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ground_n	country_n	run_v	zone_n	13	3	13.6959	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A51275	Geography rectified, or, A description of the world in all its kingdoms, provinces, countries, islands, cities, towns, seas, rivers, bayes, capes, ports : their ancient and present names, inhabitants, situations, histories, customs, governments, &c. : as also their commodities, coins, weights, and measures, compared with those at London : illustrated with seventy six maps : the whole work performed according to the more accurate observations and discoveries of modern authors / by Robert Morden.	Morden, Robert, d. 1703.	1688 (1688)	Wing M2620; ESTC R39765	437,692	610

Catholick and are most strict to the Rites of the Roman Church and of the Faith and Doctrine therein professed the Inquisition being introduced against all other beliefs only there are some Churches in Toledo where the Mus Arabic Office is used The Language is not the same in all places in some parts it hath a mixture of the French in Granado and part of Andaluzia it partakes much of the Moorish In other parts there is the Gothish Arabick and old Spanish but that which is common to them all is the Vulgar Spanish or Castilian which hath much affinity with the Latin and is said to be a brave lofty swelling Speech Their Civil and Imperial Laws generally used among them are inter-mixed with many Customs of the Goths the Edicts and Constitutions of their several Kings those of the Goths first committed unto writing and to order by Euricus first King of the Goths those of Castile digested by Ferdinand the Fifth into seven Books called Partidas which are read and disputed on in the publick Schools as well as the Decretals the Code the Pandects or any other part of Civil or Common Law. The Country is not very fertil in Corn or Cattel but where it is productive of the Fruits of Nature it yields to no part of Europe for Delight and Pleasure but for the most part it is either over-grown with Woods or cumbred with Rocky Mountains the Soil of a hot and Sandy Nature and deficient in Water their chief Food being Sallets and Fruits which appear in greater Ripeness and Perfection than in other places In Recompence of Corn and Flesh they have several Rich Commodities viz. Wines Oyls Sugar several Metals Rice Silk Licoras Honey Wax Saffron Anniseed Raisons Almonds Oranges Limons Cork Soap Anchovies Soda Barrellia Samack Wool Lambskins Tobacco c. besides the Gold and Silver which they bring out of America whereby they furnish themselves with those other Conveniences which they want In the year 1618 it was affirmed that since the first Discovery thereof by Columbus the Spaniard had drawn out of it above fifteen hundred and thirty six Millions of Gold of which the European Merchants share the greatest part And their Necessity of Purchasing Foreign Commodities empties their Purses and their getting of this Gold and Silver depopulates and weakens the Country The Horses of this Country are in general Esteem but those of Andaluzia more than the rest however they Travel upon Mules and Asses by reason of the roughness of the Mountains Here lived in ancient times the Giants Geryon and Cacus overcome by Hercules Seneca the Tragedian and Seneca the Philosopher Quintilian the Orator Lucian and Martial Pomponius Mela the Geographer Fulgentius and Isidore Bishops Arius Montanus Osorius Tostatus Masius For Soldiers it had Theodosius the Great Barnard del Carpio Cid Rues Dias Sancho of Navarr Ferdinand the Catholick and Charles the Emperor The Mountains of Spain may be distinguished into six greater Ridges continued and knit together and whereof the rest are parts The first are the Pyrenei Montes Strab. Mons Pyrenaeus Plin. Pyrene Ptol. Los Montes Pyreneus Hisp Les Montes Pyrenees Gal. Monti Pyrenei Ital. extending from the Cantabrian Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea once the Bounds between France and Spain which in several places have divers Names which we shall not here mention The second are the Idubeda of Strab. Mela. Ptol. aliis the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Seld. extending from the Pyrenes near the Springs of the River Ebro Southwards towards the Levant Sea having divers Names in several places A third Row of Mountains are coasting all along the Shore of the Cantabrian Ocean the Juga Asturum Plin. a more eminent top hereof is the Mountain St. Adrian from whose top Vasaeus Brugensis saith he saw both the Cantabrian and Mediterranean Seas now Sierra d'las Asturias Monte d'Oca Vill. Sierra d'Oviedo Coquo Vindius Mons Ptol. A fourth Ridg or Branch of Mountains are the Orospeda of Strab. the Ortospeda of Ptol. which at Alcaraz part into two Branches the one tending towards Murcia and the Levant Sea. The other passing through Granada ends at the Strait of Gibralter the Extreme Point whereof was called Calpe One of the two Famous Pillars of Hercules opposite to which on the African side of the Straits was the Mountain Abila the other Pillar the narrow Sea between was from hence called Fretum Herculeum now the Straits of Gibralter Out of the Orospeda about the Town of Alcaraz brancheth the fifth Ridg of the Mountain called Sierra Morena running along the River Guadalquiver until it ends at the Atlantique Ocean The Mons Marianus of Ptol. and the Saltus Castulonensis of Caesar The Scene of the Warlike Exploits of Don Quixot de la Mancha The sixth Branch begins about the Springs of the Duero and keeping the River Taio upon the left-side parteth New Castile from the Old and divides Portugal into two parts ending at the Town Sintra some 30 miles from Lisbon Some Authors reckon this the Idubeda Branch But we find not any known Name new or ancient only part hereof in Castile was by Pliny called Juga Carpetanta and part of it in Portugal Lunoe Mons by Ptol. The chief of its New Names are Sierra de Tornas Vaccas Montas d'Avela Sierra Molina The Principal Rivers of Spain the Duero Durius Plin. very full of Fish The Tagus Strab. now Taio Renowned for its Golden Sand. The Guadiana Anas Strab. which they say runs under Ground The Gualdalquiver Baetis Strab. the deepest of all The Ebro Iberus Strab. famous by its Name They all of them have their Sources in Castile but are not so Navigable as those in France The Guadiana has given occasion to the Spaniards to say that they have the Richest Bridge in the World upon which generally feed above 10000 Sheep and over which a good Army may March in Battel-array The Ancients may have seem'd to have called this River very properly Anas by reason it dives into the Earth and rises out again as a Duck does in the Water Some of the Moderns say that they are certain Mountains that swallow up this River Others affirm that it only falls into the Dikes and Graffs which the Country People make to Water the Country which is very Barren however this is certain that this running under Ground happens to be near the Springs of Guadiana and not towards Merida as marked down in the Old Maps To say truth this is one of the three Miracles of Spain of which the two others are a City encompassed in fire that is with Walls of Flint-stones as Madrid and a Bridg over which the Water runs as is the Aquaduct of Segovia The Cities of this Kingdom have their Names from their Excellency Sevil the Merchandizing Granada the Great Valencia the Fair Barcelona the Rich Saragossa the Contented Valadolid the Gentile Toledo the Ancient Madrid the Royal. It comprehends 8 Arch-Bishopricks and 45 Bishopricks The Arch-Bishopricks are

