threefold_a gate_n or_o door_n how_o the_o motion_n of_o wheel_a double_a and_o treble_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n xxxii_o it_o follow_v to_o show_v how_o a_o battle_n may_v be_v turn_v or_o wheel_v and_o how_o after_o reduce_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o station_n cap._n 30._o plagiophalanx_n or_o the_o brode-fronted_n phalange_n orthiophalanx_n or_o the_o hearse_n protaxis_fw-la or_o forefront_v the_o front_n lâ—â—halanx_n or_o the_o uneven_a front_a phalange_n cap._n 31._o hypotaxis_fw-la or_o double-winging_a entaxis_fw-la or_o insertion_n protaxis_fw-la or_o forefront_a cap._n 32._o the_o manner_n of_o wheel_v the_o first_o posture_n close_v of_o file_n close_v of_o rank_n forward_o the_o front_n but_o in_o case_n we_o desire_v to_o wheel_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n we_o command_v the_o left-hand-file_n to_o stand_v still_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n to_o turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o move_v forward_o close_o up_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n file_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v then_o to_o gather_v up_o the_o hinder_a rank_n then_o to_o wheel_v the_o battle_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o stand_v and_o so_o be_v it_o do_v that_o be_v command_v but_o if_o restitution_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v needful_a we_o must_v do_v as_o we_o do_v in_o return_v from_o the_o right_n for_o every_o man_n must_v turn_v about_o his_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n then_o the_o whole_a battle_n wheel_v about_o the_o left-hand-corner-file-leader_n must_v return_v to_o the_o place_n it_o have_v then_o all_o the_o fileleader_n stand_v firm_a and_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n and_o the_o rest_n open_v their_o rank_n in_o move_v forward_o and_o make_v alte_fw-la then_o the_o left_a hand_n file_n be_v to_o stand_v firm_a for_o it_o have_v the_o place_n it_o first_o have_v and_o the_o rest_n turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o open_v their_o file_n and_o move_v forward_o till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o distance_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o at_o first_o and_o so_o shall_v every_o man_n be_v in_o his_o first_o posture_n now_o if_o we_o will_v wheel_v the_o battle_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n we_o be_v to_o make_v 2_o wheeling_n to_o the_o same_o side_n so_o will_v it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o fileleader_n shall_v in_o the_o change_n have_v their_o face_n turn_v to_o the_o rear_n where_o before_o they_o have_v they_o look_v out_o from_o the_o front_n but_o in_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o command_v it_o to_o wheel_v about_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n that_o be_v we_o give_v it_o two_o wheeling_n more_o the_o same_o way_n so_o the_o fileleader_n will_v have_v their_o face_n set_v as_o at_o first_o then_o we_o command_v the_o fileleader_n to_o stand_v firm_a and_o the_o rest_n to_o open_v their_o rank_n behind_o then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n about_o then_o the_o right_a hand_n file_v to_o stand_v still_o for_o it_o have_v the_o right_a place_n and_o the_o rest_n turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o march_v on_o till_o the_o former_a distance_n be_v regain_v then_o to_o make_v alte._n so_o be_v the_o battle_n reduce_v to_o the_o first_o station_n if_o you_o will_v have_v the_o battle_n turn_v about_o to_o the_o target_n you_o be_v to_o give_v contrary_a direction_n that_o be_v in_o stead_n of_o command_v a_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n to_o command_v a_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o target_n then_o by_o make_v two_o turn_n the_o contrary_a way_n to_o use_v the_o like_a change_n we_o speak_v of_o before_o there_o be_v likewise_o a_o treble_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n when_o it_o turn_v thrice_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n namely_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n the_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n transfer_v the_o soldier_n face_n from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o back_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o treble_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n bring_v his_o face_n to_o the_o left_a flank_n the_o treble_a wheel_a to_o the_o target_n contrariwise_o to_o the_o right_a flank_n note_n before_o in_o the_o 26_o chapter_n aelian_n discourse_v of_o wheel_a and_o the_o kind_n thereof_o the_o manner_n how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v be_v reserve_v for_o this_o place_n i_o need_v not_o therefore_o remember_v any_o thing_n else_o beside_o the_o word_n of_o command_n the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o epistrophe_n the_o uttermost_a file_n on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o side_n purpose_v and_o march_v up_o to_o the_o file_n stand_v firm_a face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o your_o rank_n forward_o wheel_v the_o body_n to_o the_o hand_n appoint_v and_o when_o you_o have_v your_o ground_n stand_v return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o anastrophe_n face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n wheel_n back_o the_o body_n to_o the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v fileleader_n stand_v firm_a the_o other_o rank_n open_a to_o their_o first_o place_n face_n about_o to_o which_o hand_n you_o will_v the_o corner_n file_n to_o which_o the_o turn_n be_v stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n open_a to_o their_o first_o ground_n face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v your_o pike_n perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o in_o wheel_v about_o the_o same_o word_n to_o close_v the_o file_n and_o rank_n be_v to_o be_v use_v which_o be_v use_v in_o epistrophe_n there_o remain_v no_o more_o then_o to_o say_v wheel_n about_o your_o body_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n anastrophe_n or_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n return_v to_o your_o first_o posture_n the_o same_o form_n be_v use_v that_o be_v hold_v in_o the_o former_a return_v unto_o the_o first_o posture_n for_o open_v rank_n and_o file_n ecperispasmos_n or_o treble_a wheel_a in_o this_o motion_n the_o same_o course_n be_v hold_v that_o be_v in_o the_o wheel_a but_o only_o that_o you_o command_v a_o treble_a wheel_a and_o the_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o anastrophe_n be_v all_o one_o but_o for_o the_o same_o difference_n of_o close_v the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o to_o the_o midst_n chap._n xxxiii_o cap_n â—â—_o of_o change_v the_o front_n after_o close_v close_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n in_o action_n close_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n close_v to_o the_o middle_a close_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n before_o close_v the_o front_n of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d before_o close_v if_o the_o phalange_n be_v to_o be_v close_v in_o the_o midst_n the_o diphalange_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n must_v turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o target_n and_o the_o diphalange_n on_o the_o left_a hand_n their_o face_n towards_o the_o pike_n then_o move_v forward_o towards_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n