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ground_n	bear_v	fruit_n	tree_n	2,434	5	8.1649	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A43774	Aphorisms upon the new way of improving cyder, or making cyder-royal lately discovered for the good of those kingdoms and nations that are beholden to others, and pay dear for wine ... : to which are added, certain expedients concerning raising and planting of apple-trees, gooseberry-trees, &c. with respect to cheapness, expedition, certain growing, and fruitfulness, beyond what hath hitherto been yet made known / by Richard Haines.	Haines, Richard, 1633-1685.	1684 (1684)	Wing H198; ESTC R11090	24,055	22

can your New Cyder be made half so good by that time of the Year An Appendix further Demonstrating that the Treasure those Kings and State who have respectively by their several Letters Patent Contracts or Resolutions promised me a Gratuity may by this Invention amount to more than Four-Hundred Thousand Pounds Sterling per Annum over and above several Hundred-Thousand Pounds that will be Saved at Home which before was carried out to the Inriching of other Nations and Countries   l. s. d. FIrst Suppose one Penny per Quart Custom be Paid for Cyder-Royal a man Drink a Quart per day that makes by the Year 2 0 5 Secondly A thousand Persons at the same Rate and Proportion must Pay 2004 3 4 Thirdly And consequently 400000 Persons must Pay 801661 13 4 So that in any Nation that yields 100000 Acres of Land fit to be Planted with Apples Currants Goose-Berries c. and wherein there may be found 400000 Persons that may one with another Drink a Quart a day of a Drink so Rich and yet withal so cheap and of their own Production The Supream Magistrate of that Nation may have and raise hereby 800000 Pounds per Annum which is as much again as above proposed to the Publique Exchequer Besides 1661 l. 13 s. 4 d. towards the Charge of Collecting it If it be still Objected that this will be a Grievance to the Subject 'T is Answered besides what has before been said on that Subject that notwithstanding such Imposition it may be Raised by those that make it for their own use much cheaper then Beer since one Acre of Land take one with another will yield at least half as much more of the former as it will of the latter and with less Labour and Charge Nor can it be well Imagined but that there will be found in either of those Nations 40000 Persons who one with another will not Drink less than a Quart a day a piece when they can have it upon the matter as cheap or rather Cheaper then Beer tho' it be altogether as good as Wine And especially since such as have Land in their own Possession may have plenty of it for their own use for nothing but a little of their own Labour and paying a Penny per Quart to the King or State If be Objected that this Cyder-Royal will be of low esteem amongst the Nobility who are Accustomed to the most costly and curious Wines I thereto humbly Answer That the Objection is built but upon a Supposition for no man is sure that Princes whose Dominions yield not Wine may not be as much taken with these Drinks instead thereof the rather for that besides their variety pleasantness and wholsomness 't will be so much their Interest to permote and Recommend the same to General Use whereby not only the wealth of their Kingdomes or States may be Preserved and Encreased but their own Revenues greatly Augmented Secondly Tho' Princes and Nobles are the Highest and more Refined part of the VVorld yet they are but few Comparatively in Number The great Benefit depends on the Greatness of the Consumption of Liquors and that depends upon Persons of an inferior Sphere and middle Fortunes so that altho Princes and Persons of the first Rank should still delight in Champaigne Burgundy Frontineack Greek or Florence-Wines of any Other costly Forreign Liquors yet this will signify little to hinder the General Use of Cyder-Royal c. Since 't is not to be doubted but thousands of good Country-Gentlemen multitudes of Citizens substantial Yeomen and other Persons may for Interest and Good-Husbandry be content to make themselves and their Neighbours merry with these cheaper and altogether as good strong and wholsome Drinks with which they may so readily furnish themselves Nay there is scarce a Cottager having but one Acre of Land but may have as much of these excellent Liquors as may be worth him 8 l. per Annum so that the Persons of inferior Condition that may make use thereof in comparison of the Nobility who 't is Objected are not like to use it will be at least 5000 to One And consequently the profit proposed may not fail or come short notwithstanding it should so happen that neither Kings Princes nor Nobility should ever vouchsafe to Taste thereof The best and quickest way of