round about ye may mingle with the said colour what space ye list to make them tast thereafter thus may ye change the colour and tâ—st of any Apple Your colours may be of Sâ—ffron 〈◊〉 soule Braâ—ell â—â—â—unders or other what ye shall see gooâ— This must be done before the Spring doe come Soâ—e doe â—â—ay 〈◊〉 graffe on the Olive stocke or on the Alder stocke they 〈…〉 Apples Also they say to graffe to have 〈…〉 shall graffe in both the ends of your Cion into the 〈…〉 when they be fast growâ—e to the stockâ—â—e shall 〈…〉 middest and let the smaller e d grow upward or else 〈…〉 Cion and graffe the small end of the stocke downeward 〈◊〉 so shall ye have your Apple-tree on St. Lâ—â—berts day whâ—â—â— is the xvii of September they shall never wast consume â—or waxe dâ—y which I doubt The setting of Vine Plants THese figures doe shew how ye ought to plant and set your Vines in two and two together the one to have a pâ—râ— of the old Tree and the other may be all of the last Cion but when ye plant him with a part of the old tree he shall commonly take root sooner then the new Cion ye must weed them every moneth and let not the earth be too 〈◊〉 above their rootes at the first but now and then lose it with 〈…〉 as ye shall see a raine past for then they shall enlarg◠〈…〉 forth better Further herein ye shall 〈…〉 How to proyne or cut a Vine in Winter THis Figure sheweth how all Vines should be proined and cut in a convenient time after Christmas that when ye cut them ye shall leave his branches very thinne as ye see by this figure ye shall never leave above two or three leaders at the head of any principal branch ye must also cut them off in the middest betweene the knots of the young Cions for those be the leaders which will bring the Grape the rest and order ye shall understand as followeth Of the Vine and Grape SOmewhat I intend to speake of the ordering of the Vine and Grape to plant or set the Vine the Plants or Sets which be gathered from the Vine and so planted are best they must not be old gathered nor lye long unplanted after they be cut for then they will soon gather corruption and when ye do gather your Plants ye must take heed to cut chose them where as ye may with the yong Cion a joynt of the old wood with the new for the old wood will soonet take root then the new and better to grow then if it were all young Cion ye shall leave the old wood to the young Cion a foote or halfe a foote or a shaftment long the young Cion ye shall cut the length of three quarters of a yard or thereabouts and yee shall choose of those young Cions that be thickest joynter or nigh joynts together and when ye shall Plant or set them looke that your ground be well digged in the winter before then in Ianuary ye may both cut and plant but cut not in the Frost for that is danger of all kind of trees or yee mâ—y plant in the beginning of February and when ye doe plant ye shall take two of those plants and set or lay them together a foote deepe in the earth for two plants set together will not â—o soone fall as one alone and lay them a foote longwise in the earth so that there may be aboue the earth three or foure joynts ye may plant a young Cion with the old so that it be thicke or nigh joynted for then he is the better to roote and also to bring fruit then when ye haue set or layed them in the earth then cover them well therewith in treading it fast downe unto the plants but let the ends of your Cions or Plants be turned upright aboue the earth three or foure joynts if there shall be more when they be set ye shall cut them off and ye shall cut them alwaies in the middest betweene the two joynts and then let them so grow and see that ye weed them alwayes cleane and once a moneth loose the earth round about them and they shall proue the better If it be very dry and hot in the Summer after ye may water them in making a hole with a crow of Iron to the roote and there ye shall powre in water in the evening As for the proyning of them is when the Grape is tâ—ken and clustered then ye may brake the next joynt or two frer the Grape of all such sup rfluous Cions as ye shall see cause which will cause the Grape to waxe bigger Ye may also breake away all supeâ—fluous buddes or slender branches which commeth about the roote or on the under branches which ye thinke will haue no Grape and when ye proiâ—t or 〈◊〉 them in Winter following ye shall not cut the yong Cion â—ight the old by three or foure joynts ye shall not cut them like 〈◊〉 to leave a sort of heads together on the branch which doth kill your Vine ye shall leave but one head or two at the most of the young Cions upon the old branch and to cut those yong Cions three or foure knots or joynts of for the yoâ—g Cion doth carry the Grape alwayes and when ye leave upon a great branch many Cions they cannot be well nourished and 〈◊〉 ye 〈◊〉 â—o cut them in Winter ye shall bind 〈…〉 Oziers in placing those young branches as ye shall 〈…〉 vine when the branches are tender ye shall bind them so that the stormy tempest or wind do not hurt the◠〈◊〉 to bind them withall the best is great â—oft Rushes and when the Grape is clustered then ye may breake of all such branches as is afore declared upon one old branch three or foure heads be enough for the more heads your branch â—â—th the worse your Grape shall be nourished and when ye cut off aâ—y branch cut him of hard by or nigh the old branch if your Vine waxe old the best remedy is if there grow any young â—ion about the root ye shall in the Winter cut off the old Vine hâ—rd by the ground or as nigh as ye can and let the young Vine lead and he will continue a long time if ye cover 〈…〉 about the roote with good Earth againe There is also upon or by every cluster of Grapes a small â—ion like a Pigs Tâ—ile turning about which doth take away the Sap from the Grape if ye pinch it of hard by the stâ—lke of your Grape your fruit shall be the greater If your Vine wâ—xe too raâ—ke and thicke of branches ye shall digge the root in Winter and open the earth and fill it up againe with Sand aâ—d Ashes mingle together and whereas a Vine is unfruitfull aâ—d doth not beare ye shall bore a hole with an Auger unto the hâ—art or pith in the body or thickest part thereof then pâ—â— in the said hole