plentiful even to Admiration but causeth an infinite encrease in all sorts of Cattel that water there and breeds a prolifick faculty in Men and Women even to Admiration as makes Wonder stand amazed to see Nature turn prodigal This made the Gymnosophists of Aegypt to make it one of their chief Numens which they worshipped under the name of the Goddess Isis This also was the cause of those noble Epithets bestowed on it viz. the Gift of Jupiter the Tears of the Gods the Veines of Paradise the Seed of the Gods c. The Moors and Negroes often call it The Fountain of Heavenly Water and the Arabian Poets style it The Life of the Earth Mr. Sands tells us that in the year 1610 at Cairo it usually did rise 23 Cubits it rises generally sixteen Cubits It is perceived by the retiring of the Cattel by the marks which are in their wells and by the weight of the slime of the River which the people lay out at their windows to receive the Dew which falls and Prognosticates the increase The cause of this overflowing of Nile is variously conjectur'd some say that the Tempests of the Sea swell the River others affirm that the Sand which gathers at the month stops the Stream and that the Northe●● Wind drive it back again Many Moderns believe that it is swell'd and increas'd by the melting of the Snow and the Rains that fall in great abundance and at certain seasons in Aethiopia and in regard that in Aegypt it is Winter when Summer in Aethiopia they say that the Nile encreases when other Rivers decrease Of late it hath been asserted that the Nitre which abounds in this River is the true natural reason of all these marvellous effects which being melted by the heat of the Sun mixes with the Water troubles it ferments it and swells it and makes it exceed its bounds so that the Mud which the Nile carries along with it neither comes very far nor raises the banks any higher The Niger retains the Name which it received from those people whose Country it runs through somtimes it runs under ground and before it falls into the Atlantick Ocean divides itself into three principal Members Senega Gambia and Rio Grande Enfertiles all the Countries through which it passes and in the Sand are found good store of Grains of Gold. The Water having the same virtue as Nile has made some believe that these two Waters somwhere meet together The Zaire is considerable for its Sweetness and for its plenty of Water The Zambera divides itself into three Currents Cuama Spirito Sancto and Rio De los Infantes The Ghir loses itself often in the Sand and as many times retreives itself again The greatest Lakes are Zair Zambere and Zaflan all three in Aethiopia The Mountains of most Remark are the Great and Lesser Atlas the Christal Mountains Mountains of the Sun Saltpetre Hill Sierra Liona Amara Mount Table and Isle Picos Fragosos Montes Lunae c. The Great Atlas by the Natives Aydvacal teste Marmot by Aug. Curio Anchisai by Olearius Majuste runs through Africa as Taurus through Asia beginning in Marmarica about 20 miles from Alexandria extending Westward with many Gaps and Breaks to the Atlantick Ocean dividing Barbary from Belidulgerid No Mountains in Africa are more celebrated for its wondrous height that seems to reach to the Skie The Poets feign'd that Atlas sustained Heaven upon his Shoulders by reason of its excessive height Or else because that Atlas King of Mauritania was the first that studied the motion of the Heavens The Lesser Atlas Coasts with the Midland Sea extending from Gibralter to Bona by the Spaniards Montes Claros The Christal Mountains are in Congo near which is that of the Sun Eastward appears Saltpe●re Hill. On the borders of Guinea appears Sierra Leona Amara is the most noted of Aethiopia Table Mount appears near the Cape of Good Hope not far off are those called Ospicos Fragosos And those of the Moon lie between the two Aethiopia's and are the highest in Africa and called by the Inhabitants Betsh The Ancients took these Mountains to be the limits of the World. The Isthmus of Sues which keeps Africa from being a perfect Island is about nine Leagues in breadth between the Red Sea and the Chanel of Nile for from one Sea to the other is above thirty five Leagues Stories relate that one of the Ptolomies Queen Cleopatra some of the Soldans and others that have been masters of Aegypt have assay'd in vain to dig through that Isthmus and that they gave over the enterprise as well by reason of the prodigiousness of the Toyle as for fear of being greatly endamaged by the Red Sea which was found to be higher than the Mediterranean Sea and which with its bitterness would have tainted the River Nile the only drink of the Aegyptians And indeed all Authors agree that the Waters of the Nile are sweet healthful and nourishing Ptolomy's design was to perform a work of Fame by making Africa an Island Cleopatra's intention was to carry her Ships into the Red Sea without any danger of falling into Augustus's hands The contrivance of the Soldans was to carry the Trade of the Europeans into the East Indies through their Territories in hopes of some great Tribute But none of them were able to attain their Ends. Africa is the barrennest and worst peopl'd part of our Continent H●r great Rivers are full of Crocodiles Her Mountains and Deserts fill'd with Lions and other wild and cruel Beasts the scarcity of Water producing many Monsters while Creatures of several species couple and engender at the watring-places where they often meet There is no Creature in the World that grows so big from so small a beginning as the Crocodile for it is hatch'd in an Egg and grows every day as long as it lives which is said to be an hundred years The Elephants are very serviceable to the Africans as also are their Camels and great Baboons Dromedaries are a sort of Camels less and swifter than the others They have also wild Asses Unicorns Barbary Horses Cameleons little Monkeys and Parrots Their Ostriches afford them fine Feathers and their Civet Cats are esteemed for the excellency of their Scents Amongst a great number of different Tongues that are in Africa the most general are the Beribere or African which comes from the Ancient Punick and the Arabick these two extend through all Barbary Billedulgerid Aegygt and Sarra the Aethi pian in the greatest part of Aethiopia The Language of the Negro's which is different and hath divers Idioms Their Religions in Africa are for the most part Idolatrous as Paganism and Mahometanism though there are also mixed amongst them vast numbers of Jews and Christians of several sorts At this day Africa is possessed by five sorts of Religions viz. Christians Jews Caffers Idolaters and Mahumetans The Christians are partly Strangers and partly Natives whereof some are Slaves to the Turks and