then_o after_o their_o true_a distance_n gain_v to_o set_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v and_o to_o gather_v up_o the_o rank_n behind_o when_o we_o will_v reduce_v the_o phalange_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o command_v to_o turn_v face_n about_o then_o to_o open_v the_o rank_n and_o all_o to_o move_v on_o but_o the_o first_o rank_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n again_o and_o the_o right_a diphalange_n turn_v to_o the_o pike_n and_o the_o left_a diphalange_n to_o the_o target_n to_o follow_v their_o leader_n till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o distance_n then_o to_o set_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v this_o rule_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o all_o turn_n about_o of_o face_n when_o they_o be_v make_v out_o of_o closing_n that_o the_o pike_n be_v advance_v lest_o they_o hinder_v the_o soldier_n in_o make_v his_o turn_n the_o lightarmed_n be_v to_o be_v teach_v and_o exercise_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n note_n in_o the_o 11_o chapter_n the_o distance_n that_o aught_o to_o be_v betwixt_o soldier_n and_o soldier_n be_v particular_o treat_v of_o this_o chapter_n show_v how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v gain_v that_o be_v how_o we_o be_v to_o proceed_v out_o of_o one_o distance_n into_o another_o and_o because_o the_o open_a order_n be_v it_o that_o be_v common_o begin_v withal_o it_o be_v here_o teach_v how_o from_o thence_o to_o pass_v to_o the_o rest_n and_o to_o return_v to_o it_o again_o the_o end_n of_o closing_n be_v speak_v of_o before_o in_o regard_n of_o place_n they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o two_o kind_n one_o to_o the_o wing_n right_a or_o left_a the_o other_o to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n i_o can_v express_v the_o manner_n better_o then_o by_o set_v down_o the_o word_n of_o command_n or_o direction_n which_o be_v these_o in_o close_v to_o the_o right_a wing_n the_o right-wing-corner-file_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o pike_n and_o move_v according_a to_o
themselves_o of_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o target_n where_o diodore_n have_v en_fw-fr ortho_fw-mi to_o dorati_fw-la menein_fw-la to_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o polienus_n have_v protinomenous_a ta_fw-la dorata_fw-la ortha_fw-mi hold_v before_o they_o their_o pike_n upright_o but_o both_o have_v pike_n upright_o and_o diodorus_n his_o continue_v have_v relation_n to_o the_o posture_n they_o be_v in_o which_o chabrias_n will_v not_o have_v they_o to_o alter_v polienus_n his_o hold_n before_o to_o that_o they_o be_v command_v to_o do_v in_o order_v of_o pike_n at_o this_o day_n i_o have_v show_v that_o the_o soldier_n hold_v they_o upright_o the_o but_o end_n set_v on_o the_o ground_n before_o and_o somewhat_o wide_a of_o their_o right_a foot_n 105._o aemilius_z probus_n recite_v this_o history_n pervert_v the_o stratagem_n he_o say_v that_o chabrias_n forbid_v the_o phalange_n to_o give_v back_o and_o teach_v his_o soldier_n to_o receive_v the_o enemy_n charge_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n the_o other_o set_v against_o the_o target_n and_o with_o the_o pike_n abase_v wherein_o he_o quite_o dissent_v from_o diodore_n and_o polien_n diodore_n say_v the_o command_n be_v to_o keep_v their_o array_n polienus_n not_o to_o run_v forward_o but_o quiet_o to_o stand_v still_o probus_n not_o to_o give_v back_o probus_n say_v they_o shall_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n and_o rest_n against_o the_o target_n with_o the_o other_o diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o target_n sink_v to_o their_o knee_n polienus_n that_o they_o shall_v carry_v their_o target_n before_o at_o their_o knee_n probus_n that_o they_o shall_v abase_v and_o charge_v their_o pike_n diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v continue_v and_o order_v they_o upright_o polien_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o pike_n upright_o so_o that_o diodore_n and_o polien_n agree_v and_o expound_v one_o another_o aemilius_n probus_n bring_v in_o a_o new_a history_n dissent_v as_o i_o say_v from_o the_o other_o two_o especial_o in_o make_v that_o to_o be_v a_o form_n of_o fight_n prescribe_v by_o chabrias_n a_o simple_a form_n to_o receive_v the_o charge_n upon_o their_o knee_n which_o be_v a_o contempt_n to_o show_v how_o little_a especial_o in_o that_o strength_n of_o ground_n he_o regard_v agesilaus_n which_o contempt_n also_o make_v agesilaus_n retire_v not_o doubt_v but_o it_o proceed_v from_o a_o great_a assurance_n of_o the_o enemy_n therefore_o as_o i_o say_v i_o take_v these_o word_n ep_o '_o orthon_n apodounai_fw-mi not_o only_o to_o appertain_v to_o the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n but_o also_o and_o that_o much_o rather_o to_o the_o erection_n and_o order_v of_o pike_n of_o countermarche_n and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o with_o the_o manner_n how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n xxviii_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n the_o other_o by_o rank_n each_o of_o these_o again_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o kind_n the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a which_o be_v also_o the_o persian_a and_o the_o cretan_a 1_o the_o macedonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o lieu_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n backward_o where_o before_o it_o be_v forward_o 2_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v likewise_o the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o steed_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 3_o the_o persian_a be_v the_o cretan_a and_o choraean_a this_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n of_o the_o phalange_n every_o soldier_n take_v another_o place_n for_o that_o he_o have_v the_o file-leader_n the_o place_n of_o bringer-up_a and_o so_o the_o rest_n in_o order_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 4_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n be_v make_v when_o a_o man_n will_v transfer_v the_o wing_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o section_n and_o the_o section_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o wing_n to_o the_o end_n to_o strengthen_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n likewise_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n and_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n they_o that_o fear_v to_o countermarch_n the_o phalange_n in_o gross_a the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n do_v it_o by_o syntagmae_n i_o will_v now_o set_v down_o in_o what_o manner_n countermarch_v aught_o to_o be_v make_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o file_n be_v say_v to_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n with_o the_o bringer-up_a go_v against_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o pass_v on_o to_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n place_n themselves_o in_o order_n one_o after_o a_o other_o according_a as_o the_o file-leader_n himself_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n therefore_o it_o make_v show_v to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o run_v away_o or_o it_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o the_o rest_n pass_v by_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n place_v themselves_o orderly_a one_o behind_o another_o but_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n