continuance thereof For if your Ale may endure a fortnight your Beere through the benefit of the Hop shall continue a Moneth and what grace it yeeldeth to the tast all men may judge that have sence in their mouthes and if the controversie be betwixt Beere and Ale which of them two shall have the place of preheminence it sufficeth for the glory and commendation of the Beere that here in our owne country Ale giveth place unto it and that most part of our Countrymen doe abhorre and abandon Ale as a lothsome drinke whereas in other Nations Beere is of great estimation and of strangers entertained as their moist choice and delicate drinke Finally that Ale which is most delicate and of best account boroweth the Hoppe as without the which it wanteth his chiefe grace and best verdure These things considered you may proceed to the making of your Garden wherein you are yet to have counsell for the laying out thereof for the due season and the right trade to cut and set Hoppe rootes what choice ye shall make of them what charge you shall be at for them you are yet also to learn the time when and the way how to prepare your ground and to make it able to entertaine and nourish them to frame your hills to maintaine them and to pull them downe to cut to fashion to erect to pull up and to preserve your Poales to gather to dry and to pack your Hops with many other circumstances necessarily appertaining hereunto Finally ye must be taught the reformation of many enormities and abuses which are received in most places for good rules the which God willing I will set forth truly according to the notes of experience although not learnedly after the Rules of Rhetoricke Of the preparation of a Hoppe Garden YOu must lay forth the ground which you determine to imploy this way in as levell square and uniforme wise as you may If your ground be grassie rough or stiffe it should be first â—owne with Hempe or Beanes which naturally maketh the ground mellow destroyeth weeds and neverthelesse leaveth the same in good season for this purpose But in what plight or state soever your ground be tyll it in the beginning of Winter with the Plough if it be great or with the Spade if it be small and this doe not onely the yeare before you plant it but also every yeare after even so long as you meane to receive the uttermost commodity of your Garden assuring your selfe that the more paines you take and the more cost you bestow hereupon the more you do double your profite and the nearer you resemble the trade of the Flemming Howbeit in some cases these paines may be spared that is to say where the mould is not deepe and the hill made both good and great in this case I say the hills being pulled downe the earth contained in them will cover the whole Garden and all the weeds growing therein and the same shall with helpe of dung maintaine your hills for ever The time to cut and set Hoppe Rootes IN the end of March or in the beginning of Aprill repaire to some good Garden orderly kept as wherein the Hops are all of a good kind all yearely cut and wherein all the Hills are raised very high for there the rootes will be greatest then compound with the owner or keeper thereof for choice rootes which in some places will cost sixe pence an hundreth but commonly they shall be given unto you so as you cut them your selfe and leave every hill orderly and fully dressed but what order you shall use herein I will hereafter shew Rules for the choyce and preparation of Rootes ANd now you must choose the biggest roots you can find that is to say such as are in bignesse three or foure inches about And let every roote which you shall provide to set be nine or tenne inches long Let there be contained in every such Roote three joynts Let all your rootes be but the Springs of the yeare last past You must have great regard that you cumber not your Garden with wild Hops the which are not to be discerned from the good by the rootes but either by the fruit or by the stalke Of the good Hoppe THe good and the kindly Hoppe beareth a great and a greene stalke a large a hard and a greene bell it appeareth out of the ground naked without leaves untill it be halfe a foote long Of the unkindly Hoppe THe Hoppe that likes not his entertainment namely his seate his ground his keeper his dung or the manner of his setting c. commeth up greene and small in stalke thicke and rough in leaves very like unto a Nettle which will be commonly devoured or much bitten with a little blacke flye who also will doe harme unto good Hops where the Garden standeth bleake or the Hop springeth rath but be not discomforted herewith for the heate of the Summer will reforme this matter and the latter springs will be little annoyed with this Flye who though she leave the leafe as full of holes as a Net yet she seldome proceedeth to the utter destruction of the Hoppe Of the wilde Hoppe OF the wild Hop the fruit is either altogether seed or else loose and red light bells the stalke is red howbeit herein the difference betweene the good and the bad Hop is not to be discerned untill the stalke be two or three yards high for at their first comming up the one as well as the other appeareth red and the best Hoppe is then the reddest Provide your rootes therefore where you are before-hand assured of their goodnesse Of setting of Hoppe Rootes HAving made your provision of rootes in this wise returne therewith to your Garden speedily and either set them immediately or lay them in some Puddle neare thereunto or bury them in the ground untill conveniency of winde weather and leisure the want whereof may sometimes prevent good expedition shall serve Provided alwayes that you leave them not in water or puddle above xxiiii houres but in the earth you may leave them as long as the time of setting endureth that is to say till the middest of Aprill Your Garden being dressed as before I advise you it shall be easie for you to direct your hills aright and that in equall distance with a Poale or rather with a line that will not stretch tying thereupon short threds or placing in it pinnes according to the proportion of space which you meane to leave betweene your hills whereof if one be placed out of order it shall blemish and hurt a great part of your Garden The distance of the Hills IF your Garden be one Acre in bignesse and lye square leave betweene every hole three yards or eight foot at the least in space as well that the hills may be made the greater and that the Hops of one Pole reach not to another as also that the Sunne may the more freely and universally
place those Boughes or Members right soone againe then shall ye comfort the roots with good new earth and bind fast those broken boughes or members both above and beneath and so let them remaine unto another yeare untill they may close and put forth new Cions When a Member or Bough is broken how to proyne them VVHereas ye shall see under or above superfluous boughs ye may cut or proine off as ye shall see cause all such boughes hard by the Tree at a due time in the winter following But leave all the principall branches and whereas any are broken let them be cut off beneath or else by the ground and cast them away thus must ye doe yeerely or as ye shall see cause if ye will keepe your Trees well and faire How one ought to enlarge the hole about the Tree rootes IN proyning your Trees if there be many rootes ye must enlarge them in the hole and so to wreath them as it is aforesaid and to use them without breaking then cover them againe with good fat earth which ye shall mingle in the said hole and it shall be best to be digged all over a little before and see that no branch or roote be left uncovered and when you have thus dressed your Trees if any roote shall put forth or spring hereafter out of the said holes in growing ye may so proine them as ye shall see cause in letting them so remaine two or three yeares after unto such time as the said Graffes be sprung up and well branched How to set small Staves by to strengthen your Cions TO avoid danger ye shall set or sticke small staves about your Cions for feare of breaking and then after three or foure yeares when they be well branched ye may then set or