Raising a Nursery c. THe raising of Nurseries for Orchards being so Essential to what hath been proposed and since by Experience I know that these following Difficulties and Inconveniences do happen therein viz. That 2 Trees of one sort of Fruit and both well Rooted alike and Planted in one and the same Soil many times the One will grow bravely and bear a Bushel at a time within 6 or 7 Years and the Fruit good and pleasant when the other shall be a small shrubb and produce small unpleasant Fruit and not half a peck for the others Bushel Again some Trees tho' they are Planted on very good Land and Husbanded never so carefully will yet never become good nor long liv'd Trees Whereas other Trees Planted in the same Land shall grow apace be very Fruitful and long liv'd The want of knowing the Causes and Remedy of these things hath not only Discouraged many from Planting but hath spoiled many hopeful Trees and Orchards As for the Remedy it is in it self both PLAIN and EASY and therefore since many People think that they need not be taught any thing that is so and are unwilling so acknowledge any Obligation to those that inform them thereof what need I say any more Let them find it out However for the Satisfaction of Person more modest and grateful I will at present shew you the best Expedients to prevent both those mischiefs which are the great Cause why in most Orchards little more than half of the Trees prove Good As to the First Supposing 2 young Trees being both very good let one of them be set shallow viz. the upper Root not more than an Inch or two at the most under Ground and the deepest not above 8 or 9 and Suffer no down-right Root to be upon it Then shall you have it a thriving Tree and bearing good Fruit If it be Carefully preserved and kept clear from Suckers and superfluous Branches which are apt to Sprout up at or near the Root But the other Tree being set too deep never thrives nor proves Fruitful As to the second Inconvenience by which the Planter misseth his Expectation that doth arise from the Stock or Kernel on which the Graft is placed and this I take for a certain Rule that the Kernels of Fruit produced by a shrubb or imthriving Tree very rarely prove good and indeed the like may be said of Apple-Kernels in General VVherefore in raising of Nurseries rather take your Kernels from a Fruitful Crab-Tree that hath a clear Body a great spreading Head and full of Boughs and Branches For it may be observ'd that as the Head is full of Boughs

promised to read my Petition in the House of Commons from time to time delayed so to do till within a week before the Dissolution of the Parliament there is no reason to doubt but it had past into an Act and at this day been practiced to the Inestimable benefit of the Nation So that it will be very hard and the highest discouragement imaginable to all persons in future times to study to promote the Welfare of their Country by new and profitable Inventions and Expedients If a person who has thus for many years made it his Business to serve the Publick so considerably to his great expence of time and charge to the value of divers Hundred Pounds may not without being Envied repined at or obstructed be afforded and allowed to reap the benefit of his Majesties most Gracious Grant whose Goodness never is wanting to any that find out Improvements advantagious to his People especially this present Discovery being such as not only tends so much to the Publick Utility but also to the great Profit of all that please to make use of it on such easy and condescending Termes prejudicial to our own Interests as those herein before offered Which as they are heartily tendred for a General Good so we hope they will be received with that Acceptance and Gratitude and Respect to His Majesties Royal Grant as becomes all Considerate Men and Good Subjects APHORISMS Upon the New Way of Improving Cyder c. THe Secret by me proposed to the before mentioned most Excellent Princes and Honourable States and for the Discovery of which They have been severally pleased by their Gracious Letters Patent Contracts or Resolutions to Promise me a Reward or Gratuity is as followeth that is to say To make the Cyder Perry Juice Wines or Liquors of Apple Pears Wildings Crabbs Cherries Goose-Berries Currants and Mul-Berries to he as Strong Wholsome and Useful as French Spanish and other Wines now in frequent Use And that thereby the Revenues of the said Kings and States may severally be Encreased more than One-Hundred-Thousand Pounds per Annum And yet the said Cyder c. So Improved to be made and afforded for 3. d. per Quart as good as the Wine now usually Sold for 12.d per Quart Which Cyder so Improved for its Excellency and to Distinguish it in Name from Common simple Cyder may fittly be called CYDER-ROYAL