turn_v also_o their_o face_n and_o proceed_v forward_o together_o with_o their_o file-leader_n order_v themselves_o proportionable_o in_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n wherefore_o to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v behind_o it_o make_v a_o semblance_n of_o fall_v on_o again_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v his_o face_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n transfer_v the_o whole_a file_n to_o another_o place_n equal_a to_o the_o first_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v stand_n as_o before_o behind_o he_o or_o else_o when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o he_o that_o stand_v next_o before_o he_o pass_v by_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n be_v place_v again_o next_o before_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v be_v place_v one_o before_o another_o in_o their_o former_a order_n till_o the_o file-leader_n be_v the_o first_o the_o choraean_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o towards_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n precede_v the_o file_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v till_o the_o file-leader_n have_v the_o place_n of_o the_o bringer-up_a and_o the_o bringer-up_a the_o place_n of_o the_o file-leader_n and_o these_o be_v the_o countermarche_n by_o file_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v countermarch_v make_v by_o rank_n in_o case_n a_o man_n will_v countermarch_n by_o rank_n for_o every_o rank_n countermarch_v either_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n or_o change_v the_o right_a hand_n place_n or_o else_o the_o left_a hand_n place_n of_o the_o battle_n one_o of_o which_o must_v needs_o fall_v out_o and_o never_o fail_v note_n the_o two_o former_a motion_n be_v perform_v one_o in_o close_a order_n the_o other_o in_o all_o order_n epistrophe_n when_o the_o battle_n be_v shut_v so_o close_o that_o as_o aelian_n say_v a_o man_n can_v turn_v his_o face_n neither_o the_o one_o way_n nor_o the_o other_o clisis_fw-la in_o open_a order_n order_n and_o close_a order_n the_o two_o â—_o follow_v motion_n countermarch_v and_o double_v one_o be_v do_v in_o open_a 84._o order_n the_o other_o for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o open_a order_n too_o and_o yet_o sometime_o in_o order_n and_o close_a order_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v in_o due_a place_n this_o chapter_n handle_v countermarche_n the_o next_o doubling_n countermarch_v be_v a_o motion_n whereby_o every_o soldier_n march_v after_o other_o change_v his_o front_n for_o the_o rear_n or_o one_o flank_v for_o the_o other_o for_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n and_o the_o other_o by_o rank_n and_o each_o of_o these_o be_v again_o divide_v into_o three_o the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a or_o cretan_a a_o countermarch_v by_o file_n be_v when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o leader_n of_o the_o same_o file_n by_o rank_n when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o sideman_n of_o the_o same_o rank_n in_o the_o countermarch_v 1_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v in_o this_o countermarch_v the_o purpose_n of_o the_o commander_n be_v to_o turn_v the_o front_n of_o his_o battle_n against_o the_o enemy_n that_o show_v himself_o in_o the_o rear_n and_o withal_o to_o take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n it_o be_v call_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v say_v aelian_n because_o
the_o light_n arm_v and_o shut_v they_o up_o with_o in_o their_o battle_n themselves_o kneel_v upon_o one_o knee_n hâ—ld_v out_o their_o target_n before_o the_o second_o rank_n with_o their_o target_n cover_v the_o head_n and_o upperpart_v of_o the_o foremost_a &_o the_o follow_a rank_n do_v the_o like_a one_o for_o another_o the_o figure_n be_v like_o the_o tyl_n of_o a_o house_n &_o represent_v a_o show_n worth_a the_o see_n and_o be_v the_o sure_a defence_n that_o may_v be_v to_o make_v the_o arrow_n glance_v of_o without_o harm_n do_v the_o parthian_n imagine_v this_o kneel_v proceed_v from_o weariness_n and_o faintness_n lay_v aside_o their_o bow_n and_o take_v in_o hand_n their_o lance_n run_v upon_o the_o roman_n who_o give_v a_o jointe_n shout_n spring_v up_o present_o and_o strike_v they_o with_o their_o dart_n slay_v the_o first_o and_o put_v the_o rest_n to_o flight_n by_o these_o two_o testimony_n the_o lance_n of_o the_o cataphract_n be_v clear_o prove_v in_o what_o manner_n the_o cataphract_n come_v to_o fight_v nazarius_n cite_v by_o stewechius_fw-la show_v plain_o in_o a_o panegyric_n of_o he_o the_o cataphract_n say_v he_o vegeâ—_fw-la in_o whom_o be_v the_o principal_a strength_n of_o the_o field_n use_v this_o discipline_n in_o charge_v after_o close_v their_o file_n they_o keep_v a_o equality_n in_o move_v forward_o to_o charge_n &_o be_v free_a from_o wound_n they_o break_v without_o difficulty_n any_o strength_n of_o battle_n oppose_v against_o they_o they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v free_a from_o wound_n because_o both_o themselves_o &_o horse_n especial_o before_o be_v cover_v with_o sure_a arm_n their_o move_a must_v be_v slow_a because_o of_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o arm_n which_o slowness_n be_v recompense_v with_o the_o violence_n of_o their_o charge_n which_o neither_o horse_n nor_o foot_n be_v able_a to_o resist_v and_o a._n yet_o they_o have_v another_o inconvenience_n in_o that_o be_v overthrow_v or_o slip_v or_o fall_v to_o the_o ground_n neither_o horsâ—â—or_a man_n be_v able_a easy_o to_o raise_v themselves_o again_o such_o be_v the_o weight_n of_o their_o armo_fw-la 14._o lancier_n be_v such_o lancier_n say_v aelian_n join_v with_o the_o enemy_n &_o fight_v hand_n to_o hand_n with_o the_o lance_n and_o do_v not_o the_o cataphract_v so_o they_o do_v but_o their_o armour_n differ_v much_o the_o cataphract_v both_o horse_n and_o man_n be_v all_o over_o arm_v the_o horse_n of_o the_o lancier_n be_v not_o arm_v and_o himself_o albeit_o he_o be_v arm_v yet_o not_o so_o arm_v but_o that_o many_o part_n of_o his_o body_n be_v bare_a of_o arm_n and_o his_o armour_n come_v much_o short_a of_o the_o complete_a arrian_n say_v that_o the_o macedonian_n be_v lancier_n be_v not_o able_a to_o encounter_v with_o the_o scythian_n who_o be_v cataphract_n both_o because_o of_o their_o number_n and_o also_o of_o their_o manner_n of_o arm_v and_o as_o the_o lancier_n armour_n be_v not_o so_o â—eavie_a as_o the_o complete_a so_o be_v it_o more_o heavy_a than_o the_o armour_n of_o the_o foot_n xenophon_n seem_v to_o signify_v so_o much_o tell_v of_o himself_o that_o take_v the_o targeteer_n of_o the_o front_n and_o some_o out_o of_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o hollow_a square_a battle_n and_o three-hundred_n choose_v man_n that_o cherisophus_n have_v with_o he_o in_o the_o front_n he_o march_v away_o with_o all_o speed_n to_o seize_v upon_o the_o top_n of_o a_o certain_a hill_n e_o and_o exhort_v his_o soldier_n to_o haste_n you_o may_v well_o quoth_v sotridas_n the_o sâ—cionian_a talk_v of_o haste_n that_o be_v on_o horseback_n ay_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n with_o this_o heavy_a target_n be_o scarce_o able_a to_o march_v xenophon_n hear_v this_o straight_o dismount_v and_o disrank_v â—otridas_fw-la take_v away_o his_o target_n and_o with_o it_o on_o his_o shoulder_n continue_v his_o haste_n in_o march_v by_o chance_n he_o have_v on_o at_o that_o time_n a_o horsemans_n