plant them in good earth at the beginning of Winter but see that ye cut off all their small branches hard by the stocke then ye may plant them where ye thinke good so as they may remaine In taking vp Trees note YE may well leave the maister roote in the hole when ye digge him up if the removed place be good for him cut of the master rootes by the stub but pare not off all the small rootes and so plant him and he shall profite more thus then others with all their maister rootes When as Trees be great they must be disbranched or boughes cut off before they be set againe or else they will hardly prosper If the Trees be great having great branches or boughes when ye shall digge them up ye must disbranch them afore ye set them againe for when Trees shall be thus proined they shall bring great Cions from their Rootes which shall be franke and good to replant or set in other places and shall have also good branches and rootes so that after it shall not need to graffe them any more but shall continue one after another to be free and good How to couch the Rootes when they are proyned IN setting your Trees againe if ye will dresse the rootes of such as ye have proined or cut off the branches before ye shall leave all such small rootes which grow on the great roote and ye shall so place those rootes in replanting againe not deepe in the earth so that they may soone grow and put forth Cions which being well used ye may have fruit so good as the other afore-mentioned being of three or foure yeares growth as before is declared What Trees to proyne THis way of proyning is more harder for the great Chery called Healmier then for the Plum-tree Also it is very requisite and meet for those Cions or Trees which be graft on the wild sowre Cherry-tree to be proined also for divers and sundry causes Why the sower Chery dureth not so long as the Healmier or great Cherry THe wild and sower Cherry of his owne nature will not so long time indure as the great Healme Cherry neither can have sufficient sappe to nourish the Graffes as the great Healme Chery is graft therefore when ye have proined the branches beneath and the rootes also so that ye leave rootes sufficient to nourish the Tree then set him If ye cut not off the under rootes the Tree will profite more easier and also lighter to be knowne when they put forth Cions from the roote of the same the which ye may take hereafter To graffe one great Cherry upon another YE must have respect unto the Healme Cherrie which is Graft on the wild Gomire which is another kind of great Cherrie and whether you doe proine them or not it is not materiall for they dure a long time But ye must see to take away the Cions that doe grow from the root of the wild Gomire or wild Plum-tree because they are of nature wild and doe draw the sappe from the said Tree Of deepe Setting or shallow TO set your Stocks or Trees somewhat deeper on the high grounds then in the Vallies because the Sunne in Summer shall not dry the roote and in the low ground more shallow because the water in Winter shall not drowne or annoy the Rootes Some doe marke the stocke in taking it up and to set him againe the same way because he will not alter his nature so likewise the Graffes in Graffing CHAP. IV. This Chapter doth shew how to set other Trees which come of wild Cions pricked in the earth without rootes and also of proining the meaner Cions Trees take roote prickt of Branches THere be certaine which take roote being pricked of Branches proined of other Trees which be the Mulberrie the Fig-Tree the Quince-Tree the Seruice-tree the Pomgranad-tree the Apple-tree the Damson-tree and divers sorts of other Plumtrees as the Plum-tree of Paradice c. How one ought to set them FOr to set these sorts of Trees ye must cut off the Cions twigges or boughes betwixt Alhallontide and Christmas not lightly after Ye shall choose them which be as great as a little staffe or more and looke whereas ye can find them faire smooth and straight and full of sappe withall growing of young trees as of the age of three or foure yeares growth or thereabouts and looke that ye take them so from the Tree with a broad Chizell that ye breake not or loose any part of the barke thereof more then halfe a foote beneath neither of one side or other then proine or cut off the branches and pricke them one foote deepe in the earth well digged and ordered before How to bind them that be Weake THâ—se Plants which be slender ye must proyne or cut off the branches then bind them to some stake or such like to be set in good earth and well mingled with good dung and also to be well and deepely digged and to be set in a moyst place or else to be well watred in Summer How one ought to digge the Earth for to set them in ANd when that ye would set them in the earth ye must first prepare
sooner then the other All Trees abovesaid doe take very well being grafted one with the other And I have not knowne or found of any others howbeit saith he I have curiously sought and proved because they say one may graft on Coleworts or on Elmes the which I thinke are but Iests Of the great Apricocke THe great Apricocke they graft in Summer in the Scutchion or Shield in the sappe or bark of the lesser Apricock and be grafted on Peach-trees Fig-trees and principally on Damson or Plum trees for there they will prosper the better Of the Service-trees OF the Service tree they say and write that they may hardly be grafted on other Service-trees either on Apple-trees Peare or Quince-trees and I beleeve this to bee very hard to doe for I have tryed saith he and they would not prove The Setting of Service-trees THerefore it is much better to set them of Curnels as it is aforesaid as also in the second Chapter of planting of Cions or other great Trees which must be cut in Winter as such as shall be most meete for that purpose Trees which be very hard to be grafted in the Shield or Scutchion ALL other manner of Trees aforesaid doe take very well to be graffed with Cions and also in the Shield except Apricocks on Peaches Almonds Percigniers the Peach-tree doe take hardly to be graffed but in the shield in Summer as shall be more largely hereafter declared As for the Almond Percigniers and Peaches ye may better set them of Curnels and Nuts whereby they shall the sooner come to perfection to be graffed How a man ought to consider those Trees which be commonly charged with fruit YE shall understand that in the beginning of graffing ye must consider what sorts of Trees doe most charge the stocke with branch and fruit or that doe love the Country or Ground whereas you intend to plant or graffe them for better it were to have abundance of fruit then to have very few or none Of Trees whereon to choose your Graffes OF such Trees as ye will gather your Graffes to graffe with ye must take them at the ends of the principall Branches which be also faire and greatest of Sappe having two or three fingers length of the old wood with the new and those Cions which eyes somewhat nigh together are the best for those which be long are farre one from another and not so good to bring fruit The Cions towards the East are best YE shall understand that those Cions which doe grow on the East or Orient