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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
ground_n	bear_v	fruit_n	good_a	1,697	5	3.9177	3	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A68246	His Maiesties gracious letter to the Earle of South-Hampton, treasurer, and to the Councell and Company of Virginia heere commanding the present setting vp of silke works, and planting of vines in Virginia. And the letter of the treasurer, Councell, and Company, to the gouernour and Councell of State there, for the strict execution of his Maiesties royall commands herein. Also a treatise of the art of making silke ... Together with instructions how to plant and dresse vines, and to make wine, and how to dry raisins, figs, and other fruits ... Set foorth for the benefit of the two renowned and most hopefull sisters, Virginia, and the Summer-Ilands. By Iohn Bonoeil Frenchman, seruant in these imployments to his most excellent Maiesty of Great Brittaine, France, Ireland, Virginia, and the Summer-Ilands. Published by authority.	Bonoeil, John.; Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, Earl of, 1573-1624.; England and Wales. Sovereign (1603-1625 : James I).; Virginia Company of London.; Counseil for Virginia (England and Wales)	1622 (1622)	STC 14378; ESTC S109109	46,285	96

is such that it bringeth them foorth without so much handy labour there their fruit is better And those men that will haue some trees planted vpon their land they are to make good choice of them in Summer and marke them so as they may know them in Winter to remooue them in the due season fit to plant them in And to chuse the very best of them you are to cull out such as haue round leaues and not forked for both the fruit and the leaues of them are better then those of the other Trees These fiue and twenty yeeres I haue seene diuers Countreys where they began and afterwards found it very profitable to plant Mulbery trees about their grounds in stead of hedges where they grow so speedily that the second yeere they may begin to gather some leaues during the time that the Wormes are small forasmuch as the leaues of little trees grow sooner then they of big Trees To plant Mulbery trees in forme of a thicke hedge for to haue the first yong leaues for the Wormes new hatched you must make a ditch of a foote and a halfe deepe and as broad and therein plant your yong trees then fill the ditch with earth almost full then cut off the branches of the trees that you haue set for that will make them grow the better and place them two foot neere one another And whosoeuer will haue a double hedge of them let him make another ditch three or foure foote neere that and plant it as in the other Their Wood when they are plashed is as good to burne as any other and their Ashes better 20. How to prepare the seed of Mulbery trees to make a Nurcery WHosoeuer will make a Nurcery of the seed of Mulbery trees when the fruit is ripe let him obserue that Tree that beares the fairest and roundest leafe and of that tree let him gather so many Mulberies as will fit him for his seed which must be thus vsed First wash the Mulberyes in two or three waters pressing them with your hands and then take vp the seed that remaineth in the bottome of the water After that dry your seed in the house and keepe it till the moneth of March next comming Such men as will gaine one yeere sow it assoone as they haue gathered it without drying it And other men sow the Mulberies whole as they are in that manner that we will say 21. In what manner you are to sow the seed of Mulbery trees for a Nurcery FIrst you must dig husband and make beds of fat earth the mold being made small and wel dunged with good old dung thorowly rotten and you must make your beds foure foot or foure and a halfe broad And within the said beds you must make foure or fiue straight lines of rayes or furrowes all halfe a foot equally distant one from another and euery furrow must bee two inches deepe and foure broad And betweene euery bed you must leaue little Allies or spaces halfe a foot broad which will serue you to goe to weed or water them without treading vpon them Then are you to sowe the seed in the said furrowes and couer it an inch deepe or thereabout of the finest mould The first yeere you must take care to water it often if the weather bee dry and the earth must bee kept cleane from weeds A yeere after that you may pull vp and transplant your Mulbery trees into another ground more at large viz. two foot one from the other as ordinarily other trees are disposed of and there let them grow till they bee as bigge as a mans arme at his wrest or thereabouts And then you may transplant them into the place or ground where you will haue them continue for euer Leauing a distance the one from the other of fifteene or sixteene foote namely so as the boughes of one tree grow not within another Care must bee had that in hot Countreys these trees be set deeper into the earth then in a cold soyle for feare of burning the Rootes 1. Another Discourse how to plant the Vine how to dresse and husband it sundry wayes how to chuse the ground and the seate to that effect FIrst such as will plant Vines they are to chuse a soyle proper and conuenient for that vse If you plant it in a low ground and moyst there the Vine growes well and beares store of fruit but the Grapes neuer ripen well and therefore the wine is not good nor can it be kept long You must then make choice of a dry soyle whose aspect is toward the full South Sunne and couered or sheltered from the Noth wind if it bee possible And if you meete with rising ground as the sides of hills hanging downe they are most proper and though they bee full of little stones and grauell they are also the better for them and not the worse the wine of such places being better able to be kept long and fitter also to be carried farre First you must open the earth and dig it one foot and a halfe deepe or thereabouts