armour_n where_o with_o although_o he_o be_v overpress_v yet_o slack_v he_o nothing_o of_o his_o pace_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o soldier_n beat_v and_o revile_v sotridas_n compel_v he_o both_o to_o his_o target_n and_o place_n again_o at_o last_o they_o gain_v the_o hill_n they_o purpose_v and_o make_v the_o enemy_n abandon_v the_o nether_a ground_n xenophon_n be_v 〈◊〉_d overpress_v with_o the_o horsemans_n armour_n if_o it_o have_v be_v but_o equal_a in_o weight_n with_o a_o foot_n man_n he_o may_v as_o well_o have_v endure_v it_o as_o the_o rest_n plutarch_n show_v likewise_o the_o lopâ—m_n weight_n of_o the_o horsemans_n armour_n philopaeman_n say_v he_o will_v yet_o to_o give_v more_o strength_n to_o the_o king_n party_n he_o mean_v antigonus_n the_o guardian_n of_o philip_n afterward_o king_n of_o macedonia_n &_o to_o come_v to_o hand_n with_o the_o enemy_n that_o be_v already_o in_o rout_n light_v from_o his_o horse_n and_o in_o a_o horsmans_n cuirass_n and_o heavy_a armour_n wrestle_v hardly_o and_o laboriouslye_o on_o foot_n with_o the_o ground_n that_o be_v rough_a &_o full_a of_o brook_n &_o ditch_n he_o be_v strike_v through_o the_o thigh_n with_o a_o dart_n the_o stroke_n be_v not_o daungeror_n but_o forceble_a so_o that_o the_o head_n pass_v through_o both_o his_o thigh_n hence_o both_o the_o heaviness_n of_o the_o lancier_n furniture_n may_v be_v see_v and_o that_o philopoemen_n thigh_n be_v unarm_v through_o both_o which_o at_o once_o he_o be_v wound_v with_o a_o dart_n and_o so_o the_o launcier_fw-la not_o so_o sure_o arm_v as_o the_o cataphract_n the_o arm_n that_o the_o launcier_n bear_v be_v describe_v by_o â—_o polybius_n speak_v of_o the_o arm_n of_o the_o roman_a horseman_n who_o write_v thus_o the_o armour_n of_o their_o horseman_n be_v at_o this_o day_n like_o the_o grecian_a of_o old_a they_o have_v no_o cuirass_n but_o fight_v in_o short_a gown_n gird_v to_o they_o by_o reason_n whereof_o they_o be_v ready_a &_o active_a to_o alight_v from_o and_o get_v up_o quick_o on_o their_o horse_n but_o their_o fight_n be_v dangerous_a with_o the_o enemy_n because_o they_o want_v arm_n their_o staff_n have_v two_o incommodity_n for_o be_v make_v slender_a and_o quiver_a they_o neither_o can_v touch_v the_o mark_n they_o aim_v at_o and_o most_o of_o they_o shake_v with_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o horse_n fall_v out_o to_o be_v break_v before_o the_o head_n touch_v or_o fasten_v upon_o any_o thing_n join_v that_o have_v no_o iron_n point_n at_o the_o butt_n end_n they_o serve_v but_o for_o one_o stroke_n only_o and_o that_o at_o the_o first_o and_o yet_o the_o head_n be_v break_v of_o the_o remnant_n of_o the_o staff_n be_v of_o no_o use_n the_o target_n they_o have_v be_v make_v of_o oxe-hyde_a in_o form_n like_o to_o cake_n name_v popanae_n which_o be_v use_v in_o sacrifice_n and_o they_o be_v neither_o fit_n to_o encounter_v the_o enemy_n by_o reason_n they_o have_v no_o stiffness_n or_o fastness_n in_o resistance_n and_o be_v resolve_v and_o soak_a or_o putrify_v with_o rain_n they_o can_v not_o be_v any_o thing_n worth_a find_v these_o inconvenience_n by_o experience_n they_o quick_o change_v for_o the_o grecian_a armour_n in_o which_o the_o first_o stroke_n of_o the_o head_n of_o the_o staff_n be_v certain_a and_o work_v the_o design_a effect_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o form_n which_o be_v not_o quiver_a but_o stiff_a and_o sturdy_a &_o likewise_o turn_v forward_o the_o butt_n end_n which_o be_v arm_v with_o a_o sharp_a point_n they_o may_v therewith_o fasten_v a_o sound_n and_o forcible_a blow_n upon_o the_o enemy_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o the_o target_n which_o both_o in_o charge_v and_o defend_v have_v a_o sure_a &_o unfailable_a use_n which_o they_o no_o soon_o see_v then_o imitate_v for_o the_o roman_n if_o any_o other_o nation_n be_v good_a to_o change_v their_o fashion_n and_o to_o choose_v that_o which_o be_v best_a wheresoever_o they_o find_v it_o the_o launcy_a than_o have_v a_o cuirass_n a_o head-piece_n a_o lance_n and_o a_o sword_n for_o his_o arm_n and_o this_o be_v general_a in_o lancier_n but_o some_o have_v beside_o a_o target_n and_o be_v therefore_o call_v targeteer_n the_o lancier_n be_v call_v in_o greek_a doratophoroi_n or_o xestophoroi_n two_o several_a appellation_n in_o show_n but_o signify_v in_o deed_n but_o one_o thing_n the_o one_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o matter_n the_o other_o from_o the_o form_n of_o the_o lance_n f._n doru_n as_o i_o say_v before_o signify_v wood_n and_o because_o all_o the_o lancier_n arm_n except_v the_o lance_n be_v of_o other_o matter_n than_o wood_n the_o lance_n be_v call_v doru_n of_o the_o wood_n and_o the_o lancier_n doratophoroi_fw-mi as_o for_o xyston_n or_o xeston_n for_o they_o signify_v one_o thing_n it_o come_v of_o the_o verb_n xuo_o
which_o regard_n i_o prefer_v the_o target_n of_o aelian_n before_o that_o of_o leo_n aelians_n reach_v up_o to_o the_o height_n of_o the_o neck_n from_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o thigh_n leos_n carry_v a_o handful_n more_o in_o breadth_n which_o in_o the_o circumference_n grow_v to_o a_o good_a proportion_n of_o weight_n and_o greatness_n 4_o no_o short_a than_o 8_o cubit_n that_o be_v 12_o foot_n short_a pike_n against_o long_o have_v a_o great_a disadvantage_n with_o the_o long_a pike_n a_o man_n be_v able_a to_o strike_v and_o kill_v his_o enemy_n before_o himself_o can_v be_v touch_v or_o come_v in_o danger_n of_o a_o short_a the_o pike_n keep_v the_o enemy_n out_o so_o far_o as_o the_o length_n be_v the_o experience_n of_o the_o battle_n of_o 8._o sorano_n show_v it_o where_o vitellozzo_n vitelli_n discomfit_v the_o almain_n only_a with_o the_o advantage_n of_o pike_n a_o arm_n long_o than_o they_o against_o long_a pike_n this_o policy_n be_v use_v by_o cleonymus_n the_o lacedaemonian_a king_n as_o 2._o polienus_n tell_v cleonymus_n besiege_v aedessa_n and_o have_v overthrow_v the_o wall_n of_o the_o city_n the_o pikeman_n of_o the_o city_n sail_v out_o who_o pike_n be_v each_o 16_o cubit_n in_o length_n cleonymus_n close_v his_o phalange_n in_o depth_n and_o command_v the_o fileleader_n to_o lay_v away_o their_o pike_n and_o when_o the_o pikeman_n of_o the_o enemy_n come_v to_o charge_n to_o seize_v upon_o their_o pike_n with_o both_o hand_n and_o hold_v they_o fast_o and_o the_o follower_n to_o pass_v through_o by_o the_o fileleader_n side_n and_o maintain_v the_o fight_n the_o fileleader_n lay_v hold_v on_o the_o pike_n and_o the_o enemy_n strive_v to_o recover_v they_o out_o of_o their_o hand_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o follower_n pass_v through_o the_o rank_n of_o file_n leader_n to_o the_o front_n slay_v the_o enemy_n pikeman_n and_o get_v the_o victory_n this_o be_v cleonymus_n device_n against_o long_a pike_n which_o notwithstanding_o derogate_v nothing_o from_o the_o length_n of_o pike_n more_o than_o from_o shortness_n for_o the_o same_o policy_n may_v have_v prevail_v as_o well_o against_o short_a pike_n as_o long_o each_o assoon_o as_o the_o enemy_n have_v seize_v upon_o they_o grow_v to_o be_v of_o no_o use_n but_o that_o the_o long_a pike_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o the_o short_a i_o have_v show_v before_o by_o reason_n and_o the_o reformation_n of_o arm_n make_v by_o iphicrates_n among_o the_o athenian_n and_o by_o philopoman_n among_o the_o achaian_o will_v be_v warrant_n enough_o so_o to_o hold_v in_o the_o length_n notwithstanding_o aught_o to_o be_v a_o reasonable_a consideration_n that_o it_o