of this Age. The two Families of Bathori and Ragotzi have afforded this Country several Princes It being made a Soveraignty in the Year 1512 by John Zapolia by favour of Soliman the Great The last Ragotzi who was slain in Battel against the Turks in the Year 1659 was the fourteenth Prince He styl'd himself By the Grace of God Prince of the Kingdom of Transylvania Lord of one part of Hungary and Earl of the Ciculians He paid Annually to the Grand Signior a Tribute of 30000 Dollars the Ministers of the Port have advanced it to five hundred thousand Rix-dollars The Emperor as King of Hungary pretends to have the Right of Installation of the Prince of Transylvania For the Emperor Rodolphus Established Botscai upon Condition that the Principality should return for defect of Issue Male. The Ancient Inhabitants were the Anartes of Caesar the Anarte of Ptol. Of Hungaria A New Map of HUNGARY by Robt. Morden HVNGARIA Lat. Indiginis Maglar Slavis Wagierska Germanis Hungerland Gallis Hungrie Italis Hispanis Ongaria now vulgarly but improperly called the Pannonia of the Ancients The ancient Inhabitants were the Jaziges Metanastae of Ptol. included within the Rivers Danow and Tissa and the Capatian Mountains Part of the Dacii lying East of the River Tissa or Tibiscus The Paones or Pannonii inhabiting beyond the Danow betwixt it and the Savas afterwards it was the Seat of the Huns Longabards and Avares and lastly of the Hungarians So called from the Huns and Avares a people known by the Rapines they committed in several parts of Europe under Attila one of their Kings whose mighty Acts and numerous Forces are very remarkable He it was that over-ran most part of Germany and great part of Italy that forced his way through all the Nations between him and France beating down all the Towns and Fortresses before him That compelled the Emperor Theodosius to buy his Peace at 6000 Pound-weight of Gold and a yearly Tribute Sacked and burnt A●quilea and M●l●n fought the great Battel with Aetius the Roman General where were ten Kings present and 200000 slain Once a great and flourishing Kingdom whose Dominions extended as far as the Adriatick and Euxine Sea. Now divided by the Danow into the Upper Hungary lying North of the River and the lower Hungary lying towards the South containing before the Turkish Subjection 54 Juridicial Resorts or Counties Viz. Abanvivariensis d'Abanvivar 1. Albensis d'Ekekes-Feveruar 2. Arvensis d'Arva 3. Barsiensis de Bars 4. Barzodiensis de Barzod 5. Bathiensis de Bath 6. Bihoriensis de Debreczin 7. Bistriciensis de Bistricz 8. Bogrogensis de Bodrogh 9. Castriferrensis d' Sarvvar 10. Cepusiensis de Czepuss 11. Chonadiensis de Chonad 12. Comariensis de Komara 13. Gevinariensis de Gewinar 14. Hewesensis de Hewecz 15. Hontensis de Sag 16. Javariensis de Gewer 17. Liptoviensis de Lypeze 18. Moramarusiensis de Moramaruss 19. Musoniensis de Muzon 20. Nitriensis de Neytracht 21. Novigradiensis de Novigrad 22. Orodiensis Czongrad 23. Pelysiensis Pelicz 24. Peregiensis de Peretzaz 25. Pestensis de Pest 26. Ptosegiensis de Posega 27. Posoniensis de Poson 28. Risiensis de Kreiss at Creutz 29. Sagoriensis de Sellia 30. Saladiensis de Salavvar 31. Sariensis de Saraz 32. Semlyniensis de Semlyn 33. Sigetensis de Szygeth 34. Simigiensis de Zegzard 35. Sirmiensis de Szerem 36. Soproniensis de Sopron 37. Strigoniensis de Gran 38. Temesuensis de Temesuar 39. Toln●nsis de Tolna 40. Torantaliensis de Thurtur 41. Tornensis de Torna 42. Transchiniensis de Transchyn 43. Turocensis de Owar 44. Valconiensis de Valpon 45. Varadiensis de Varadin 46. Varaniensis de Baranguar 47. Vesprimiensis de Vesprim 48. Ugoghensis de Ugoza 49. Unghensis de Unghuuar 50. Zabolcensis de Chege 51. Zagrabiensis de Zagrabia 52. Zatmariensis de Zatmar 53. Zolnocensis de Zolnock 54. First Invaded by Amarah the second Ottoman Emperor of the Turks with almost incredible numbers of men who yet found that the valiant off-spring of the once Victorious Huns were not so easily subdued but stood as the Bulwark of the Christian World for 300 years putting a stop to the Turkish Conquest and further Invasion into the other parts of Europe no other Nation being able to check their unruly rage nor set bounds to their Empire Yet such was the unhappy fate of that people that after long Wars sundry Victories and brave Resistances it was for the greatest part inthralled to the Turks the rest containing about a third part obeyed the German Emperor of the House of Anstria Descended from Anne Sister to Lewis the Second the last Native Prince slain by Solyman at the Battel of Mohacz But those that write the History of Hungary tell us that though scruples of Conscience and Contests about Religion have been the pretentions of the Discontents and Rebellions there yet Ambition and Soveraignty have been the cause of the Wars and miseries of that bleeding Country That their own Divisions indeed contributed to their Subjection for neither the Roman Eagle nor the Ottoman Crescent had waved proudly over their lofty Towers had not the Civil Dissentions of the Inhabitants by wounding deep each others bosoms made way for the enemy The Soil of Hungary is very fertile the Plains which are exceeding lovely bear Corn in abundance and the little Hills produce excellent Wines those of Tokay are highly esteemed the Sirmian Wines are very rich and pleasant And its deep Pasturages are stored with infinite Herds of large and fat Cattel It also exceeds most Countries of Europe in Mines of Gold Silver Tin Lead and Copper as also Baths and Mineral Waters some of a strong nature which falling upon the ground is turned to a Stone others again flow in Winter and freeze in Summer others which falling into Ditches make a kind of mud out of which tried and melted they make very good Copper and others there are that turn Iron into Copper The Veins of the Copper Mine near Newsol are very large and the Ore is very rich in a hundred pound of Ore they ordinarily find 20 l. of Copper sometimes 30 40 to 60 in the hundred there are also two Springs of a Vitriolate Water which turns Iron into Copper in 14 days time and the Copper thus changed is more ductile maleable and more easily melted than the other Three Hungarian miles from Newsol and two from Chrenmitz there are divers Hot Baths of great esteem and much frequented at Boinitz there are also five natural Baths of a gentle heat and delightful to Bathe in being beautified by Count Palsi then Palatine of Hungary It produces abundance of Salt and other Provisions for human sustenance plenty of Deer Hares all sorts of Poultry Patridges and Pheasants great store of Sheep great numbers of Oxen of which 100000 are yearly sent into Italy and Germany The Hungarians are generally Warriers and good Soldiers strong of Body well proportioned and valiant more addicted to Mars than to

