threefold_a gate_n or_o door_n how_o the_o motion_n of_o wheel_a double_a and_o treble_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n xxxii_o it_o follow_v to_o show_v how_o a_o battle_n may_v be_v turn_v or_o wheel_v and_o how_o after_o reduce_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o station_n cap._n 30._o plagiophalanx_n or_o the_o brode-fronted_n phalange_n orthiophalanx_n or_o the_o hearse_n protaxis_fw-la or_o forefront_v the_o front_n lâ—â—halanx_n or_o the_o uneven_a front_a phalange_n cap._n 31._o hypotaxis_fw-la or_o double-winging_a entaxis_fw-la or_o insertion_n protaxis_fw-la or_o forefront_a cap._n 32._o the_o manner_n of_o wheel_v the_o first_o posture_n close_v of_o file_n close_v of_o rank_n forward_o the_o front_n but_o in_o case_n we_o desire_v to_o wheel_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n we_o command_v the_o left-hand-file_n to_o stand_v still_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n to_o turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o move_v forward_o close_o up_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n file_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v then_o to_o gather_v up_o the_o hinder_a rank_n then_o to_o wheel_v the_o battle_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o stand_v and_o so_o be_v it_o do_v that_o be_v command_v but_o if_o restitution_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v needful_a we_o must_v do_v as_o we_o do_v in_o return_v from_o the_o right_n for_o every_o man_n must_v turn_v about_o his_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n then_o the_o whole_a battle_n wheel_v about_o the_o left-hand-corner-file-leader_n must_v return_v to_o the_o place_n it_o have_v then_o all_o the_o fileleader_n stand_v firm_a and_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n and_o the_o rest_n open_v their_o rank_n in_o move_v forward_o and_o make_v alte_fw-la then_o the_o left_a hand_n file_n be_v to_o stand_v firm_a for_o it_o have_v the_o place_n it_o first_o have_v and_o the_o rest_n turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o open_v their_o file_n and_o move_v forward_o till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o distance_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o at_o first_o and_o so_o shall_v every_o man_n be_v in_o his_o first_o posture_n now_o if_o we_o will_v wheel_v the_o battle_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n we_o be_v to_o make_v 2_o wheeling_n to_o the_o same_o side_n so_o will_v it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o fileleader_n shall_v in_o the_o change_n have_v their_o face_n turn_v to_o the_o rear_n where_o before_o they_o have_v they_o look_v out_o from_o the_o front_n but_o in_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o command_v it_o to_o wheel_v about_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n that_o be_v we_o give_v it_o two_o wheeling_n more_o the_o same_o way_n so_o the_o fileleader_n will_v have_v their_o face_n set_v as_o at_o first_o then_o we_o command_v the_o fileleader_n to_o stand_v firm_a and_o the_o rest_n to_o open_v their_o rank_n behind_o then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n about_o then_o the_o right_a hand_n file_v to_o stand_v still_o for_o it_o have_v the_o right_a place_n and_o the_o rest_n turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o march_v on_o till_o the_o former_a distance_n be_v regain_v then_o to_o make_v alte._n so_o be_v the_o battle_n reduce_v to_o the_o first_o station_n if_o you_o will_v have_v the_o battle_n turn_v about_o to_o the_o target_n you_o be_v to_o give_v contrary_a direction_n that_o be_v in_o stead_n of_o command_v a_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n to_o command_v a_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o target_n then_o by_o make_v two_o turn_n the_o contrary_a way_n to_o use_v the_o like_a change_n we_o speak_v of_o before_o there_o be_v likewise_o a_o treble_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n when_o it_o turn_v thrice_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n namely_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n the_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n transfer_v the_o soldier_n face_n from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o back_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o treble_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n bring_v his_o face_n to_o the_o left_a flank_n the_o treble_a wheel_a to_o the_o target_n contrariwise_o to_o the_o right_a flank_n note_n before_o in_o the_o 26_o chapter_n aelian_n discourse_v of_o wheel_a and_o the_o kind_n thereof_o the_o manner_n how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v be_v reserve_v for_o this_o place_n i_o need_v not_o therefore_o remember_v any_o thing_n else_o beside_o the_o word_n of_o command_n the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o epistrophe_n the_o uttermost_a file_n on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o side_n purpose_v and_o march_v up_o to_o the_o file_n stand_v firm_a face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o your_o rank_n forward_o wheel_v the_o body_n to_o the_o hand_n appoint_v and_o when_o you_o have_v your_o ground_n stand_v return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o anastrophe_n face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n wheel_n back_o the_o body_n to_o the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v fileleader_n stand_v firm_a the_o other_o rank_n open_a to_o their_o first_o place_n face_n about_o to_o which_o hand_n you_o will_v the_o corner_n file_n to_o which_o the_o turn_n be_v stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n open_a to_o their_o first_o ground_n face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v your_o pike_n perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o in_o wheel_v about_o the_o same_o word_n to_o close_v the_o file_n and_o rank_n be_v to_o be_v use_v which_o be_v use_v in_o epistrophe_n there_o remain_v no_o more_o then_o to_o say_v wheel_n about_o your_o body_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n anastrophe_n or_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n return_v to_o your_o first_o posture_n the_o same_o form_n be_v use_v that_o be_v hold_v in_o the_o former_a return_v unto_o the_o first_o posture_n for_o open_v rank_n and_o file_n ecperispasmos_n or_o treble_a wheel_a in_o this_o motion_n the_o same_o course_n be_v hold_v that_o be_v in_o the_o wheel_a but_o only_o that_o