exceed_v not_o the_o measure_n of_o his_o strength_n that_o shall_v bear_v the_o pike_n the_o worth_n that_o the_o fileleader_n and_o next_o follower_n shall_v be_v of_o chap._n xiii_o the_o fileleader_n as_o the_o commander_n of_o file_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v to_o be_v the_o choice_n and_o flower_n of_o the_o army_n and_o to_o excel_v the_o rest_n as_o well_o in_o stature_n as_o in_o experience_n and_o martial_a skâ—ll_n for_o this_o rank_n knit_v and_o bind_v in_o the_o phalange_n and_o of_o all_o other_o yield_v great_a use_n for_o as_o a_o sword_n take_v to_o the_o edge_n as_o a_o weight_n and_o sway_n the_o swell_a iron_n towards_o the_o back_n exhibit_v thereby_o more_o violence_n in_o pierce_v so_o in_o a_o phalange_n the_o rank_n of_o fileleader_n be_v the_o edge_n itself_o and_o the_o multitude_n of_o aftercommer_n be_v the_o swell_a and_o sway_n and_o increase_v of_o weight_n consideration_n must_v be_v have_v likewise_o of_o those_o that_o follow_v in_o the_o second_o rank_n for_o their_o pike_n reach_v joint_o over_o the_o front_n and_o be_v next_o in_o place_n they_o be_v always_o ready_a for_o use_v and_o the_o file-leader_n fall_v or_o be_v wound_v the_o next_o follower_n step_v to_o the_o front_n in_o his_o place_n hold_v together_o and_o preserve_v the_o tenor_n of_o that_o rank_n unbroken_a furthermore_o we_o be_v to_o order_v the_o three_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n according_a to_o reason_n and_o as_o the_o valour_n of_o our_o soldier_n shall_v require_v this_o chapter_n show_v how_o the_o soldier_n be_v to_o be_v order_v in_o every_o file_n whereof_o because_o i_o have_v before_o speak_v sufficient_o in_o my_o note_n to_o the_o five_o chapter_n and_o the_o word_n of_o this_o chapter_n carry_v no_o difficulty_n or_o obscurity_n with_o they_o i_o will_v forbear_v to_o treat_v any_o further_a of_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n and_o length_n of_o the_o soldier_n pike_n chap._n xiiii_o the_o 1_o macedonian_a phalange_n have_v of_o enemy_n be_v think_v unresistible_a by_o reason_n of_o 2_o the_o manner_n of_o embattail_v for_o the_o soldier_n with_o his_o arm_n stand_v in_o close_a order_n or_o shut_v when_o he_o be_v ready_a for_o fight_v 3_o occupy_v two_o cubit_n of_o ground_n and_o the_o length_n of_o his_o pike_n be_v sixteen_o cubit_n according_a to_o the_o first_o institution_n but_o in_o truth_n it_o ought_v to_o be_v fourteen_o cubit_n whereof_o the_o 4_o space_n betwixt_o the_o hand_n in_o charge_v take_v up_o two_o cubit_n the_o other_o twelve_o lie_v out_o from_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n those_o in_o the_o second_o rank_n that_o stand_v next_o to_o the_o leader_n lose_v four_o cubit_n in_o the_o phalange_n have_v their_o pike_n reach_v over_o the_o first_o rank_n ten_o cubit_n those_o of_o the_o three_o rank_n eight_o cubit_n of_o the_o four_o rank_n six_o cubit_n of_o the_o five_o 4_o cubit_n of_o the_o six_o 2_o cubit_n 5_o the_o pike_n of_o the_o other_o behind_o can_v attain_v to_o the_o first_o rank_n and_o see_v five_o or_o six_o pike_n be_v charge_v over_o the_o first_o rank_n they_o present_v a_o fearful_a sight_n to_o the_o enemy_n and_o double_a the_o strength_n of_o the_o soldier_n stand_v fortify_v as_o it_o be_v with_o five_o or_o six_o pike_n and_o second_v with_o a_o main_a force_n at_o his_o back_n as_o the_o figure_n show_v moreover_o they_o that_o be_v place_v after_o the_o six_o rank_n albeit_o they_o push_v not_o with_o their_o pike_n yet_o thrust_v on_o with_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o body_n reinforce_v the_o strength_n and_o power_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o leave_v no_o hope_n for_o the_o fileleader_n to_o fly_v or_o shift_v away_o some_o will_v have_v the_o hinder_a pike_n long_o than_o the_o foremost_a that_o they_o of_o the_o three_o and_o four_o rank_n may_v bear_v out_o the_o head_n of_o their_o pike_n equal_o with_o the_o first_o 6_o the_o superordinary_a lieutenant_n of_o every_o syntagma_n must_v be_v a_o man_n of_o understanding_n oversee_n the_o soldier_n of_o his_o command_n that_o they_o file_n and_o rank_n and_o if_o for_o fear_n or_o other_o occasion_n any_o forsake_v their_o ground_n he_o be_v to_o compel_v they_o again_o to_o their_o place_n and_o in_o close_v to_o put_v they_o when_o need_n require_v as_o near_o up_o together_o as_o they_o shall_v stand_v for_o it_o be_v a_o great_a strength_n and_o assurance_n to_o the_o phalange_n to_o have_v some_o principal_a commander_n not_o only_o in_o front_n but_o also_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o battle_n for_o the_o cause_n before_o mention_v note_n the_o strength_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n which_o consist_v principal_o in_o the_o e._n protension_n and_o charge_v of_o pike_n and_o knit_v together_o of_o target_n be_v here_o set_v down_o the_o whole_a chapter_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v take_v out_o of_o e._n polybius_n who_o handle_v the_o same_o argument_n and_o almost_o with_o the_o same_o word_n but_o that_o aelian_a and_o he_o differ_v about_o the_o number_n of_o cubit_n which_o the_o pike_n take_v up_o reach_v over_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n 1_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n have_v be_v think_v to_o be_v unresistible_a the_o strength_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n appear_v no_o way_n better_o than_o by_o the_o conquest_n it_o have_v make_v king_n philip_n be_v the_o inventor_n of_o it_o and_o by_o that_o invention_n raise_v the_o kingdom_n of_o macedonia_n from_o the_o poor_a to_o the_o powerful_a and_o great_a kingdom_n of_o europe_n and_o that_o i_o may_v use_v the_o word_n of_o 510._o diodorus_n siculus_n find_v the_o crown_n at_o his_o come_n to_o it_o in_o bondage_n to_o the_o illyrian_n make_v it_o afterward_o lady_n of_o many_o great_a nation_n and_o city_n and_o purchase_v to_o himself_o to_o be_v declare_v general_n of_o greece_n and_o first_o overthrow_v the_o illyrian_n pâ—onians_n thracian_n and_o scythian_n afterward_o let_v upon_o the_o kingdom_n oâ—_n persia_n to_o break_v it_o after_o he_o have_v enfranchise_v the_o 〈◊〉_d city_n of_o asia_n and_o albeit_o death_n intercept_v he_o yet_o he_o leave_v such_o
by_o force_n some_o by_o fear_n he_o come_v before_o rhage_n and_o besiege_v it_o he_o find_v the_o siege_n long_o and_o more_o difficult_a than_o any_o man_n will_v have_v think_v and_o the_o enemy_n make_v his_o resistance_n that_o way_n the_o consul_n will_v hardly_o have_v believe_v he_o can_v for_o he_o imagine_v that_o all_o his_o labour_n shall_v be_v in_o throw_v down_o the_o wall_n if_o once_o he_o find_v passage_n for_o the_o army_n to_o enter_v there_o will_v after_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o flight_n and_o slaughter_n as_o be_v wont_a in_o wonne-city_n but_o after_o that_o part_n of_o the_o wall_n be_v throw_v down_o with_o the_o ram_n and_o the_o army_n enter_v the_o city_n by_o the_o breach_n it_o be_v the_o beginning_n of_o a_o new_a and_o fresh_a labour_n for_o the_o macedonian_n that_o be_v there_o in_o garrison_n be_v many_o and_o choose_v think_v it_o also_o a_o glory_n to_o they_o if_o they_o can_v defend_v the_o city_n rather_o with_o arm_n and_o valour_n than_o with_o wall_n ser_v themselves_o close_a together_o in_o a_o deep_a phalange_n when_o they_o perceive_v that_o the_o roman_n begin_v to_o enter_v the_o breach_n drive_v they_o out_o the_o place_n be_v cumbersome_a and_o hard_o to_o make_v a_o retreat_n the_o consul_n much_o offend_v therewith_o