And after you haue digged as much earth as you haue plants to set you must make ditches in the said ground looking towards the full South one foot and a halfe deepe and as broad and of the length that the place is of The ditches must bee three or foure foot distant one from another so after you haue selected your plants whether with roots or without as of slips or cuttings for the Vine growes aswell without root as with and that which is set without root is of the longer indurance and lasting though true it is that the first yere it will not grow so much as that which hath rootes These plants I say must bee planted three or foure foot one from another in as much distance as the ditches are one from another And the Vine plants must be planted in a straight line in forme of a Checker quadrangle-wise Heere obserue that if the plants bee without rootes you must cause them to soke in fresh water twelue or fifteene dayes ere you plant them putting the big end of the plant in the water a foot deepe But if they haue roots you must cut them off vnlesse they were pluckt vp one day or two at most before you plant them and put them in water two or three dayes He that shall plant the Vine must haue one to helpe him who shall lay the Vine in the ditch all along the said ditch of what distance he will one from the other And in planting he shall tread in the ditch letting some of the digged earth fall into the place where hee is to plant or set his Vine then shall hee take his plant and bow it one foot in the earth of the ditch or thereabouts according to the length of the plant putting the biggest end within the ditch towards the plumpe South of the Sunne-rising and with the hand raising vp the point end or top of

consider the kinde and nature of the tree and the nature and kinde of the Silke-seed you vse and according to all particular circumstances well pondered so to make your exceptions and to order euerie thing with iudgement and discretion thereafter Time and obseruation will teach you many experiments out of which perhaps some more rules of art may be made as best fitting in some particularities the Countrie and Clymate of Virginia which finding after good triall made you shall doe well to set them downe in writing that in time they may be published also for the better directing and profiting of others And because in Persia where such infinite store of Silke is made it is not likely that they tie themselues to all the strict rule and niceties which for the most part are necessary to be obserued in many Countries but doe what is fitting otherwise for that Clymate most proper for this worke with which Virginia so neerely agrees and naturally consorts as is aforesaid for this especiall purpose therefore meanes are made I heare to certifie you from the English Factory in Persia of the art and order that they vse in all particulars for the Silke-workes there which may guide you happily to a more compendious and ready way for the better speeding of this rich businesse And yet where all these rules are curiously followed they make not onely Spaine and Italy but in the worser parts of France and other-where a farre greater gaine so much for so much by feeding the Silke-wormes then by any other commodity whatsoeuer Insomuch as some Gentlemen in Italy which keepe no Silke-wormes themselues and which are therefore of the worst sort of husbands yet by letting out their Mulbery trees to others for the leafe onely make a great part of their reuenues some 500. li. some 1000. li. a yeere some more some lesse according to the number greatnesse and goodnesse of their Mulbery trees So likewise in Auignon Dauphiné Lauguedoc Prouence and other parts of France some let out their Mulbery trees to others from two shillings to twelue shillings apiece and vpwards accordingly as they are But some other Gentlemen in Italy let out their Mulberie trees after another maner namely they are at the charge onely to giue the leafe of their Mulbery trees to some poore folkes for which they are to finde at their cost the Silke-seed and are to feed and tend the Wormes till they haue made their Silke which done they deuide the Silke bottomes by halues betweene them Thus you see what a rich reuenue I haue prouided for you in Mulbery trees alone which are halfe the charge and yet cost you nothing And I hope I need not tell you how it is a matter no lesse profitable then easie for the better aduancing this Commodity to build for this purpose farre from your houses if need be in the most conuenient places of the best Mulbery woods some slight Silke-worme lodgings soone set vp and with Stoues in them after that excellent manner of Sicilie formerly described which by this Art may correct the ill site and temper and qualifie the Ayre well in the cold moyst and shady woods lest otherwise that might be a hindrance to this worke And here also in these lodgings you may make good shift especially for so great a gaine with necessary prouisions to lodge your selues from the beginning to the end of your Silke-haruest time about some sixe weekes only where you shall need but one third part of your companie the first foure weekes and two third parts more the last fortnight onely for the often then and plentifull feeding of the Wormes To inuite you to this enterprise you haue aboundance of choyce Materials to erect these Silke-lodgings with which will cost you nothing but a little labour to cut out some posts and to fit them and set them vp or to sawe out small quarters and rafters and plankes and boords to fence the sides in stead of walles and to couer the roofe in stead of tiles all which must be so close layd in all places one within another that no raine winde nor weather get in at any riftes or creuises to hurt the Wormes Which the better to preuent the chinkes if any be may be all stopped euery where about with some loame or clay And thus for their better profit may many Families especially of the poorer