into three Parts 1. Lega Della Casa Dio or Foedus Domus Dei. 2. Lega Grisa 3. Dicci Dritture or Foedus decem Jurisdictionum Sion Ital. Sitten Ger. Sedunum Caes Plin. is the chief Town of Valesiae or Wallislands reaching along the Course of the Rhosne A Bishop-See seated upon the Rhosne in a Plain under a steep biforked Mountain spiring up in manner of two high and precipitious Rocks upon the top of the one is the Cathedral Church and the Houses of the Canons upon the other which is much higher The strong Castle called Thurbile in Summer-time the pleasant Recess of the Bishops the Key of the Country Martinack is the Octodurus of Caes Civit. Valensium Ant. St. Mauriaz Agaunum now St. Moritz closed with a Castle and two Gates upon the Bridg and the Mountains which shut up the Country which is within most pleasant fruitful and happy in Corn and excellent Pasture where is also Salt Springs discovered An. 1544. near Sitten Also divers Fountains of hot Medicinal waters Without the Country is environed with a continual Wall of horrid and steep Mountains The surprise of it alarmed all Europe when seized upon by the Count Fuentes for the King of Spain Mellingen Bremgarten and Meienberg chief Places of Wagenthal lie upon the Russ River Biel appertaineth to the Bishops of Basil Newenburg to the House of Longeville in France both confederate with Bern. The chief Places of Targow are St. Gal seated amongst Mountains not far from the Rhine and the Lake Bodenzee or Constance The City is Rich and well Governed inhabited by an industrious People in making Stuffs and Linnen Clothes From the famous Monastry hereof are named the Abbots Princes of the Empire and of great Power and Reverence in this Country Frawenfeld is the chief belonging to the confederate Cantons Chief Places in the Italian Prefectures are Locern Lorcarnum seated in a pleasant and fruitful Plain betwixt high Mountains and the Head of the Lake Magione the Verbanus Lucas Strab. Plin. and Of the SEVENTEEN PROVINCES Or the LOW-COUNTRIES BY the Latins that Tract is called Belgium from the Belgi the most Potent People heretofore of all these parts which upon the Confusion of those Ancient Limits of Germany and France did contain 17 distinct Estates or Provinces It is also called Germania Inferior by the English the Low-Countries by the Dutch Netherlandt by the Italians Spaniards and French Flanders from whence the Inhabitants were generally called Flemmings 'T is a Country seated very low between the Banks of the Rhine and the Sea-shore from which 't is Defended by extraordinary Charge and Industry with Banks and Ramparts For Hubandry 't is the best cultivated for multitude of Towns and Villages the best Peopled for their neatness the most Remarkable and by reason of their several Manufactures the most Rich of any Country in Europe 'T is bounded on the North with the German or British Ocean which also separates it from Great Britain on the West and on the South and East it borders upon France and Germany The Ancient Inhabitants were partly Subdued by L. Drusius in the time of Augustus Caesar the other were before overcome by Julius Caesar After which subjection they remained under the Roman Empire until the Expiration of that Empire when they were involved in that Publick Calamity under the Victorious French who here succeeded the Romans the whole was contained under the Name and Kingdom of Austrasia or Oostinreich After that the French Monarchy became divided amongst the Posterity of the Emperor Lewis the Godly this part hereof broke into sundry new Principalities and Governments and became divided into 17 States or Provinces whereof some Entitled their Governours Dukes others Earls others Lords Their Names are these Four Dukedoms Brabant Limburg Luxemburg and Guelderland Seven Earldoms Holland Zeland Zutphen Flanders Artois Hainault and Namur One Marquisate of the Holy Empire comprehending Antwerp Five Signories or Lordships Malins Vtrecht Over-Yssel Friesland and Gr●ningen Two of these Flanders and part of Artoise appertained to the Soveraignty of the Kings of France quitted unto Philip the Second King of Spain by Henry the Second French King in the League of Cambray Brabant Flanders part of Artois Limberg with Malines and the Marquisate of the Sacred Empire became added to the Dominion and Family of Burgundy by Philip the Hardy Holland Zealand West-Freisland Hainalt Luxemburg and Namur by Philip the Good Gelderland Zutphen Vtreicht Over-yssel and Groningen by the Emperor Charles the Fifth Since this Union they were Governed in manner of Free Estates by their Princes and Magistrates making a distinct Nation and Commonwealth by themselves Duke Charles the Fighter Prince hereof had an intent to unite the parts then under his Government into one entire Kingdome by the name of Burgundy But the Provinces being Soveraign and had their several Laws Priviledges c. this project took no effect In the reign of Philip the Second King of Spain Heir of the House of Burgundy and in the year 1566. began those memorable Civil broils so long afflicting those rich and flourishing Countries continued with the spoil and ransacking of all their chief Towns and Cities with the unspeakable misery and calamity of a bloody War of 48 years a War which cost the King of Spain the Lives of 600000 men and 150 Millions of Crowns and England not fewer than 100000 men and above a Million of Money At last part of the Provinces were forced to continue under the Spanish Yoak and part recovered their Liberty so that now there are in the Low Countries two Estates or Dominions far differing one from another for the one is a Republick or rather several Republicks United and Confederated in one and therefore called the Vnited Provinces and commonly from the Principal Province Holland The other for the most part did belong to the King of Spain as Heir to the House of Burgundy and is called the Spanish Provinces or Flanders but of the late Years the French King hath Conquered most part thereof As the Country is divided so is also their Religion for the Spaniards strictly follow the Romish and the States-General indulg the free Use of all Religions but countenance only that of the Reformed Churches according to Calvin The Men for the most part are well proportioned unmindful of good Turns and Injuries of good Invention Frugal and of indefatigable Industry The Women generally of good Complexions Familiar Active Laborious and conversant in Affairs in the Shops and Houses Their Language for the most part is Dutch with little difference in the Dialect but in the Provinces adjoining to France they speak a corrupt and imperfect French from their Language called Walloons The Air is Temperate and more wholesome than formerly the Winter more long than cold and the Summer like the Spring in Southern Countries The Soil towards Germany is Woody and Hilly but towards the Sea full of Pasture and meadow-Meadow-ground which breed great