and_o think_v that_o shame_n concern_v not_o only_o the_o delay_n of_o win_v one_o city_n but_o also_o the_o state_n of_o the_o whole_a war_n which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n depend_v upon_o moment_n of_o small_a matter_n purge_v the_o place_n which_o be_v heap_v up_o with_o the_o fall_n of_o the_o halfe-ruined_n wall_n advance_v a_o tower_n which_o in_o many_o story_n be_v stuff_v with_o multitude_n of_o arm_a man_n and_o send_v beside_o cohort_n under_o their_o ensign_n to_o break_v with_o main_a force_n if_o it_o be_v possible_a the_o body_n they_o call_v it_o the_o phalange_n of_o the_o macedonian_n but_o the_o kind_n of_o weapon_n and_o fight_n be_v more_o advantageous_a for_o the_o enemy_n than_o for_o the_o roman_n especial_o in_o that_o place_n which_o be_v narrow_a and_o straighten_v with_o the_o small_a space_n of_o the_o overthrow_v wall_n when_o the_o macedonian_n ser_v themselves_o close_a have_v charge_v pike_n of_o a_o great_a length_n before_o their_o front_n and_o the_o roman_n after_o their_o dart_n throw_v in_o vain_a against_o the_o jestudo_fw-la compact_v as_o it_o be_v of_o the_o thick_a knit_n together_o of_o the_o target_n have_v draw_v their_o sword_n they_o can_v neither_o come_v up_o close_o nor_o cut_v a_o sunder_o the_o pike_n and_o in_o case_n they_o cut_v the_o head_n of_o or_o break_v any_o the_o steal_n among_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o whole_a pike_n fill_v up_o the_o room_n with_o their_o sharp_a fragment_n join_v that_o that_o part_n of_o the_o wall_n which_o be_v yet_o whole_a secure_v the_o enemy_n flank_n on_o both_o side_n neither_o need_v they_o much_o ground_n in_o retire_v or_o advance_v to_o charge_n which_o thing_n be_v wont_a to_o cause_v the_o breach_n of_o array_n there_o also_o fall_v out_o a_o chance_n which_o increase_v their_o hope_n and_o spirit_n for_o the_o tower_n be_v drive_v on_o upon_o a_o rampire_n that_o be_v not_o well_o ram_v underneath_o but_o have_v loose_a earth_n one_o of_o the_o wheel_n sink_v deep_o into_o the_o ground_n than_o the_o rest_n make_v the_o turret_n to_o nod_v &_o lie_v of_o one_o side_n that_o both_o the_o enemy_n believe_v it_o will_v fall_v and_o they_o within_o it_o be_v put_v in_o a_o pitiful_a fear_n when_o nothing_o succeed_v well_o the_o consul_n be_v evil_o appaide_v that_o the_o macedonian_a soldier_n and_o kind_a of_o arm_n may_v seem_v matcheable_a to_o he_o and_o see_v no_o great_a hope_n of_o speedy_a win_v the_o city_n and_o that_o the_o place_n be_v unfit_a to_o winter_n in_o raise_v his_o siege_n so_o here_o the_o macedonian_a soldier_n be_v not_o only_o equal_v but_o also_o prefer_v before_o the_o roman_a and_o that_o only_a by_o reason_n of_o his_o armour_n the_o pike_n and_o target_n an_o other_o experience_n fall_v out_o in_o the_o battle_n betwixt_o perseus_n and_o aemilius_n whereof_o i_o speak_v in_o this_o chapter_n the_o story_n be_v this_o 〈◊〉_d the_o roman_n come_v to_o join_v battle_n with_o the_o macedonian_n and_o not_o able_a to_o come_v up_o to_o they_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o length_n and_o joint_a out-bearing_a of_o their_o pike_n there_o be_v one_o salius_n a_o captain_n of_o pelignans_n who_o take_v the_o ensign_n of_o his_o company_n from_o the_o ensign-bearer_n and_o throw_v it_o into_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n the_o pelignan_n run_v in_o heap_n to_o the_o place_n for_o it_o be_v not_o lawful_a nor_o honest_a for_o the_o italian_n to_o forsake_v their_o ensign_n where_o the_o medley_n bring_v forth_o wonderful_a effect_n for_o the_o pelignans_n fight_v with_o sword_n to_o put_v by_o the_o pike_n and_o to_o press_v they_o down_o with_o their_o target_n and_o seize_v upon_o they_o to_o pull_v they_o out_o of_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o macedonian_n the_o macedonian_n contrariwise_a maintain_v their_o charge_n with_o both_o hand_n and_o strike_v such_o as_o approach_v near_o through_o the_o body_n arm_n and_o all_o neither_o target_n nor_o cuirass_n be_v able_a to_o sustain_v the_o violence_n of_o the_o blow_n turn_v topsy-turuy_a the_o body_n of_o the_o pelignan_n who_o not_o with_o reason_n but_o with_o the_o rage_n of_o wild_a beast_n throw_v themselves_o desperate_o upon_o wound_n and_o upon_o certain_a and_o fore_o see_v death_n so_o the_o foremost_a fall_v the_o follower_n begin_v to_o slack_v and_o yet_o they_o sle_z not_o but_o retire_v to_o the_o mount_v call_v olacrus_n i_o will_v out_o of_o appian_n join_v a_o three_o experience_n in_o the_o battle_n of_o antiochus_n b._n against_o l._n scipio_n which_o i_o likewise_o touch_v before_o in_o this_o chapter_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o horse_n and_o chariot_n of_o antiochus_n be_v put_v to_o flight_n by_o the_o roman_a horseman_n and_o by_o eumenes_n his_o phalange_n of_o foot_n be_v destitute_a of_o horse_n first_o open_v and_o receive_v the_o lightarmed_n that_o have_v all_o this_o while_n fight_v in_o the_o front_n into_o the_o midst_n of_o it_o then_o afterward_o again_o close_v and_o when_o domitius_n scipio_n lieutenant_n encompass_v it_o round_o with_o horse_n and_o lightarmed_n which_o he_o may_v easy_o do_v by_o reason_n it_o be_v thrust_v up_o into_o a_o thick_a plinthium_fw-la it_o be_v drive_v to_o great_a distress_n be_v neither_o able_a to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n nor_o yet_o to_o countermarch_n in_o so_o great_a depth_n as_o it_o carry_v it_o grieve_v they_o much_o that_o their_o long_a experience_n nothing_o avail_v they_o to_o annoy_v the_o enemy_n and_o that_o notwithstanding_o they_o be_v subject_a to_o arrow_n and_o dart_n at_o all_o hand_n yet_o bear_v out_o a_o multitude_n of_o pike_n on_o every_o side_n of_o their_o square_n they_o call_v the_o roman_n to_o come_v to_o handy_a blow_n and_o still_o make_v a_o countenance_n as_o though_o they_o mean_v to_o charge_n keep_v themselves_o for_o all_o that_o within_o their_o rank_n as_o be_v footman_n and_o heavy_a arm_v and_o the_o rather_o because_o they_o have_v to_o do_v with_o a_o enemy_n on_o horseback_n beside_o they_o be_v loath_a to_o break_v the_o thickness_n of_o their_o battle_n which_o form_n they_o can_v not_o now_o alter_v the_o roman_n also_o dare_v not_o approach_v they_o and_o come_v to_o sword_n fear_v their_o experience_n in_o war_n and_o closeness_n of_o array_n and_o desperation_n but_o run_v about_o here_o and_o there_o ply_v they_o with_o arrow_n and_o dart_n whereof_o none_o be_v throw_v in_o vain_a fall_v among_o a_o troop_n so_o close_o put_v up_o together_o that_o they_o can_v neither_o avoid_v and_o decline_v any_o thing_n throw_v nor_o give_v way_n albeit_o they_o see_v it_o come_v at_o last_o be_v weary_a and_o irresolute_a what_o to_o do_v they_o retire_v easy_o with_o a_o threaten_a countenance_n notwithstanding_o and_o in_o good_a order_n and_o not_o deliver_v the_o roman_n of_o fear_n who_o dare_v not_o yet_o come_v near_o but_o seek_v to_o annoy_v they_o aloof_o till_o the_o elephant_n place_v in_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n be_v affright_v and_o not_o to_o be_v rule_v by_o their_o governor_n trouble_v all_o and_o give_v occasion_n of_o flight_n hitherto_o appian_n out_o of_o these_o three_o example_n the_o truth_n of_o that_o which_o aelian_n say_v be_v to_o be_v see_v that_o be_v that_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n can_v not_o be_v force_v or_o resist_v by_o a_o enemy_n take_v with_o all_o polybius_n his_o caution_n if_o it_o be_v in_o the_o right_a posture_n and_o figure_n and_o have_v such_o ground_n as_o be_v fit_a the_o roman_n the_o best_a soldier_n of_o all_o