sort ioyne hands together for the speedy setting vp of these Silke-lodgings and for the gathering and sorting of the Mulbery leaues and for the helping and teaching one another to feed and order the Wormes and so worke and liue together all the Silke-haruest time and at the end of it to deuide all the Silke bottomes made amongst them by number weight or measure after the number and proportion of euerie Family and person as to some one some two some three some foure shares and so more or lesse ratably and according to their first agreements set downe in writing Here also in the meane time for their better sustenance may they commodiously keepe neere about them their Poultry Swine and Milch cattell for milke and butter and spare their owne pastures neere home the while Thus you see what rich benefits I affoord you for your small labour onely And if I should giue you all things perfect without your paines at all I should breed but mine owne contempt and nurse your sloth For these my great commodities and all other then I aske some little attendance of you iustly due vnto me to bring them to perfection Giue me but two hand-maids onely Art and Industry to waite vpon me and I will most honourably and richly then endow both them and you And for this purpose now not to speake of Husbandry at large I will chiefly commend the skill of Gardening to you all and euery one Let none be ignorant to sow to set to plant to graft to manure to dresse and order all plants according to their kinds and that in proper grounds and seasons fitting them This is part of that skill which Emperours Kings and Senators of Rome haue both writ of and practised Let no man then disdaine it but get and peruse their and such like Bookes of this and other Husbandry I know not whether the profit of it or delight be greater Wherefore all and euery one in Virginia men and women too from the highest to the lowest in some proportion must know and practise it if they minde to thriue prosper and haue true delight By Gardening alone especially in these rich grounds and temperate Clime may all haue delicate variety and good sufficiencie of sustenance were there nothing else for Summer and for Winter Besides the Cassaui for good bread I might particularize the wholesome and great variety of many other nourishing roots and herbs and of other Garden and Orchard fruits in these hotter Countreys especially most excellent for food And this was the chiefe sustenance of the wise and sober Ancients

it very short leauing but three knobs or knots out of the earth The second yeere they cut it at the first quarter of the Moone and leaue to euery one but one branch as long as they can leaue it and set a stake at euery one of the Vines Two yeeres after they prouide them certaine woodden forkes of the bignes of a mans legge and woodden poles as big as his arme also smaller poles then they sticke the forkes in the earth from sixe to sixe foote distance all along the ditch where the Vine is planted and as much in height or lesse if they thinke it fit and so they doe alike in each ditch then they lay the bigger poles from one forke to another tying them together with Osier or Willow and then they tye the lesser poles being sixe or seuen foote length athwart ouer the bigger poles binding them together with Osier in distance one from another of one foote and a halfe much in the forme of the nets that men lay to take Deere to transport from one Parke into another They cut the Vine the second yeere as long as they can leaue it and they leaue it but one branch to wit the strongest to the end the Vine may mount vp the sooner vpon the said frame of Poles which we now described and they binde it thereupon Now when the Vine is vpon it which is the yeere following then must you leaue more branches to the said Vine when you cut it according as you shall see that her stocke is strong and able enough to feede her And you must leaue in euery branch fiue or sixe knots or eyes and euery yeere binde vp the ends of all the new branches which are left vncut vpon the pole frame with Osier or with greene Rushes or what you can get They plant such Vines vpon the arable Lands about houses and vpon or ouer the high wayes terming them Treillies or platted high Vines which they plant as followeth First they digge a ditch in the place where they meane to set the Vine in that sort we described afore And they plant the Vine within the ditch as also wee haue shewed then prouide they woodden forkes and bigger and smaller poles as is afore set downe Such forkes as are set in the ditch must be but two or three foote high plant a row of them sixe or seuen foote from the said ditch or thereabouts right against the South and lay on them great and small poles and tye them as aforesaid Such Vines as are planted ouer the high waies too and neere houses there the forkes must bee longer to wit seuen or eyght foote high and the poles so much the stronger to bee able to beare the burden of the Vines and hauing a respect to the breadth of the said wayes Carts and horsemen passe vnder them in those countries without hurt to the Vines or molestation to the passengers Such Vines are to be planted at both the sides of such waies and tyed vp and dressed as is said 6. How to husband the Vine and in what season of the yeere THe Vine must be husbanded three times a yeere to wit in March for the first time the second time in May the third in August In March you are to digge it deepe enough viz. three quarters of a foote depth or thereabouts and at the other times halfe a foote deep or thereupon And in plowing it you must haue care to plucke off the ends that grow vpon the old wood of the said Vines for they spoyle the Vine 7. How you are to chuse the Vine-plants for to plant of the best WHen the Grapes be ripe then consider what plants be best and which beare most branches Then marke the same plants so as you may know them againe in Winter to transplant of them