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ground_n cut_v year_n yearly_a 16 3 8.8823 4 false
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A26232 Observations upon some part of Sr Francis Bacon's Naturall history as it concernes fruit-trees, fruits, and flowers especially the fifth, sixth, and seaventh centuries, improving the experiments mentioned, to the best advantage / by R.A. Austen, practiser in the art of planting. Austen, Ralph, d. 1676.; Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626. Sylva sylvarum. 1658 (1658) Wing A4234; ESTC R13917 44,554 57

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and_o fruit_n it_o be_v turn_v into_o that_o body_n and_o substance_n which_o we_o see_v above_o ground_n and_o none_o at_o all_o descend_v at_o any_o time_n for_o there_o be_v no_o cause_n and_o therefore_o no_o such_o effect_n sap_n be_v continual_o asscend_v all_o the_o year_n long_o more_o or_o less_o either_o for_o the_o growth_n of_o the_o tree_n or_o for_o the_o conservation_n of_o it_o in_o life_n and_o in_o all_o its_o dimension●_n for_o there_o be_v a_o continual_a extraction_n of_o sap_n out_o of_o the_o body_n bough_n and_o branch_n by_o the_o sun_n and_o air_n as_o this_o au●hour_n elsewhere_o assert_n and_o which_o experience_n prove_v now_o if_o there_o be_v at_o any_o time_n a_o descension_n also_o what_o then_o will_v become_v of_o the_o tree_n it_o will_v q●ickly_o wither_v be_v cont●acted_v and_o shrink_v apparent_o whosoever_o be_v unsatisfy_v with_o what_o be_v here_o say_v against_o descension_n of_o sap_n in_o tree_n may_v see_v hereof_o more_o large_o many_o argument_n against_o it_o in_o my_o treatise_n of_o fruit-trees●_n pag._n 100.101.102_o etc._n etc._n if_o tree_n bear_v not_o bear_v a_o hole_n through_o the_o heart_n of_o the_o tree_n 428._o and_o it_o will_v bear_v perhaps_o this_o course_n may_v do_v some_o good_a in_o let_v out_o superfluous_a sap_n observation_n if_o too_o much_o repletion_n be_v the_o cause_n but_o there_o be_v divers_a other_o cause_n of_o barrenness_n of_o fruit-tree_n as_o too_o deep_a set_n the_o root_n run_v down_o into_o gravel_n clay_n water_n etc._n etc._n which_o must_v have_v answerable_a remedy_n and_o sometime_o it_o be_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o tree_n that_o all_o the_o culture_n in_o the_o world_n use_v to_o the_o root_n and_o body_n will_v not_o help_v without_o engraft_v the_o branch_n with_o graft_n of_o some_o good_a bear_v kind_n which_o be_v the_o best_a way_n i_o know_v to_o have_v store_n of_o good_a fruit_n and_o speedy_o too_o from_o barren_a tree_n 429._o to_o make_v tree_n 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long_o in_o this_o manner_n such_o be_v more_o hardy_a than_o other_o kind_n cherry_n very_o late_o be_v as_o great_a rarity_n as_o those_o that_o be_v early_o 535._o tree_n be_v general_o set_v of_o root_n or_o kernel_n but_o if_o you_o set_v they_o of_o slip_n as_o the_o mulberry_n etc._n etc._n they_o will_v grow_v and_o those_o as_o be_v report_v will_v be_v dwarf_n tree_n the_o cause_n be_v for_o that_o the_o slip_n draw_v nourishment_n more_o weak_o then_o either_o a_o root_n or_o kernel_n observation_n mulberry-tree_n slip_v and_o some_o other_o kind_n of_o tree_n that_o will_v grow_v of_o slip_n may_v be_v make_v dwarf_n tree_n if_o we_o will_v