pleasant Here Money is Coined and here are several Towns but as for the Manners and Customs of the Inhabitants they are the same as in Mingrelia The King hath Four good Castles viz. Scander seated upon the side of a Valley Regia and Scorgia both almost inaccessible in the Mountains and naturally fortified 4 Cotatis bearing the Name of the Town and Country round it perhaps the Catatene of Ptol. 90 miles from the mouth of the River Phasis built at the foot of a Hill consisting of about 200 Houses it hath a Fortress built with several Towers and a double Wall. These Three Kingdoms are tributary to the Turks The Tribute of the King of Imiretta is 80 Boys and Girls from Ten to Twenty years of Age. The Prince of Guriel pays 46 Children of both Sexes And the Prince of Mingrelia 60000 Ells of Linen Cloth made in that Country The Princes of Mingrelia give themselves the Title of Dadian that is the head of Justice Of GURGISTAN Georgia by our modern Geographers and the Persians is called Gurgistan by the Georgians Carthuel By some Authors 't is divided into four particular Provinces viz. Imirette and Guriel of which we have spoken of before 3 Caket 4 Carthuel These two last are under the Persian Dominion and this is that which the Persians call Gurgistan and the Georgians Carthueli It is a Country full of Wood and very Mountainous yet encloses a great number of pleasant Plaines and the River Kur the Cyrus of the Ancients runs through the midst of it The Temper of the Air is very kindly their Fair weather begins about May and lasts till the end of November The Soil if well watered produces all sort of Grain Herbs and Fruit in abundance therefore as fertile a Country as can be imagined where a Man may live both deliciously and cheap Their Bread as good as any in the World and their Fruit of all sorts is very delicious Nor is there any part of Europe that produceth fairer Pears and Apples or better tasted nor any part of Asia that brings forth more delicious Pomegranates Their Cattel very good and plentiful their Fowl of all sorts is incomparable There is no better Meat in the world than their young Porkers of which there are abundance The Caspian Sea and Kur River furnish it with all sorts of Salt and Fresh Fish and there is also no Country where they drink more or better Wine No Men are more addicted to their sensual Pleasures and beastial Voluptuousness that is to Drunkenness and Luxury neither are the Women less vitious and wicked having an extraordinary Inclination to the male Sex and contribute more to that torrent of Uncleanness which overflows all the Country Nature saith Sr. John Chardin hath bestowed upon the Women of that Country Graces and Features which are not other where to be seen so that 't is impossible to behold them without loving of their more charming Countenances nor more lovely Statures and Proportions can be pencilled forth by all the Art of man They are Tall clear Limb'd Plump and Full but not over-Fat and extreamly slender in the Waste but that which spoils all is their Nasty Shifts and Painted Faces The Men are naturally witty nor would there be more Learned men or more Ingenious masters in the world were they but improved by the knowledge of Arts and Sciences but their Education is so mean and brutish having nothing but bad Examples that those Parts are altogether drowned in Vice and Ignorance so that they are generally Cheats and Knaves Perfidious Treacherous Ingrateful and Proud. There are several Bishops in Georgia an Arch-bishop and a Patriarch whom they call Catholicos There are also many Churches but nothing remaines of Christianity unless the name of their Fasts for they neither know or practise the least precept of the Law of Jesus Christ The Church-Men also will be as drunk and keep Female Slaves for their Concubines as well as others The Nobility exercise a more Tyrannical power over their Subjects than in Mingrelia challenging a right over their Estates Liberty and Lives if they seize upon them whether Wife or Children they sell them or dispose of them as they please The Province of Carthuel containes no more than four Cities Gori Suram Aly and Teflis Gori or Kori Armatica or Harmastis of old teste Sans is a small City seated in a Plain between two Mountains upon the bank of the River Chur at the foot of a small Hill upon which there is a Fortress built which is garisoned by Native Persians Suram is a small Town but the Fortress is large and well built having 100 Men in garison Teflis Artaxata Plin. Artaxia Tac. Artaxiasata Strab. by the Georgians Cala by some Tebele-cala is called also Darel Melec by P. Jovius Choim the fairest Citie in Georgia seated at the bottom of a Mountain at the foot of which runs the River Cur. The City is encompassed with strong Walls defended with a large Fortress on the South-side it contains about 14 Churches six belonging to the Georgians and the rest to the Armenians The Cathedral which is called Sion is seated upon the bank of the River built of all fair hewen Stone There is not a Mosque in Teflis though the City belongs to a Mahometan Emperor and governed by a Mahometan Prince The Bazars or Market-places are very fair and large built of Stone The Inns or Caravansera's are no less beautiful The Princes Palace is one of the most beautiful Ornaments in Teflis it hath been twice under the power of the Turks once in the Reign of Ishmael the second King of Persia and in the Reign of his Successor Solyman took it almost at the same time as he did Tauris The Kingdom of Caket is at present in subjection to the King of Persia governed by his Viceroy The Cities are all Ruines unless that which is called Caket or Kaket In the Northern part of that Kingdom the Amazons are supposed to have inhabited Ptol. fixes their Country in the Asiatick Sarmatia to the West of Wolga Quintius Curtius saith also that the Kingdom of Thalestris was near to the River Phasis and Strabo speaking of the Expeditions of Pompey and Canidius is of the same opinion Quiria borders upon the Caspian Sea its chief Places are Derbent Caucasiae Portae Plin. or Pylae Iberiae Ortel Demir Temir-Capi Turcis Alexandria Portae Ferreae Caspiae Portae of old now belonging to the Persians it is a great Market for Slaves and is a strong wall'd Town said to be built by Alexander the Great And Tarky at this day under the Duke of Moscovy Some Authors tell us of Stranu or Zambanach which answers to ancient Albana of Zitach or Gorgora thought to be the ancient Getara or Gagara of Ptolomy and Chipeche to be the ancient Chabala It contains the Circassian and Dagestan Tartars The Circassian Country is very fertile producing good store of Fruit and Grain and also good pasture Ground The Men