elsewhere And also if there bee any Vines that thriue not well plucke them vp and set in their roome some of those fruitfull ones and if there bee any Vine which hath a branch long enough cut it not from the Vine but lay it in the earth a foote and a halfe deepe or thereabouts leauing out of the earth the small end thereof with three or foure knots vpon it and cut off the rest It will bring forth fruite the same yeere But you must lay in the earth so but one branch of a Vine in one yeere for feare you spoyle the Vine by too much sucking it You are to cut the same branch frō the old Vine the next yeere after that to the end it draw not the sappe and iuyce away too much from the old one and by that time the said branch will haue taken roote enough able to feede it selfe And thus you may store and furnish your Vineyard in a small time with very good plants 8. How to make Wine and how to know when the Grapes are fully ripe WHen you shall see the Grapes very blacke and that there are no grayish graines among them and that the stalke of the branch is become reddish and the white Grapes draw to be of a yellowish colour and the graynes tender these be tokens that they are ripe which thing you shall yet better perceiue in tasting them If they be sweete in taste and the liquor be gluish betweene your fingers then is it time to gather them Yet in euery place they cannot ripen alike so wel as in some though it be vnder the same Climate In low places and moist wet grounds they are neuer so good nor so soone ripe as they are in the dry grounds and the hilly or sides of hills and as in the stony and grauelly grounds and that is the cause why they are not to be gathered so soone in moist grounds Note also when you gather your Grapes that you may haue the Wine to be good and fit to keepe long doe it in dry weather not in rayny for that spoyles the Wine and takes away his strength and hurteth the Vine When you gather your Grapes chuse the ripest and carry them home but afore-hand prouide a Vat or such a Tub as Brewers vse in Brewing And such as haue no great store of Grapes 〈…〉 vse lesser vessels as barrels or halfe Hogs-heads to let the Wine purge it selfe in The Grapes must be trodden in the vessell with bare legs and feet first of all in a lesser vessell or tub and then after that remoue the trodden Grapes into a bigger Vat by degrees as they are trodden huske and all together And you may fill the Vat or Tub within halfe a foot of the brim therof Such vessels must stand vpon the one end vpon their bottome but all open vpward they must be well bound for otherwise the force of the new Wine will breake them all in pieces Whosoeuer will haue his Wine all Claret let him gather all his Grapes all at once the white and the blacke and put them all together in the vessell and let them worke together Before you put

sowe his seede to wit when his fruite is ripe then are you to take out the kernels and sow them as you sowe the seeds and kernels of Apples and Peares which commonly is done in February and March 4. Of the Oliue tree and the nature thereof THe Oliue tree also is a great louer of the Vine commonly they plant it in March Aprill and May ordinarily they plant no Nurceries of them because they are a long time in growing There growes at the roote of the olde trees sprigs or suckers which being growne bigge they vse to cut them off together with as great a piece of the stocke of the olde tree as is a mans two fists or thereabouts and this is without hurting the tree and so they plant the said sprigges or suckers with their adiunct aforesaid putting that great piece in the earth which serues it in stead of a roote then must we cut off his head or toppe vpward as commonly wee doe to other trees Also you may sowe some of his fruite together with the stone thereof being very ripe as about Christ-tide when they are blackish and this without drying them You must husband it at the roote as the Vine twice in a yeere and fatten the earth with good dung if need require In many places they sowe corne or other things vnder the Oliue trees without hurt to them 5. Of the Pomegranate tree and of his nature THe Pomegranate tree is euer little of the bignesse and forme of a white Thorne In hot countries they growe neere the High-wayes and in Woods especially in stony ground They make few Nurceries of them because they cast many sprigs at the foote whereof so many may bee pluckt off and planted where they will and as many as they please Note that there are some sweet and some bitter the bitter are not eaten but are good for other vses as namely for Curriers to giue a good glosse to their Spanish Leather Skinnes Being once sowne or planted in any place there they grow of themselues and hee that will sowe of them when he eates of the best of them he may put the seede or kernell of them presently in the earth 6. The manner of sowing the seedes or kernels of sundry kindes of fruites for to haue trees of them and how to preserue the seedes vntill the time be fit to sowe them FOr the seede of the Vine it may bee well sowne and it will grow as other seeds doe but because it is a long time a growing they vse to sowe very little of it Yet whosoeuer would be curious to trie conclusions may sow of it as they sowe other seeds For to draw out and get the seedes of them the Grapes being very ripe you must gather them and wring them betweene your hands and so take out the seeds or kernels and then sowe the same presently or else dry them in the shaddow not in the Sunne and keepe them till February or March next comming and then soke them in fresh water two or three dayes before you sowe them 7. For the seed of the Fig tree draw it also out of his Figs being fresh and sowe it as that of the Mulbery tree whereof wee haue treated already 8. The stones of Peaches and Apricots are the seed of those trees which thriue best when they are planted assoone as they are out of their fruit without drying them And those