order_v they_o according_o that_o be_v if_o we_o suffer_v all_o the_o side_n branch_n to_o grow_v or_o such_o slip_n take_v root_n may_v be_v make_v high_a tree_n in_o time_n if_o we_o cut_v off_o all_o the_o side_n branch_n and_o preserve_v only_o the_o middle_n straight_o shoot_v but_o indeed_o at_o first_o for_o certain_a year_n 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to_o make_v rose_n come_v late_o first_o cut_v they_o after_o bear_v 413._o this_o may_v be_v a_o mean_n as_o to_o some_o rosetree_n observation_n that_o be_v such_o as_o be_v old_a i_o have_v know_v some_o of_o long_o stand_v perhaps_o a_o dozen_o sixteen_o or_o twenty_o year_n of_o age_n and_o some_o of_o seven_o or_o eight_o yea●es_n cut_v new_o after_o bear_v have_v bear_v rose_n again_o a_o sec●nd_v time_n late_o in_o the_o year_n be_v cut_v the_o next_o full_a moon_n after_o they_o have_v do_v bear_v but_o there_o be_v a_o kind_n i_o have_v among_o many_o other_o k●nds_n which_o natural_o bear_v a_o second_o time_n although_o the_o tree_n be_v but_o small_a and_o young_a beside_o the_o rose_n call_v the_o monthly_a rose_n 414._o second_o pull_v off_o the_o bud_n of_o the_o rose_n that_o first_o spring_n forth_o ob●ervation_n i_o have_v try_v this_o second_o way_n which_o succeed_v not_o it_o may_v be_v because_o the_o tree_n be_v young_a but_o one_o affirm_v he_o pluck_v off_o 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no_o difference_n at_o all_o in_o the_o late_a bud_a or_o bear_v of_o such_o tree_n from_o other_o 417._o five_o remove_v the_o tree_n some_o month_n before_o it_o bud_v observation_n this_o have_v be_v do_v but_o the_o tree_n be_v remove_v so_o unseasonable_o too_o late_a they_o grow_v poor_o so_o the_o end_n be_v not_o attain_v 4●8_n six_o graft_a rose_n in_o may_n observation_n i_o know_v a_o ingenious_a ge●tleman_n that_o try_v this_o experiment●_n inoculate_v bud_n in_o the_o spring_n which_o bud_v for_o rose_n at_o the_o same_o time_n that_o other_o of_o the_o same_o kind_n do_v which_o bud_v be_v cut_v off_o they_o bear_v rose_n afterwards_o the_o same_o year_n when_o other_o be_v go_v seaventh_o 419._o gird_v the_o body_n of_o the_o tree_n with_o some_o packthread_n this_o will_v not_o do_v it_o neither_o observation_n we_o see_v common_o that_o graft_v tie_v straight_o with_o strong_a flag_n and_o some_o branch_n of_o wall-tree_n nail_v straight_o to_o the_o wall_n so_o that_o i_o have_v see_v the_o bark_n dint_v in_o with_o the_o straitness_n of_o the_o leather_n yet_o for_o all_o that_o sap_n rise_v plentiful_o through_o the_o place_n so_o gird_v up_o into_o the_o branch_n eight_o 420._o plant_v they_o in_o the_o shade_n i_o have_v know_v rosetree_n in_o a_o shady_a place_n observation_n which_o have_v not_o bear_v at_o all_o it_o be_v a_o tree_n that_o love_v the_o sun_n so_o that_o i_o suppose_v this_o experiment_n will_v not_o hold_v i_o have_v try_v it_o in_o one_o or_o too_o and_o it_o succeed_v not_o experiment_n touch_v the_o melioration_n of_o fruit_n tree_n and_o plant_n a_o heap_n of_o flint_n or_o stone_n lay_v about_o the_o bottom_n of_o a_o tree_n upon_o the_o first_o plant_v mak●s_v it_o prosper_v much_o 421._o stone_n lay_v to_o the_o root_n of_o fruit-tree_n observation_n when_o new_o set_v be_v a_o good_a experiment_n in_o some_o ground_n but_o not_o in_o all_o its_o true_a