those common Barretors and Authors of Debate were not known among them And the ignorance of Vice did as much contribute to their welfare as the knowledge of Virtue doth to others The first grand attempt of these People of which we find any mention was when the Chazari or Chozars in the time of the Emper Iustine overspread all that vast continent between China and Boristhenes conquered part of India all Bactria Sogdiana and made the Persians Tributaries and possessed also Taurica Chersonesus called by them Cassaria or Cazaria The residence of their Prince was about the mouth of the Wolga which the Tartars called Athel a large City of great trade by Nassir Eddin called Belanjar and by him and Abulfeda placed in 46 Deg. 30 Min. N. Latitude which is within a few minutes where Olearius makes Astracan and doubtless may be that which he calls old Astracan These Chazari did continue till about Anno Chr. 900. at which time they gave place to the Comanians or Cumanians a Turkish Nation who inhabited all that Tract of Land from the Neiper unto Turquestan these were almost totally destroyed by the Tartars soon after the death of Ingiz Chan or Cingis Chawn under the conduct of Batu or Bathy Nephew to Hocata the Tartarian Emperor only the King Kuthen escaped with 40000 men into Hungary where they had a Country allotted them called to this day Campus Cumanus Bathy having destroyed the Comanians established his own Dominions and fixed his abode on the East of the River Volga and built a place and called it Serai which was a great and populous City the Ruins whereof are now called Czarofsgorod But when Tamerlan who was Vice Roy or General of those Countries comprehended between the Oxus and Iuxartes had extended his conquests towards Balch and Chorasan the Aria of the Ancients Thuotamisch then Emperor of Serai filled with jealousies of his growing greatness gathered a great Army to invade him whom Tamerlan met on the borders of his own Country and after a most bloody sight gained the Victory after which Success Tamerlan having subdued great part of India Persia Media Armenia Mesopotamia Babylonia and Syria resolved to requite the Invasion of Thuctamish whereupon with an Army of 500000 Men he marched through Media passed the Portae Caucasae now Derbent and over Volga and at last encountered with Thuctamish The Battel was long and doubtful three days without intermission at last Thuctamish was defeated and fled leaving his Country exposed to the fury of his Enemies who demolished Seraie with other Cities on the north and west of the Caspian Sea and leaving the Country a desert they returned into Persia After this devastation these Tartars by discords fell into several divisions and Tamerlan dying his great Empire was also divided amongst his Children so that Tartarie is now divided into several Hords or Tribes but the knowledge we have of them is so little the Ataxie or disagreement and confusion of Authors that write of them so great that I am not a little doubtful what to write of them that may be of any certainty for the Readers satisfaction however in this obscurity we shall follow the light of the best reputed Geographers and say that the Asiatick Tartarie is divided into five great parts The Desert Tartarie Zagathy Tarquestan Northern Tartarie and Kin Tartarie The Desert Tartarie is so call'd because most part of the Lands lie untill'd for the Tartars are a people that hate Agriculture and laugh at Christians for feeding on the Tops of Reeds for so they call our Corn The Inhabitants are divided into several Tribes or Hordes of which the more considerable are 1. the Nogajan Tartars or great Nagoy whose Country is all plain and desert 400 or 500 miles in length between Astracan and Samara and 200 miles in breadth from Astracan to Yeike or Iaick River it hath no fenced Towns or Habitations though formerly there were divers especially that of Czarofsgorod said to have been 20 miles in Circuit seated between the Rivers Volga and Actabon in a fertile and healthful Country and Astracan placed on a rising ground not far from the mouth of the Volga about 50 miles distant from the Caspian-Sea guarded with a strong Castle and encompassed with Water These Tartars are said to be more Tall and Proper than the rest but ill favoured broad Faces flat little Noses small hollow Eyes and of Blackish or rather Tawny Complexion The heat of the Sun for some months of the year is most excessive and the Cold in the Winter no less extream Polygamy is much in fashion amongst them having many Wives according to their ability if one Brother die the other takes all his Wives and if all the brothers chance to die then the Wives are devolved like other Goods and Chattels unto the Eldest Brothers Son not suffering a Married woman in any wise to go out of the Kindred When they remove their Habitation which is usually against the Summer and Winter they carry their Houses in Waggons with four Wheels drawn by Camels 2. On the North of great Nagoy dwell the Kalmuke Tartars in a Country abounding with all things necessary for a comfortable subsistance Their chief Commodities are Sables Martens Black Foxes Squirrils-Skins and other Furs which they exchange with the Russes for Aquavitae Mead and Tobacco Their Chief places are Siberia the head of a Province as also is Tumen Casan and Bulgar are the chief Towns of the Zavolhenses and towards the North lie the Samoides all subject to the Russes the Kalmakes are accounted good Soldiers and their Women are little inferiour in Skill and Valor They own no religious worship except some adoration to the Sun and Moon and for their Diet Horse-flesh is a great dainty and any Carrion is good fare 3. Next to the great Nagoy towards the East is Cassachy Horda or Wild Tartars who march up and down the Country which is very desert much after the manner of the Nagoise 4. Eastward from the Kalmukes towards the South live the Yurgeacheans being a numerous and warlike People governed by a Chan or King. 5. The Caragans lie all along the Caspian-Sea between the River Yaike unto the River Iaxartes a desert and barren Country the People miserable poor very Tawny and ill Favoured having no Town except Presslannes on the south side of Iaxartes Most part of Desert Tartarie is under the jurisdiction of the Duke of Moscovie and yield him great store of rich Furs Zagathy Sacathy Usbeck or Ouzbeg contains the ancient Mergiana Bactria and Sogdiana Mergiana by Pinetus is called Tremighen by Gastald Jeselbash A Country so fruitful in Corn and Wine that Strabo reports how one bunch of Grapes presented to Alexander filled a Baket two Cubits about which encouraged him to found that City Alexandria afterwards Antiochia and Selucia since Indion In this Country some think Noah planted soon after he left the Ark and that he or some to his Memory built the City Nissa