that will keepe them till March next must dry them in the shaddow not in the Sun And before you plant them put them foure or fiue dayes in water or wine then put them foure inches deepe in the earth Otherwise without drying them you may keepe them in an earthen pot with earth in it 9. The Cherry stone is to be mannaged as the Peach and Apricot as wee sayd before The fruit that comes of them will prooue as the Cherries were howbeit not altogether so big as the former were 10. Wall-nuts must also be planted greene and fresh and with all the vpper Rinde and take heed Rats and Mice come not at them to eate them for they are very liquorish of them Also you may keepe them dry as we said heeretofore of other things but they profit not so well The Tree that shall come thereof being of the said nature will produce the like fruit 11. The Almond is to be husbanded and planted as the Peach and Apricot 12. The stones of Plums are to bee vsed and planted as the Almond but the Tree that shal come of them will not bee so good and that is the reason why they must be grafted 13. The Chest-nut is to be planted greene and fresh else it will neuer prosper if you let it be dried You must put them in the earth three or foure inches deepe And to keepe them you must put them in fresh water three or foure dayes then wipe off the water from them and keepe them in a pot with earth in it vntill the Spring come to plant them The Trees that will come of them will not bring forth so good fruit as the Chest-nut was and therefore the best way is to graft them 14. The seeds of Lemons and Oranges ordinarily are sowne assoone as they are taken out of their fruit They prepare the soyle towards the South well digged and dunged and plant them the small end vpward two inches deep in the earth Also they graft them ordinarily to get the better and goodlier fruit of them 15. For the seeds of Apples and Peares the fruit being very ripe you are then to take out the seed and dry them in the shade and you may keepe them till February following or March to sow them Then must you haue prepared for them good ground and you must make in it small rayes or furrowes of two or three inches in breadth and of like depth each furrow being three quarters of a foot distant one from the other and you must sow the seed within the said furrowes couering them with earth It is very good to sow them assoone as they are taken out of their fruit for they come foorth of the earth the sooner And it is needful to graft them because the fruit that proceedeth of them otherwise is not so good It is also good that all the seeds and stones here beforenamed be planted and sowne at the first quarter of the Moone 16. How to dry Grapes to keepe them WHen the Grapes be very ripe then are you to choose them in the Vineyard of the biggest and best and namely white ones After you haue chosen and gathered as many as you will haue you must burne a certaine quantity of Vine-cuttings not mingling therewith any other kind of Wood and then gather the ashes thereof but the best is that they bee all of white Vine branches after that put faire water and those ashes in a Cawldron vpon the fire and seethe them together till you haue made a cleere liquor then taking away all the ashes put

the liquor into a cleane Cawldron againe and set it ouer the fire and being ready to seethe then must yee take rods of wood such as Chandlers vse whereupon they set and make their Candles vpon which rods you must tye the bunches all along one bunch of Grapes on one side the Rod and on the other side another bunch of Grapes tye them with thred by their stalkes to hang them on which done then diue them in the liquour as the Chandler puts his Candles in the molten Tallow and that sundry times as foure or fiue times thus hauing diued one rod of Raysins hang it by to dry then take another and wet it in the same manner and set it by and doe so of all the rest then hang them vp in the Sun or else spread them vpon Hurdles or Lattices of Rods or such like vntill they bee almost dry then barrell them pressing them very flat in the said Barrels Others dry them without this steeping them euen as they come from the Vine 17. How to dry Figs. FIrst gather them very ripe And hauing made ready Hurdles or Lattices of Reeds or of Osier ioyned together as Osier Lattices vse to be with lights or cli●ts betweene Osier and Osier to the end that the ayre passing thorow the rifts void spaces of them may helpe the Sun to dry them vp when they are spred vpon the said Lattice Tables and take heed that neither the raine nor the dew fall vpon them Also you may drie them in this manner First take a big Reede or Cane of two or three foote long and bore little holes all the length of it thorow which holes you are to put little stickes very sharpe of two foote long then thred the figs vpon the little stickes till they be very full of them then hang the Cane in the Sun and when they be dry barrell them pressing them very hard in the Barrell as we said of Grapes 18. How to drie Peaches of all kinds and Apricots WHen they bee very ripe then you must pare off the vpper skin and cleaue them into foure quarters and dry them as Figs and barrell them to keepe them for winter The manner how to dresse them after they are dry for to eate them is this You must prouide a cleane earthen pot and after you haue washed your Peaches in faire water then put them into the pot and put in as much Wine as will couer the Peaches and then seethe them halfe a quarter of an houre Also they may bee made ready another way without boyling them by putting them in wine and soking them three or foure daies and this way they are better Also you may put in some Cinnamom in powder in this manner you may keepe them one moneth within the said pot Vsing them euery morning they prouoke an appetite or good stomack and are very wholesome 19. How to hinder wild beasts from eating the fruits in the night YOu must make fires in sundry