All which I now come to Explain and Demonstrate in the following Aphorisms I. To make Cyder-Royal or raise Ordinary Simple Cyder to be full as good or better than French Wine or to make the best simple Cyder twice as strong as it is and so the like of any the aforesaid Liquors by putting the strength and Goodness of two Hogs-heads into One which for to do first put one Hogs-Head of Cyder and some part of the other into a Copper-Still and draw off all the Spirit After which Distil the said Spirit a second time and then put the same into your other Hogs-Head and fill it up stirr it about well and keep it close-stopr except one day in Ten or Twenty let it lie open five or six hours And within one Quarter of a Year if the ensuing directions be observed this Cyder will be full as strong or stronger than the best French Wines and altogether as pleasing tho' it may be some what different in Tast II. If you would have it Drink more like Canary or other Sacks you must add more of the Spirit and as much Sugar or Sweets the making of which is herein after taught as will best please your Pallate And is the proportion of one Pint of good Spirit to a Gallon will make it as strong as French-Wine So one Pint and a half will make it full as strong as Spanish Wine And by this means in like manner Perry and the Juice of Cherries Mal-Berries Currants and Goose-Berries especially Goose-Berries may by adding thereunto their proper Spirits or any other Convenient Spirits be made as good and pleasi●g as the Winer made in the Canaries I mention other Spirits because upon Trial I have observ'd that Brandy Spirit of Wine and of Grain and other Spirits may be of good Effect in this Business provided they are drawn Fine yet by Experience I have found the Spirits of the same kind or at least of some other Fruits to be the best and most natural And the Spirits raised from Ale or Beer to be most Improper unless the Ale and Beer be mixt with Cyder before the Spirits be drawn off III. That One Acre of Land planted with Apple-Trees may be worth by this means to the Planters at least 8 l. per Annum And yet the Cyder thus made to the goodness of French-Wine be afforded at 2 d. per Quart As is thus Demonstrable 1. Eight-soore-Trees viz. Red-Strakes and Golden-Pippins may conveniently be planted upon one Acre of Land each standing sixteen Foot distant 2. These Trees cannot be supposed to bear less than one Bushel on each Tree one with another that is eight score Bushels And 't is well-known that twenty Bushels of Apples will make an Hogs-Head of Cyder So that there will be yielded eight Hogs-Heads on an Acre 3. These eight Hogs-Heads of simple Cyder will make Four Hogs-Heads of Cyber Royal full as good and strong as French-Wine which at 2 d. per Quart is 2 l. per Hogs-Head and so the Four Hogs-Heads yield 8 l. The Product of one Acre Which is what was to be Demonstrated But in case it be Sold at 8 d. per Quart as most certainly it may during the Term of Fourteen Years Since it is so that this Cyder Royal will be as good as Wine Sold at 12 d. per Quart Then the Product of this Acre thus Planted may be worth 32 l. Besides the profit of the Grass or Corn growing the same Year on the same Acre of Land For if you Plant your Trees at the Distance of twenty Foot one way and but twelve the other Which is all one with sixteen Foot before mentioned you may well enough Plow between them IV. But further If Goose-Berries and Currants be Planted amongst the Apple-Trees as very well they may and that will prove much the better Husbandry then there may be more than four Hogs-Heads of Wine-Royal made in a Year of Them and much better than the other So that at the same price viz. 2 d. per Quart there will thereby be 8 l. more raised that is 16 l. per Annum from the same Acre of Ground V. But since 't is usual for Apple-Trees to Bear some Four Bushels some Five Six Seven and upwards to Twenty Bushels 't is very probable that one Tree with another may bear four Bushels whence may be Produced 16 Hogs-Heads of Cyder-Royal which at 3 d. per Quart that is 3 l. the Hogs-Head comes to 48 l. Nor is it unreasonable to believe that the Product of Goose-Berries and Currants may