there is little or no Rain there are few or no Fountains and that where there is much they abound He tells us that Nilus which for the length of its Course the abundance of its Waters its sweetness wholsomness and fertility exceeds all the Rivers of the World owes its rise to the Kingdom of Gojam in Hab●ssinia found out by the Travels of the Portugals and by the sedulity of the Fathers which was so long and unsuccessfully sought for by the Antients and Kircher hath described them from the relation of P ter Pays who saw them himself which differs not much from what Gregory an Ethiopian hath written of it viz. That it hath five Heads that it encircles Gojam and passing by several Kingdoms of Habassia reviews the Kingdom of Senna and travels to the Country of Dengala Thence it turns to the right hand and comes to a Country called Abaim before it arives in Nubia where by reason of Clifts and Rocks its Stream is divided into two Branches one running South to drench the thirsty Fields of Egypt the other West to quench the drowth of those Sands in the Country of the Negrites It is called in the Scripture Shibber from its darkness because it carries Waters troubled with Mud from the Fields of Ethiopia and by the Greeks for the same reason 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Habessines Abawi in their vulgar Language but in the Ethiopick Gejon or Gewon from a mistake of the Greek G●on and Hebrew Gebon He says the antient Geographers t●ought it to take its rise beyond the Equinoctial in I know not what Mountains of the Moon thinking it might receive its increase by the Winter Rains of those Regions For they could not persuade themselves that the Sun being in the Northern Signs there could be Winter and Rain enough so near to raise so great a River from them After it has past about forty Leagues from its source which is in an elevated but trembling and moorish Ground it enters a vast Lake in Dembe● and passes it without mixing its Waters as the Rh●●e does the Lake Lemanus and the Rhine Aeronius The cause of the Inundation of Nile is from the great Rains falling in many Regions of the torrid-Torrid-Zone upon the Suns retiring back into the Winter Signs It has been the opinion of some that it has been formerly in the power of the King of the Habessines to divert Nilus from its course into Egypt and to drive it into the Red-Sea there being at a certain place an absolute fall of Land to convey it thither only one Mountain being cut through though now that place where it could be diverted is possest by others He mentions another River in Ethiopia called Hawas which passing a great way from its Source sinks at length into the Sands never going to the Sea as other Rivers do Also that the Rivers Melegi and Tacazae abounding with Crocodiles fall into the Nilus That the River Mareb rising in Tygr● encompassing great part of the Kingdom hides its self under ground and then rises and after a continued course it disperses and leaves its divided Waters in the Sands of Dequin The Soyl is so fertile that in some places they sow and have Crops twice and in others thrice a Summer They make Bread of a sort of Corn called T●f thought to be the same with our Rye though they have Wheat Barley c. They make no Winter Provisions for Cattle the Soyl yielding always Herbage enough nor lay up any stores for other years for themselves confiding in the fertility of their Soyl for their Fields are always pleasant and always smiling with a Flowry Grace He says they have an Herb called Assazoe which by its touch or even shadow so stupifies all Serpents and venemous Creatures that you may handle them without offence and that he who has eaten the Root of it is secured from them for many years And he is of opinion that the Psylli of Africa had the Virtue of curing the bitings of Serpents by the touch through the use of this Herb. The Amadmagda that cures broken and disjoynted Bones as the Ossifraga of Norway sn●ps the Bones of Cattle that tread upon it They have a Tree called ●u●ets resembling the Indian Fig tree which is four yards thick if shrowded it sprouts forth with a world of young Shoots which are all good Food so that this Tree need not bear any Fruit being indeed all Fruit if sliced and boiled it assuages thirst He tells us that by reason of the plenty of Herbage and the heat of the Climate Quadrupedes and 〈◊〉 are much bigger in Ethiopia and India than with us They have strong and excellent Horses but never shoe them nor use them but in War employing Mules in all their drudg●ry They have the known sort of Sheep with great Tails of which some weigh above forty pounds They have multitudes of Elephants but never use them To say they have Lyons Tygers Panthers Wolves Hyaena's Camel Panthers higher than Elephants c. it 's no more than other Countries yield But he says they have a Beast called Zecora or Zembra exceeding in beauty all Quadrupeds it is about the bigness of a Mule and naturally gentle his Body is all encompast with interchangeable Circles of Black and of a lively Ash colour and this with such an Elegancy and Order that they surpass the Art of the best Painter to imitate them His Ears only are a little disproportionate being too long One of them was sold by the Basha of B●●quena for two thousand Venetian pieces for a present to the Great Mogul They have thousands of Apes feeding chiefly on Worms which they find under Stones Hence in the Mountains where they use you will scarce find a Stone unturned be it never so gr●at for if two or three cannot move it they call more ai● They eat also Ants and sometimes devour whole Fields of Fruit. They have also an innocent and very pleasant Animal being a sort of little Monkey of which there is an elegant Ethiopick Rhime in Latin thus Hominem non laedo frumentum non edo oderunt me frustra It is of a various colour full of greyish specks They are extreme tender so that unless they are cloathed and kept warm they cannot be brought to us He tells us also of some that have seen the fam'd Unicorn there an Animal of the form and size of a midling Horse of a bright Bay Colour with a black Mane and Tail and with a fair Horn in his Forehead five Palms in length being somewhat whitish For Water and Amphibious Animals he says they have the Hippopotamus thought to be the Behemoth in Job and the Sea-Horse of the Greeks the Crocodile the Water-Lizard and amongst others the Torpedo with which they cure Tertian and Quarian Agues The way is thus They bind the Patient fast on a Table and then apply the Torpedo to his Joints which causes a very cruel torture in all his

