marled-land_n practise_v by_o they_o of_o the_o county_n of_o wexford_n the_o good_a usage_n of_o the_o marled-land_n to_o keep_v it_o in_o heart_n for_o ever_o after_o do_v consist_v in_o the_o opinion_n and_o practice_n of_o some_o in_o let_v it_o lie_v fallow_a at_o convenient_a time_n but_o the_o ordinary_a manner_n common_o practise_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o county_n of_o wexford_n and_o count_v the_o best_a by_o they_o be_v that_o have_v sow_v it_o five_o or_o six_o year_n together_o with_o the_o rich_a sort_n of_o corn_n to_o wit_n wheat_n and_o barley_n especial_o that_o sort_n which_o in_o some_o part_n of_o england_n and_o general_o in_o ireland_n be_v peculiar_o call_v bear_n be_v a_o much_o rich_a grain_n than_o the_o ordinary_a barley_n it_o be_v afterward_o turn_v to_o pasture_n whereunto_o it_o be_v very_o fit_a forasmuch_o as_o it_o bring_v very_o sweet_a grass_n in_o great_a abundance_n for_o the_o marl_n be_v also_o use_v on_o meadow_n at_o the_o first_o with_o very_o good_a success_n improve_n the_o same_o most_o wonderful_o if_o the_o marled-land_n be_v thus_o use_v and_o by_o turn_n keep_v under_o corn_n and_o grass_n it_o keep_v its_o fruitfulness_n for_o ever_o where_o to_o the_o contrary_a if_o year_n after_o year_n it_o be_v sow_v till_o the_o heart_n be_v draw_v out_o it_o be_v quite_o spoil_v so_o as_o afterward_o it_o be_v not_o possible_a to_o bring_v it_o again_o to_o any_o passable_a condition_n by_o any_o kind_n of_o dung_v or_o marling_n this_o will_v ordinary_o be_v do_v in_o the_o space_n of_o ten_o year_n for_o so_o long_o together_o the_o marled-land_n may_v be_v sow_v and_o bring_v every_o year_n a_o rich_a crop_n of_o the_o best_a corn._n nevertheless_o this_o be_v not_o general_a but_o take_v place_n only_o in_o the_o worse_a kind_n of_o ground_n for_o where_o the_o land_n of_o itself_o be_v better_o and_o rich_a there_o after_o marling_n wheat_n and_o other_o corn_n may_v be_v sow_v not_o only_o for_o ten_o year_n together_o but_o long_o for_o very_o credible_a person_n have_v assure_v i_o that_o some_o part_n of_o the_o county_n of_o wexford_n have_v boâ—n_o very_o good_a corn_n for_o thirteen_o year_n together_o and_o afterward_o be_v turn_v to_o pasture_n it_o be_v as_o good_a and_o fertile_a as_o other_o marled-ground_n that_o have_v be_v under_o corn_n but_o five_o or_o six_o year_n sect._n 4._o of_o the_o marl_n in_o connaught_n the_o province_n of_o connaught_n by_o what_o have_v be_v discover_v be_v much_o more_o plentiful_a in_o marl_n than_o leinster_n as_o in_o other_o county_n so_o in_o those_o of_o roscoman_n slego_n and_o galloway_n almost_o in_o every_o part_n of_o it_o it_o be_v there_o of_o three_o several_a colour_n some_o be_v white_a as_o chalk_v other_o gray_a and_o some_o black_a but_o none_o blue_a as_o that_o in_o the_o county_n of_o wexford_n it_o lie_v nothing_o deep_a under_o the_o upper-ground_n or_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n common_o not_o above_o half_a a_o foot_n but_o it_o be_v own_o depth_n be_v so_o great_a that_o never_o any_o body_n yet_o dig_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o it_o the_o land_n which_o they_o intend_v to_o marle_n in_o this_o province_n be_v common_o plough_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o may_n and_o lie_v five_o or_o six_o week_n until_o it_o be_v sufficient_o dry_v and_o mellow_a by_o the_o sun_n and_o wind_n they_o harrow_v it_o and_o then_o have_v bring_v the_o marl_n upon_o it_o five_o or_o six_o week_n after_o it_o be_v plough_v again_o and_o a_o three_o time_n about_o september_n after_o which_o three_o plough_v they_o sow_v it_o with_o wheat_n or_o barley_n whereof_o they_o have_v a_o very_a rich_a crop_n the_o next_o year_n sect._n 5._o property_n and_o usage_n of_o the_o marled-land_n in_o connaught_n land_n marl_v in_o that_o manner_n as_o we_o have_v say_v may_v be_v sow_v ten_o or_o twelve_o year_n together_o the_o first_o eight_o or_o nine-with_a wheat_n and_o bear_v or_o barley_n and_o the_o remain_v three_o or_o four_o year_n with_o oat_n afterward_o the_o land_n be_v turn_v to_o pasture_n and_o have_v serve_v some_o year_n in_o that_o kind_n it_o may_v be_v marl_v anew_o and_o make_v as_o good_a for_o corn_n as_o at_o the_o first_o for_o the_o observation_n of_o those_o of_o the_o county_n of_o wexford_n that_o land_n may_v not_o be_v marl_v more_o than_o once_o do_v not_o take_v place_n in_o connaught_n where_o it_o be_v a_o ordinary_a thing_n have_v some_o space_n of_o year_n to_o make_v it_o again_o i_o know_v some_o gentleman_n who_o have_v cause_v some_o parcel_n of_o land_n to_o be_v marl_v thrice_o in_o the_o space_n of_o twenty_o year_n and_o have_v find_v very_o good_a profit_n by_o it_o but_o whether_o this_o be_v cause_v by_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o ground_n and_o marl_n appear_v also_o hereby_o that_o in_o connaught_n they_o scarce_o lay_v the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o quantity_n of_o marle_n on_o the_o ground_n of_o what_o they_o do_v in_o the_o county_n of_o wexford_n or_o by_o the_o carelessness_n or_o want_n of_o experience_n of_o those_o of_o that_o county_n i_o be_o not_o yet_o full_o inform_v but_o thus_o much_o be_v know_v as_o well_o in_o connaught_n as_o other_o part_n that_o those_o who_o sow_v the_o marled-land_n until_o it_o can_v bear_v no_o more_o and_o be_v quite_o out_o of_o heart_n will_v find_v it_o exceed_v difficult_a if_o not_o altogether_o impossible_a ever_o to_o amend_v or_o improve_v
the_o same_o again_o by_o any_o mean_n whatsoever_o chap._n xiii_o of_o the_o heath_n and_o moor_n or_o bog_n in_o ireland_n sect._n 1_o of_o the_o moory_n or_o boggy-heath_n have_v speak_v of_o the_o fruitful_a land_n of_o ireland_n it_o follow_v that_o we_o treat_v of_o those_o which_o be_v neither_o fit_n for_o the_o bring_n of_o corn_n or_o feed_v of_o cattle_n some_o be_v such_o for_o want_v of_o good_a soil_n and_o other_o through_o superfluous_a moisture_n of_o the_o first_o sort_n be_v those_o place_n where_o the_o ground_n consist_v of_o mere_a rock_n sand_n or_o earth_n natural_o unfruitful_a have_v no_o good_a mould_n at_o the_o top_n sufficient_a for_o corn_n or_o grass_n to_o root_n and_o to_o draw_v convenient_a nourishment_n out_o of_o it_o the_o ground_n be_v bare_a or_o overgrow_v only_o with_o moss_n heath_n furze_n brake_n thorn_n rush_n and_o the_o like_a the_o place_n who_o ground_n be_v bare_a be_v nothing_o frequent_a nor_o of_o any_o great_a bigness_n in_o ireland_n and_o rather_o on_o the_o seaside_n than_o within_o the_o land_n but_o the_o other_o be_v very_o common_a throughout_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n not_o only_o in_o the_o mountain_n many_o whereof_o do_v for_o the_o most_o part_n consist_v of_o nothing_o else_o but_o also_o in_o the_o hilly-quarter_n the_o plain-country_n and_o in_o many_o place_n of_o great_a extent_n take_v up_o some_o mile_n in_o length_n and_o breadth_n most_o of_o these_o waste_v in_o the_o plain-country_n and_o valley_n as_o also_o some_o on_o the_o mountain_n and_o hill_n be_v moory_n and_o boggy_a fit_a for_o to_o dig_v turf_n out_o to_o the_o great_a commodity_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n in_o place_n where_o other_o fuel_n be_v want_v so_o that_o these_o part_n of_o land_n although_o barren_a and_o produce_v no_o kind_n of_o thing_n for_o the_o food_n of_o man_n or_o beast_n may_v not_o be_v reckon_v in_o the_o number_n of_o those_o which_o be_v altogether_o unprofitable_a be_v of_o good_a use_n in_o the_o part_n far_o distant_a from_o the_o sea_n where_o they_o can_v have_v no_o sea-coal_n and_o where_o wood_n be_v want_v nor_o well_o live_v some_o of_o these_o dry_a or_o red_a bog_n as_o common_o they_o be_v call_v the_o first_o in_o comparison_n of_o those_o whereof_o present_o shall_v be_v speak_v the_o other_o because_o the_o earth_n in_o they_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v red_a and_o overgrow_v with_o mosâ—_n of_o the_o same_o colour_n be_v in_o some_o part_n of_o a_o vast_a extent_n instance_n that_o by_o the_o shanon-side_n begin_v hard_o by_o atlone_a and_o follow_v the_o course_n of_o the_o river_n down_o towards_o limmerick_n which_o be_v two_o or_o three_o mile_n broad_a in_o most_o part_n be_v say_v to_o be_v upward_o of_o fifty_o mile_n in_o length_n sect._n 2._o of_o the_o dry_a heath_n there_o be_v some_o dry_a heath_n in_o