part of the Tree are best ye must not lightly gather of the evill and slender graffes which grow in the middest of the Trees nor any graffes which doe grow within on the branches or that doe spring from the stocke of the Tree nor yet graftes which be on very old Trees for thereby ye shall not lightly profit to any purpose To chuse your Tree for Graffes ANd when the Trees whereas you intend to gather your graftes be small and yong as of five or sixe years growth doe not take of the highest grafts thereof nor the greatest except it be of a small Tree of two or three yeares the which commonly hath too much of toppe or wood otherwise not for you shall but marre your graffing How to keepe Graffes a long time YE may keepe graftes a long time good as from Alhallontide so that the leaves be fallen unto the time of graffing if that they be well covered in the earth halfe a foot deep therin and so that none of them doe appeare without the earth How to keepe Graffes before they are budded ALso doe not gather them except ye have great need untill Christmas or there-abouts and put them not in the ground nigh any walles for feare of Moles Mice and water marring the place and graftes It shall be good to keepe graftes in the earth before they begin to bud when that ye will graft betwixt the barke and the Tree and when the Trees begin to enter into their sappe How one ought to begin to Graffe ALso ye must begin to graft in cleaving the stocke at Christmas or before according to the coldnesse of the time and principally the Healme or great Cherry Peares Wardens or forward fruit of Apples and for Medlars it is good to tarry untill the end of Ianuary and February untill March or untill such time as ye shall see Trees begin to bud or spring When it is good Graffing the wild Stockes IN the Spring time it is good Graffing of wild Stockes which be great betwixt the barke and the tree such stocks as are to be of later Spring and kept in the earth before The Damson or Plum tarrieth longest to be grafted for they doe not shew or put forth sappe as soone as the other Marke if the Tree be forward or not ALso consider you alwayes whether the Tree be forward or not or to be grafted soone or lateward and to give him also a graffe of the like hast or slownesse even so ye must marke the time whether it be slow or forward When one will graffe what necessaries he ought to be furnished withall VVHensoever ye goe to graffing see ye be first furnished with grafts clay and mosse clothes or barkes of sallow to bind likewise withall Also ye must have a small Saw and a sharpe knife to cleave and cut Graffes withall But it were much better if ye should cut your grafts with a great Penknife or some other like sharpe knife having also a small wedge of hard wood or of Iron with a hooked knife and also a small Mallet And your wild stockes must be well rooted before ye do graffe them and be not so quick to deceive your selves as those which doe graffe and plant all at one time yet they shall not profit so well for where the wild stock hath not substance in himselfe much lesse to give unto the other grafts for when a man thinkes sometimes to forward himselfe he doth hinder himselfe Of Graffes not prospering the first yeare YE shall understand that very hardly your Graffes shall prosper after if they doe not profit or prosper well in the first yeare for whensoever in the first yeare they profit well it were better to graft them somewhat lower then to let them so remaine and grow For to graffe well and sound ANd for the best understanding of Graffing in the cleft ye shall first cut away all the small Cions about the body of the stocke beneath and before ye begin to cleave your stocke dresse and cut your graffes somewhat thick and ready then cleave your stocke and as the cleft is small or great if need be part it smooth within then cut your incision of your grafts accordingly and set them in the clefts as even and as close as ye can possible How to trim your Graffes ALso ye may graft your Graffes full as long as two or three trunchions or cut Grafts which ye may
drive away wormes and the fruit shall be the sweeter The setting of Stones and ordering thereof AS for Almond-trees Peach-trees Cherry-trees Plum-trees or others ye shal thus plant or set them Lay first the stones in water three dayes and foure nights untill they sinke therein then take them betwixt your finger and your thumbe with the small end upward and so set them two fingers deepe in good earth And when ye have so done ye shall rake them all over and so cover them and when they begin to grow or spring keepe them from weeds and they shall prosper the better specially in the first yeare And within two or three yeares after ye shall set or remove them where ye list then if ye doe remove them againe after that ye must proine of all his twigs as ye shall see cause nigh the stocke this ye may doe of all kind of Trees but specially those which have the great Sappe as the Mulberry or Fig-trees or such like To gather Gumme of any Tree IF ye list to have the Gumme of an Almond-tree ye shall sticke a great naile into the Tree a good way and so let him rest and the Gumme of the Tree shall issue thereat thus do men gather Gumme of all sorts of Trees yea the common Gumme that men doe use and occupy To set a whole Apple ALso some say that if ye set a whole Apple foure fingers in the earth all the Pepins or Curnels in the same Apple will grow up together in one whole stocke or Cion and all those Apples shall be much fairer and greater then others but ye must take heed how ye doe set those Apples which doe come in Leape-yeare for in a Leape-yeare as some doe so the Curnels or Pepins are turned contrary for if ye should so set as commonly a man doth ye shall set them contrary Of setting the Almond ALmonds doe come forth and grow commonly well if they be set without the shell or huske in good earth or in rotten Hogs dung Jf ye lay Almonds one day in Vineger then shall they as some say be very good to plant or lay him in milke and water untill he doe sinke it shall be the better to set or any other Nut. Of Pepins watered THe Pepins and Curnels of those Trees which have a thicke or rough barke if ye lay them three dayes in water or else untill they sinke therein they shall be the better then â—et them or sow them as is afore-mentioned and then remove them when they be wel rooted or three or foure years growth and they shall have a thinne barke To Plant or set Vines IF ye Plant or set Vines in the first or second yeare they will bring no fruit but in the third yeare they will beare if they be well kept ye shall cut them in Ianuary and set them soon after they be cut from the Vine and ye shall set two together the one with the old wood and the other without and so let them grow plucking away all weeds from about them and when ye shall remove them in the second and third yeare being well rooted ye shall set them well a foote deepe in good fat earth with good dung as of one foot deepe or thereabouts and keep them cleane from weeds for then they will prosper the better and in Summer when the Grape is knit then ye shall breake off his top or branch at one or two joynts after the Grape and so