particular_o to_o the_o first_o aspect_n so_o that_o this_o be_v use_v after_o the_o make_n of_o a_o anastrophe_n for_o always_o in_o motion_n it_o be_v requisite_a that_o the_o soldier_n face_n move_v forward_o to_o move_v backward_o have_v many_o inconvenience_n of_o stumbling_n upon_o uneven_a ground_n or_o stone_n or_o pit_n or_o stubbe_n or_o such_o like_a which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o in_o anastrophe_n after_o a_o wheeling_n aelian_n will_v that_o the_o soldier_n turn_v their_o face_n the_o contrary_a way_n first_o then_o move_v on_o till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o ground_n then_o open_a rank_n and_o file_n and_o last_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o aspect_n and_o as_o it_o differ_v from_o anastrophe_n so_o differ_v it_o likewise_o from_o metabole_n metabole_fw-la only_o turn_v face_n about_o this_o set_v the_o soldier_n in_o his_o former_a posture_n not_o only_o for_o his_o face_n but_o for_o his_o arm_n also_o which_o be_v order_v as_o at_o first_o the_o word_n wherein_o this_o motion_n be_v express_v by_o aelian_n be_v ep_n orthon_fw-mi apodounai_fw-mi and_o eye_n orthon_fw-mi apocaâ—astesai_fw-mi which_o be_v interpret_v by_o gaza_n in_o arrectum_fw-la reddere_fw-la to_o restore_v up_o right_o by_o arcerius_fw-la rectum_fw-la reddere_fw-la to_o restore_v right_a and_o so_o the_o word_n sound_v aelian_n interprete_v it_o to_o set_v again_o the_o soldier_n sight_n in_o the_o same_o aspect_n in_o which_o it_o stand_v at_o first_o as_o if_o be_v place_v with_o his_o face_n against_o the_o enemy_n he_o be_v command_v to_o turn_v his_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n and_o then_o again_o to_o restore_v his_o face_n to_o his_o first_o posture_n he_o must_v return_v and_o set_v his_o face_n against_o the_o enemy_n aelian_a therefore_o refer_v it_o to_o the_o sight_n he_o first_o have_v which_o if_o it_o be_v the_o right_a meaning_n how_o can_v it_o be_v upright_o or_o right_a more_o in_o that_o then_o in_o any_o other_o posture_n for_o the_o soldier_n not_o only_o in_o front_n but_o in_o flank_n and_o in_o the_o rear_n carry_v himself_o upright_o or_o right_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o that_o it_o may_v be_v apply_v to_o the_o upright_o stand_v of_o man_n as_o appear_v by_o sundry_a place_n of_o pausanias_n who_o reherse_v that_o minerva_n image_n set_v 43._o in_o the_o temple_n parthenion_n stand_v upright_o orthon_fw-mi esti_fw-la and_o in_o a_o other_o place_n that_o in_o corinth_n 89._o in_o the_o temple_n pantheon_n there_o be_v two_o image_n of_o mercury_n stand_v upright_o ortha_fw-mi 87._o and_o that_o in_o the_o temple_n of_o fortune_n the_o image_n of_o fortune_n be_v carve_v of_o parian_a stone_n and_o stand_v upright_a orthon_n and_o that_o in_o neptune_n temple_n situate_a in_o the_o corinthian_a isthmus_n the_o image_n of_o amphitrite_n and_o neptune_n stand_v in_o a_o chariot_n and_o the_o boy_n palemon_n upright_o upon_o a_o dolphin_n orthos_n in_o all_o which_o place_n orthos_n design_v the_o site_n of_o man_n but_o here_o as_o i_o take_v it_o can_v be_v so_o apply_v because_o in_o every_o motion_n not_o only_o in_o this_o the_o man_n stand_v upright_o how_o then_o can_v they_o be_v restore_v to_o their_o stand_n upright_o when_o they_o do_v it_o already_o i_o take_v the_o original_n of_o the_o appellation_n to_o come_v from_o another_o cause_n and_o that_o be_v from_o the_o order_n of_o the_o pike_n for_o when_o the_o battle_n be_v first_o set_v in_o the_o field_n every_o soldier_n stand_v with_o his_o pike_n order_v that_o be_v upright_o for_o to_o order_v a_o pike_n be_v to_o set_v the_o butt_n end_n on_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o soldier_n somewhat_o wide_o of_o his_o right_a foot_n and_o to_o hold_v it_o upright_o with_o the_o right_a hand_n bear_v even_o with_o the_o shoulder_n but_o when_o you_o begin_v or_o continue_v any_o motion_n the_o manner_n be_v to_o advance_v or_o to_o shoulder_v the_o pike_n and_o so_o to_o proceed_v but_o be_v command_v to_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n it_o must_v be_v order_v again_o so_o that_o the_o first_o posture_n of_o a_o arm_a man_n be_v to_o stand_v with_o his_o pike_n upright_o and_o after_o many_o motion_n and_o wind_n he_o at_o last_o return_v to_o the_o same_o posture_n which_o i_o take_v the_o command_n of_o ep'orthon_n apodounai_o to_o signify_v now_o that_o i_o may_v not_o seem_v to_o rely_v upon_o a_o probable_a conjecture_n alone_o i_o will_v bring_v witness_n for_o the_o confirmation_n of_o my_o opinion_n it_o be_v report_v by_o 473._o diodorus_n siculus_n that_o agesilaus_n the_o lacedaemonian_a king_n with_o a_o army_n of_o eighteen_o thousand_o foot_n and_o fifteen_o hundred_o horse_n invade_v boeotia_n the_o athenian_n before_o hear_v of_o agesilaus_n come_v have_v send_v five_o thousand_o foot_n and_o 200_o horse_n to_o aid_v the_o theban_n who_o gather_v their_o army_n together_o seize_v upon_o a_o long_a narrow_a hill_n distant_a 20_o furlong_n from_o the_o city_n and_o make_v the_o hard_a access_n to_o the_o place_n a_o kind_n of_o fortification_n against_o the_o enemy_n they_o there_o wait_v his_o come_n fear_v to_o hazard_v upon_o even_a ground_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o renown_n and_o glory_n of_o agesilaus_n agesilaus_n have_v imbattail_v his_o troop_n lead_v they_o against_o the_o boeotian_n and_o approach_v near_o send_v his_o light_n arm_v to_o sound_v their_o disposition_n to_o fight_v which_o be_v easy_o repulse_v by_o the_o theban_n by_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o high_a ground_n he_o advance_v the_o rest_n of_o his_o force_n be_v imbattail_v in_o such_o manner_n as_o may_v give_v great_a terror_n chabrias_n the_o athenian_a will_v his_o soldier_n to_o await_v the_o enemy_n contemptuous_o both_o keep_v their_o first_o array_n and_o their_o target_n at_o their_o knee_n and_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o order_v who_o when_o they_o joint_o as_o upon_o a_o word_n give_v do_v as_o they_o be_v command_v agesilaus_n both_o wonder_v at_o the_o good_a order_n and_o at_o the_o assure_a fashion_n of_o the_o enemy_n think_v it_o not_o fit_a to_o strive_v with_o unequal_a ground_n and_o by_o force_v they_o to_o fight_v to_o compel_v they_o to_o be_v valiant_a whether_o they_o will_v or_o no._n hitherto_o diodor_n sicul._n of_o the_o strategem_fw-la of_o chabrias_n against_o agesilaus_n which_o consist_v in_o the_o contempt_n of_o agesilaus_n and_o all_o his_o force_n first_o in_o not_o stir_v one_o foot_n to_o meet_v the_o enemy_n then_o in_o keep_v the_o array_n they_o hold_v before_o further_a in_o sink_v their_o target_n to_o their_o knee_n last_o in_o continue_v the_o former_a order_n of_o their_o pike_n that_o be_v not_o make_v readyto_o charge_v but_o remain_v with_o their_o pike_n order_v as_o they_o be_v at_o first_o agesilaus_n advance_v his_o army_n think_v to_o strike_v a_o fear_n into_o his_o enemy_n chabrias_n trust_v to_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o place_n scorn_v the_o brovado_n of_o agesilaus_n conceive_v he_o will_v not_o be_v so_o hardy_a to_o adventure_v the_o fight_n upon_o so_o great_a a_o inequality_n of_o ground_n he_o therefore_o will_v the_o cap_n 28_o the_o macedoman_n countermache_n by_o file_n the_o rear_v the_o front_n of_o the_o first_o stand_v the_o countermarche_n in_o action_n the_o file_n leader_n with_o their_o face_n about_o stand_v firm_a the_o bringer_n up_o dismarch_v the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v