you_o command_v a_o treble_a wheel_a and_o the_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o anastrophe_n be_v all_o one_o but_o for_o the_o same_o difference_n of_o close_v the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o to_o the_o midst_n chap._n xxxiii_o cap_n â—â—_o of_o change_v the_o front_n after_o close_v close_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n in_o action_n close_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n close_v to_o the_o middle_a close_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n before_o close_v the_o front_n of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d before_o close_v if_o the_o phalange_n be_v to_o be_v close_v in_o the_o midst_n the_o diphalange_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n must_v turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o target_n and_o the_o diphalange_n on_o the_o left_a hand_n their_o face_n towards_o the_o pike_n then_o move_v forward_o towards_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n then_o after_o their_o true_a distance_n gain_v to_o set_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v and_o to_o gather_v up_o the_o rank_n behind_o when_o we_o will_v reduce_v the_o phalange_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o command_v to_o turn_v face_n about_o then_o to_o open_v the_o rank_n and_o all_o to_o move_v on_o but_o the_o first_o rank_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n again_o and_o the_o right_a diphalange_n turn_v to_o the_o pike_n and_o the_o left_a diphalange_n to_o the_o target_n to_o follow_v their_o leader_n till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o distance_n then_o to_o set_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v this_o rule_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o all_o turn_n about_o of_o face_n when_o they_o be_v make_v out_o of_o closing_n that_o the_o pike_n be_v advance_v lest_o they_o hinder_v the_o soldier_n in_o make_v his_o turn_n the_o lightarmed_n be_v to_o be_v teach_v and_o exercise_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n note_n in_o the_o 11_o chapter_n the_o distance_n that_o aught_o to_o be_v betwixt_o soldier_n and_o soldier_n be_v particular_o treat_v of_o this_o chapter_n show_v how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v gain_v that_o be_v how_o we_o be_v to_o proceed_v out_o of_o one_o distance_n into_o another_o and_o because_o the_o open_a order_n be_v it_o that_o be_v common_o begin_v withal_o it_o be_v here_o teach_v how_o from_o thence_o to_o pass_v to_o the_o rest_n and_o to_o return_v to_o it_o again_o the_o end_n of_o closing_n be_v speak_v of_o before_o in_o regard_n of_o place_n they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o two_o kind_n one_o to_o the_o wing_n right_a or_o left_a the_o other_o to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n i_o can_v express_v the_o manner_n better_o then_o by_o set_v down_o the_o word_n of_o command_n or_o direction_n which_o be_v these_o in_o close_v to_o the_o right_a wing_n the_o right-wing-corner-file_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o pike_n and_o move_v according_a to_o
particular_o to_o the_o first_o aspect_n so_o that_o this_o be_v use_v after_o the_o make_n of_o a_o anastrophe_n for_o always_o in_o motion_n it_o be_v requisite_a that_o the_o soldier_n face_n move_v forward_o to_o move_v backward_o have_v many_o inconvenience_n of_o stumbling_n upon_o uneven_a ground_n or_o stone_n or_o pit_n or_o stubbe_n or_o such_o like_a which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o in_o anastrophe_n after_o a_o wheeling_n aelian_n will_v that_o the_o soldier_n turn_v their_o face_n the_o contrary_a way_n first_o then_o move_v on_o till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o ground_n then_o open_a rank_n and_o file_n and_o last_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o aspect_n and_o as_o it_o differ_v from_o anastrophe_n so_o differ_v it_o likewise_o from_o metabole_n metabole_fw-la only_o turn_v face_n about_o this_o set_v the_o soldier_n in_o his_o former_a posture_n not_o only_o for_o his_o face_n but_o for_o his_o arm_n also_o which_o be_v order_v as_o at_o first_o the_o word_n wherein_o this_o motion_n be_v express_v by_o aelian_n be_v ep_n orthon_fw-mi apodounai_fw-mi and_o eye_n orthon_fw-mi apocaâ—astesai_fw-mi which_o be_v interpret_v by_o gaza_n in_o arrectum_fw-la reddere_fw-la to_o restore_v up_o right_o by_o arcerius_fw-la rectum_fw-la reddere_fw-la to_o restore_v right_a and_o so_o the_o word_n sound_v aelian_n interprete_v it_o to_o set_v again_o the_o soldier_n sight_n in_o the_o same_o aspect_n in_o which_o it_o stand_v at_o first_o as_o if_o be_v place_v with_o his_o face_n against_o the_o enemy_n he_o be_v command_v to_o turn_v his_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n and_o then_o again_o to_o restore_v his_o face_n to_o his_o first_o posture_n he_o must_v return_v and_o set_v his_o face_n against_o the_o enemy_n aelian_a therefore_o refer_v it_o to_o the_o sight_n he_o first_o have_v which_o if_o it_o be_v the_o right_a meaning_n how_o can_v it_o be_v upright_o or_o right_a more_o in_o that_o then_o in_o any_o other_o posture_n for_o the_o soldier_n not_o only_o in_o front_n but_o in_o flank_n and_o in_o the_o rear_n carry_v himself_o upright_o or_o right_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o that_o it_o may_v be_v apply_v to_o the_o upright_o stand_v of_o man_n as_o appear_v by_o sundry_a place_n of_o pausanias_n who_o reherse_v that_o minerva_n image_n set_v 43._o in_o the_o temple_n parthenion_n stand_v upright_o orthon_fw-mi esti_fw-la and_o in_o a_o other_o place_n that_o in_o corinth_n 89._o in_o the_o temple_n pantheon_n there_o be_v two_o image_n of_o mercury_n stand_v upright_o ortha_fw-mi 87._o and_o that_o in_o the_o temple_n of_o fortune_n the_o image_n of_o fortune_n be_v carve_v of_o parian_a stone_n and_o stand_v upright_a orthon_n and_o that_o in_o neptune_n temple_n situate_a in_o the_o corinthian_a isthmus_n the_o image_n of_o amphitrite_n and_o neptune_n stand_v in_o a_o chariot_n and_o the_o boy_n palemon_n upright_o upon_o a_o dolphin_n orthos_n in_o all_o which_o place_n orthos_n design_v the_o site_n of_o man_n but_o here_o as_o i_o take_v it_o can_v be_v so_o apply_v because_o in_o every_o motion_n not_o only_o in_o this_o the_o man_n stand_v upright_o how_o then_o can_v they_o be_v restore_v to_o their_o stand_n upright_o when_o they_o do_v it_o already_o i_o take_v the_o original_n of_o the_o appellation_n to_o come_v from_o