the Grape shall be the greater and in the Winter when ye cut them ye shall not leave past two or three leaders on each branch on some branch but one leader which must be cut betwixt two joynts and ye shall leave the young Vine to be the leader Also ye shall leave thereof three or foure joynts at all times if a young Cion doe come forth of the old branch or side thereof if ye doe cut him ye shall cut him hard by the old branch and if ye will have him to bring the Grape next yeare ye shall leave two or three joynts thereof for the young Cion alwayes bringeth the Grape ye may at all times so that the Grape be once taken and knit ever as the superfluous Cions doe grow ye may breake them of at a joynt or hard by the old branch and the Grapes will be the greater thus ye may order your Vine all the Summer long without any hurt To Set or Plant the Cherry CHerry-trees and all the trees of stonefruit would be planred or set of Cions in cold grounds and places of good earth and likewise in high or hilly places dry and well in the shade if ye doe remove ye ought to remove them in November and Ianuary if ye shall see your Cherry-tree waxe rotten then shall ye make a hole in the middest of the body two foot above the ground with a big Piercer that the humour may passe forth thereby then afore the Spring shut him up againe with a pinne of the same Tree thus ye may doe unto all other sorts of trees when they begin to rot and is also good for them which beare scant of fruit or none To keepe Cheries good a yeere FOr to keepe Cheries good a yeare ye shal cut off the stalks and then lay them in a well leaded pot fill the said pot therewith then put into them of good thin Honey and fill the said pot therwith then stop it with Clay that no ayre enter in then set them in some faire Seller and put of Sand under and all about it and cover the Pot well withall so let it stand or remaine thus ye may keepe them a yeare as fresh as though they came from the Tree and after this sort ye may keepe Peares or other fruit Against Pismires IF ye have Cherry-trees laded or troubled with Pismires or Ants ye shall rub the body of the Tree and all about the root with the juyce of Purslane mingled halfe with Vineger Some doe use to anoint the Tree beneath all about the body with taro and Birds lime with wooll oyle boyled together and anoint the tree beneath therewith and doe lay the Chalke stones all about the Tree roote some say it is good therefore The Setting of Chesnuts THe Chesnut-tree men doe use to plant like unto the Fig-tree They may be both planted and graffed well they waxe well in fresh and fat earth for in sand they like not If ye will set the Curnels ye shall lay them in water untill they doe sinke and those that doe sinke to the bottome of the water be best to set which ye shall set in the Moneth of November and December foure fingers deepe a foot one from another foâ— when they be in these two Moneths set or planted they shall endure long and beare also good fruit yet some there be that plant or set them first in dung like Beanes which will be sweeter then the other sort but those which be set in these two
Otherwise the Hops will grow from one Pole to another and so over-shadow your Garden the fault thereof being especially to be imputed to the nearenesse of the hills Therefore chiefly you must measure your Poles by the goodnesse of your ground The Hoppe never stocketh kindly untill it reach higher then the Pole and returne from it a yard or two for whilest it tendeth clyming upward the branches which grow out of the principall stalke wherein consisteth the abundance of encrease grow little or nothing Let the quantity of your Poles be great that is to say nine or tenne inches about the lower end so shall they endure the longer and withstand the wind the better To describe the price of Poles or what it will cost you to furnish a Garden containing oâ—e Acre of ground it were a hard matter because the place altereth the price of Wood. But in a Wayne you may carry a hundreth and fifty Poles and 〈◊〉 small cause why a load of these should be much dearer then 〈◊〉 of any other Wood. After the first yeare Poles will be nothing chargeable unto you for you may either picke them out of your owne provision of Fuell or buy them of your Neighbours that have no occasion to apply them this way For the yearely supply of two loades of Poles will maintaine one Acre continually Your rotten and broken Poles will doe you good service for the kindling of your fiers in the Oste whereupon you should dry your Hops and they should be preserved chiefly for that purpose At Poppering where both scarcity and experience hath taught them to make carefull provision hereof they doe commonly at the East and North side of their Gardens set and preserve Alders wherewith they continually maintaine them Before you set up your Poles lay them all alongst your Garden betweene every row of hills by three or foure together I meane beside every Hill so many Poles as you determine to set thereon so shall you make the more speed in your worke Of the erection of Poles You must set every Pole a foot and a halfe deepe and within two or three inches at the most of the principall roote If your ground be rockie and shallow tarry the longer before you set up your Poles so as your Hops may be growne two or three foote high that you may adventure to make a hill or banke at every pole to stay and uphold the same without burying any of the younger Springs which may afterward be covered with lesse danger and annoyance of the principall roote Let the Poles of every hill leane a little outward one from another Of Ramming of Poles THen with a peece of wood as big below as the great end of one of your Poles ramme the earth that lyeth at the outside of the Pole thereunto but meddle not within the compasse of your Poles as they are placed lost you spoile the Springs Of Reparation of Poles IF any of the Poles chance to breake in many peeces when the Hop is growne up undoe and pull away the same broken Pole and tye the top of those Hops to the top of a new pole then winding it a turne or two about according to the course of the Sunne set it in the hole or besides the hole where the broken Pole stood but some being loth to take so much paines turne it about the other Poles that stand upon the same hill and so leave it But if it be not broken above the middest the best way is to set a new Pole or stalke beside the broken pole to the same which may uphold the said broken pole and preserve the Hop If the pole be onely broken at the nether end you may shove the said pole againe into the hill and so leave it Of pulling up Poles ANd because when the hills are made great and raised high you can neither easily pull up any nor possible pull up all your poles except you breake them c. especially if the wether or the ground be dry or else the Poles old or small J thought good to shew you an Instrument wherewith you shall pull them up without disease to your selfe destruction to your poles or expence of your money the charge being only foureteene or fifteen pound of Iron wherewith the Smith shall make you a paire of tongs or rather you may call them a paire of pinsers of the fashion