ireland_n for_o the_o most_o part_n on_o the_o mountain_n and_o very_o few_o in_o the_o plain_a country_n to_o the_o contrary_a of_o england_n where_o as_o well_o as_o in_o netherlands_n germany_n and_o other_o country_n those_o heath_n on_o plain_a ground_n be_v very_o common_a in_o sundry_a part_n of_o the_o land_n and_o many_o of_o they_o of_o a_o great_a extent_n have_v very_o many_o mile_n in_o compass_n and_o where_o any_o such_o dry_a heath_n be_v in_o ireland_n the_o land_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v not_o altogether_o barren_a but_o grassy_a between_o and_o at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o heath_n so_o as_o the_o heath_n be_v burn_v a_o thing_n much_o use_v in_o ireland_n both_o by_o the_o english_a and_o irish_a the_o land_n bring_v reasonable_a good_a and_o sweet_a grass_n fit_a for_o sheep_n to_o feed_v on_o and_o with_o a_o little_a extraordinary_a labour_n and_o cost_v bring_v to_o bear_v corn_n other_o of_o these_o heath_n be_v grassy_a have_v the_o grass_n grow_v not_o all_o over_o among_o the_o heath_n but_o in_o space_n by_o itself_o as_o upon_o the_o heath_n between_o the_o town_n of_o kildare_n and_o the_o liffie_a which_o be_v famous_a over_o all_o ireland_n by_o the_o name_n of_o the_o currogh_n of_o kildare_n be_v a_o hilly_a ground_n at_o its_o high_a near_o the_o say_a town_n from_o thence_o towards_o the_o liffie_a descend_v by_o degree_n about_o three_o mile_n long_o and_o two_o or_o three_o broad_a divide_v into_o row_n of_o heath_n and_o grass_n which_o be_v of_o no_o great_a breadth_n and_o many_o in_o number_n do_v lie_v by_o the_o â—ide_v one_o of_o another_o throughout_o the_o whole_a earth_n each_o of_o those_o row_n extend_v it_o self_n in_o length_n from_o the_o one_o end_n of_o the_o currogh_n to_o the_o other_o the_o row_n of_o heath_n be_v about_o a_o stone_n cast_v over_o in_o some_o place_n in_o some_o more_o in_o other_o less_o but_o those_o of_o grass_n a_o good_a deal_n narrow_a than_o the_o other_o be_v always_o alike_o green_a and_o dry_a in_o the_o winter_n as_o well_o as_o the_o summer_n and_o clothe_v with_o short_a grass_n but_o very_o sweet_a and_o good_a very_o convenient_a for_o sheep_n to_o feed_v on_o of_o the_o which_o always_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n a_o very_a great_a number_n be_v graze_v here_o the_o whole_a currogh_n be_v a_o commons_o sect._n 3_o of_o the_o wet_a bog_n the_o place_n barren_a through_o superfluous_a moisture_n be_v bog_n call_v by_o the_o irish_a moon_n whereof_o ireland_n be_v full_a there_o be_v three_o or_o four_o different_a sort_n of_o they_o grassy_a watery_a muddy_a and_o hassocky_a as_o appear_v more_o large_o by_o the_o follow_a description_n but_o the_o english_a irish_a have_v give_v the_o name_n of_o bogs_n not_o only_o to_o the_o wet_a of_o which_o we_o be_v now_o to_o treat_v but_o aswell_o to_o the_o turf_n moor_n of_o all_o sort_n not_o except_v the_o red_a bog_n which_o in_o most_o place_n be_v firm_a enough_o to_o bear_v a_o man_n or_o unshod_a nag_n go_v over_o it_o but_o be_v not_o for_o any_o great_a weight_n but_o we_o shall_v in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n speak_v in_o order_n of_o the_o four_o sort_n of_o wet_a bgg_n which_o above_o we_o have_v mention_v and_o afterward_o in_o its_o due_a place_n treat_v of_o the_o turf_n and_o red_a moor_n as_o occasion_n shall_v require_v sect._n 4._o of_o the_o grassy_a bog_n the_o grassy_a bog_n be_v all_o over_o cover_v with_o grass_n look_v fair_a and_o pleasant_a as_o if_o they_o be_v dry_a ground_n and_o goodly_a meadow_n whereby_o many_o who_o not_o know_v the_o nature_n of_o those_o place_n and_o because_o of_o the_o greeness_n suspect_v no_o evil_a go_v into_o they_o to_o their_o great_a trouble_n and_o many_o time_n to_o the_o extreme_a danger_n of_o their_o life_n for_o the_o earth_n be_v very_o spungy_a can_v bear_v no_o weight_n but_o as_o well_o man_n as_o beast_n assoon_o as_o they_o set_v foot_n on_o it_o do_v sink_v to_o the_o ground_n some_o knee_n deep_a other_o to_o the_o waist_n and_o many_o over_o head_n and_o ear_n for_o all_o or_o most_o bog_n in_o ireland_n have_v underneath_o a_o hard_a and_o firm_a gravel_n be_v not_o of_o a_o equal_a depth_n which_o in_o some_o be_v only_o of_o two_o or_o three_o foot_n in_o other_o five_o six_o or_o more_o in_o somuch_o that_o those_o who_o fall_v into_o the_o deep_a place_n of_o these_o bog_n can_v hardly_o escape_v but_o for_o the_o most_o part_n do_v perish_v be_v pitiful_o smother_v some_o of_o these_o bog_n do_v so_o dry_v up_o in_o the_o summer_n that_o they_o may_v be_v pass_v without_o danger_n the_o which_o in_o particular_a fall_v out_o in_o the_o great_a mountain_n in_o munster_n in_o the_o county_n of_o kerry_n call_v slew-logh_a upon_o which_o all_o kind_n of_o cattle_n do_v graze_v the_o summer_n long_o be_v every_o where_o full_a of_o good_a and_o sweet_a grass_n knee_n deep_a in_o most_o place_n whereof_o not_o the_o ten_o part_n be_v eat_v for_o if_o all_o the_o cattle_n of_o that_o province_n be_v drive_v thither_o and_o leave_v all_o the_o summer_n upon_o the_o place_n it_o will_v hardly_o be_v consume_v the_o rest_n be_v spoil_v when_o the_o wet_a weather_n come_v in_o and_o stay_v the_o rain-water_n from_o descend_v through_o which_o the_o ground_n rot_v in_o that_o manner_n that_o all_o winter_n long_v it_o be_v unpassable_a for_o man_n and_o beast_n but_o the_o deep_a bog_n be_v unpassable_a in_o the_o summer_n as_o well_o as_o in_o the_o winter_n yet_o most_o of_o they_o have_v firm_a place_n in_o narrow_a path_n &_o in_o some_o large_a parcel_n by_o the_o mean_n whereof_o those_o unto_o who_o they_o be_v know_v can_v cross_v they_o from_o one_o side_n to_o another_o where_o other_o who_o be_v not_o use_v to_o they_o do_v not_o know_v in_o what_o part_n to_o set_v one_o step_n in_o which_o
nimble_a trick_n call_v common_o tread_v of_o the_o bog_n most_o irish_a be_v very_o expert_a as_o have_v be_v train_v up_o in_o it_o from_o their_o infancy_n the_o firm_a place_n in_o pass_v or_o but_o light_o shake_v they_o tremble_v for_o a_o great_a way_n which_o have_v give_v they_o the_o name_n of_o shaking-bog_n and_o where_o they_o be_v but_o of_o a_o small_a compass_n quagmire_n sect._n 5._o of_o the_o watery-bog_n and_o of_o the_o miry-bog_n the_o watery-bog_n be_v likewise_o clothe_v with_o grass_n but_o the_o water_n do_v not_o sink_v altogether_o into_o they_o as_o into_o the_o former_a but_o remain_v in_o part_n stand_v on_o the_o top_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o in_o some_o of_o the_o grassie-bog_n and_o in_o all_o the_o low_a pasture_n and_o meadow_n of_o holland_n by_o reason_n whereof_o these_o bog_n be_v not_o dangerous_a for_o every_o one_o at_o the_o first_o sight_n may_v easy_o discern_v they_o from_o the_o firm_a ground_n these_o two_o sort_n be_v in_o many_o part_n find_v apart_o and_o in_o other_o mix_v and_o interlace_v and_o likewise_o parcel_n both_o of_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o be_v find_v up_o and_o down_o in_o the_o moory-heath_n and_o red-bog_n both_o these_o sort_n as_o well_o the_o watery_a as_o the_o green-bog_n yield_v for_o the_o most_o part_n very_o good_a turf_n much_o better_a than_o the_o red-bog_n whereof_o more_o shall_v be_v speak_v hereafter_o the_o miry-bog_n do_v consist_v of_o mere_a mud_n and_o mire_n with_o very_o little_a or_o no_o grass_n upon_o they_o these_o be_v common_o of_o a_o very_a small_a compass_n whereas_o most_o part_n of_o the_o other_o two_o be_v of_o a_o notable_a extent_n and_o some_o of_o several_a mile_n in_o length_n and_o breadth_n sect._n 6._o of_o the_o hassockie-bog_n hassockie-bog_n we_o call_v those_o who_o ground_n be_v miry_a and_o muddy_a be_v cover_v over_o with_o water_n a_o foot_n or_o two_o deep_a in_o some_o place_n more_o in_o other_o less_o so_o as_o one_o will_v soon_o take_v they_o for_o lough_n be_v it_o not_o that_o they_o be_v very_o thick_o overspread_v with_o little_a tuft_n or_o ilet_n the_o which_o consist_v of_o reed_n rush_n high_a sour_a grass_n and_o sometime_o with_o little_a shrub_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v very_o small_a and_o have_v but_o a_o few_o foot_n in_o compass_n some_o of_o they_o be_v of_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o reasonable_a big_a chamber_n these_o little_a ilet_n or_o tuft_n be_v so_o many_o in_o number_n and_o spread_v