in the year 1486 was by them rejected who therefore sent his Brother to King Henry the Seventh of England which Messenger whether being taken Prisoner by Pyrates and detained along while or deferred at Court after his Address we find not certainly related but true it is that in the mean time Christopher Columbus conceiving the offer of his service neglected apply'd himself to the Court of Spain where after six years attendance he was at last furnished with three Ships only for discovery with which he sailed upon the Ocean more than sixty days and could see no Land so that the Spaniards began to mutiny and Columbus was forced to promise to return again if they could not see Land in three days time when toward the end of the third day one of 〈◊〉 pany descried Fire The place discovered was an Island on the Coast of Florida by the Natives called Gunahani now Salvador where landing his Men he took possession of this New World for Ferdinando King of Arragon and Isabella his Wife Queen of Castile October 11 1402. After whom John Cab●● a Venetian in behalf of King Henry the Seventh of England in the year 1497 discovered all the North East Coast thereof from Cape Florida to the South beyond Newfoundland in the North causing the Royalers to turn Homagers to that King and to the Crown of England Next after him succeeded Americus Vespusius a Flor●ntine employed by Emanuel the King of Portugal Anno 1501. upon a design of finding out a nearer way to the Moluccos than by the Cape of good Hope who though he passed no further than the Cape of Augustine on the Coast of Brasil yet from him this Country is called America As for this vast Tract of Ground in general it has the advantage of being temperate and fruitful by reason of its great and fair Rivers and the fresh Breezes that blow in the Torrid Z●●e whereby we find that the cause of violent or remiss heats does not always proceed from the nearness or distance of the Sun but many times from the Situation of the place the disposal of the Mountains or Lakes the Quality of the Soil and the Nature of the Winds that blow The wealth of America is so vast that Spain has drawn and still draws from thence prodigious quantities of Gold and Silver and the Mines of Potasi have furnished him with many Millions There are no Treasures comparable to those related to be found in possession of Attabalippa and Guimacapa Kings of Peru and to the precious Houshold-stuff of the City of Cusco It was no extraordinary thing in the Reigns o● those Kings to behold Temples all plated with Silver and to see Houses covered with slates of Gold. The Spaniards affirm that their Kings Revenue amounts to above twelve Millions yearly by means of the Impositions which he lays upon goods transported thence as Gold Silver Pearls Emraulds Skins Sugar Tobacco Cochenille Sarsa-parilla Ginger and other things The first expence upon the discovery of America came but to fifteen thousand Ducats which were advanced to Columbus by the Spanish Secretary of State and not taken out of the Treasuries of the King. As for the Original of this People it is most probable that they did descend from the Tartars if so be that the West side of America be continent with Asia or disjoyned but by a very small strait as 't is described in some Maps But from whatsoever Root they did first come certain it is that they had setled here many Ages since and overspread all the parts and quarters of this large Continent But their numbers are much wasted since the Spaniards discovery for some Authors affirm that they put to death above fifteen Millions of Natives in less than fifty years and that the blood of those that perished in the Mines where they were forced to labour weighed more than all the Gold and Silver drawn from thence At the first Arrival of the Spaniards they found the People naked reasonably fair and clear little inclining unto that blackness which is natural to most of the Africans and to some of the Asiaticks that inhabit under the same Clime Ignorant they were of all things they had not seen wondering exceedingly at the Spaniards Ships and Horses and strangely admired to see them know the Health and Affairs of one another by reading a Letter yet 't is reported the Mexicans had some knowledge of the Deluge that they believed the Soul could not die and the Body should revive that those that lived honestly and justly or offered up their Lives for defence of their Country should find a place of everlasting peace and happiness So natural is the knowledge of the Souls Immortality and of some Vbi for the future reception of it They have as many Languages as Towns which may be the reason we have so little knowledge of their Original They are naturally active swift Runners and good Swimmers The Mexicans and Pernans were the only Americans that lived in Cities which Cities though founded by People which we call Savages were no way inferior to ours in Europe either for bigness or Magnificence The Spaniards possess the largest the richest and the most fertile Provinces among the rest Mexico and Peru formerly two famous Kingdoms the first Elective the other Hereditary and claim it all as their right by virtue of the donation of Pope Alexander the Sixth in the year 1493. But the other Nations would not give their consent The Portugueses have the Coast of Brasil The French have their Colonies in Canada in several Islands and upon the firm Land. The English are fairly seated all along the Coast of North America and in the Islands And of late the Dutch have gotten many places on the Continent and on the Islands For so rich a Prize could not be kept by the Spaniards who hoped indeed to have had a Monopoly of so wealthy a Country and to have enjoyed without a Rival the possession of so fair a Mistress The Seas that compass this Continent are on the East that commonly called the North Sea or Mar del Nort on the West the South Sea or Mar del Zur and on that part which hides its self under the Pole of the Erymanthean Bear to the South of the Straits of Magellan the North and South Seas meet and embrace together dividing it as is supposed from either Pole. Divided it is into two great parts or Peninsula's by the Isthmus of Panama viz. Mexicana on the North and Peruana on the South Of Peruviana or South America THIS Part of the two great Peninsula's into which the vast Continent of the New World doth now stand divided extends it self from about the twelfth Degree of the Equator North unto the four and fiftieth Southerly and is now by Geograghers divided into these Kingdoms or Parts viz. Castella del Or by some called Terra Firma Guiana The Amazons Peru Chili Brasil Peraguay or La Plata and Terra Magellanica It s