places and namely in euery such way as leadeth to the wood and that only in the night and no wild beast will come neere them And specially doe this about the Vineyards from the time the Grapes begin to be ripe vntill they be wholly ripe 20. Aduice for those in Virginia touching the place for to plant Vines in FOrasmuch as euery plat of ground is not fit for the Vine it were good and conuenient that euery Towne and Village wherabouts is or shall bee found any good or proper ground for that purpose that there the inhabitants should plant Vines one neere another and such men as haue intrest or right to such grounds may change them for some other in another quarter of the Countrey according to the quantity that euery one may be able to apply himselfe vnto For the Vines being thus ioyned together will not cost more to keepe then one plat Neither shall the wild beasts eate any the more and so one may helpe another and learne one of another like good neighbours Conclusion I Haue many more vsefull things to impart which for want of leasure I must leaue vnpublished till some other time Wherefore I will now onely heartily recommend these my approued experiments which I haue sent you to the care and diligent practice of you the Colonies of Virginia and the Summer Ilands If you cheerefully apply your selues to these instructions I shall be incouraged to doe more and better seruice for you heereafter and you for your paines I dare assure it shall be richly recompenced with ample profit Especially and aboue all others if you constantly pursue those two most inualuable commodities of Silkes and Wines which you may with ease and little cost bring speedily to perfection For Nature which doth nought in vaine hath euery where for this purpose most luxuriously stored Virginia ready to your hands with excellent Mulbery Trees and Vines of diuers sorts which none though neuer so malicious or can or dare deny Since then that Nature her selfe as proud of this her sumptuous worke beckens you to her and points you round about with her bounteous hand to behold heere in euery place her braue Mulberies and her merry Vines listen no more to me then but hearken to her now what she sayes and truly counsels you most part from her selfe and some part of what she hath heard from others And thus she speakes vnto you Friends of my best beloued Nation view mee well and tell mee if you are not come into another Land of promise into another Paradise to passe by my most fertile graine so much of all commended the nourishing Maiz and many other things behold now onely my two great Treasures my richest Plants my Mulberies and my Vines which I haue purposely prouided ready for you and that abundantly without your care without your cost or charge Beleeue mee I make all my least and commonest workes for some good purpose euer much more these then that are so precious Regard them well I heare you all confesse now they are rich and beautifull How haps it then that I and they are slighted so much by you and that which worst is all for a smoakie Witch I haue heard some say that dice are made of Coniurers bones and cards of Witches skins whereby those that handle them though they lose still and are vndone by them yet they can neuer leaue them Sure there is some such sorcery in this weed it was first sowne it seemes by some Indian Enchanters hand with spels and Magicke verses or otherwise you could neuer so much dote on it For all the fruit of this it is but smoke which vanishes and likely will not alwayes last But these my two other bounties I haue giuen you for Silkes and Wines be they neuer so plentifull yet shall they be alwayes durable and generally staple to your excessiue gaine Doe not then still Ixion-like imbrace a cloud for Iuno and smoake for substance Let but the fruitfull soyle and

happy Clime heere the chiefe nurse of these and all other plants perswade you for mee All Authors of Agriculture will tell you that neither Arable Pasture Meddowes nor any other grounds are so proper to plant the Vine in as those cleered grounds are wherein not shrubs but tall Trees grew And what Countrey in the world so full as this of tall and goodly Timber trees so as when you cleere your grounds you easily may remooue your Vines into them and the remoouing giues them also a perfection Likewise may you leaue your Mulberies still growing euen where you plant your Vines for such loue and affinity there is betweene these two as good things alwayes goe together That the soyle and Clime which fits the one fits the other and what the one loues or hates the other doeth the like Were not this knowne to all yet the abundance of them both so naturally growing here together would without other experience sufficiently confirme it Againe were not this Countrey and Climate heere most proper which I haue chosen for them you should not haue seene them be sure of it so freely and willingly flourish euery where as they doe For this purpose compare Virginia now with other Countries that are seated in the same degree of latitude that she is marke their Commodities and you shall see that shee is as well a kinne to them in them as in the same degree Your great Mathematician Hariot who liued sometime in Virginia and who with many praises iustly due vnto her wrote of her and her Commodities saith in that his booke that she is seated in the same latitude that Persia is And they that haue trauelled Persia and write of it will tell you how it abounds with all good graine and fruits and how it exceeds in Silkes and Wines as this her Cousin-german in the same degree Virginia doth the like with Mulberies Vines Maize and other graine Another an eye witnesse also of Persia saith that Chorazain a Prouince of that Countrey is so fruitfull of all things that a dearth is neuer knowne there and that you may see in one onely City called Eri such store of Silke as in one day you may buy as much as will load 3000. Cammels And who knowes not that