stone_n so_o lay_v keep_v the_o root_n of_o the_o tree_n somewhat_o more_o moist_a and_o warm_a and_o steady_a that_o wind_n shake_v it_o not_o and_o so_o be_v profitable_a but_o there_o be_v danger_n in_o some_o ground_n le●t_v they_o harbor●ants_v or_o pismire_n about_o the_o tree_n root_n under_o the_o stone_n which_o i_o have_v see_v to_o the_o hurt_n and_o destruction_n of_o divers_a young_a tree_n but_o it_o be_v a_o s●fer_n and_o better_a way_n to_o lay_v a_o good_a quantity_n of_o rot_a dung_n or_o litter_n straw_n etc._n etc._n round_o about_o the_o root_n of_o new_a set_a tree_n upon_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mould_n this_o keep_v they_o warm_a in_o winter_n and_o cool_v and_o moist_a in_o summer_n and_o steady_a and_o the_o moisture_n and_o fatness_n of_o the_o muck_n soak_v down_o to_o the_o root_n and_o refresh_v the_o tree_n very_o much_o or_o for_o want_v thereof_o lay_v a_o heap_n of_o weed_n round_o about_o the_o new_a set_v t●ee_v root●_n and_o so_o all_o the_o next_o summer_n after_o these_o thing_n be_v special_a advantage_n to_o new_a set_a t●ees_n 423._o a_o tr●e_n at_o first_o set_n shall_v not_o be_v shake_v but_o a●ter_v a_o year_n ro●ti●g_o th●n_v s●aking_v be_v good_a observation_n when_o y●ung_a tree_n be_v first_o plant_v it_o be_v very_o convenient_a to_o set_v a_o st●ke_a to_o each_o of_o they_o and_o tie_v they_o together_o with_o a_o hay_n band_n or_o some_o ●o●t_v band_n that_o wind_n shake_v they_o not_o and_o this_o not_o for_o a_o year_n only_o but_o divers_a year_n until_o the_o young_a tree_n be_v we●l_n root_v in_o the_o earth_n and_o also_o be_v grow_v strong_a that_o the_o wind_n ●ow_n not_o their_o bodie●_n and_o cause_v they_o to_o grow_v crooked_a which_o fault_n i_o have_v see_v in_o very_o many_o tree_n 4●4_a cut_v away_o sucker_n and_o side_n bough_n make_v tree_n grow_v high_a obs●●vation_n all_o sucker_n must_v be_v cut_v away_o from_o the_o root_n of_o tree_n and_o as_o for_o side_n branch_n those_o may_v be_v cut_v as_o man_n be_v mind_v to_o have_v their_o tree_n to_o spread_v near_o or_o high●r_v from_o the_o ground_n but_o cu●_z not_o the_o side_n branch_n too_o soon_o before_o the_o body_n be_v grow_v stro●g_o enough_o to_o bear_v the_o head_n else_o it_o will_v be_v top_n heavy_a and_o g●ow_o crooked_a 4●●_z to_o have_v many_o new_a root_n of_o fruit-tree_n lay_v the_o branch_n in_o the_o g●ound_n etc._n etc._n observation_n the_o branch●s_v of_o all_o kind_n of_o tree_n will_v not_o take_v root_n thus_o thi●_z way_n of_o p●opagation_n be_v only_o for_o some_o kind_n as_o mulberry_n fig●_z vine●_n q●o●li●gs_n nurs-garden_n and_o some_o other_o kind_n of_o t●ee●_n who_o branc●●s_n be_v sof●_z and_o porous_a as_o for_o apricot_n p●aches_n and_o such_o like_a they_o will_v not_o take_v root_n thus_o i_o have_v try_v but_o not_o one_o root_n can_v be_v get_v neither_o will_v they_o take_v w●●h_a graft●ng_n i_o have_v try_v many_o the_o way_n to_o propagate_v these_o kind●_z be_v by_o inocula●ing_n bu●s_fw-la upon_o young_a stock_n full_a of_o ●ap_n 4●7_n from_o may_n to_o july_n you_o may_v take_v off_o the_o bark_n of_o any_o bough_n etc._n etc._n and_o set_v it_o and_o it_o will_v grow_v to_o be_v a_o fair_a tree_n in_o one_o year_n the_o cause_n may_v be_v for_o that_o the_o bare_n from_o the_o bark_n keep_v the_o sap_n from_o descend_v