over_o all_o the_o bog_n there_o remain_v nothing_o between_o they_o but_o great_a plash_n of_o water_n in_o regard_n whereof_o these_o bog_n may_v well_o be_v call_v plashy-bog_n in_o some_o place_n wide_o in_o other_o narrow_a so_o as_o from_o the_o one_o man_n may_v well_o step_v or_o leap_v to_o the_o other_o that_o which_o those_o who_o be_v expert_a in_o it_o know_v how_o to_o do_v very_o nimble_a and_o so_o to_o run_v from_o one_o part_n of_o the_o bog_n to_o another_o for_o the_o root_n of_o the_o rush_n reed_n and_o other_o thing_n grow_v on_o those_o tuft_n be_v so_o interweave_v that_o they_o can_v easy_o bear_v a_o man_n who_o light_o tread_v upon_o they_o although_o they_o have_v very_o little_a earth_n and_o be_v wondrous_a spongy_a so_o as_o they_o when_o the_o water_n be_v drain_v the_o bog_n be_v dry_v round_o about_o may_v easy_o be_v pluck_v from_o the_o ground_n the_o english_a inhabit_v in_o ireland_n have_v give_v these_o tuft_n the_o name_n of_o hassocks_n and_o this_o sort_n of_o bogs_n hassocky-bog_n of_o which_o bog_n munster_n and_o other_o province_n be_v not_o altogether_o free_a but_o most_o of_o they_o be_v find_v in_o leinster_n especial_o in_o king_n and_o queens-county_n where_o also_o the_o othtr_n sort_n of_o bog_n be_v very_o common_a whereas_o otherwise_o connaught_n be_v general_o full_a of_o bog_n than_o any_o of_o the_o other_o province_n chap._n fourteen_o original_a of_o the_o bog_n in_o ireland_n and_o the_o manner_n of_o draining_n they_o practise_v there_o by_o the_o english_a inhabitant_n sect._n 1_o of_o the_o original_n of_o bog_n in_o this_o country_n very_a few_o of_o the_o wet-bog_n in_o ireland_n be_v such_o by_o any_o natural_a property_n or_o primitive_a constitution_n but_o through_o the_o superfluous_a moisture_n that_o in_o length_n of_o time_n have_v be_v gather_v therein_o whether_o it_o have_v its_o original_n within_o the_o place_n itself_o or_o be_v come_v thither_o from_o without_o the_o first_o of_o these_o two_o case_n take_v place_n in_o the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o grassie-bog_n which_o ordinary_o be_v occasion_v by_o spring_n the_o which_o arise_v in_o great_a number_n out_o of_o some_o parcel_n of_o ground_n and_o find_v no_o issue_n do_v by_o degrer_n soak_v through_o and_o bring_v it_o to_o that_o rottenness_n and_o spunginess_n which_o nevertheless_o be_v not_o a_o little_a increase_v through_o the_o rain_n water_n come_v to_o that_o of_o the_o spring_n but_o the_o two_o other_o sort_n viz._n the_o watery_a and_o hassockie-bog_n be_v in_o some_o place_n cause_v by_o the_o rain-water_n only_o as_o in_o other_o through_o brook_n and_o rivulet_n run_v into_o they_o and_o in_o some_o through_o both_o together_o whereunto_o many_o time_n also_o come_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o grassi-bog_n to_o wit_v the_o store_n of_o spring_n within_o the_o very_a ground_n and_o all_o this_o in_o place_n where_o or_o through_o the_o situation_n of_o they_o and_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o even_a plainness_n or_o hollowness_n or_o through_o some_o other_o impediment_n the_o water_n have_v no_o free_a passage_n away_o but_o remain_v within_o they_o and_o so_o by_o degree_n turn_v they_o into_o bogs_n sect._n 2._o retchlesness_n of_o the_o irish_a cause_n of_o most_o of_o the_o bog_n of_o tree_n find_v in_o bogs_n so_o that_o it_o may_v easy_o be_v comprehend_v that_o whoso_o can_v drain_v the_o water_n and_o for_o the_o future_a prevent_v the_o gather_v thereof_o may_v reduce_v most_o of_o the_o bog_n in_o ireland_n to_o firm_a land_n and_o preserve_v they_o in_o that_o condition_n but_o this_o have_v never_o be_v know_v to_o the_o irish_a or_o if_o it_o be_v they_o never_o go_v about_o it_o but_o to_o the_o contrary_n let_v daily_o more_o &_o more_o of_o their_o good_a land_n grow_v boggy_a through_o their_o carelessness_n whereby_o also_o most_o of_o the_o bog_n at_o first_o be_v cause_v this_o be_v otherwise_o evident_a enough_o may_v further_o be_v confirm_v by_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o tree_n which_o ordinary_o be_v find_v by_o the_o turf-digger_n very_o deep_a in_o the_o ground_n as_o well_o of_o other_o tree_n as_o of_o hasel_n likewise_o they_o meet_v sometime_o with_o the_o very_a nut_n themselves_o in_o great_a quantity_n the_o which_o look_v very_o fair_a and_o whole_a at_o the_o outside_n as_o if_o they_o come_v but_o new_o 〈…〉_z have_v no_o kernel_n within_o the_o same_o through_o the_o great_a length_n of_o time_n be_v consume_v and_o turn_v into_o filth_n and_o it_o be_v worthy_a of_o observation_n that_o tree_n &_o trunk_n of_o tree_n be_v in_o this_o manner_n find_v not_o only_o in_o the_o wet_a bog_n but_o even_o in_o the_o heathy_a one_o or_o red_a bog_n as_o by_o name_n in_o that_o by_o the_o shanon-side_n whereof_o have_v be_v speak_v above_o in_o which_o bog_n the_o turf_n digger_n many_o time_n do_v find_v whole_a firr-tree_n deep_a in_o the_o ground_n whether_o it_o be_v that_o those_o tree_n be_v fall_v be_v by_o degree_n sink_v deep_a and_o deep_a the_o earth_n of_o that_o bog_n almost_o every_o where_o be_v very_o loose_a and_o spongy_a as_o it_o be_v in_o all_o such_o bog_n or_o that_o the_o earth_n in_o length_n of_o time_n be_v grow_v over_o they_o sect._n 3_o draining_n of_o the_o bog_n practise_v by_o the_o english_a in_o ireland_n but_o as_o the_o irish_a have_v be_v extreme_a careless_a in_o this_o so_o the_o english_a introducer_n of_o all_o good_a thing_n in_o ireland_n for_o which_o that_o brutish_a nation_n from_o time_n to_o time_n have_v reward_v they_o with_o unthankfulnes_n hatred_n and_o envy_n and_o late_o with_o a_o horrible_a and_o bloody_a conspiracy_n tend_v to_o their_o utter_a destruction_n have_v set_v their_o industry_n at_o work_n for_o to_o remedy_v it_o and_o have_v consider_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o bog_n and_o how_o possible_a it_o be_v to_o reduce_v many_o of_o they_o unto_o good_a land_n do_v some_o year_n since_o begin_v to_o go_v about_o it_o all_o over_o the_o land_n and_o that_o with_o very_o good_a success_n so_o as_o i_o know_v gentleman_n who_o turn_v into_o firm_a land_n three_o or_o four_o hundred_o acre_n of_o bog_n and_o in_o case_n that_o this_o detestable_a rebellion_n have_v not_o come_v between_o in_o a_o few_o year_n
there_o will_v scarce_o have_v be_v leave_v one_o acre_n of_o bog_n of_o what_o be_v in_o the_o land_n and_o possessiion_n of_o the_o english_a except_o only_o those_o place_n who_o situation_n be_v altogether_o repugnant_a to_o drain_n because_o that_o the_o water_n either_o through_o the_o hollowness_n of_o the_o place_n as_o in_o the_o enclose_a valley_n and_o deep_a dale_n between_o the_o hill_n and_o mountain_n or_o through_o the_o too_o great_a evenness_n &_o plainness_n of_o the_o ground_n not_o incline_v to_o any_o one_o part_n more_o than_o another_o can_v be_v draw_v away_o at_o all_o and_o except_o such_o parcel_n as_o needs_o must_v have_v be_v keep_v for_o turf_n and_o red_a bog_n who_o be_v very_o unfit_a for_o drain_n for_o the_o trench_n be_v make_v the_o earth_n on_o both_o side_n will_v sink_v into_o they_o again_o and_o choke_v they_o up_o sect._n 4._o profit_n reap_v by_o the_o drain_n of_o bogs_n this_o drain_n of_o the_o bog_n as_o it_o tend_v not_o a_o little_a to_o the_o general_a good_a of_o the_o whole_a land_n by_o amend_v of_o the_o air_n whereof_o we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o say_v more_o in_o some_o other_o place_n and_o otherwise_o so_o it_o bring_v great_a profit_n unto_o the_o author_n for_o the_o land_n or_o soil_n of_o the_o bog_n be_v in_o most_o place_n good_a of_o itself_o and_o there_o beside_o great_o enrich_v by_o the_o lie_v still_o and_o the_o soak_v in_o of_o the_o water_n for_o the_o space_n of_o so_o many_o year_n the_o same_o be_v dry_v through_o the_o drain_n of_o the_o water_n be_v find_v to_o be_v very_o sit_v either_o to_o have_v corn_n sow_v upon_o or_o to_o be_v turn_v into_o pasture_n make_v also_o excellent_a meadow_n so_o as_o those_o who_o have_v try_v that_o do_v affirm_v that_o the_o meadow_n gain_v out_o of_o the_o bog_n may_v be_v compare_v with_o the_o very_o best_a of_o their_o other_o meadow_n yea_o many_o time_n surpass_v the_o same_o in_o goodness_n &_o this_o take_v place_n chief_o in_o the_o grassy_a bog_n or_o shak_v bog_n who_o fruitfulness_n in_o this_o particular_a &_o in_o the_o