and Twigs so proportionably that Stem abounds with Roots and Fibres and as is the Tree so will its Product or Seed be I have so much remarqu'd this that I would much rather give 12 d. per Tree for those so raised then a Penny a Tree for such as are raised from Shrubs or Apple-Trees From such Kernels as afore-mentioned I do knew Trees may be raised ready to be Transplanted into Orchards and Produce a Bushel on a Tree within 10 or 12 Years after the Kernel is put into the Ground For the doing of which and to raise a Nursery to the best Advantage I will shew you the best Expedients my self have Experienc'd by the following Aphorisms I. As to the Ordering of your Kernels of such Crabs as aforesaid either put them in the Ground so soon as they may be taken out of the Crab or else so soon as the Winter Will give Leave the sooner the better But if you Keep them till the Spring take care they be kept neither too moist nor too dry If too moist they will Heat c. If too dry they will not grow therefore keep them in a mixture of dry sand within Doors II. So soon after January as the Season will permit sow your Kernels in Ordinary good Ground that lies as warm and Lue from the VVind as may be Let the Ground be will dugg and the Kernels be Rak'd in so as they lie not too deep an Inch as near as you can guess is enough and when they are come up preserve them clear of Grass and VVeeds until you have them Transplanted III. The next Spring viz. About 12 Months after your Kernels were sown you may draw those that are best Grown and Transplant them into a Nursery IV. Let your Nursery-Ground be made good with Dung and well digg'd and mixt together and set them in Rows so farr apart as that you may digg between viz. the Rows at 2 foot distance But in the Rows the Plants may be placed within 9 inches of each other V. Before you set your Plants in the Nursery be sure Crop off the down-right-Root spread the small Roots and close up the Ground very well about them VI. The next Spring after this you may return agnin to your first Plantation of Kernels and draw forth Transplant into your Nursery as aforesaid as many more as have made a good shoot Ordering them as the first so you may do from year to year But observe the last of all are not so good as the first altho' for the second or third Year they may do well enough VII Having thus Transplanted your Kernels into a Nursery they ought still to be kept clean from Weeds and also the Ground to be kept loose that the Roots may spread the better and therefore in the next Autumn before the leaf is off your Nursery ought to be digg'd But never amongst them but once a Year Only pull up the Weeds in Spring and Summer as often as Occasion requires And here note the difference between digging your Nursery and all other Trees whilst the Leaf is yet on and afterwards is greater than you may at first Imagine For that if it be done whilst the Sapp is up if a Root should happen to be cut the same will shoot out again perhaps two for one But after the Sap is once down if a Root be Cut it will not shoot forth that Winter neverthelese be not too early in the Season nor yet too careless of the Roots VIII By that time your Plants have had one or two Summer Growth in your Nursery the next Winter or rather near the Spring cut off all their Tops about a foot above Ground and the next March or April after the biggest of them will be ready to be Grafted IX A Tree that is Grafted having made two Summers shoot is fit to be Transplanted into an Orchard because there is farr less danger of a young Trees not growing or Thriving than is of an Old One. X. In Transplanting be sure do not set too deep To prevent which this I do First digg my holes 4 foot square but no deeper than one Spit or there abouts viz. no deeper than the Roots of the Trees should Lie For if the Holes be digg'd deep and fill'd up again before the Tree is Planted the Tree and all will sink together and never Prosper If it be Objected That if the holes be no deeper they will not contain the Roots of many Trees for some have Roots as downright long as a Parsnip some are single some double and some trebble and all down-right long ones and such an hole will not receive them I Answer Away with such Trees I would rather give 2 d. a dozen for them to Burn than 6 d. per Hundred to Plant and tho' there is scarce one of an Hundred but proves thus bad if they are never Transpanted especially if they come from Apple Kernels yet if from Crab-Kernels and Transplanted as before is Ordered there is hardly one of 400 will prove so improper XI Now as to the Charge of all this One mans Labour upon one Acre of Land with Crab-Kernels may after 3 or 4 Years raise 10000 Trees every Year which at 3 d. per Tree comes to 125 l. which will well pay the Rent of your Land and the Gardeners wages so that the Charge of Planting your Orchard will be very Cheap and Easy for that an Acre of Land Planted with six score Trees as for the Trees they comes but to 30 s. and the Planting about 18 d. per Score which is 9 s. So that by this Expedient Nurseries may be raised so as to afford an Acre of Land to be Planted with the best sort of Trees and of the best Fruit for less then 40 s. per Acre XII After your Trees are Transplanted into Orchards the greatest Care and Charge is to keep them safe from being abused either by Weeds that may grow about them Suckers that may grow out of