towards_o winter_n it_o be_v true_a observation_n that_o the_o bough_n of_o some_o kind_n of_o tree_n will_v take_v root_n in_o this_o manner_n as_o be_v here_o express_v that_o be_v such_o kind_n as_o will_v take_v root_n with_o lay_v down_o in_o the_o ground_n mention_v in_o the_o last_o experiment_n which_o be_v cut_v off_o and_o set_v may_v grow_v to_o be_v a_o f●ire_a tree_n in_o certain_a year_n not_o in_o one_o year_n as_o be_v say_v for_o the_o root_n get_v in_o this_o manner_n be_v but_o small_a and_o very_o disproportionable_a to_o the_o bough_n so_o that_o it_o can_v come_v on_o but_o very_o poor_o and_o slow_o for_o divers_a year_n as_o for_o the_o bare_n from_o the_o bark_n which_o be_v suppose_v to_o keep_v sap_n from_o descend_v towards_o winter_n i_o say_v the_o sap_n be_v as_o far_o from_o descend_v when_o the_o bark_n be_v on_o as_o when_o it_o be_v off_o there_o be_v no_o such_o thing_n in_o nature_n as_o descension_n of_o sap_n in_o any_o tree_n whatsoever_o this_o worthy_a author_n take_v this_o upon_o trust_n according_a to_o the_o general_a opinion_n of_o man_n for_o have_v he_o but_o stay_v a_o little_a to_o consider_v it_o he_o will_v have_v find_v it_o groundless_a and_o a_o mere_a conceit_n for_o all_o the_o sap_n that_o asscend_v into_o the_o body_n and_o bran●hes_n of_o a_o tree_n be_v change_v into_o wood_n bark_n bud_n blossom_n leaf_n
a_o fathom_n of_o the_o water_n wine_n and_o beer_n in_o these_o bottle_n have_v keep_v better_a then_o in_o a_o cell●r_n but_o those_o above_o water_n be_v apparent_o the_o best_a the_o cause_n why_o beer_n wine_n cider_n or_o the_o like_a observation_n will_v keep_v better_o thus_o and_o in_o earth_n sand_n etc._n etc._n as_o before_o then_o in_o v●ssells_n or_o bottle_n above_o ground_n i_o apprehen●_n as_o be_v say_v for_o that_o the_o air_n be_v exclude_v and_o the_o spirit_n shut_v in_o also_o the_o air_n above_o ground_n be_v subject_a to_o variation●_n some●imes_o more_o hot_a and_o sometime_o more_o cold_a which_o som●what_o stir_v and_o affect_v the_o spirit_n of_o the_o liquor_n in_o the_o vess●ll_v whe●●by_o they_o become_v weak_a i_o have_v hear_v i●_z repor●ed_v for_o a_o truth_n that_o bottle_n of_o wine_n or_o some_o other_o liquor_n be_v find_v in_o a_o deep_a draw-well_n which_o have_v be_v many_o year_n f●●d_a up_o and_o afterwards_o open_v and_o cle●sed_v again_o for_o use_n and_o the_o liquor_n be_v find_v to_o be_v very_o fresh_a and_o good_a notwithstanding_o it_o have_v l●en_v there_o many_o year_n whereby_o it_o be_v manifest_a th●t_z this_o way_n of_o keep_v liquor_n will_v preserve_v it_o good_a a_o long_a time_n the_o ix_o century_n we_o have_v partly_o touch_v before_o 854._o the_o mean_n of_o produce_v fruit_n without_o cores_fw-la or_o stone_n and_o this_o we_o add_v further_o that_o the_o cause_n must_v be_v abundance_n of_o moisture_n for_o that_o the_o core_n and_o stone_n be_v make_v of_o a_o dry_a sap●_z and_o we_o see_v that_o it_o be_v possible_a to_o mak●_z a_o tr●e_n put_v forth_o o●ly_o in_o blossom_n without_o fruit_n as_o in_o cherry_n with_o double_a flower_n much_o more_o in_o fruit_n without_o stone_n or_o cores_fw-la this_o have_v be_v speak_v to_o sufficient_o before_o observation_n see_v experiment_n 514._o it_o be_v neither_o the_o take_v out_o of_o the_o pi●h_n as_o be_v there_o prescribe_v nor_o