another_o cause_n and_o that_o be_v from_o the_o order_n of_o the_o pike_n for_o when_o the_o battle_n be_v first_o set_v in_o the_o field_n every_o soldier_n stand_v with_o his_o pike_n order_v that_o be_v upright_o for_o to_o order_v a_o pike_n be_v to_o set_v the_o butt_n end_n on_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o soldier_n somewhat_o wide_o of_o his_o right_a foot_n and_o to_o hold_v it_o upright_o with_o the_o right_a hand_n bear_v even_o with_o the_o shoulder_n but_o when_o you_o begin_v or_o continue_v any_o motion_n the_o manner_n be_v to_o advance_v or_o to_o shoulder_v the_o pike_n and_o so_o to_o proceed_v but_o be_v command_v to_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n it_o must_v be_v order_v again_o so_o that_o the_o first_o posture_n of_o a_o arm_a man_n be_v to_o stand_v with_o his_o pike_n upright_o and_o after_o many_o motion_n and_o wind_n he_o at_o last_o return_v to_o the_o same_o posture_n which_o i_o take_v the_o command_n of_o ep'orthon_n apodounai_o to_o signify_v now_o that_o i_o may_v not_o seem_v to_o rely_v upon_o a_o probable_a conjecture_n alone_o i_o will_v bring_v witness_n for_o the_o confirmation_n of_o my_o opinion_n it_o be_v report_v by_o 473._o diodorus_n siculus_n that_o agesilaus_n the_o lacedaemonian_a king_n with_o a_o army_n of_o eighteen_o thousand_o foot_n and_o fifteen_o hundred_o horse_n invade_v boeotia_n the_o athenian_n before_o hear_v of_o agesilaus_n come_v have_v send_v five_o thousand_o foot_n and_o 200_o horse_n to_o aid_v the_o theban_n who_o gather_v their_o army_n together_o seize_v upon_o a_o long_a narrow_a hill_n distant_a 20_o furlong_n from_o the_o city_n and_o make_v the_o hard_a access_n to_o the_o place_n a_o kind_n of_o fortification_n against_o the_o enemy_n they_o there_o wait_v his_o come_n fear_v to_o hazard_v upon_o even_a ground_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o renown_n and_o glory_n of_o agesilaus_n agesilaus_n have_v imbattail_v his_o troop_n lead_v they_o against_o the_o boeotian_n and_o approach_v near_o send_v his_o light_n arm_v to_o sound_v their_o disposition_n to_o fight_v which_o be_v easy_o repulse_v by_o the_o theban_n by_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o high_a ground_n he_o advance_v the_o rest_n of_o his_o force_n be_v imbattail_v in_o such_o manner_n as_o may_v give_v great_a terror_n chabrias_n the_o athenian_a will_v his_o soldier_n to_o await_v the_o enemy_n contemptuous_o both_o keep_v their_o first_o array_n and_o their_o target_n at_o their_o knee_n and_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o order_v who_o when_o they_o joint_o as_o upon_o a_o word_n give_v do_v as_o they_o be_v command_v agesilaus_n both_o wonder_v at_o the_o good_a order_n and_o at_o the_o assure_a fashion_n of_o the_o enemy_n think_v it_o not_o fit_a to_o strive_v with_o unequal_a ground_n and_o by_o force_v they_o to_o fight_v to_o compel_v they_o to_o be_v valiant_a whether_o they_o will_v or_o no._n hitherto_o diodor_n sicul._n of_o the_o strategem_fw-la of_o chabrias_n against_o agesilaus_n which_o consist_v in_o the_o contempt_n of_o agesilaus_n and_o all_o his_o force_n first_o in_o not_o stir_v one_o foot_n to_o meet_v the_o enemy_n then_o in_o keep_v the_o array_n they_o hold_v before_o further_a in_o sink_v their_o target_n to_o their_o knee_n last_o in_o continue_v the_o former_a order_n of_o their_o pike_n that_o be_v not_o make_v readyto_o charge_v but_o remain_v with_o their_o pike_n order_v as_o they_o be_v at_o first_o agesilaus_n advance_v his_o army_n think_v to_o strike_v a_o fear_n into_o his_o enemy_n chabrias_n trust_v to_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o place_n scorn_v the_o brovado_n of_o agesilaus_n conceive_v he_o will_v not_o be_v so_o hardy_a to_o adventure_v the_o fight_n upon_o so_o great_a a_o inequality_n of_o ground_n he_o therefore_o will_v the_o cap_n 28_o the_o macedoman_n countermache_n by_o file_n the_o rear_v the_o front_n of_o the_o first_o stand_v the_o countermarche_n in_o action_n the_o file_n leader_n with_o their_o face_n about_o stand_v firm_a the_o bringer_n up_o dismarch_v the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v the_o ground_n take_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n cap_n 29_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarche_n the_o countermarche_n in_o action_n the_o fileleader_n advance_v in_o countermarche_n the_o bringer_n up_o stand_v firm_a with_o the_o their_o face_n turn_v about_o the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v the_o ground_n take_v beyond_o the_o reareof_o the_o phalange_n cap_n 20_o the_o chorean_a countermarche_n the_o front_n in_o the_o first_o stand_v the_o bringer_n up_o move_v the_o fileleader_n dismarch_v the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v cap._n 20._o countermarche_v by_o rank_n the_o countermarche_n in_o action_n dyer_n not_o to_o alter_v their_o posture_n but_o to_o continue_v as_o they_o be_v the_o word_n concern_v the_o pike_n be_v en_fw-fr ortho_fw-mi to_o dorati_fw-la menein_fw-la that_o be_v to_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_a en_fw-fr ortho_fw-la now_o whether_o the_o same_o be_v the_o posture_n that_o the_o tactic_n describe_v when_o they_o speak_v or_o restore_a ep_n '_n ortho_fw-mi upright_o i_o refer_v to_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o reader_n a_o poliaenus_n agesilao_n remember_v this_o stratagem_n use_v somewhat_o different_a word_n and_o yet_o consent_v in_o meaning_n chabrias_n say_v he_o command_v his_o soldier_n not_o to_o run_v out_o against_o the_o enemy_n but_o quiet_o to_o stand_v still_o hold_v their_o pike_n before_o upright_o and_o their_o target_n before_o their_o knee_n which_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o do_v when_o they_o will_v a_o little_a ease_n