plentiful_a production_n of_o very_a sweet_a and_o deep_a grass_n after_o the_o drain_n off_o the_o water_n be_v very_o wonderful_a and_o all_o this_o without_o any_o other_o trouble_n or_o cost_n bestow_v upon_o these_o meadow_n than_o that_o they_o dung_v they_o the_o first_o year_n to_o warm_v they_o the_o better_a and_o the_o soon_o and_o more_o thorough_o to_o amend_v the_o remainder_n of_o that_o coldness_n and_o rawness_n contract_v through_o that_o long_a and_o constant_a continuance_n of_o the_o water_n upon_o they_o after_o which_o once_o dung_v afterward_o for_o a_o good_a many_o year_n nothing_o else_o need_v to_o be_v do_v to_o they_o sect._n 5._o the_o manner_n of_o drain_n the_o bog_n this_o drain_n of_o the_o bog_n be_v perform_v in_o the_o manner_n follow_v on_o that_o side_n of_o the_o bog_n where_o the_o ground_n be_v somewhat_o slope_v they_o cut_v a_o broad_a deep_a trench_n begin_v it_o in_o the_o firm_a ground_n and_o advancing_z it_o unto_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o bog_n into_o which_o trench_n the_o water_n will_v sink_v out_o of_o the_o next_o part_n of_o the_o bog_n in_o great_a abundance_n and_o that_o many_o time_n so_o sudden_o as_o if_o a_o great_a sluice_n have_v be_v open_v so_o as_o the_o labourer_n be_v constrain_v to_o run_v out_o of_o it_o with_o all_o speed_n lest_o the_o â—orce_n of_o the_o water_n shall_v overwhelm_v and_o carry_v they_o away_o some_o part_n of_o the_o bog_n be_v by_o this_o mean_v grow_v reasonable_a dry_a within_o a_o short_a space_n of_o time_n opportunity_n thereby_o be_v minister_v to_o advance_v the_o trench_n further_o into_o the_o bog_n and_o so_o by_o little_a and_o little_o they_o go_v on_o with_o it_o until_o at_o last_o they_o carry_v it_o quite_o across_o the_o bog_n from_o the_o one_o side_n to_o the_o other_o and_o have_v do_v this_o they_o make_v a_o great_a many_o lesser_a trench_n out_o of_o the_o main_a one_o on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o same_o the_o which_o bring_v the_o water_n from_o all_o the_o part_n of_o the_o bog_n unto_o the_o main_a trench_n do_v in_o a_o little_a while_n empty_a the_o bog_n of_o all_o its_o superfluous_a moisture_n and_o turn_v it_o into_o good_a and_o firm_a ground_n sect._n 6._o observation_n about_o the_o fall_n and_o settle_v of_o the_o bog_n at_o their_o drain_n the_o green_a or_o grassie-bog_n the_o which_o have_v all_o their_o moisture_n and_o water_n inward_o be_v thereby_o wonderful_o swell_v and_o pu_v up_o use_v by_o mean_n of_o this_o drain_n to_o fall_n very_o much_o and_o to_o grow_v a_o great_a deal_n low_o and_o that_o not_o only_o apparent_o so_o that_o the_o ground_n which_o before_o the_o drayn_n be_v five_a or_o six_o foot_n high_a come_v at_o last_o to_o be_v not_o above_o two_o or_o three_o foot_n high_a but_o sometime_o also_o sudden_o and_o within_o the_o space_n of_o four_o and_o twenty_o or_o eight_o and_o forty_o hour_n whereas_o ordinary_o that_o use_v to_o come_v to_o pass_v in_o great_a length_n of_o time_n and_o although_o the_o ground_n by_o fall_v in_o this_o manner_n may_v seem_v thereby_o to_o have_v be_v subject_a to_o return_v to_o its_o former_a boggy_a condition_n on_o the_o least_o occasion_n nevertheless_o there_o be_v no_o danger_n of_o that_o as_o long_o as_o the_o trench_n be_v keep_v open_a and_o thereby_o the_o passage_n keep_v free_a for_o the_o water_n which_o from_o time_n to_o time_n will_v from_o all_o part_n of_o the_o drayned_a bog_n be_v sink_v into_o they_o this_o water_n as_o at_o the_o first_o drain_n so_o ever_o after_o be_v by_o the_o main_a trench_n carry_v unto_o some_o brook_n river_n or_o lough_n according_a as_o one_o or_o other_o of_o they_o be_v next_o at_o hand_n and_o the_o situation_n of_o the_o land_n will_v give_v opportunity_n chap._n xv._n of_o the_o wood_n in_o ireland_n sect._n 1_o wood_n in_o ireland_n be_v reckon_v among_o the_o barren_a land_n and_o the_o reason_n thereof_o among_o the_o barren_a part_n of_o ireland_n the_o wood_n must_v also_o be_v count_v according_a to_o the_o usual_a division_n of_o the_o land_n of_o that_o kingdom_n whereby_o reckon_v for_o fruitful_a only_o the_o meadow_n arable-ground_n and_o pasture_n they_o count_v all_o the_o rest_n for_o barren_a comprehend_v they_o under_o these_o three_o general_a head_n bog_n barren-mountain_n and_o wood_n which_o division_n as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o mouth_n of_o all_o they_o that_o have_v any_o insight_n into_o the_o matter_n of_o that_o land_n and_o do_v or_o have_v live_v there_o so_o it_o be_v further_o confirm_v by_o a_o number_n of_o write_n and_o monument_n both_o of_o ancient_a time_n and_o late_a one_o in_o the_o which_o it_o be_v very_o common_a and_o familiar_a as_o for_o instance_n may_v appear_v by_o those_o several_a act_n which_o since_o this_o last_o rebellion_n of_o the_o irish_a have_v be_v make_v by_o the_o parliament_n of_o england_n in_o the_o behalf_n of_o the_o adventurer_n who_o have_v lay_v out_o their_o money_n for_o the_o reconquer_a of_o the_o revolt_a part_n of_o that_o kingdom_n for_o although_o the_o land_n which_o the_o wood_n do_v take_v up_o be_v in_o itself_o very_o good_a in_o most_o place_n and_o apt_a to_o bear_v both_o corn_n and_o grass_n plentiful_o whereof_o more_o shall_v be_v say_v by_o and_o by_o yet_o as_o long_o as_o the_o wood_n remain_v stand_v it_o be_v unfit_a not_o only_o to_o be_v make_v either_o arable_a or_o meadow_n as_o in_o itself_o be_v most_o evident_a but_o even_o for_o pasture_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o overmuch_a moisture_n the_o root_n of_o the_o tree_n stay_v the_o rain-water_n so_o as_o it_o have_v not_o the_o liberty_n to_o pass_v away_o ready_o and_o their_o stem_n and_o branch_n hinder_v the_o free_a access_n of_o the_o wind_n and_o sun_n whereunto_o come_v in_o many_o part_v the_o ground_n own_o wateriness_n occasion_v by_o spring_n there_o arise_v and_o by_o its_o situation_n apt_a for_o the_o gather_n and_o keep_v of_o water_n which_o make_v they_o for_o the_o most_o part_n so_o muddy_a and_o boggy_a that_o cattle_n can_v convenient_o feed_v in_o they_o sect._n 2._o wood_n much_o diminish_v in_o ireland_n since_o the_o first_o come_v in_o of_o the_o english_a in_o ancient_a time_n and_o as_o long_o as_o the_o land_n be_v in_o the_o full_a possession_n of_o the_o irish_a themselves_o all_o ireland_n be_v very_o full_a of_o wood_n on_o every_o side_n as_o evident_o appear_v by_o the_o write_n of_o giraldus_n cambrensis_fw-la who_o come_v into_o ireland_n upon_o the_o first_o conquest_n in_o the_o company_n of_o henry_n the_o second_o king_n of_o england_n in_o the_o year_n of_o
whereby_o the_o melt_a of_o the_o iron_n be_v great_o further_v and_o the_o furnace_n make_v to_o work_v more_o mild_o within_o the_o barn_n at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o furnace_n stand_v constant_o two_o man_n one_o of_o each_o side_n the_o which_o with_o long_a iron_n hook_n through_o hole_n leave_v for_o the_o purpose_n do_v every_o quarter_n of_o a_o hour_n draw_v out_o the_o unburnt_a coal_n ash_n and_o cinder_n which_o cinder_n be_v great_a lump_n of_o a_o firm_a substance_n but_o brittle_a of_o a_o blackish_a colour_n shine_v but_o not_o transparent_a be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o remainder_n of_o the_o iron-oar_n after_o that_o the_o iron_n which_o be_v contain_v in_o it_o be_v melt_v out_o on_o it_o the_o iron_n itself_o descend_v to_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o furnace_n call_v the_o hearth_n the_o which_o be_v fill_v so_o that_o if_o one_o stay_v long_a the_o iron_n will_v begin_v to_o swim_v over_o through_o the_o aforesaid_a hole_n they_o unstop_v the_o hearth_n and_o open_v the_o mouth_n thereof_o or_o the_o timpas_n the_o arts-man_n call_v it_o take_v away_o a_o little_a door_n of_o fashion_n like_o unto_o that_o of_o a_o baker_n oven_n wherewith_o the_o same_o be_v shut_v up_o very_o close_o the_o floor_n of_o the_o barn_n have_v a_o mould_n of_o sand_n upon_o it_o wherein_a before_o they_o open_v the_o furnace_n a_o furrow_n be_v make_v of_o sufficient_a breadth_n and_o depth_n through_o the_o whole_a length_n of_o the_o barn_n from_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o furnace_n until_o the_o barn_n door_n into_o which_o furrow_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o furnace_n be_v open_v the_o melt_a iron_n run_v very_o sudden_o