the_o abundance_n of_o moisture_n as_o here_o that_o will_v work_v this_o effect_n some_o tree_n have_v a_o great_a deal_n too_o much_o moisture_n and_o yet_o the_o fruit_n of_o such_o have_v nevertheless_o cores_fw-la or_o stone_n as_o for_o the_o cherrytree_n that_o put_v forth_o bloss●ms_n without_o fruit_n that_o be_v not_o make_v to_o do_v so_o by_o any_o man_n art_n or_o skill_n but_o it_o be_v natural_a i_o know_v the_o kind_n well_o it_o be_v as_o natural_a for_o it_o to_o bear_v double_a blossom_n without_o fruit_n as_o for_o any_o other_o tree_n to_o bear_v such_o or_o such_o a_o kind_n of_o fruit_n 856._o tree_n set_v upon_o the_o back●_z of_o chimney_n do_v ripen_v fruit_n soon_o vine_n that_o have_v be_v draw_v in_o at_o the_o window_n of_o a_o kitchen_n have_v send_v forth_o grape_n ripe_a a_o mo●th_n at_o l●ast_n before_o other_o observation_n thi●_n be_v certain_a as_o the_o author_n saie●●_z such_o a_o kind_n of_o heat_n as_o be_v upon_o the_o back_n of_o chimney_n where_o fire_n be_v continual_o or_o most_o common_o keep_v will_v much_o hasten_v the_o ripen_n of_o fruit_n i_o have_v see_v a_o thin_a brick_n wall_n whe●e_n fire_n have_v be_v keep_v on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o fruit-tree_n have_v be_v plan●●d_fw-mi on_o the_o other_o side_n which_o have_v bring_v forth_o ripe_a f●uits_n very_o early_o much_o soon_o than_o the_o same_o ●inds_n without_o such_o artificial_a heat_n but_o as_o i_o remember_v such_o tree_n die_v soon_o after_o bear_v they_o last_v but_o one_o year_n be_v so_o much_o force_v with_o heat_n it_o destroy_v nature_n and_o branch_n of_o vine_n be_v draw_v in_o at_o the_o window_n of_o a_o kitchen_n or_o room_n where_o fire_n be_v keep_v the_o fruit_n will_v be_v ripe_a soon_o than_o those_o without_o door_n but_o let_v it_o not_o be_v too_o near_o the_o fire_n lest_o it_o wither_v or_o over_o much_o dry_a the_o branch_n the_o end_n i_o desire_v the_o reader_n to_o amend_v these_o fault_n escape_v in_o print_v pag._n 2._o line_n 1●●_z for_o forming●_z read_v force_v of_o nature_n p._n 30._o l._n 6._o put_v a_o full_a point_n after_o the_o w●●d_a flower_n p._n 30._o ●_z 7._o for_o be_v read_v with_o p._n 32._o l._n the_o last_o for_o vari●ty_n ●ead_n 〈◊〉_d p._n 40._o l._n the_o fir●t_n for_o wind_n read_v wine_n a_o table_n show_v the_o principal_a thing_n contain_v in_o the_o ensue_a experiment_n and_o observation_n acceleration_n of_o germination_n by_o s●wing_v seed_n upon_o a_o hot-bed_n pag._n 1._o steep_v of_o seed_n kernel_n stone_n etc._n etc._n in_o liquor_n before_o sow_v to_o make_v they_o spring_v up_o the_o soon_o p._n 2._o water_v of_o strawberry_n to_o hasten_v their_o ripen_a p●_z 3._o blood_n and_o other_o thing_n apply_v to_o the_o root_n of_o tree_n help_n towards_o th●iving_v of_o the_o tree_n and_o bear_v of_o fruit_n moderate_o and_o seasonable_o observe_v p._n 3._o fruit_n upon_o the_o south_n and_o east_n sun_n ripen_v soon_o p._n 3._o dig_v about_o the_o root_n of_o some_o tree_n be_v profitable_a p._n 4._o rosetree_n bud_v forth_o in_o the_o house_n p._n 4._o flower_n with_o bulbous_a root_n grow_v a_o time_n in_o water_n p._n 4._o pease_n radish_n etc._n etc._n early_a p_n 4._o water_n nec●ssary_a to_o fruit-tree_n but_o not_o overmuch_o p._n 5._o plant_n house_v seas●●ably_o bud_n soon_o p._n 5._o to_o make_v rose_n