here set downe the which may also be made with wood if you thiake good The way to make the Instrument wherewith to pull up the Hoppe Poles THey must be one yard in length whereof sixe or seaven inches may be allowed for the mouth or lower end of them which serveth to claspe or catch hold on the Pole the same nether end should be the strongest part thereof and the mouth somewhat hollow in the middest and there also bending downeward whereby the extreame point may rise a little upward Vpon the upper edges of the inside thereof the Smith should hacke or raise a few small teeth whereby your toole may take the surer hold upon the Pole He must also fasten upon every side of this Instrument a ryding hooke the which may claspe and stay both sides together when they have caught hold on the pole The manner of pulling up the Hoppe Poles YOu shall lay a little square block upon the top of the hill and the better to remove the same from hill to hill you may thrust therein a pinne Upon the same blocke you may rest your pinsers when they have clasped the very lowest part of your Pole and then holding the upper part of each side in your hands the hooke being clasped and pulled up hard towards youâ— you shall easily weigh up your Poles Of the preservation of Poles ANd although we are not yet come to the laying up of Poles I am bold herein as I began too late so to make an end too quickly because J would touch the whole matter of Poles together laying them by themselves I meane comprehending under one title the businesse appertaining unto them For the preservation and better continuance of Poles some make houses of purpose and lay them up therein Some set them upright to a Tree and over them make a penthouse of boughes or boords Some lay a great heape of Hopstalkes upon the ground and upon them a great heape of Poles and upon the Poles againe lay another heape of stalkes c. These men doe hereby expresse no great experience although by their diligence they signifie a good desire You shall need to doe no more but thus At the ends or sides of your Garden take three Poles standing upon three hills placed directly one by another and three like Poles upon three other hills of the next row right over against them constraine them to meet together by two and two in the tops and so hold them till one with a forked wand may put three Withes like unto three Broome bands which may be made of the
than unrotten dung about the dressing of your Hops but omit not to bring into your Garden dung that may there be preserved till it be good or needfull to be used When and where to lay Dung ABout the end of Aprill if your ground be not rich enough you must helpe every hill with a handfull or two of good earth not when you cut your rootes for then it will rather doe harme then good but when the Hop is wound about the Pole then should you doe it The order for reforming your Ground IM March you shall returne to your Garden and find it replenished with weedes except by tillage c. you have prevented that matter already It must as well therefore as because the earth may be more fine rich and easie to be delivered unto the hills be digged over or plowed except in the case mentioned The order of cutting Hoppe-rootes VVHen you pull downe your hills which if you have not already done you must now of necessity goe about to doe you should with your Garden toole undermine them round about till you come neere to the principall roots and then take the upper or younger rootes in your hand and shake of the earth which eâ—rth being againe removed away with your said toole you shall discerne where the new rootes grow out of the old Sets In the doing hereof be carefull that you spoyle not the old Sets as for the other roots which are to be cut awâ—y you shall not need to spare them to the delay of your work except such as you meane to set Take heed that you uncover not any more then the tops of the old sets in the first yeare of cutting At what time soever you pull downe your hills cut not your rootes before the end of March or in the begyâ—ning of Aprill and then remember the wind In the first yeare I meane at the first time of cutting and dressing of your rootes you must with a â—â—â—rpe knife cut away all such rootes or springs as grew the yeare before out of your sets within one inch of the same Every yeare after you must cut them as close as you can to the old rootes even as you see an Oâ—â—eâ—s head cut There groweth out of the old sets certaine Rootes right downwards not joynted at all which serve onely for the nourishing and comfort of those sets or principall rootes which are not to be cut off There be other like unto them growing outward at the sides of the sets If these be not met withall and cut asunder they will encumber your whole Garden Because it may seeme hard to discerne the old sets from the new Springs I thought good to advertise you how easie a thing it is to see the difference thereof for first you shall be sure to find your Sets where you did set them nothing increased in length but somewhat in bignesse inlarged and in few yeares all your Sets will be growne into one so as by the quantity that thing shall plainely appeare and lastly the difference is seene by the colour the old roote being red the other white but if the hills be not yearely pulled downe and the rootes yearely cut then indeed the old sets shall not be perceived from the other rootes If your Sets be small and placed in good ground and the hill well maintained the new rootes will be greater then the old If there grow in any hill a wild Hop or whensoever the stalke waxeth red or when the Hop in any wise decayeth pull up every roote in that hill and set new in their places at the usuall time of cutting and setting or if you list you may doe it when you gather Hops with the rootes which you cut away when you make your picking place Of divers mens follies MAny men seeing the springs so forward as they will be by this time are loth to loose the advantage thereof and more unwilling to cut away so many goodly Rootes but they that are timerous in this behalfe take pitty upon their own profit and are like unto them that refraine to lay dung upon their Corne land because they would not betray it with so uncleanly a thing And some that take upon them great skill herein thinke that for the first yeare they may be left unhilled and uncut c. deceiving themselves with this conceit that then the Sets prosper best within the ground when they send least of their nature and state out of the ground In this respect also they pull away or suppresse all such Springs as soone as they appeare which grow more and besides them which they meane to assigne to each Pole as though when a mans fingers were cut off his hand would grow the greater Indeed if there be no hill maintained then the more Springs are suffered to grow from out of the principall roote the more burden and punishment it will be to the same But when the Springs are maintained with a hill so much as remaineth within the same is converted into rootes which rather adde then take away any state from the principall roote in consideration hereof the suppressing of the Springs may not be too rath for whatsoever opinion