and_o forcible_o be_v to_o look_v on_o like_a unto_o a_o stream_n or_o current_n of_o fire_n it_o remain_v a_o long_a time_n hot_a but_o do_v present_o loose_v its_o liquidness_n and_o redness_n turn_v into_o a_o hard_a and_o stiff_a mass_n which_o masâ—es_n be_v call_v sow_n by_o the_o workman_n sect._n 8._o of_o the_o different_a bigness_n of_o the_o iron_n sow_n these_o mass_n or_o sow_n of_o iron_n be_v not_o always_o of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o weight_n and_o bigness_n but_o there_o be_v they_o of_o all_o size_n from_o one_o hundred_o weight_n until_o thirty_o hundred_o which_o difference_n do_v chief_o depend_v on_o the_o different_a bigness_n of_o the_o furnace_n and_o hearth_n and_o partly_o on_o the_o will_n and_o discretion_n of_o the_o workmaster_n or_o founder_n and_o according_a as_o he_o either_o stay_v until_o the_o hearth_n be_v full_a or_o let_v out_o the_o iron_n soon_o but_o ordinary_o they_o do_v not_o use_v to_o cast_v or_o to_o open_v the_o hearth_n under_o less_o than_o twelve_o hour_n nor_o to_o stay_v much_o long_a than_o four-and-twenty_o and_o here_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o even_o in_o furnace_n of_o the_o same_o biguess_n yea_o in_o the_o selfsame_a furnace_n the_o same_o quantity_n of_o iron_n be_v not_o always_o cast_v in_o the_o same_o space_n of_o time_n but_o that_o vary_v both_o according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o oar_n and_o according_a to_o the_o different_a season_n of_o the_o year_n for_o within_o the_o same_o compass_n of_o time_n you_o shall_v cast_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o iron_n out_o of_o a_o rich_a mine_n or_o oar_n than_o out_o of_o a_o lean_a one_o and_o in_o the_o summer_n time_n when_o the_o coal_n come_v in_o dry_a and_o fresh_a than_o in_o the_o winter_n sect._n 9_o of_o the_o refine_n of_o the_o sow-iron_n and_o the_o hammer_v it_o into_o bar_n the_o soweâ—_n be_v with_o team_n of_o ox_n draw_v to_o the_o hammer-work_n where_o be_v put_v into_o the_o fire_n again_o they_o melt_v they_o into_o the_o finery_n the_o fine_a turn_v the_o melt_a stuff_n to_o and_o fro_o till_o it_o come_v to_o be_v a_o solid_a body_n than_o he_o carry_v it_o under_o the_o hammer_n where_o it_o be_v hammer_v out_o into_o such_o flat_a narrow_a and_o thin_a bar_n as_o be_v to_o be_v see_v every_o where_o the_o hammer_n be_v huge_a big_a one_o and_o never_o cease_v from_o knock_v day_n nor_o night_n as_o be_v keep_v at_o work_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o certain_a wheel_n turn_v about_o by_o watercourse_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o the_o wheel_n of_o the_o bellows_o by_o mean_n of_o this_o second_o melt_v and_o of_o that_o mighty_a hammer_v the_o iron_n be_v free_v from_o a_o mighty_a deal_n of_o dross_n and_o dregs_o which_o it_o keep_v stick_v to_o it_o through_o its_o whole_a substance_n in_o the_o first_o melt_v and_o so_o of_o impure_a call_v sow-iron_n become_v to_o be_v useful_a such_o as_o be_v accustom_v to_o be_v deliver_v unto_o merchant_n be_v therefore_o call_v merchants-iron_n one_o tun_n whereof_o be_v usual_o have_v out_o of_o a_o tun_n and_o a_o half_a of_o sow-iron_n but_o if_o that_o be_v of_o the_o best_a sort_n and_o cast_v of_o the_o best_a oar_n two_o hundred_o pound_n less_o of_o it_o will_v yield_v the_o aforesaid_a quantity_n of_o a_o tun_n of_o merchants-iron_n chap._n xviii_o of_o the_o mine_n of_o silver_n and_o lead_n in_o ireland_n and_o occasional_o of_o the_o pestiferous_a damp_n and_o vapour_n within_o the_o earth_n sect._n 1_o of_o the_o several_a mine_n of_o silver_n and_o lead_n and_o in_o particular_a that_o of_o tipperary_n have_v of_o lead_n and_o sâ—lver_n in_o ireland_n have_v to_o this_o day_n be_v find_v out_o three_o in_o number_n one_o in_o ulster_n in_o the_o county_n of_o antrim_n very_o rich_a forasmuch_o as_o with_o every_o thirty_o pound_n of_o lead_n it_o yield_v a_o pound_n of_o pure_a silver_n another_o in_o connaught_n upon_o the_o very_a harbour-mouth_n of_o sligo_n in_o a_o little_a demy-iland_n common_o call_v conny-iland_n and_o a_o three_o in_o munster_n the_o first_o two_o have_v be_v discover_v but_o a_o few_o year_n before_o this_o present_a rebellion_n be_v through_o several_a impediment_n never_o take_v in_o hand_n yet_o wherefore_o we_o shall_v speak_v only_o of_o the_o three_o this_o mine_n stand_v in_o the_o county_n of_o tipperary_n in_o the_o barony_n of_o upper-ormond_n in_o the_o parish_n of_o kilmore_n upon_o the_o land_n of_o one_o john_n mac-dermot_n o-kennedy_a not_o far_o from_o the_o castle_n of_o downallie_o twelve_o mile_n from_o limmerick_n and_o threescore_o from_o dublin_n the_o land_n where_o the_o mine_n be_v be_v mountainous_a and_o barren_a but_o the_o bottom_n and_o the_o land_n adjoin_v be_v very_o good_a for_o pasture_n and_o partly_o arable_a of_o each_o whereof_o the_o miner_n have_v part_n to_o the_o value_n of_o twenty_o pound_n sterling_a per_fw-la annum_fw-la every_o one_o it_o be_v find_v out_o not_o above_o forty_o year_n ago_o but_o understand_v at_o the_o first_o only_a as_o a_o lead-mine_a and_o according_o give_v notice_n of_o to_o donogh_n earl_n of_o thomond_n than_o lord_n precedent_n of_o munster_n who_o make_v use_v of_o some_o of_o the_o lead_n for_o to_o cover_v the_o house_n which_o he_o then_o be_v building_n at_o bunrattie_n but_o afterward_o it_o have_v be_v find_v that_o with_o the_o lead_n of_o this_o mine_n there_o be_v mix_v some_o silver_n sect._n 2._o the_o manner_n of_o dig_v this_o i_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o oar_n and_o what_o proportion_n of_o silver_n and_o lead_v it_o yield_v the_o vein_n of_o this_o mine_n do_v common_o rise_v within_o three_o or_o four_o spit_n of_o the_o superficies_n and_o they_o dig_v deep_a as_o those_o vein_n go_v dig_v open_a pit_n very_o far_o into_o the_o ground_n many_o fathom_n deep_a yea_o castle-deep_a the_o pit_n not_o be_v steep_a but_o of_o that_o fashion_n as_o people_n may_v go_v in_o and_o out_o with_o wheel-barrow_n be_v the_o only_a way_n use_v by_o they_o for_o to_o carry_v out_o the_o mine_n or_o oare_n the_o water_n do_v seldom_o much_o offend_v they_o for_o when_o either_o by_o the_o fall_n of_o much_o rain_n or_o by_o the_o discover_n of_o some_o spring_n or_o water-source_n they_o find_v themselves_o annoy_v by_o it_o they_o do_v by_o conduit_n carry_v it_o away_o to_o a_o brook_n adjoin_v the_o mountain_n be_v so_o situate_a as_o that_o may_v be_v do_v easy_o this_o mine_n yield_v two_o different_a sort_n of_o oar_n of_o which_o the_o one_o and_o that_o the_o most_o in_o quantity_n be_v of_o a_o red_a colour_n hard_a and_o glister_a the_o other_o be_v like_o a_o marl_n something_o bluish_a and_o more_o soft_a than_o the_o red_a and_o this_o be_v count_v the_o best_a produce_v most_o silver_n whereas_o the_o other_o or_o glister_a sort_n be_v very_o barren_a and_o go_v most_o away_o into_o litteridge_n or_o dross_n the_o oar_n yield_v one_o with_o another_o three_o pound_n weight_n of_o silver_n out_o of_o each_o tun_n but_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o lead_n so_o as_o that_o be_v count_v the_o best_a