the_o ground_n take_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n cap_n 29_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarche_n the_o countermarche_n in_o action_n the_o fileleader_n advance_v in_o countermarche_n the_o bringer_n up_o stand_v firm_a with_o the_o their_o face_n turn_v about_o the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v the_o ground_n take_v beyond_o the_o reareof_o the_o phalange_n cap_n 20_o the_o chorean_a countermarche_n the_o front_n in_o the_o first_o stand_v the_o bringer_n up_o move_v the_o fileleader_n dismarch_v the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v cap._n 20._o countermarche_v 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antiquity_n be_v repulse_v by_o it_o at_o a_o siege_n force_v to_o retire_v in_o a_o battle_n dare_v not_o come_v near_o it_o after_o they_o have_v gain_v the_o field_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o army_n and_o the_o consul_n aemilius_n a_o man_n that_o have_v see_v much_o service_n and_o fight_v many_o a_o battle_n and_o be_v one_o of_o the_o best_a general_n of_o that_o time_n confess_v he_o never_o see_v so_o fearful_a a_o sight_n as_o when_o he_o behold_v the_o phalange_n advance_v into_o the_o field_n the_o body_n join_v the_o target_n ser_v and_o lock_v together_o dart_v out_o fire_n like_o lightning_n the_o front_n rough_a with_o couch_v and_o charge_v pike_n and_o arm_v with_o iron_n and_o threaten_v present_a death_n to_o he_o that_o dare_v approach_v 3_o occupy_v two_o cubit_n of_o ground_n we_o may_v not_o take_v it_o as_o though_o the_o soldier_n betwixt_o file_n and_o file_n have_v two_o cubit_n or_o three_o foot_n of_o ground_n for_o we_o learn_v before_o that_o in_o 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hand_n 2_o cubit_n from_o the_o butt_n and_o then_o must_v 4_o cubit_n of_o necessity_n be_v lose_v whereof_o 2_o rest_n behind_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o other_o two_o be_v take_v up_o by_o the_o space_n betwixt_o both_o hand_n our_o manner_n of_o charge_v be_v at_o this_o day_n to_o take_v the_o butt_n end_n in_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o in_o so_o do_v we_o lose_v but_o two_o cubit_n but_o it_o seem_v our_o pike_n be_v not_o make_v in_o that_o form_n they_o be_v in_o polybius_n time_n in_o polybius_n age_n they_o have_v weight_n at_o the_o but_o end_v to_o make_v the_o sharp_a end_n the_o light_a as_o the_o heavy_a pummel_n lighter_v the_o sword_n in_o handle_v a._n this_o weight_n be_v call_v â—_o secoma_n as_o it_o be_v a_o counterweight_n to_o the_o heaviness_n and_o length_n of_o the_o pike_n neither_o do_v i_o read_v any_o thing_n elsewhere_o then_o in_o polybius_n concern_v the_o counterweight_n of_o a_o pike_n to_o the_o handle_n of_o a_o oar_n i_o find_v in_o a._n atheneus_n that_o lead_n be_v add_v to_o make_v the_o part_n stand_v out_o from_o the_o ship_n more_o light_a but_o yet_o polybius_n and_o aelian_o opinion_n may_v well_o agree_v and_o in_o pike_n that_o have_v counterweight_n at_o their_o end_n the_o hold_n for_o charge_v be_v take_v two_o cubit_n from_o the_o butt_n end_n there_o may_v be_v lose_v four_o cubit_n where_o the_o other_o sort_n be_v hold_v at_o the_o butt_n end_v itself_o lose_v but_o 2_o cubit_n 5_o the_o pike_n of_o the_o other_o behind_o can_v reach_v to_o the_o first_o rank_n how_o shall_v they_o bear_v their_o pike_n then_o d_o polybius_n show_v what_o the_o manner_n be_v those_o rank_n say_v he_o that_o stand_v behind_o the_o five_o can_v help_v nothing_o to_o the_o fight_n in_o front_n and_o therefore_o they_o charge_v not_o their_o pike_n low_a but_o bear_v they_o towards_o their_o forestander_n shoulder_n the_o point_n somewhat_o erect_v to_o secure_v the_o battle_n from_o above_o intercept_n by_o their_o thick_a lie_v the_o missive_a weapon_n which_o fly_v over_o the_o front_n will_v otherwise_o fall_v upon_o their_o head_n that_o be_v place_v towards_o the_o rear_n polybius_n say_v the_o manner_n be_v neither_o to_o charge_v nor_o order_v their_o pike_n but_o to_o bear_v they_o forward_o stop_v towards_o the_o shoulder_n of_o their_o companion_n before_o yet_o by_o bearin_fw-mi they_o so_o what_o security_n they_o can_v â—ue_v from_o the_o missive_a weapon_n that_o come_v aloft_o i_o can_v yet_o conceive_v a_o arrow_n dart_n or_o stone_n unless_o it_o hit_v just_a on_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o pike_n will_v do_v as_o much_o and_o sometime_o more_o harm_n by_o glance_v then_o if_o it_o have_v not_o touch_v they_o at_o all_o some_o will_v have_v the_o hinder_a pike_n long_o the_o opinion_n of_o they_o who_o aelian_n here_o speak_v of_o have_v little_a reason_n to_o ground_n upon_o for_o either_o the_o pike_n of_o thâ—m_n that_o come_v in_o the_o five_o rank_n behind_o especial_o the_o two_o last_o must_v exceed_v in_o length_n or_o else_o the_o fileleaderâ—_n pike_n in_o shortness_n both_o which_o be_v â—like_o unprofitable_a if_o they_o be_v too_o long_o they_o can_v be_v wield_v if_o these_o too_o short_a the_o enemy_n shall_v reach_v the_o fileleader_n and_o not_o the_o fileleader_n the_o enemy_n the_o measure_n of_o the_o long_a pike_n be_v 16_o cubit_n which_o yet_o for_o aptness_n and_o use_n be_v by_o the_o macedonian_n reduce_v to_o 14._o say_v then_o the_o sixteen_o rank_n carry_v pike_n of_o 16_o cubit_n two_o of_o the_o cubit_n according_a to_o aelian_n be_v take_v away_o in_o handle_v other_o ten_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o five_o former_a rank_n four_o cubit_n alone_o remain_v and_o reach_v over_o the_o front_n if_o the_o file_n leader_n in_o the_o front_n shorten_v his_o pike_n to_o four_o cubit_n to_o make_v a_o even_a extension_n he_o shall_v not_o come_v near_o the_o enemy_n by_o ten_o cubit_n who_o in_o push_v will_v reach_v home_o to_o he_o for_o what_o length_n soever_o be_v take_v from_o the_o file-leader_n in_o front_n the_o same_o be_v give_v to_o the_o enemy_n that_o push_v with_o he_o and_o he_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o wound_v the_o file-leader_n and_o not_o the_o file-leader_n he_o especial_o the_o pike_n differ_v in_o so_o great_a a_o proportion_n 6_o the_o superordinarie_a lieutenant_n of_o every_o syntagma_n i_o have_v before_o note_v the_o duty_n of_o a_o lieutenant_n of_o the_o syntagma_n and_o it_o be_v here_o well_o express_v by_o aelian_n he_o that_o desire_v to_o see_v more_o touch_v the_o same_o let_v he_o resort_v to_o xenophons_n cyropaedia_fw-la lib._n 3._o 28._o and_o lib._n 7._o 178._o b._n and_o to_o leo_n cap._n 14._o §_o 79._o the_o place_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o the_o number_n of_o every_o file_n chap._n xv._n thus_o much_o of_o order_v and_o marshal_v the_o armed-foote_n i_o will_v add_v a_o word_n or_o two_o of_o the_o lightarmed_n or_o naked_a 1_o the_o general_n be_v to_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n so_o that_o they_o be_v ready_a for_o all_o attempt_n of_o the_o enemy_n sometime_o in_o front_n sometime_o in_o flank_n sometime_o in_o the_o rear_n according_a to_o occasion_n or_o necessity_n for_o our_o purpose_n let_v they_o be_v thus_o order_v we_o will_v frame_v also_o of_o they_o 1024_o file_n as_o many_o as_o the_o phalange_n of_o the_o arm_a contain_v so_o that_o the_o first_o file_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n be_v place_v direct_o behind_o the_o first_o file_n of_o the_o arm_a and_o the_o second_o file_n behind_o the_o second_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n 2_o yet_o shall_v they_o not_o be_v sixteen_o to_o the_o file_n but_o half_o so_o many_o namely_o eight_o