be hereof received the many Springs never hurt the principall roote if the hills be well maintained but it is the cumbring and shadowing of one to another that worketh the annoyance When you have cut your Hops you must cover them as you were taught in the title of Setting and proceeding according to the order already set downe Of Disorders and Maintainers thereof SOme there be that despise good order being deceived with a shew of increase which sometime appeareth in a disordered ground to them I say and say it truely that the same is a bad and a small increase in respect of the other I say also that although disorderly doings at the first may have a countenance of good successe yet in few yeares the same and all hope thereof will certainely decay Some other there be that despise good order satisfying themselves with this that they have sufficiently to serve their owne turne without all these troubles and surely it were pitty that these should be troubled with any great abundance that in contempt of their owne profite and of the Common-wealth neglect such a benefit proferred unto them Of an Oste NOw have I shewed unto you the perfect Platforme of a Hop-Garden out of the which J led you for a time and brought you in againe when time required and there would I leave you about your businesse were it not to shew you by description such an Oste as they dry their Hops upon at Poppering with the order thereof c. Which for the small charges and trouble in drying for the speedy and well drying and for the handsome and easie doing thereof may be a profitable patterne and a necessary instruction for as many as have or shall have to doe herein Of the severall Roomes for an Oste FIrst a
no raine winde or wormes may hurt it This helpeth much to keep the moistnes in which commeth from the root that it cannot breake out but nourisheth the better the new plant but when the stumps are great they bee cleaved after two waies The first is that you cut or cleave the tree with a knife at one side only even to the heart and that you graft into it but one sprout The other is that you cleave it all over and that you prick or graft on every side one sprout or one alone and leave the other side without When the stumpe is but a little bigger then the sprout must necessarily be cloven in two and you must graft but one sprout into it as is said in the beginning This cleaving may be done in February March and Aprill then it is good to cut them before they be greene for to keepe them the better under the ground in cold or moist places The third way of grafting THis sort of grafting is very subtill witty and ready and is done as followeth Go to a smooth apple or peare tree in April when the trees get liquor and seeke a branch which hath greene eies and see that the same be lesse than your little finger and teare it from the tree and where you see that the greene sprouts will come off there cut them off wholly and clense the middle thereof that the little red at the wood may turne about and draw it not off untill you come unto another good peare or apple tree and seeke there another branch of the same bignesse that the other was and cut it off and take from it likewise the red as far as you will put them againe and looke where the branches join that they may well sit together upon the top and tie the same place gently and well with a little barke behinde and before that the water may not hurt them in the first yeare it bringeth forth leaves and branches in the second floures which you may break off for the sprout is yet too tender so that it may beare no fruit and in the third yeare it bringeth floures and fruit and by this meanes you may graft divers kinds of pears and apples vpon one tree I have likewise set such sprouts upon wilde stumps and they have prospered The fourth way of grafting is HOw buds are transported and bound upon another tree like as a plaister is tied to a mans body this sort of grafting is called in Latine Emplastrum Wee read of such a sort of grafting which is called in Latine Abducellum and it is much like unto this sort wherefore we will only speake of it being done after this sort When you see upon a great fruitfull bough a bud which will prosper without doubt and wouldst faine plant it upon another tree take a sharp knife and lift the bark up two fingers bredth that the bud be not hurt then go to another tree upon the which you will graft and put into a convenient place a like hole into the barke and put the same bud with the bark into it and tie it with dung or with a clout which hath lien in a dunghill over the cut that it may be kept from the outward damage of weather and for an especiall nourishment and keeping of the inner juice then cut off the branches round about it that the mother may the better nourish the new son within twenty daies after take away the band so that you see that the strange bud hath prospered and joined himselfe with the tree This may be done in March when the bark commeth easily from the tree Also in April May and Iune and yet she prospereth both before and after a time when you may conveniently find such buds This sort of planting prospereth best in a willow tree or such like which is pierced through and is done after this sort The fifth way When you pierce a willow stick with a sharp piercer see that betweene every hole be left the space of one foot and prick therein branches a little scraped and put the sticke into a ditch so that the branches stand upright one part of the sticke remaining over the earth and within a yeare after take it out of the ditch and cut the stick asunder so find you the branches full of roots and put euery one into a hole in the ground and 't is fit the holes were stopped with lome or with waxe Some do take in March a fresh Beech tree which is of a mans thicknesse and pierce him ouerthwart with maine and great holes and small holes till unto the lowermost barke or quite through then take sprouts or boughes which be as big and small that they may fit into the holes and when you will put them into the Beech stump you must scrape the uppermost barke off untill the greene and no further then the bough must remaine into the beech the sprouts must stand a foot or somwhat lesse asunder then keep your beech stump with the sprouts in a fresh ground and skant a foot deep you must first maime the sprouts that they may not flourish then the next March ensuing dig it out with the sprouts and cut it asunder with a saw and every block which is cut off with his branch you must set in a fresh ground and so they will bring forth the fruit the same yeare The sixth Way This way teacheth how to graffe that they may bring forth fruit the first yere which do as follows Pare an old stumpe of what kind soever it be the uppermost bark till to the lower green barke a span long or somewhat lesse which doe in harvest in the wane of the Moone and anoint it with Oxe dung and earth and tie it with barke and after in March when trees are transposed from one place to another then cut the same branch from the tree and put it into the ground and it wil bring fruit the same yere I have seene that one hath prickt sticks on Alhallow eve in the earth and hath pulled them out again upon Christmas eve and put boughes in the holes and they have prospered and come out The 〈…〉 that the fruit bee without 〈…〉 spâ—â—ut graffe it into a great stump 〈…〉 thickeâ— and lower part of the sprout then take the upper or thinner end o the sprout and cut it alâ—o fit to be graffed and turne it downeward and â—raffe it into the said stump and when the sprout of both sides prospereth cut it in the midst asunder so that which is grown right upward with the tree the fruit of it hath stones but that which was the top of the sprout that groweth contrary brings forth fruit without stones And if so be the turnâ—â— sprout prosper you must break off the other to the end that the turned sprout doe not perish which you may try aâ—â—er this sort for oftentimes it commeth and prospeâ—eth and many times it is perished and spoiled How Cherries