the abundance of Silke raised from the propriety of that soyle Climate is the vnspeakable rich Staple Commodity of that great Empire These Silkes are the sinewes of the Persian State by which treasure the Sophy is inabled still as hee doth to wage warre with the Turke to the great good of all Christendome I need not tell you by the way how hopefull a Trade this is to the English East India Company if it bee not as pity it were sinisterly hindred For by this meanes great store of Clothes may be vented there multitudes of poore set on worke and England inriched and made in time the Magazin for silkes And by this fetching of silke still from the fountaine head in Persia the Turke shall be depriued of this great Tribute weakened in his treasure and impouerished and the Persian by this Trade bee the more inriched and strengthened against the Turke to the common good of Christendome And I hope all good men will wish this Trade to prosper and proceed still with the Persian farre rather then with the Turke So much the more for that all Authours and Trauellers report The Persian to be courteous gentle liberall kind to Christians and a louer of learning and of Arts especially Astrologie Physicke and Poetry so as when there shall bee an Ambassadour once settled with the Sophy there can be expected nothing but all good vsage with a greater gaine The Turke contrariwise is rude barbarous cruell couetous perfidious a Christian and a Learning-hater The loue of Persia so like Virginia in many things hath made me stay longer in her then otherwise I would but now I will take my leaue of her and her rich store of Silkes and leade you thence to a greater and a more opulent Empire yet to China which also is seated in the same degree of latitude that our Virginia is and heere you may see how likewise they two are a kinne in sundry naturall Commodities which by reciting and comparing of them you shall easily perceiue China is stored with Woods of Mulberies to feed Silke wormes with and such abundance of Silkes they make that at the City of Nimpo which others call Liampo the Portugals haue obserued 16●000 pound waight of Silke carryed out in Ships in three moneths space Into Cambula the chiefe City of Tartary there come euery day from China about a thousand Wagons laden with Silke as Authours of no small credit and one that was there reports China also is full of nauigable Riuers and is fertile of all graine Maiz Rice and others of which it hath three or foure Haruests in a yeere it is stored with Fish and Fowle it hath Mines of Siluer Brasse Iron and other metals Quick-siluer Niter Allom and precious Stones Pearle Muske Cotton Rubarb China roots store of Flax and rich Furres They lose not a span of ground but all places are imployed to their proper vse the dryer they sow with Wheat and Barly the moyst with Rice and Sugar canes Hils and Mountaines abound with Pine-trees and Chessenuts betweene which they plant Maiz and sow Panicke and all kind of pulse in other proper places are Mulbery Groues faire Gardens Orchards and Flax grounds no waste Land but all put to some good vse or other It is not my purpose to speake of the sharpe wit or of the excellent Art and industry of the Chineses wherein they equall if not exceed all Nations of the world againe that is besides our matter now but as there is a consanguinity betwixt China and Virginia in the same degree of latitude so I will onely compare and shew the like affinity and agreement betwixt the natiue Commodities of the one and the other Climate China hath store of Maiz for food and Mulbery trees for Silke and what Maiz and Mulberies Virginia hath is so well knowne to all as of that I need say no more China yeelds store of Fish and Fowle Virginia hath the like and for Fish no where more plenty nor so large as there witnesse your many Sailes that yeerly come out of England hither for this purpose so as at this time it makes a great trade and will yeerely more and more increase still especially after your Salt-works that are now setting vp are finished and for the Flax of China you haue naturally growing in Virginia Silke-grasse Flax and Hempe of diuers sorts and of approoued goodnesse and which culture will yet much more perfect You haue likewise as China knowne Mines of Iron and of Copper and of other richer Mines also you haue more then hopes China hath Pearle and some of the Indians weare it in Virginia as it hath Muske so hath Virginia

said quantitie of Silke And of an ounce of Calabrian Silke-seed they make there in Brescia eleuen and twelue pound waight of Silke and the Wormes of that seede as being of a bigger breede eate about three hundred Brescia waight of Mulbery leaues and no doubt but in other places of Italy which are yet more proper for this businesse they make of the like proportion of seed a greater quantity of Silke then this Such difference there is betwixt Clymate and Clymate in the naturall propriety of it to the great increasing and bettering of this worke Considering therefore the great charge and labour that Italy and France is at in planting of Mulbery trees and for that purpose sowing Mulbery seeds and expecting sixe or seuen yeere after for so long it is ere they grow to perfection afore they can make good profit of them and considering besides that their Clymate is nothing so proper for this Silke-commodity as Virginia is and yet for all that they make their greatest gaine of it It cannot be doubted then but Virginia hauing infinite store of the best sort of Mulbery trees ready growne vp to your hands without your charge or labour and hauing the Clymate as is experimented more naturally proper for this worke and the food for the Silkewormes better whereby they become more strong to passe their naturall and other casuall sicknesses with lesse danger and so are generally more healthfull and also are bigger bodied and make larger Silke-bottomes and finish their worke in a shorter time then other doe