themselves_o of_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o target_n where_o diodore_n have_v en_fw-fr ortho_fw-mi to_o dorati_fw-la menein_fw-la to_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o polienus_n have_v protinomenous_a ta_fw-la dorata_fw-la ortha_fw-mi hold_v before_o they_o their_o pike_n upright_o but_o both_o have_v pike_n upright_o and_o diodorus_n his_o continue_v have_v relation_n to_o the_o posture_n they_o be_v in_o which_o chabrias_n will_v not_o have_v they_o to_o alter_v polienus_n his_o hold_n before_o to_o that_o they_o be_v command_v to_o do_v in_o order_v of_o pike_n at_o this_o day_n i_o have_v show_v that_o the_o soldier_n hold_v they_o upright_o the_o but_o end_n set_v on_o the_o ground_n before_o and_o somewhat_o wide_a of_o their_o right_a foot_n 105._o aemilius_z probus_n recite_v this_o history_n pervert_v the_o stratagem_n he_o say_v that_o chabrias_n forbid_v the_o phalange_n to_o give_v back_o and_o teach_v his_o soldier_n to_o receive_v the_o enemy_n charge_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n the_o other_o set_v against_o the_o target_n and_o with_o the_o pike_n abase_v wherein_o he_o quite_o dissent_v from_o diodore_n and_o polien_n diodore_n say_v the_o command_n be_v to_o keep_v their_o array_n polienus_n not_o to_o run_v forward_o but_o quiet_o to_o stand_v still_o probus_n not_o to_o give_v back_o probus_n say_v they_o shall_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n and_o rest_n against_o the_o target_n with_o the_o other_o diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o target_n sink_v to_o their_o knee_n polienus_n that_o they_o shall_v carry_v their_o target_n before_o at_o their_o knee_n probus_n that_o they_o shall_v abase_v and_o charge_v their_o pike_n diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v continue_v and_o order_v they_o upright_o polien_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o pike_n upright_o so_o that_o diodore_n and_o polien_n agree_v and_o expound_v one_o another_o aemilius_n probus_n bring_v in_o a_o new_a history_n dissent_v as_o i_o say_v from_o the_o other_o two_o especial_o in_o make_v that_o to_o be_v a_o form_n of_o fight_n prescribe_v by_o chabrias_n a_o simple_a form_n to_o receive_v the_o charge_n upon_o their_o knee_n which_o be_v a_o contempt_n to_o show_v how_o little_a especial_o in_o that_o strength_n of_o ground_n he_o regard_v agesilaus_n which_o contempt_n also_o make_v agesilaus_n retire_v not_o doubt_v but_o it_o proceed_v from_o a_o great_a assurance_n of_o the_o enemy_n therefore_o as_o i_o say_v i_o take_v these_o word_n ep_o '_o orthon_n apodounai_fw-mi not_o only_o to_o appertain_v to_o the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n but_o also_o and_o that_o much_o rather_o to_o the_o erection_n and_o order_v of_o pike_n of_o countermarche_n and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o with_o the_o manner_n how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n xxviii_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n the_o other_o by_o rank_n each_o of_o these_o again_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o kind_n the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a which_o be_v also_o the_o persian_a and_o the_o cretan_a 1_o the_o macedonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o lieu_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n backward_o where_o before_o it_o be_v forward_o 2_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v likewise_o the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o steed_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 3_o the_o persian_a be_v the_o cretan_a and_o choraean_a this_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n of_o the_o phalange_n every_o soldier_n take_v another_o place_n for_o that_o he_o have_v the_o file-leader_n the_o place_n of_o bringer-up_a and_o so_o the_o rest_n in_o order_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 4_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n be_v make_v when_o a_o man_n will_v transfer_v the_o wing_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o section_n and_o the_o section_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o wing_n to_o the_o end_n to_o strengthen_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n likewise_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n and_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n they_o that_o fear_v to_o countermarch_n the_o phalange_n in_o gross_a the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n do_v it_o by_o syntagmae_n i_o will_v now_o set_v down_o in_o what_o manner_n countermarch_v aught_o to_o be_v make_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o file_n be_v say_v to_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n with_o the_o bringer-up_a go_v against_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o pass_v on_o to_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n place_n themselves_o in_o order_n one_o after_o a_o other_o according_a as_o the_o file-leader_n himself_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n therefore_o it_o make_v show_v to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o run_v away_o or_o it_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o the_o rest_n pass_v by_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n place_v themselves_o orderly_a one_o behind_o another_o but_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n turn_v also_o their_o face_n and_o proceed_v forward_o together_o with_o their_o file-leader_n order_v themselves_o proportionable_o in_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n wherefore_o to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v behind_o it_o make_v a_o semblance_n of_o fall_v on_o again_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v his_o face_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n transfer_v the_o whole_a file_n to_o another_o place_n equal_a to_o the_o first_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v stand_n as_o before_o behind_o he_o or_o else_o when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o he_o that_o stand_v next_o before_o he_o pass_v by_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n be_v place_v again_o next_o before_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v be_v place_v one_o before_o another_o in_o their_o former_a order_n till_o the_o file-leader_n be_v the_o first_o the_o choraean_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o towards_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n precede_v the_o file_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v till_o the_o file-leader_n have_v the_o place_n of_o the_o bringer-up_a and_o the_o bringer-up_a the_o place_n of_o the_o file-leader_n and_o these_o be_v the_o countermarche_n by_o file_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v countermarch_v make_v by_o rank_n in_o case_n a_o man_n will_v countermarch_n by_o rank_n for_o every_o rank_n countermarch_v either_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n or_o change_v the_o right_a hand_n place_n or_o else_o the_o left_a hand_n place_n of_o the_o battle_n one_o of_o which_o must_v needs_o fall_v out_o and_o never_o fail_v note_n the_o two_o former_a motion_n be_v perform_v one_o in_o