the_o ordure_n of_o the_o street_n be_v under_o ground_n convey_v into_o the_o city_n ditch_n pass_v under_o the_o yard_n wherein_a the_o say_v well_o dam_v up_o since_o this_o sad_a accident_n do_v stand_v so_o as_o it_o may_v be_v probable_o believe_v that_o that_o deadly_a infection_n of_o the_o air_n within_o the_o same_o well_o have_v partly_o be_v cause_v through_o the_o nearness_n of_o the_o same_o sewer_n chap._n xix_o of_o the_o freestone_n marble_n flint_n slate_n and_o seacoles_n which_o be_v find_v in_o ireland_n sect._n 1_o of_o the_o freestone_n have_v in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n treat_v of_o the_o metal_n and_o mineral_n which_o be_v find_v in_o ireland_n we_o shall_v now_o go_v on_o to_o speak_v of_o several_a other_o substance_n raise_v out_o of_o the_o ground_n there_o of_o a_o less_o noble_a nature_n but_o nevertheless_o profitable_a and_o serve_v for_o several_a good_a use_n to_o begin_v with_o freestone_n there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o it_o the_o one_o be_v gray_a or_o ash-coloured_a and_o the_o other_o blue_a which_o both_o for_o the_o most_o part_n lie_v in_o the_o uppermost_a part_n of_o the_o ground_n cover_v over_o with_o very_o little_a earth_n be_v raise_v with_o small_a labour_n and_o charge_n whereas_o in_o most_o other_o country_n it_o be_v as_o much_o labour_n to_o dig_v freestone_n as_o the_o metal_n themselves_o the_o blue_a freestone_n be_v not_o very_o abundant_a and_o as_o little_a in_o request_n as_o unfit_a for_o great_a building_n it_o lie_v for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o small_a unshape_o piece_n and_o when_o they_o be_v big_a common_o break_v in_o the_o raise_n and_o hew_v partly_o through_o the_o unskilfullness_n of_o the_o workman_n there_o and_o chief_o because_o they_o be_v exceed_o hard_a and_o can_v well_o endure_v the_o iron_n the_o gray_a freestone_n which_o be_v find_v very_o abundant_o in_o most_o part_n of_o the_o land_n be_v of_o a_o contrary_a nature_n and_o may_v easy_o be_v cut_v out_o into_o stone_n of_o all_o bigness_n or_o fashion_n wherefore_o also_o this_o sort_n have_v be_v use_v by_o the_o english_a to_o all_o the_o church_n castle_n and_o edifice_n which_o since_o the_o conquest_n have_v be_v build_v by_o they_o for_o the_o irish_a themselves_o never_o have_v the_o skill_n nor_o industry_n to_o erect_v any_o considerable_a building_n of_o freestone_n brick_n or_o other_o the_o like_a material_n their_o dwelling_n be_v very_o poor_a and_o contemptible_a cottage_n true_a it_o be_v that_o the_o english_a at_o their_o first_o come_v find_v several_a maritine-towne_n in_o ireland_n with_o stonewall_n and_o house_n the_o church_n also_o not_o only_o in_o those_o but_o in_o many_o other_o town_n be_v of_o the_o same_o but_o build_v by_o stranger_n who_o be_v come_v out_o of_o the_o northern_a part_n of_o germany_n and_o other_o neighbour_a country_n have_v settle_v themselves_o there_o inhabit_v several_a part_n of_o the_o seacoast_n some_o age_n before_o the_o english-conquest_n which_o people_n call_v themselves_o oastman_n or_o easterling_n all_o those_o country_n of_o the_o which_o they_o be_v come_v be_v situate_v to_o the_o east_n of_o ireland_n sect._n 2._o certain_a evil_a property_n of_o the_o irish_a freestone_n this_o sort_n of_o grey_a freestone_n in_o ireland_n have_v a_o bad_a quality_n that_o it_o draw_v the_o moisture_n of_o the_o air_n continual_o to_o it_o and_o so_o become_v dank_a and_o wet_a both_o in_o and_o outside_n especial_o in_o time_n of_o much_o rain_n to_o mend_v this_o inconvenience_n the_o english_a do_v wainscot_n those_o wall_n with_o oak_n or_o other_o board_n or_o line_v they_o with_o a_o thin_a crust_n of_o brick_n sect_n 3._o of_o the_o marble_n beside_o the_o freestone_n which_o be_v almost_o in_o every_o part_n of_o the_o land_n there_o be_v marble_n find_v in_o many_o place_n of_o several_a sort_n one_o be_v red_a streak_v with_o white_a and_o other_o colour_n such_o as_o with_o a_o peculiar_a name_n be_v call_v porphyre_n other_o black_a very_o curious_o streak_v with_o white_a and_o some_o all_o of_o one_o colour_n the_o first_o two_o sort_n be_v find_v but_o in_o small_a quantity_n especial_o the_o second_o but_o the_o last_o be_v very_o abundant_a in_o some_o place_n but_o most_o about_o kilkenny_n where_o not_o only_o many_o house_n be_v build_v of_o the_o same_o but_o whole_a street_n be_v pave_v with_o it_o sect._n 4._o description_n of_o the_o marble-quarrie_n at_o kilkenny_n the_o quarry_n out_o of_o which_o they_o have_v their_o marble_n at_o kilkenney_n be_v not_o above_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o mile_n distant_a from_o the_o town_n and_o belong_v to_o no_o body_n in_o particular_a lie_v in_o common_a for_o all_o the_o townsman_n who_o at_o any_o time_n may_v fetch_v as_o much_o out_o of_o it_o as_o seem_v good_a unto_o they_o without_o pay_v any_o thing_n for_o it_o it_o be_v in_o fashion_n like_o unto_o quarry_n of_o freestone_n to_o wit_n a_o wide_a open_a pit_n whereout_o stone_n and_o pillar_n of_o great_a thickness_n and_o height_n may_v be_v dig_v this_o marble_n whilst_o it_o be_v rude_a and_o as_o it_o come_v out_o of_o the_o ground_n look_v grayish_a but_o be_v polish_v it_o get_v a_o fine_a bluish_a colour_n draw_v somewhat_o towards_o the_o black_a sect._n 5._o of_o the_o flint_n although_o flint_n be_v not_o dig_v from_o under_o the_o ground_n yet_o shall_v we_o give_v they_o a_o place_n next_o to_o the_o freestone_n and_o marble_n because_o of_o the_o affinity_n which_o they_o have_v with_o they_o they_o be_v find_v in_o every_o part_n of_o ireland_n in_o great_a abundance_n near_o the_o seaside_n within_o the_o land_n upon_o the_o hill_n and_o mountain_n and_o in_o the_o river_n many_o of_o which_o have_v not_o only_o their_o bank_n cover_v with_o they_o but_o also_o the_o bottom_n of_o their_o channel_n and_o that_o for_o great_a space_n together_o which_o as_o they_o be_v oâ—_n all_o size_n and_o fashion_n so_o of_o very_o different_a colour_n sect._n 6._o of_o the_o slate_n in_o sundry_a part_n of_o ireland_n slate_n be_v find_v in_o great_a abundance_n and_o that_o nothing_o deep_a within_o the_o ground_n just_a in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o the_o freestone_n so_o as_o it_o may_v be_v raise_v with_o little_a charge_n and_o labour_n wherefore_o at_o all_o time_n it_o have_v be_v much_o use_v by_o the_o english_a inhabitant_n for_o the_o cover_n of_o their_o house_n and_o other_o building_n nevertheless_o some_o year_n since_o in_o place_n near_o the_o sea_n especial_o at_o dublin_n that_o kind_n of_o holland_n tile_n which_o by_o they_o be_v call_v pannen_n begin_v to_o be_v use_v general_o the_o merchant_n cause_v they_o to_o be_v bring_v in_o from_o thence_o in_o great_a abundance_n because_o in_o ireland_n they_o have_v neither_o convenient_a stuff_n to_o make_v they_o of_o nor_o workman_n skilful_a in_o that_o business_n although_o the_o common_a tile_n usual_a in_o many_o part_n of_o england_n and_o other_o country_n be_v make_v and_o use_v in_o several_a place_n within_o the_o land_n beside_o these_o there_o be_v another_o kind_n of_o cover_v in_o use_n both_o for_o church_n and_o house_n to_o wit_n a_o certain_a sort_n of_o wooden_a tile_n vulgar_o call_v shingles_n the_o which_o be_v sight_n enough_o at_o the_o first_o but_o do_v not_o many_o year_n continue_v so_o it_o be_v necessary_a to_o change_v they_o often_o which_o thing_n proper_o not_o appertain_v to_o this_o chapter_n we_o nevertheless_o for_o affinity_n sake_n have_v think_v not_o amiss_o here_o to_o mention_v some_o year_n ago_o another_o kind_n of_o slate_n have_v be_v discover_v in_o ireland_n which_o for_o the_o colours-sake_n be_v call_v black-slate_n be_v of_o a_o blackish_a colour_n which_o be_v come_v into_o great_a esteem_n not_o so_o much_o for_o the_o ordinary_a use_n of_o cover_v house_n for_o which_o they_o be_v no_o better_a than_o common_a slate_n but_o because_o it_o have_v be_v find_v by_o experience_n very_o good_a and_o medicinal_a against_o several_a disease_n especial_o to_o stay_v all_o kind_n of_o bleed_v and_o to_o hinder_v that_o after_o fall_v and_o bruise_n the_o blood_n do_v not_o congeal_v within_o the_o body_n sect._n 7._o of_o the_o sea-coal_n the_o tree_n and_o wood_n have_v be_v so_o much_o destroy_v in_o ireland_n as_o heretofore_o we_o have_v show_v and_o consequent_o wood_n for_o fire_v be_v very_o dear_a in_o great_a part_n of_o the_o land_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v necessitate_v to_o make_v use_n of_o other_o fuel_n viz._n of_o turf_n and_o of_o sea-coal_n of_o the_o turf_n we_o shall_v speak_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n as_o for_o sea-coal_n they_o be_v the_o ordinary_a fire_n in_o dublin_n &_o in_o other_o place_n lie_v near_o the_o sea_n where_o the_o same_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n be_v bring_v in_o out_o of_o