come_v late_a several_a mean_n p._n 5_o 6_o 7._o stone_n weed_n muck_n etc._n etc._n lay_v about_o the_o root_n of_o new_a set_a tree_n make_v they_o prosper_v b●tter_n p._n 7._o keep_v tree_n st●dy_o at_o first_o se●ting_n p_o 8._o cut_v away_o sucker_n and_o side_n branch_n as_o need_n be_v p._n 8._o branch_n of_o some_o tree_n lay_v in_o the_o ground_n take_v root_n p●_z 8._o how_o to_o take_v ●ff_n the_o bough_n of_o some_o tree_n with_o root_n p._n 8._o no_o descension_n of_o sap_n in_o tree_n divers_a argument_n against_o it_o p._n 9_o how_o to_o make_v barren_a tree_n fruitful_a p._n 9_o 10._o tree_n against_o a_o southwall_n bear_v fruit_n ripe_a soon_o 10._o pull_v not_o off_o leave_v too_o so●ne_n p._n 10._o fruit_n on_o low_a bough_n ripe_a soon●st_a p._n 11._o graft_v tree_n that_o bear_v not_o or_o bear_v not_o good_a fruit_n with_o graft_n of_o good_a bear_v kind_n p._n 11._o dig_v ●bout_o the_o root_n of_o tree_n profitable_a to_o some_o p._n 12._o open_v the_o root_n of_o old_a tree_n and_o put_v in_o good_a mould_n be_v nec●ssary_a in_o barren_a ground_n p._n 12._o tra●splant_v tree_n from_o bad_a ground_n to_o better_a p._n 12._o cu●ting_v or_o score_n the_o bark_n of_o trees●_n sometime_o profitable_a p._n 13._o shade_n good_a for_o some_o tree_n p_n 13._o pull_v off_o blossom_n in_o some_o case_n p._n 13_o 14._o graft_v help_v not_o tree_n exc●pt_v the_o graft_n be_v of_o good_a kind_n p._n 14._o g●afts_n do_v govern_v yet_o partake_v somewhat_o of_o the_o stock_n p._n 14_o 15._o fruit-tree_n of_o some_o kernel_n bear_v good_a fruit_n p._n 15_o 16._o remove_v flower_n into_o fresh_a ●arth_n p._n 16._o regraft_v the_o same_o graft_n mak●s_v not_o fruit_n great_a p_n 16._o cut_v not_o off_o the_o ●ops_n of_o young_a figtree_n p._n 17._o black_a mulberry-tree_n great_a bearer_n p._n 17._o lees_n of_o wine●_n blood_n etc._n etc._n good_a especial_o to_o old_a tree_n p._n 17._o terebration_n of_o tree_n good_a for_o some_o tree_n 17._o prick_a or_o score_n some_o tree_n profitable_a p._n 18._o swine_n dung_n good_a for_o tree_n if_o moderate_o use_v p._n 18._o simple_o graft_v do_v not_o meliorat●_n fruit_n p._n 18._o choose_v the_o b●st_a graft_n and_o stock_n p._n 18._o rot●en_a dung_n b●st_a for_o tree_n p._n 19_o fruit_n grow_v in_o pot_n p._n 19_o set_v not_o any_o tree_n below_o the_o soil_n p._n 20._o fruit_n upon_o warm_a wall_n ripen_v soon_o p._n 20._o graft_v upon_o the_o b●st_a sto●k●_z p._n 20._o the_o cause_n of_o barrenn●sse_n of_o tree_n 21_o of_o compound_v fruit_n make_v of_o s●ve●all_a kind_n one_o n●w_o kind_a 22._o sym●athy●_z and_o antipathy_n of_o plant_n 23._o several_a kind_n draw_v ●he_a ●●me_n ●uyce_n or_o sap_n convert_v it_o into_o their_o own●_n nature_n p._n 24_o of_o make_v herb_n and_o fruit_n medicinable_a p._n 25._o curiosity_n about_o f●uits_n and_o plant_n p._n 26._o fruit_n of_o several_a shape_n 26._o fruit_n and_o tree_n wi●h_a insc●iptions●_n or_o ingrave_n upon_o they_o p._n 26._o set_a letter_n on_o fruit-tree_n to_o know_v the_o kind_n p._n 27._o tree_n appa●elled_v with_o flower_n p._n ●7_n r●move_v flower_n into_o fr●sh_n mould_n p._n 27_o 28._o lay_v flower_n to_o multiply_v they_o see_v how_o p●_z 28._o cl●ve-gilly●_z flower_n the_o most_o u●●full_a p._n 29._o white_a colour_n more_o inodorate_a p_o 29●_fw-fr white_a fruit_n c●mmonly_o b●st_a p._n 30._o