close_a order_n the_o other_o in_o all_o order_n epistrophe_n when_o the_o battle_n be_v shut_v so_o close_o that_o as_o aelian_n say_v a_o man_n can_v turn_v his_o face_n neither_o the_o one_o way_n nor_o the_o other_o clisis_fw-la in_o open_a order_n order_n and_o close_a order_n the_o two_o â—_o follow_v motion_n countermarch_v and_o double_v one_o be_v do_v in_o open_a 84._o order_n the_o other_o for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o open_a order_n too_o and_o yet_o sometime_o in_o order_n and_o close_a order_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v in_o due_a place_n this_o chapter_n handle_v countermarche_n the_o next_o doubling_n countermarch_v be_v a_o motion_n whereby_o every_o soldier_n march_v after_o other_o change_v his_o front_n for_o the_o rear_n or_o one_o flank_v for_o the_o other_o for_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n and_o the_o other_o by_o rank_n and_o each_o of_o these_o be_v again_o divide_v into_o three_o the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a or_o cretan_a a_o countermarch_v by_o file_n be_v when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o leader_n of_o the_o same_o file_n by_o rank_n when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o sideman_n of_o the_o same_o rank_n in_o the_o countermarch_v 1_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v in_o this_o countermarch_v the_o purpose_n of_o the_o commander_n be_v to_o turn_v the_o front_n of_o his_o battle_n against_o the_o enemy_n that_o show_v himself_o in_o the_o rear_n and_o withal_o to_o take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n it_o be_v call_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v say_v aelian_n because_o
side_n and_o as_o the_o middle_a section_n divide_v the_o phalange_n in_o two_o part_n which_o be_v call_v wing_n so_o this_o section_n speak_v of_o by_o suidas_n be_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o wing_n divide_v the_o wing_n into_o two_o part_n to_o call_v a_o phalangarchie_n which_o be_v a_o body_n consist_v of_o four_o thousand_o and_o ninty_a six_o man_n a_o section_n be_v i_o confess_v a_o unproper_a speech_n but_o tolerable_a notwithstanding_o consider_v that_o the_o whole_a fourefolde_v phalange_n be_v compose_v of_o the_o four_o phalangarchy_n and_o that_o the_o section_n of_o the_o right-wing_n begin_v at_o the_o left_a hand_n file_n or_o inward_a point_n of_o the_o right_a hand_n phalangarchie_n and_o end_v at_o the_o right_a hand_n file_n of_o the_o second_o phalangarchie_n and_o we_o be_v not_o to_o expect_v the_o same_o exactness_n of_o speech_n from_o soldier_n that_o be_v common_a to_o man_n skilful_a in_o the_o liberal_a science_n soldier_n that_o profess_v action_n have_v their_o end_n if_o they_o be_v understand_v of_o those_o they_o command_n artiâ—tes_n be_v contemn_v that_o clothe_v not_o the_o precept_n of_o their_o art_n with_o elegant_a fit_a and_o exact_a term_n see_v then_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o section_n of_o the_o wing_n be_v at_o the_o flank_n of_o the_o first_o phalangarchie_n on_o either_o side_n of_o the_o phalange_n we_o may_v after_o a_o sort_n term_v the_o phalangarchie_n a_o section_n of_o the_o wing_n because_o it_o bound_v the_o section_n at_o least_o by_o this_o place_n of_o suidas_n we_o may_v gather_v that_o there_o be_v a_o interval_n in_o either_o wing_n which_o in_o reason_n ought_v to_o be_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o wing_n and_o to_o lie_v betwixt_o the_o two_o phalangarchy_n for_o so_o many_o there_o be_v in_o one_o wing_n d._n polybius_n tell_v of_o philopaeman_n that_o fight_v against_o machanidas_n the_o tyrant_n of_o lacedaemon_n after_o he_o have_v place_v the_o lightarmed_n the_o lancier_n and_o illyrian_n joint_o in_o one_o front_n he_o add_v in_o the_o same_o right_a line_n the_o phalange_n distinguish_v into_o body_n according_a to_o merarchy_n and_o divide_v by_o several_a distance_n i_o translate_v speiredon_n distinguish_v into_o body_n because_o speira_n signify_v a_o military_a body_n among_o the_o grecian_n and_o be_v by_o the_o grecian_n that_o write_v the_o roman_a history_n use_v sometime_o for_o a_o legion_n and_o sometime_o for_o a_o cohort_n and_o it_o seem_v that_o spiredon_n be_v here_o by_o polybius_n put_v in_o the_o same_o sense_n that_o eye_n speiran_n be_v by_o philopaeman_n plutarch_n who_o mention_v the_o reformation_n touch_v affair_n military_a which_o the_o same_o philopaeman_n bring_v in_o among_o the_o achaian_o write_v thus_o their_o manner_n and_o form_n of_o embattail_v be_v not_o usual_o parcel_v out_o eye_n speiran_n that_o be_v as_o i_o interpret_v it_o in_o several_a body_n but_o use_v a_o phalange_n which_o have_v neither_o protension_n of_o pike_n nor_o close_v of_o target_n in_o front_n as_o the_o macedonian_a manner_n be_v they_o be_v easy_o foil_v and_o break_v by_o the_o enemy_n the_o meaning_n of_o plutarch_n be_v as_o i_o conceive_v that_o the_o achaian_o in_o former_a time_n use_v to_o order_v their_o phalange_n in_o a_o continue_a length_n without_o intervall_n which_o philopoemen_n reform_v and_o teach_v they_o to_o make_v division_n by_o intervall_n and_o the_o practice_n of_o philopoemen_n be_v the_o best_a interpreter_n of_o his_o own_o counsel_n to_o the_o achaian_o this_o practice_n polybius_n set_v down_o to_o be_v the_o division_n of_o his_o phalange_n kata_n tele_n speiredon_v en_fw-fr diastemasi_fw-la into_o body_n distinguish_v by_o intervall_n according_a to_o merarchy_n polybius_n also_o to_o show_v what_o body_n they_o be_v use_v the_o word_n tele_n which_o i_o translate_v merarchy_n have_v my_o warrant_n out_o of_o â—_o aelian_n who_o say_v a_o merarchie_n consist_v of_o two_o chiliarchy_n and_o contain_v two_o thousand_o and_o forty_o eight_o man_n and_o a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o four_o file_n and_o add_v that_o it_o be_v of_o some_o call_v a_o telos_n and_o the_o leader_n a_o telarch_n a_o man_n may_v doubt_v see_v philopaeman_n make_v a_o interval_n betwixt_o every_o merarchie_n whether_o he_o make_v seven_o division_n or_o no_o for_o in_o aelians_n phalange_n there_o be_v eight_o merarchy_n betwixt_o every_o of_o which_o if_o a_o distance_n be_v there_o must_v needs_o arise_v seven_o intervall_n to_o clear_v this_o doubt_n we_o must_v understand_v that_o the_o phalanges_fw-la of_o the_o grecian_n be_v not_o always_o of_o the_o same_o number_n as_o i_o note_v before_o aelian_o and_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n consist_v of_o sixteen_o thousand_o and_o odd_a antigonus_n