them between the Root and spreading Boughs and from all Cattle Coneys and Hares And in case they are digged about the Roots where you may if you please Plant Turneps Beans Peas or any other thing that may destroy the Grass or VVeeds your Trees will thrive much the better and grow twice as fast But in case you Plant Currants and Goose-berries amongst your Apple-Trees you may place 4 of them in the same Hole with your Apple-Tree that is making the hole about 4 foot square Plant your Apple-Tree in the middle and a Currant or Goose-Berry-Tree at each corner and keep them from Weeds and all will thrive together But note that for Goose-Berries and Currants you had need bestow more Dung than Apple-Trees require And also forget not to mix your Dung and Earth together before the Trees are Planted For if a Tree stand in all Dung 't is destructive to the Root Mudd and Soil of Ponds Ditches c. is as good for this

purpose as any Dung provided it be Sun-Burnt and dryed before it be used XIII As to the Soil most proper for Orchards I do observe that all Land proper for Corn as Wheat Barley Rye Beans Pease c. are kind for that use But the most Improper is extream hot and dry Sands and on the other side Grounds very wet and Cold. XIV As for Currants Goose-Berries very great may be the profit that may be raised by Planting them amongst your Apple-Trees because they will thrive there better than elsewhere But because the Currants love the shadiest Ground most let the Goose-Berries be Planted in the midst of your Ground between your Rows of Apple-Trees in the most Sunny part XV. As for raising of Currant and goose-berry-Goose-Berry-Trees it s very easy speedy as thus Take either of the said Trees about the End of February or beginning of March lay down every Limb flat with the Ground cover every Twig with good Earth and turn out the Tops that they may lie above Ground and every Twig will both Root and shoot forth so that by the next Winter you may have of one Tree 40 or 50 perhaps an hundred well-rooted Plants fit to be so Transplanted Take Care to keep the uncovered Stock which is between the old Root and the cover'd part that it run not out in Branches for if it do the Twigs will be robb'd of that Nourishment as should feed them Also remember to keep them clear of all Grass and VVeeds that may Annoy them ADVERTISEMENT IF any think it too much trouble for themselves to prepare the Spirits herein before mentioned These are to give Notice that they may have them ready made and well prepared at Mr. Woodward's a Distiller in the Old Baily And Sweets at almost every Sugar-Bakers in London But for such Spirits I have not heard there is the like neither for Quantity nor Quality in all the City as at the Place aforesaid FINIS The manner of doubling the strength of Cyder or making it as good as French-Wine How to make it as good as Canary The quantity of Spirits to be used One Acre of Land to be worth 8 l. Per Annum besides the benefit of Corn and Pasture and yet Cyder-Royal Sold but for 2 d. per Quart The same Acre to yield 8 l. per Annum more by Goose-Berry and Currant-Wine That probably one Acre may produce as much Cyder and Wine-Royal as may come to more than 50 l. at 3 d. a Quart and at 6 d. per Quart more than 100 l. per Annum This Cyder-Royal much more wholsom than simple Cyder The more Drank the richer the Nation Cyder-Royal of National as well as private Advantage The more Drank the richer the Nation The Farmers Objection Answered Objection touching Loss of Customes Answered An Imposition of 20● per Hogs-head may be laid on Cyder-Royal without impoverishing the Planter Thus Six or Eight hundred Thousand Pounds per Annum may be raised to the Government Customes on Forreign Wines may be doubled Customes on Cyder may amount to more than those on Wine because more will be Drank Cyder-Royal is no Mixture The Reason why simple Cyder makes the Stomach Sick No such thing to be feared from Cyder-Royal Cyder-Royal will keep better than simple Cyders Some of the Vertues of Cyder-Royal How to make Royal-Currant Wine c. The Common price of simple Cyder Brandy to be made of Cyder What Fruit best for Cyder Golden-Pippins Excellent When Cyder it fit to make Spirits The time for putting in the Spirits to Cyder When Cyder-Royal is fit for use The Infirmities of simple Cyder The Causes of Musty Cyder The Causes of Cyders Freting and Cure A persume for the Cask not to be neglected The way to make Sweets for such Cyder-Royal as you would have as Rich as Canary The Quantity of Sweets and when to be put in What Sugar to be used An Advantage For making Spirit Spirits mixt with simple Cyder in Bottles will not do so well Worm-wood Cyder-Royal Touching the keeping of Cyder-Royal If Cyder-Royal be kept till 't is too Stale there need be no loss by it