are to bee graffed that they may come without stones WIll you make that Cherries grow without stones pare a little Cherry tree of one yere old at the stump and cleave it asunder from the top to the root which do in May and make an Iron fit to â—raw the heart or marow from both sides of the tree then tie it fast â—â—â—â—ther and anoint 〈…〉 H◠〈…〉 PLant a Vâ—â—e tree next unto a Ch◠〈…〉 when it groweth â—igh then pierce a◠〈…〉 Cherry tree right above it that the ho◠〈…〉 than the Vine is thick and pare the upâ—â—â— barâ— of the Vine branch till unto the greene 〈…〉 must go through the tree looke well to it tha◠〈◊〉 branch of the Vine bee not bruised and well anointed You must not suffer any sprouts to come out oâ— the vine from the ground up but unto the tree only that which commeth out of the other side let that same grow and bring fruit Then the next March following if the Vine prosper and grow fast into the tree then cut the Vine from the tree off and anoint the place with diligence and it will bring fruit How a grape of a Vine may be brought into a glasse WIll you make that a grape grow into a narrow glasse take the glasse before the grape cast her bloud or while she is little and put her into the glasse and she will ripen in the glasse To graffe Medlers on a Peare tree IF you graffe a branch of a Medler upon a Peare tree the Medlers will be sweet and durable so that you may keep them longer than otherwise How apples or other fruits may be made red IF you will graft upon a wild stump put the sprouts in Pikes bloud and then graft them and the fruit will be red Otherwise Take an apple branch and graft it upon an alder stump and the apples will be red Likewise if you graft them upon cherry trees Of the Quince tree THe Quince tree commeth not of any grafting but you must plucke him out by the roots and plant him againe into a good ground or earth Otherwise The Quince tree requireth a dry sweet ground and he prospereth therein How to make that Quinces become great TAke a branch of a Quince tree when it hath cast his bloud where a Quince groweth at and put it into a pot and set it into the ground and let the Quince grow in it and it will be very great And if you will shew some cunning therewith cause to bee made a pot which hath a mans face in the bottome of it or any other picture whatsoever and when the quinces have blossomed then bow the branch and put the quince into the pot and she wil grow very bigge in the shape of a man which may also be done in pompons mellons cucumbers and other earthly fruits The conclusion of graffing OVt of all the forewritten causes gentle reader is evidently shewne that although every planting or grafting be better from like to like and from kinde to kind yet neverthelesse it agreeth also with contrary kinds as now is said wherefore he that will exercise and use the same and try divers kindes he may see and make many wonders What â—oy and fruit commeth of trees The first THe first is that you plant divers many kinds for every housholder who hath care to his nourishment with all diligence causeth oftentimes such trees to be brought from forrein countries The second The second is when the trees bee planted and set orderly and pleasantly they give no small pleasure to a man therefore every one should cut his trees orderly and he that cannot should procure other men to do it which know how to do it The third is of well smelling and spited fruit Cleave a tree asunder or a branch of a fruitfull tree to the heart or pith and cut a piece out of it and put therein poudred spices or what spice soever you will or what colour you will desire and tie a barke hard about it and anoint it with lome and oxe dung and the fruit will get both the sauour and colour according to the spice you have put in it How sower fruits be made sweet WHich tree beareth sower fruits in the same pierce a hole a foot or somwhat lesse above the root and fill that with honey and stop the hole with a haw-thorne branch and the fruit will bee sweet How trees ought to be kept when they wax old WHen trees lose their strength and vertue for age the branches break off for the weight of the fruit or when they wax barren for lack of moisture that they beare not fruit every yeare but scant every other or third yeare you must cut some of his heavy branches which he can little nourish which is done to the end hee might keep some moistnesse to himselfe for his nourishment for else the moistnesse would go all into his branches Wheteby you may mark whether you must give them or take away from them branches according to their nourishment and as the earth where shee standeth can abide that is you must leave them so much as will nourish them and no more which if you doe not the trees will bring so little fruit that your labour will not be recompensed Which cutting of trees may be done from the beginning of November till to the end of March in warme countries But it is more naturall to be done from the time that the leaves fall till the time that they begin to grow greene againe except where the frost is very great and sharp How trees must be kept from divers sicknesses and first how to keep them from the Canker WHen the Canker commeth in any tree he becommeth barren and dry for it mounteth from the stumps into the top and when it taketh a peare or apple tree the bark will be black and barren thereabouts which must be cut off with a knife to the fresh wood and then the place must be anointed with Oxe dung and tied with barke so that neither wind nor rain may hurt it Against worms which must be driven out of the tree IT happeneth oftentimes that thâ— superfluities of moistnesse in the trees breaketh out like as sometimes to a man or beast betweene the flesh and skinâ— and when that beginneth to rot wormes grow out of it which takes his strength away wherfore mark When the barke of a tree at any time swels cut it presently open that the poison may runne out and if you find already wormes in it draw them out with a little yron hooke How the wormes are to be killed if they bee already growne into the tree IF you will kill the worms which grow in the tree take pepper lawrell and incense and mingle all well together with good wine and pierce a hole into the tree downeward to the pith or heart of the tree and poure this mixture into it and stop it with a hawthorne and the wormes will