have_v but_o ten_o thousand_o demetrius_n eleven_o thousand_o other_o have_v more_o the_o lacedæmonians_n less_a and_o likewise_o the_o grecian_n for_o the_o most_o part_n and_o it_o seem_v the_o phalange_n of_o philopaeman_n be_v no_o more_o than_o eight_o thousand_o and_o odd_a in_o which_o number_n there_o be_v but_o four_o merarchy_n as_o aelians_n phalange_n comprehend_v sixteen_o thousand_o and_o odd_a wherein_o be_v four_o phalangarchy_n have_v likewise_o three_o division_n by_o phalangarchy_n and_o yet_o in_o this_o phalange_n of_o philopaeman_n if_o you_o account_v the_o file_n to_o have_v but_o eight_o man_n as_o the_o most_o grecian_n use_v in_o their_o file_n to_o have_v these_o four_o merarchy_n will_v possess_v as_o much_o ground_n in_o front_n as_o the_o phalangarchy_n of_o aelians_n phalange_n do_v the_o file_n be_v sixteen_o neither_o be_v it_o new_a to_o figure_n out_o the_o body_n great_a or_o less_o according_a to_o the_o number_n of_o the_o phalange_n 65._o leo_n command_v his_o general_n when_o the_o number_n will_v not_o reach_v to_o sixteen_o thousand_o the_o number_n of_o the_o old_a phalange_n to_o hold_v notwithstanding_o sixteen_o man_n in_o a_o file_n and_o to_o divide_v his_o phalange_n into_o four_o equal_a part_n by_o intervall_n except_v some_o few_o which_o he_o will_v have_v reserve_v for_o other_o use_n to_o conclude_v aelian_n himself_o seem_v to_o acknowledge_v more_o section_n than_o one_o when_o in_o the_o ten_o chapter_n of_o this_o book_n he_o speak_v of_o the_o middle_a section_n mese_n apotome_n for_o this_o word_n middle_a be_v a_o relative_a can_v not_o be_v understand_v with_o out_o two_o other_o at_o least_o which_o be_v place_v on_o either_o side_n and_o all_o the_o figure_n that_o i_o have_v see_v of_o a_o fourfold_a phalange_n allow_v three_o section_n and_o no_o more_o that_o be_v to_o say_v one_o in_o the_o midst_n and_o the_o other_o two_o in_o the_o wing_n what_o the_o distance_n and_o dimension_n of_o these_o section_n ought_v to_o be_v i_o find_v not_o set_v down_o but_o if_o i_o may_v have_v leave_n to_o conjecture_v i_o will_v think_v they_o ought_v to_o be_v large_a enough_o for_o a_o troop_n of_o horse_n frame_v wedge-wise_a after_o the_o macedonian_a manner_n to_o pass_v through_o the_o last_o rank_n whereof_o be_v fifteen_o as_o appear_v in_o the_o twenty_o chapter_n of_o this_o book_n and_o the_o horse_n place_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n it_o be_v needful_a if_o upon_o any_o occasion_n they_o be_v to_o be_v draw_v through_o to_o serve_v in_o the_o front_n the_o distance_n of_o the_o section_n shall_v be_v sufficient_a to_o give_v they_o passage_n with_o out_o disorder_n and_o i_o be_o the_o rather_o confirm_v in_o this_o opinion_n because_o i_o see_v the_o intervall_n betwixt_o the_o roman_a maniple_n so_o proportion_v that_o the_o principes_fw-la may_v pass_v through_o those_o of_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o the_o triarij_fw-la through_o those_o of_o the_o principes_fw-la but_o i_o proportion_v out_o the_o intervall_n to_o the_o horse_n not_o to_o the_o lightarmed_n for_o that_o the_o lightarmed_n â—ay_v be_v divide_v into_o several_a body_n without_o 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which_o regard_n i_o prefer_v the_o target_n of_o aelian_n before_o that_o of_o leo_n aelians_n reach_v up_o to_o the_o height_n of_o the_o neck_n from_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o thigh_n leos_n carry_v a_o handful_n more_o in_o breadth_n which_o in_o the_o circumference_n grow_v to_o a_o good_a proportion_n of_o weight_n and_o greatness_n 4_o no_o short_a than_o 8_o cubit_n that_o be_v 12_o foot_n short_a pike_n against_o long_o have_v a_o great_a disadvantage_n with_o the_o long_a pike_n a_o man_n be_v able_a to_o strike_v and_o kill_v his_o enemy_n before_o himself_o can_v be_v touch_v or_o come_v in_o danger_n of_o a_o short_a the_o pike_n keep_v the_o enemy_n out_o so_o far_o as_o the_o length_n be_v the_o experience_n of_o the_o battle_n of_o 8._o sorano_n show_v it_o where_o vitellozzo_n vitelli_n discomfit_v the_o almain_n only_a with_o the_o advantage_n of_o pike_n a_o arm_n long_o than_o they_o against_o long_a pike_n this_o policy_n be_v use_v by_o cleonymus_n the_o 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a_o main_a force_n at_o his_o back_n as_o the_o figure_n show_v moreover_o they_o that_o be_v place_v after_o the_o six_o rank_n albeit_o they_o push_v not_o with_o their_o pike_n yet_o thrust_v on_o with_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o body_n reinforce_v the_o strength_n and_o power_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o leave_v no_o hope_n for_o the_o fileleader_n to_o fly_v or_o shift_v away_o some_o will_v have_v the_o hinder_a pike_n long_o than_o the_o foremost_a that_o they_o of_o the_o three_o and_o four_o rank_n may_v bear_v out_o the_o head_n of_o their_o pike_n equal_o with_o the_o first_o 6_o the_o superordinary_a lieutenant_n of_o every_o syntagma_n must_v be_v a_o man_n of_o understanding_n oversee_n the_o soldier_n of_o his_o command_n that_o they_o file_n and_o rank_n and_o if_o for_o fear_n or_o other_o occasion_n any_o forsake_v their_o ground_n he_o be_v to_o compel_v they_o again_o to_o their_o place_n and_o in_o close_v to_o put_v they_o when_o need_n require_v as_o near_o up_o together_o as_o they_o shall_v stand_v for_o it_o be_v a_o great_a strength_n and_o assurance_n to_o the_o phalange_n to_o have_v some_o principal_a commander_n not_o only_o in_o front_n but_o also_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o battle_n for_o the_o cause_n before_o mention_v note_n the_o strength_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n which_o consist_v principal_o in_o the_o e._n protension_n and_o charge_v of_o pike_n and_o knit_v together_o of_o target_n be_v here_o set_v down_o the_o whole_a chapter_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v take_v out_o of_o e._n polybius_n who_o handle_v the_o same_o argument_n and_o almost_o with_o the_o same_o word_n but_o that_o aelian_a and_o he_o differ_v about_o the_o number_n of_o cubit_n which_o the_o pike_n take_v up_o reach_v over_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n 1_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n have_v be_v think_v to_o be_v unresistible_a the_o strength_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n appear_v no_o way_n better_o than_o by_o the_o 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antiquity_n be_v repulse_v by_o it_o at_o a_o siege_n force_v to_o retire_v