england_n wales_n and_o scotland_n in_o great_a abundance_n and_o therefore_o reasonable_a cheap_a which_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o the_o less_o care_n have_v be_v take_v to_o find_v out_o coal-mine_n in_o ireland_n itself_o whereas_o otherwise_o it_o be_v the_o opinion_n of_o person_n know_v in_o these_o matter_n that_o if_o diligent_a search_n be_v make_v for_o they_o in_o sundry_a part_n of_o the_o land_n good_a coal-mine_n will_v be_v discover_v this_o opinion_n be_v the_o more_o probable_a because_o that_o already_o one_o coal_n mine_n have_v be_v find_v out_o in_o ireland_n a_o few_o year_n since_o by_o mere_a hazard_n and_o without_o have_v be_v seek_v for_o the_o mine_n be_v in_o the_o province_n of_o leinster_n in_o the_o county_n of_o carlo_n seven_o mile_n from_o idof_n in_o the_o same_o hill_n where_o the_o iron-mine_a be_v of_o mr._n christopher_n wandsworth_n of_o who_o have_v be_v speak_v above_o in_o that_o iron-mine_a after_o that_o for_o a_o great_a while_o they_o have_v draw_v iron-oar_n out_o of_o it_o and_o that_o by_o degree_n they_o be_v go_v deep_a at_o last_o in_o lieu_n of_o oar_n they_o meet_v with_o sea-coal_n so_o as_o ever_o since_o all_o the_o people_n dwell_v in_o those_o part_n have_v use_v it_o for_o their_o fire_n find_v it_o very_o cheap_a for_o the_o load_n of_o a_o irish-car_n draw_v by_o one_o garron_n do_v stand_v they_o beside_o the_o charge_n of_o bring_v it_o in_o nine_o penny_n only_o three_o penny_n to_o the_o dig_a and_o six_o penny_n to_o the_o owner_n there_o be_v coal_n enough_o in_o this_o mine_n for_o to_o furnish_v a_o whole_a country_n nevertheless_o there_o be_v no_o use_n make_v of_o they_o further_o than_o among_o the_o neighbour_a inhabitant_n because_o the_o my_o be_v situate_v far_o from_o river_n the_o transportation_n be_v too_o chargeable_a by_o land_n these_o coal_n be_v very_o heavy_a and_o burn_v with_o little_a flame_n but_o lie_v like_o char-coal_n and_o continue_v so_o the_o space_n of_o seven_o or_o eight_o hour_n cast_v a_o very_a great_a and_o violent_a heat_n in_o the_o place_n where_o this_o mine_n stand_v do_v lie_v little_a smith-coal_n above_o the_o ground_n disperse_v every_o where_o in_o great_a quantity_n from_o whence_o the_o smith_n dwell_v in_o the_o part_n round_o about_o do_v use_v to_o come_v and_o fetch_v they_o even_o before_o the_o mine_n be_v discover_v chap._n xx._n of_o the_o turf_n lime_n and_o brick_n and_o the_o manner_n of_o make_v those_o thing_n in_o ireland_n item_n of_o the_o glass_n make_v in_o ireland_n sect._n 1_o of_o the_o two_o sort_n of_o irish-turf_n turf_n be_v very_o much_o use_v throughout_o all_o the_o land_n as_o we_o have_v say_v before_o be_v of_o two_o sorâ—s_n according_a to_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o bogâ—_n out_o of_o the_o which_o it_o be_v take_v that_o which_o be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o dry-bog_n or_o red-bog_n be_v light_n spongy_a of_o a_o red_a colour_n kindle_v easy_o and_o burn_v very_o clear_a but_o do_v not_o last_v the_o other_o to_o the_o contrary_a which_o be_v raise_v out_o of_o the_o green_a or_o wet_a bog_n be_v heavy_a firm_a black_a do_v not_o burn_v so_o soon_o nor_o with_o so_o great_a a_o flame_n but_o last_v a_o great_a while_n and_o make_v a_o very_a hot_a fire_n and_o leave_v foul_a yellowish_a ash_n it_o be_v the_o observation_n of_o woman_n that_o the_o linen_n which_o be_v dry_v by_o a_o fire_n make_v of_o this_o last_o sort_n of_o turf_n get_v a_o foul_a colour_n be_v it_o never_o so_o white_a wash_v and_o bleech_v and_o grow_v yellowish_a in_o that_o manner_n as_o that_o it_o can_v hardly_o be_v get_v out_o again_o sect._n 2._o the_o manner_n of_o make_v the_o turf_n the_o first_o sort_n of_o turf_n cost_v but_o little_a pain_n in_o the_o make_n for_o be_v dig_v and_o have_v eye_n some_o day_n a_o dry_v first_o spread_v out_o thin_a and_o single_a upon_o the_o ground_n and_o afterward_o pile_v up_o in_o little_a heap_n it_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o barn_n but_o black_a turf_n can_v be_v make_v without_o more_o trouble_n first_o they_o mark_v out_o convenient_a place_n for_o only_o those_o be_v fit_a for_o it_o to_o which_o some_o path_n do_v lead_v and_o which_o in_o themselves_o be_v not_o too_o miry_a and_o too_o deep_a but_o have_v a_o firm_a &_o sandy_a ground_n underneath_o within_o the_o space_n of_o four_o or_o five_o foot_n or_o thereabouts_o have_v find_v out_o such_o a_o place_n if_o it_o be_v too_o watery_a they_o make_v some_o trench_n into_o which_o the_o water_n descend_v out_o of_o that_o part_n of_o the_o bog_n wherein_o they_o intend_v to_o work_v may_v by_o they_o be_v carry_v to_o some_o place_n fit_a for_o to_o receive_v it_o to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o bog_n be_v thereby_o grow_v somewhat_o dryer_n and_o firm_a may_v the_o better_o bear_v the_o labourer_n without_o sink_v too_o deep_a into_o it_o then_o they_o fall_v to_o the_o business_n divide_v it_o so_o among_o the_o labourer_n that_o one_o part_n of_o they_o do_v dig_v out_o the_o earth_n or_o rather_o the_o mud_n for_o all_o the_o earth_n whereof_o this_o turf_n be_v make_v be_v thin_a and_o muddy_a and_o by_o spadeâ—-full_a cast_n it_o on_o a_o heap_n either_o by_o the_o â—ide_v of_o the_o pit_n or_o some_o where_o within_o the_o same_o where_o other_o stand_v who_o very_o well_o work_v it_o turn_v it_o to_o and_o fro_o and_o then_o with_o their_o shovel_n fill_v it_o into_o certain_a wooden_a tray_n among_o the_o english_a in_o ireland_n peculiar_o call_v lossel_n the_o which_o be_v full_a another_o part_n of_o the_o labourer_n draw_v the_o same_o with_o great_a cord_n fasten_v to_o they_o to_o some_o dry_a place_n within_o the_o bog_n or_o by_o the_o side_n thereof_o where_o have_v pour_v out_o the_o mud_n they_o go_v back_o to_o fetch_v more_o and_o so_o go_v to_o and_o fro_o all_o day_n long_o on_o that_o dry_a place_n where_o the_o mud_n be_v pour_v forth_o sit_v certain_a woman_n upon_o their_o knee_n who_o mould_n the_o mud_n use_v nothing_o else_o to_o it_o but_o their_o hand_n between_o the_o which_o take_v a_o part_n of_o it_o they_o press_v they_o together_o in_o that_o manner_n that_o their_o hand_n meet_v above_o the_o turf_n be_v fashion_v flat_a and_o broad_o beneath_o grow_v narrow_a towards_o the_o top_n which_o be_v do_v the_o turf_n be_v let_v lie_n upon_o the_o ground_n the_o space_n of_o a_o week_n or_o more_o according_a as_o the_o weather_n be_v and_o be_v reasonable_o well_o dry_v it_o be_v pile_v up_o in_o little_a heap_n leave_v every_o where_o empty_a space_n between_o that_o the_o air_n and_o the_o wind_n pass_v through_o they_o they_o may_v dry_v the_o soon_o sect._n 3_o the_o charge_n of_o make_v turf_n ireland_n be_v so_o full_a of_o bog_n that_o every_o man_n almost_o have_v bog_n enough_o upon_o his_o own_o land_n to_o make_v turf_n for_o his_o family_n and_o for_o all_o his_o tenant_n so_o that_o the_o turf_n do_v cost_v most_o man_n no_o more_o than_o the_o hire_n of_o the_o labourer_n who_o be_v employ_v about_o it_o those_o that_o begin_v early_o in_o the_o year_n whilst_o the_o labourer_n have_v but_o little_a employment_n give_v ordinary_o beside_o meat_n and_o drink_n three_o penny_n sterling_a a_o day_n to_o every_o man_n and_o two_o penny_n to_o every_o woman_n four_o penny_n a_o day_n be_v the_o ordinary_a price_n and_o when_o it_o be_v be_v at_o the_o dear_a five_o penny_n twenty_o man_n make_v in_o two_o or_o three_o day_n as_o much_o turf_n as_o be_v sufficient_a for_o the_o whole_a year_n fire_v of_o a_o great_a family_n of_o which_o number_n five_o man_n do_v dig_v and_o cast_v up_o the_o mud_n five_o wrought_v it_o and_o fill_v it_o into_o the_o tray_n and_o ten_o be_v busy_v in_o draw_v the_o tray_n to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o turf_n be_v mould_v by_o the_o woman_n who_o go_v so_o nimble_o to_o work_v with_o it_o that_o only_o two_o of_o they_o be_v sufficient_a to_o keep_v twenty_o man_n at_o work_n sect._n 4._o of_o the_o lime_n and_o the_o manner_n of_o make_v it_o of_o limestone_n all_o the_o lime_n in_o ireland_n be_v make_v not_o of_o the_o shell_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o shellfish_n as_o in_o holland_n and_o some_o other_o country_n but_o only_o of_o stone_n and_o the_o gray_a freestone_n whereof_o we_o have_v speak_v in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n be_v very_o fit_a for_o it_o especial_o when_o it_o be_v not_o new_o come_v out_o of_o the_o quarry_n but_o take_v off_o old_a building_n but_o a_o peculiar_a sort_n of_o stone_n proper_o call_v limestone_n be_v best_a for_o it_o this_o stone_n be_v of_o a_o gray_a colour_n tend_v to_o a_o dark_a blue_a which_o be_v break_v a_o white_a dust_n