in_o a_o battle_n dare_v not_o come_v near_o it_o after_o they_o have_v gain_v the_o field_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o army_n and_o the_o consul_n aemilius_n a_o man_n that_o have_v see_v much_o service_n and_o fight_v many_o a_o battle_n and_o be_v one_o of_o the_o best_a general_n of_o that_o time_n confess_v he_o never_o see_v so_o fearful_a a_o sight_n as_o when_o he_o behold_v the_o phalange_n advance_v into_o the_o field_n the_o body_n join_v the_o target_n ser_v and_o lock_v together_o dart_v out_o fire_n like_o lightning_n the_o front_n rough_a with_o couch_v and_o charge_v pike_n and_o arm_v with_o iron_n and_o threaten_v present_a death_n to_o he_o that_o dare_v approach_v 3_o occupy_v two_o cubit_n of_o ground_n we_o may_v not_o take_v it_o as_o though_o the_o soldier_n betwixt_o file_n and_o file_n have_v two_o cubit_n or_o three_o foot_n of_o ground_n for_o we_o learn_v before_o that_o in_o 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atheneus_n that_o lead_n be_v add_v to_o make_v the_o part_n stand_v out_o from_o the_o ship_n more_o light_a but_o yet_o polybius_n and_o aelian_o opinion_n may_v well_o agree_v and_o in_o pike_n that_o have_v counterweight_n at_o their_o end_n the_o hold_n for_o charge_v be_v take_v two_o cubit_n from_o the_o butt_n end_n there_o may_v be_v lose_v four_o cubit_n where_o the_o other_o sort_n be_v hold_v at_o the_o butt_n end_v itself_o lose_v but_o 2_o cubit_n 5_o the_o pike_n of_o the_o other_o behind_o can_v reach_v to_o the_o first_o rank_n how_o shall_v they_o bear_v their_o pike_n then_o d_o polybius_n show_v what_o the_o manner_n be_v those_o rank_n say_v he_o that_o stand_v behind_o the_o five_o can_v help_v nothing_o to_o the_o fight_n in_o front_n and_o therefore_o they_o charge_v not_o their_o pike_n low_a but_o bear_v they_o towards_o their_o forestander_n shoulder_n the_o point_n somewhat_o erect_v to_o secure_v the_o battle_n from_o above_o intercept_n by_o their_o thick_a lie_v the_o missive_a weapon_n which_o fly_v over_o the_o front_n will_v otherwise_o fall_v upon_o their_o head_n that_o be_v place_v towards_o the_o rear_n polybius_n say_v the_o manner_n be_v neither_o to_o charge_v nor_o order_v their_o pike_n but_o to_o bear_v they_o forward_o stop_v towards_o the_o shoulder_n of_o their_o companion_n before_o yet_o by_o bearin_fw-mi they_o so_o what_o security_n they_o can_v â—ue_v from_o the_o missive_a weapon_n that_o come_v aloft_o i_o can_v yet_o conceive_v a_o arrow_n dart_n or_o stone_n unless_o it_o hit_v just_a on_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o pike_n will_v do_v as_o much_o and_o sometime_o more_o harm_n by_o glance_v then_o if_o it_o have_v not_o touch_v they_o at_o all_o some_o will_v have_v the_o hinder_a pike_n long_o the_o opinion_n of_o they_o who_o aelian_n here_o speak_v of_o have_v little_a reason_n to_o ground_n upon_o for_o either_o the_o pike_n of_o thâ—m_n that_o come_v in_o the_o five_o rank_n behind_o especial_o the_o two_o last_o must_v exceed_v in_o length_n or_o else_o the_o fileleaderâ—_n pike_n in_o shortness_n both_o which_o be_v â—like_o unprofitable_a if_o they_o be_v too_o long_o they_o can_v be_v wield_v if_o these_o too_o short_a the_o enemy_n shall_v reach_v the_o fileleader_n and_o not_o the_o fileleader_n the_o enemy_n the_o measure_n of_o the_o long_a pike_n be_v 16_o cubit_n which_o yet_o for_o aptness_n and_o use_n be_v by_o the_o macedonian_n reduce_v to_o 14._o say_v then_o the_o sixteen_o rank_n carry_v pike_n of_o 16_o cubit_n two_o of_o the_o cubit_n according_a to_o aelian_n be_v take_v away_o in_o handle_v other_o ten_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o five_o former_a rank_n four_o cubit_n alone_o remain_v and_o reach_v over_o the_o front_n if_o the_o file_n leader_n in_o the_o front_n shorten_v his_o pike_n to_o four_o cubit_n to_o make_v a_o even_a extension_n he_o shall_v not_o come_v near_o the_o enemy_n by_o ten_o cubit_n who_o in_o push_v will_v reach_v home_o to_o he_o for_o what_o length_n soever_o be_v take_v from_o the_o file-leader_n in_o front_n the_o same_o be_v give_v to_o the_o enemy_n that_o push_v with_o he_o and_o he_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o wound_v the_o file-leader_n and_o not_o the_o file-leader_n he_o especial_o the_o pike_n differ_v in_o so_o great_a a_o proportion_n 6_o the_o superordinarie_a lieutenant_n of_o every_o syntagma_n i_o have_v before_o note_v the_o duty_n of_o a_o lieutenant_n of_o the_o syntagma_n and_o it_o be_v here_o well_o express_v by_o aelian_n he_o that_o desire_v to_o see_v more_o touch_v the_o same_o let_v he_o resort_v to_o xenophons_n cyropaedia_fw-la lib._n 3._o 28._o and_o lib._n 7._o 178._o b._n and_o to_o leo_n cap._n 14._o §_o 79._o the_o place_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o the_o number_n of_o every_o file_n chap._n xv._n thus_o much_o of_o order_v and_o marshal_v the_o armed-foote_n i_o will_v add_v a_o word_n or_o two_o of_o the_o lightarmed_n or_o naked_a 1_o the_o general_n be_v to_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n so_o that_o they_o be_v ready_a for_o all_o attempt_n of_o the_o enemy_n sometime_o in_o front_n sometime_o in_o flank_n sometime_o in_o the_o rear_n according_a to_o occasion_n or_o necessity_n for_o our_o purpose_n let_v they_o be_v thus_o order_v we_o will_v frame_v also_o of_o they_o 1024_o file_n as_o many_o as_o the_o phalange_n of_o the_o arm_a contain_v so_o that_o the_o first_o file_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n be_v place_v direct_o behind_o the_o first_o file_n of_o the_o arm_a and_o the_o second_o file_n behind_o the_o second_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n 2_o yet_o shall_v they_o not_o be_v sixteen_o to_o the_o file_n but_o half_o so_o many_o namely_o eight_o