nor_o any_o other_o height_n betwixt_o the_o strand_n and_o the_o land_n it_o be_v only_o defend_v from_o the_o overflow_n of_o the_o sea_n by_o a_o unsensible_a rise_n sect._n 2._o of_o the_o high_a and_o hilly_a shore_n of_o ireland_n in_o other_o place_n the_o land_n be_v high_a and_o hilly_a on_o the_o seaside_n part_v whereof_o do_v descend_v by_o degree_n towards_o the_o sea_n have_v a_o strand_n below_o but_o elsewhere_o the_o land_n be_v high_a and_o steep_a be_v wash_v underneath_o by_o the_o deep_a sea_n so_o as_o ship_n of_o a_o great_a burden_n may_v sail_v close_o by_o it_o the_o which_o may_v be_v observe_v not_o only_o in_o the_o head_n or_o cape_n the_o most_o part_n whereof_o be_v thus_o fashion_v but_o in_o many_o other_o place_n &_o in_o great_a extent_n of_o the_o coast_n for_o as_o concern_v the_o say_n of_o giraldus_n that_o ireland_n every_o where_o upon_o the_o coast_n be_v very_o low_a est_fw-la per_fw-la omne_fw-la svi_fw-la latera_fw-la a_o marináque_fw-la littora_fw-la terra_fw-la valdè_fw-la demissa_fw-la that_o be_v evident_o repugnant_a to_o the_o truth_n some_o of_o these_o high_a shore_n be_v bare_a naked_a rock_n cover_v with_o very_o little_a or_o no_o earth_n so_o as_o scarce_o any_o thing_n grow_v upon_o they_o but_o dry_a grass_n and_o heath_n other_o be_v stony_a within_o but_o have_v at_o the_o top_n a_o reasonable_a deep_a mould_n and_o all_o over_o clothe_v with_o good_a grass_n some_o of_o they_o be_v so_o exceed_o steep_a towards_o the_o seaside_n that_o it_o be_v impossible_a for_o man_n or_o beast_n be_v come_v to_o the_o further_a end_n to_o go_v one_o step_n further_o without_o fall_v down_o and_o be_v lose_v so_o as_o it_o have_v happen_v that_o cattle_n and_o sheep_n feed_v in_o those_o place_n when_o they_o be_v come_v to_o the_o top_n and_o follow_v the_o grass_n sudden_o tumble_v down_o fall_v headlong_o into_o the_o sea_n or_o upon_o the_o hard_a sharp_a rock_n stand_v at_o the_o bottom_n sect._n 3_o cape_n on_o the_o east-side_n of_o ireland_n the_o head_n or_o cape_n of_o ireland_n be_v in_o great_a number_n and_o many_o of_o they_o very_o observable_a to_o the_o great_a commodity_n of_o the_o seafaring_a man_n in_o the_o south-easterly_a point_n of_o ireland_n be_v the_o cape_n of_o greenore_n five_o or_o six_o mile_n to_o the_o south_n of_o the_o bay_n of_o wexford_n be_v not_o very_o high_a but_o steep_a and_o flat_a at_o the_o top_n and_o three_o or_o four_o mile_n to_o the_o south-west_n from_o it_o be_v the_o point_n of_o carnarord_n betwixt_o wexford_n and_o dublin_n there_o be_v five_o head_n that_o of_o glascarick_n which_o the_o dutch_a mariner_n call_v the_o blew-point_n and_o the_o steeppoint_v twelve_o mile_n to_o the_o north_n of_o the_o bay_n of_o wexford_n be_v of_o no_o great_a height_n that_o of_o glaskerman_n or_o arklo_n be_v weâ—-near_a at_o the_o same_o distance_n from_o the_o head_n of_o glascarick_n as_o that_o be_v from_o the_o bar_n of_o wexford_n missan_n head_n some_o nine_o or_o ten_o mile_n further_o to_o the_o north._n the_o head_n of_o wickloe_n six_o mile_n beyond_o missan-head_n be_v steep_a and_o rocky_a divide_v at_o the_o top_n into_o two_o little_a hillock_n and_o the_o five_o and_o last_o of_o all_o that_o of_o bray_n about_o fifteen_o mile_n beyond_o wickloe_n and_o five_o or_o six_o mile_n to_o the_o south_n of_o the_o bay_n of_o dublin_n be_v a_o great_a and_o high_a cape_n shoot_v a_o good_a way_n into_o the_o sea_n and_o so_o steep_a that_o it_o be_v ten_o fathom_n deep_a there_o close_o under_o the_o land_n on_o the_o north-side_n of_o dublin-bay_n be_v the_o head_n of_o houth_n a_o great_a high_a mountain_n three_o or_o four_o mile_n compass_n in_o the_o bottom_n have_v the_o sea_n on_o all_o side_n except_o the_o westside_n where_o with_o a_o long_a narrow_a neck_n it_o be_v join_v to_o the_o land_n which_o neck_n be_v low_a ground_n one_o may_v from_o either_o side_n see_v the_o sea_n over_o it_o so_o that_o afar_o off_o it_o seem_v as_o if_o it_o be_v a_o island_n this_o head_n may_v be_v see_v a_o great_a way_n off_o at_o sea_n for_o even_o upon_o the_o land_n one_o may_v very_o perfect_o see_v it_o not_o only_o upon_o the_o key_n of_o dublin_n which_o be_v six_o mile_n from_o thence_o but_o nine_o or_o ten_o mile_n further_o westward_o upon_o all_o the_o coast_n from_o the_o head_n of_o houth_n to_o dondrom_n be_v the_o space_n of_o about_o threescore_o mile_n be_v none_o considerable_a but_o some_o mile_n beyond_o dondrom_n and_o three_o or_o four_o mile_n at_o this_o side_n the_o haven_n of_o arglas_n be_v st._n johns-point_n a_o head_n and_o fore-land_n which_o shoot_v a_o good_a way_n into_o the_o sea_n the_o next_o head_n beyond_o st._n john_n be_v the_o point_n at_o the_o north-side_n of_o the_o haven_n of_o strangford_n which_o the_o dutch_a mariner_n by_o a_o notable_a mistake_n call_v the_o point_n of_o arglas_n all_o these_o cape_n lie_v on_o the_o east-side_n of_o ireland_n who_o utmost_a point_n northward_o be_v the_o promontory_n of_o fair-foreland_a sect._n 4._o cape_n on_o the_o north-side_n of_o ireland_n about_o fifty_o mile_n to_o the_o west_n of_o fair-foreland_a and_o well_o near_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o north-coast_n be_v the_o head_n of_o enyston_n which_o with_o the_o land_n next_o adjoin_v lie_v much_o more_o northward_o and_o run_v further_a out_o into_o the_o sea_n than_o any_o other_o land_n upon_o this_o coast_n be_v of_o a_o great_a height_n so_o as_o it_o may_v easy_o be_v know_v by_o any_o that_o once_o have_v see_v it_o some_o forty_o mile_n more_o westward_o beyond_o this_o promontory_n lie_v the_o cape_n which_o be_v know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o horn-head_n be_v a_o hill_n with_o two_o hommock_n at_o the_o top_n in_o fashion_n somewhat_o like_a unto_o two_o horn_n from_o whence_o it_o have_v receive_v its_o denomination_n sect._n 5._o cape_n on_o the_o westside_n of_o ireland_n upon_o the_o westside_n of_o the_o irish_a coast_n be_v four_o principal_a head_n viz._n tellin-head_n lie_v about_o thirty_o mile_n to_o the_o south-west_n of_o the_o isle_n of_o aran_n the_o which_o be_v situate_v over_o against_o the_o north-westerly_a point_n of_o ireland_n akil-head_n some_o mile_n to_o the_o south_n of_o broad-haven_n be_v not_o on_o the_o main_n but_o in_o a_o island_n sline-head_n which_o by_o the_o seafaring_a man_n be_v call_v twelvepence_n because_o the_o land_n show_v itself_o in_o twelve_o round_a hommock_n be_v situate_v well_o near_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o west-coast_n and_o lupis-head_n which_o be_v the_o northern-point_n of_o the_o haven_n of_o limmerick_n as_o for_o the_o other_o head_n upon_o the_o same_o westside_n namely_o those_o three_o betwixt_o the_o haven_n of_o slego_n and_o broad-haven_n by_o the_o irish_a pilot_n call_v can-moin_a can-killaloy_a and_o can-jores_a can_v in_o irish_a betoken_v a_o head_n in_o all_o sort_n of_o signification_n renilira_n and_o clegan_n between_o akil-head_n and_o sline-head_n which_o last_o the_o irish_a call_v can-leme_a brain_n and_o calew_n situate_v to_o the_o south_n of_o the_o bay_n of_o galloway_n and_o can-sanan_a be_v the_o south-point_n of_o the_o bay_n of_o limmerick_n those_o be_v less_o considerable_a sect._n 6._o head_n on_o the_o southern_a coast_n of_o ireland_n upon_o the_o south-west-side_n of_o ireland_n the_o principal_a head_n be_v cape-dorses_a situate_v in_o a_o island_n of_o the_o same_o name_n betwixt_o the_o two_o great_a bay_n of_o more_o and_o bantree_n and_o messan-head_n situate_v betwixt_o the_o bay_n of_o bantree_n and_o baltimore_n be_v the_o same_o in_o camden_n opinion_n which_o ptolemy_n call_v notium_n that_o be_v southern_a it_o be_v the_o most_o southerly_a point_n of_o all_o ireland_n upon_o the_o south-east-side_n be_v the_o head_n of_o clare_n stand_v in_o a_o island_n on_o the_o east-side_n of_o the_o bay_n of_o baltimore_n and_o a_o great_a way_n from_o thence_o the_o old_a head_n of_o kinsale_n call_v cape_n velho_n by_o the_o dutch_a mariner_n which_o head_n to_o those_o that_o come_v sail_v along_o the_o land_n afar_o off_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o island_n be_v a_o point_n which_o shoot_v a_o great_a way_n into_o the_o sea_n who_o utmost_a or_o most_o southerly_a end_n be_v very_o high_a and_o steep_a upon_o the_o same_o side_n stand_v the_o head_n of_o ardimore_n which_o run_v a_o great_a way_n into_o the_o sea_n from_o the_o land_n on_o both_o side_n and_o because_o of_o its_o height_n may_v be_v see_v many_o mile_n off_o chap._n v._o of_o the_o sand_n or_o ground_n blind-rock_n and_o other_o rock_n in_o the_o irish_a sea_n sect._n 1_o of_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o coast_n betwixt_o dublin_n and_o wexford_n the_o sea_n which_o inviron_v ireland_n be_v as_o free_v from_o shelf_n