horse_n in_o every_o troop_n because_o in_o horse_n a_o great_a depth_n will_v be_v idle_a and_o to_o no_o purpose_n for_o they_o can_v as_o foot_n do_v with_o their_o thickness_n thrust_v one_o a_o other_o forward_o from_o behind_o and_o so_o the_o foremost_a will_v they_o or_o will_v they_o be_v force_v to_o go_v against_o the_o enemy_n and_o this_o be_v do_v among_o foot_n but_o the_o horse_n can_v not_o thrust_v forward_o those_o that_o be_v before_o they_o nor_o the_o fileleader_n that_o stand_v in_o front_n be_v second_v in_o that_o kind_n by_o the_o rest_n that_o stand_v in_o depth_n after_o the_o four_o man_n for_o if_o they_o be_v lancer_n the_o five_o rank_n can_v reach_v with_o their_o lance_n to_o the_o front_n if_o archer_n they_o shall_v be_v fain_o to_o shoot_v aloft_o for_o fear_n of_o hurt_v their_o companion_n before_o and_o so_o their_o arrow_n serve_v for_o no_o use_n after_o fight_n be_v join_v therefore_o be_v the_o number_n of_o 4_o sufficient_a in_o depth_n as_o i_o have_v say_v this_o be_v the_o opinion_n of_o leo._n to_o which_o i_o can_v absolute_o assent_v unless_o he_o have_v give_v 8_o for_o the_o front_n of_o his_o troop_n and_o so_o make_v it_o of_o 4_o equal_a side_n in_o figure_n not_o in_o number_n as_o aelian_n require_v to_o be_v do_v in_o the_o best_a square_n for_o the_o reason_n of_o lance_n not_o reach_v to_o the_o front_n in_o the_o five_o rank_n reach_v not_o home_n to_o the_o reason_n of_o war_n aelian_n before_o have_v declare_v that_o the_o pike_n of_o the_o seven_o rank_n reach_v not_o to_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n yet_o no_o man_n will_v thereof_o infer_v that_o the_o phalange_n ought_v to_o be_v but_o 6_o deep_a yea_o but_o the_o foot_n that_o come_v after_o help_v the_o foremost_a second_v they_o and_o thrust_v they_o on_o with_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o body_n which_o the_o horse_n can_v not_o do_v this_o must_v be_v grant_v to_o be_v a_o advantage_n that_o foot_n have_v above_o horse_n in_o depth_n 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fault_n to_o be_v in_o the_o number_n of_o 9_o and_o that_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v read_v 8_o or_o 10._o to_o extend_v a_o phalange_n be_v to_o draw_v it_o out_o in_o length_n the_o length_n be_v the_o space_n betwixt_o the_o point_n of_o both_o wing_n when_o he_o say_v he_o extend_v it_o to_o 10_o the_o meaning_n be_v he_o draw_v it_o out_o so_o far_o in_o length_n that_o he_o leave_v but_o 10_o in_o depth_n ten_o be_v the_o decas_fw-la whereof_o i_o speak_v before_o and_o i_o have_v likewise_o note_v that_o the_o lacedaemonian_n for_o the_o most_o part_n make_v the_o depth_n of_o their_o battle_n 8._o the_o number_n of_o 9_o as_o all_o other_o uneven_a number_n be_v reject_v by_o the_o tactic_n as_o unfit_a for_o doubling_n so_o that_o my_o opinion_n be_v that_o xenophon_n at_o the_o first_o write_v 8_o or_o 10_o not_o 9_o or_o 10_o howsoever_o 9_o be_v creep_v into_o the_o place_n of_o 8._o but_o to_o return_v to_o agesilaus_n admit_v he_o use_v double_v of_o rank_n or_o of_o the_o 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bringers-up_a the_o word_n of_o command_n may_v be_v these_o for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n fileleader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n of_o every_o file_n pass_v through_o in_o order_n one_o after_o another_o and_o place_n yourselves_o at_o your_o distance_n after_o your_o leader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o so_o stand_v for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n the_o first_o manner_n bringers-up_a turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o beginning_n at_o they_o that_o be_v next_o to_o the_o bringers-up_a countermarch_n and_o place_n yourselves_o in_o your_o distance_n before_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o one_o before_o a_o other_o till_o the_o fileleader_n be_v first_o the_o second_o manner_n fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o let_v every_o man_n file_n follow_v he_o and_o keep_v true_a 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nothing_o pertein_v to_o that_o argument_n i_o never_o make_v doubt_n be_v creep_v into_o the_o text_n and_o i_o be_o rather_o confirm_v in_o my_o opinion_n because_o i_o see_v it_o noteâ—_n with_o a_o asterisk_n in_o that_o aelian_a be_v of_o robortellus_n edition_n which_o the_o learned_a isaac_n casaubon_n have_v quote_v and_o purpose_v to_o set_v forth_o if_o untimely_a dâ—ath_n have_v not_o prevent_v he_o i_o will_v here_o set_v down_o the_o word_n because_o they_o differ_v not_o much_o from_o aelian_n and_o may_v give_v some_o light_n to_o the_o manner_n of_o double_v it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v so_o be_v the_o word_n â—hat_n a_o phalange_n be_v double_v in_o person_n or_o place_n when_o we_o therefore_o take_v half_a the_o soldier_n from_o the_o depth_n and_o make_v file_n of_o they_o place_v they_o even_o with_o the_o rest_n in_o length_n of_o the_o front_n so_o that_o of_o 124_o file_n we_o make_v 248_o this_o be_v double_v of_o person_n in_o like_a sort_n we_o double_v 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and_o serve_v for_o the_o pike_n only_a for_o the_o musquettier_n can_v be_v so_o close_o in_o file_n because_o they_o must_v have_v their_o arm_n at_o liberty_n &_o that_o be_v when_o every_o one_o be_v distant_a from_o file_n to_o file_v a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a and_o 3_o foot_n from_o rank_n to_o rank_n and_o this_o last_o distance_n be_v thus_o command_v close_o yourselves_o thorough_o but_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v teach_v the_o soldier_n for_o that_o when_o necessity_n shall_v require_v it_o they_o will_v close_v themselves_o but_o too_o much_o of_o their_o own_o accord_n without_o command_n to_o begin_v therefore_o to_o do_v the_o exercise_n the_o company_n be_v set_v in_o the_o first_o distance_n to_o wit_n of_o 6_o foot_n in_o file_n and_o rank_n and_o thus_o be_v say_v these_o be_v the_o general_a word_n of_o command_n which_o be_v often_o to_o be_v use_v stand_v right_a in_o your_o file_n stand_v right_a in_o your_o rank_n silence_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n as_o you_o 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advance_v towards_o a_o enemy_n when_o they_o do_v not_o skirmish_v loose_a and_o disband_v vanguard_n they_o must_v give_v fire_n by_o rank_n after_o this_o manner_n two_o rank_n must_v always_o make_v ready_a together_o and_o advance_v ten_o pace_n forward_o before_o the_o body_n at_o which_o distance_n a_o sergeant_n or_o when_o the_o body_n be_v great_a some_o other_o officer_n must_v stand_v to_o who_o the_o musquettier_n be_v to_o come_v up_o before_o advance_v they_o present_v and_o give_v fire_n first_o the_o firstranke_a and_o while_o the_o first_o give_v fire_n the_o second_o rank_n keep_v their_o musket_n close_o to_o their_o rest_n and_o their_o pan_n guard_v and_o assoon_o as_o the_o first_o be_v fall_v away_o the_o second_o present_o present_a and_o give_v fire_n and_o fall_v after_o they_o now_o assoon_o as_o the_o first_o two_o rank_n do_v move_v from_o their_o place_n in_o the_o front_n the_o two_o rank_n next_o they_o must_v unshoulder_n their_o musket_n and_o make_v 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