other-where hauing all these preeminences it cannot be doubted I say by any reasonable man but that Virginia is euery way better fitted to yeeld incomparably a farre richer profit by the Silkeworkes to you then France or Italy can doe to them And if in France their profit be thus rated by them which account alwaies that the fourth part of the price of the Silke defrayes all the charges there remayning three parts of cleere gaine to the Owner and in Italy a sixth part will discharge al expences making fiue parts of cleere gaine where they reckon neuerthelesse that the price of the Mulbery leafe as I will shew by and by counteruailes the full halfe of the whole charge of the Silkeworke you may then certainely assure your selues that in Virginia where you haue what store of Mulbery leaues you will for nothing with all the other aduantages afore mentioned that the tenth or twelfth part of your Silke you make there must needs cleere all your charges and make nine ten or eleuen parts cleere gaine to your selues Your chiefe charge will be for the gathering of the leaues to feed the Wormes A man and a boy will feede the Wormes comming of sixe ounces of seeds till they be past their fourth sicknesse and within a fortnight of spinning But for the last fortnight because the Wormes must be then carefully and often fed that being the chiefe time wherein they conceiue and store vp the matter for the Silke which they after vomit out and spin then you must adde three or foure helpers to the other two aforesaid For the feeding and shifting of the Wormes and other imployments women children and impotent persons may be vsed And as one skilfull gouernour of the Silkewormes may imploy hundreds vnder him so he may in sixe weekes space easily teach them the chiefest points of this art if they be capable and will addict themselues to the learning of it The Gouernour of the Silkewormes in France hath two three and foure crownes a month besides his diet and his charge continues from the first hatching of the Wormes to the finishing and winding of the Silke Moreouer you must not thinke it to be absolutely necessary to be so superstitious in curiously following all the booke rules and written precepts so as if any of them be omitted or euery thing be not precisely followed in the hatching lodging feeding and tending of the Silkewormes that then all the businesse is spoiled and ouerthrowne for it may notwithstanding profit and succeed to the contentment of those that keepe them Onely let euery man doe what he can commodiously to his power and ability and assure himselfe though he keepe not all strict rules in euery thing that yet he may make a great gaine notwithstanding still the greater the more curious he be in obseruing and practising all the approued experiments Rules and precepts hereunto belonging These Rules are chiefly to shew the perfection of this Art and that also a man may learne thereby that if the Silkewormes miscarrie or prosper not so well one yeere what might be the cause of it and where the fault lay and how next yeere that may be remedied which was amisse afore without despayring or being discouraged Besides you must know that all generall Rules euer admit some exceptions and varie according to some particular circumstances And therefore to make the Rules the surer for you the nature of the Clymate must be obserued how and in what one Clymate differs from another as also the season of one yeere altering from another in cold heat drought or moysture the manner of the lodgings the qualities of the windes to be let in and kept out vpon occasion fitting and so according to all the different qualities to gouerne this worke differently with discretion As if it be a cold season to vse more artificiall heat for the cherishing the Wormes if it be a verie hot season to let in the coole ayre and the windes as much as may be to refresh them especially when they spin their Silke for feare of stifling them with too much heat If it be a moist time the worst season of all other euer for the Silkewormes to vse drying heats and perfumes so much the more to qualifie the moist and the ill season and to be carefull that the Mulbery leafe be wel dried and kept the longer after it be gathered afore it be giuen But if the season be dry then consider that the leafe after it hath lyen and cooled a while may be giuen the fresher and the Mulbery tree roots may be watered in these droughts to refresh the leaues as they doe sometimes in Spaine especially if it be in a drie and hot ground which otherwise without these cautions were not so good Then must you consider also if the Mulbery tree grow in a shady place or in a sowre foule or wet soile what inconuenience that food may bring vnto the worm thereafter either to auoid it wholy if it be possible or else to qualifie it as well as may be Neuerthelesse noting that in a hot and dry yeere a man may be more bold to feed with those leaues that grow in a shady or moist ground by reason the temper of the season hath the better corrected the ill quality of them Thus regard with reason alwaies what kinde of ground the leafe grew in and in what qualified season you gather it in and

in the golden times Panis and Holus by a most learned and iudicious Writer are deriued from two Greeke words that signifie all and the whole for the Ancients esteemed saith he that if they had but bread and Garden fruit they had all and the whole and euery whit that was necessary for their food Neither is this all for as you may be fed so may you bee clothed also by this skill alone as by the expert planting of Cotten Silke grasse Flaxe Hempe and some such other like Besides the Art of planting well followed as it can so will it bring you to the greatest wealth aboue all things whatsoeuer else I need not tel you besides of the Mulbery plants for Silkes the infinite treasure by planting Vines Oliue trees and Sugar canes for Wines Oyles and Sugars nor of many other rich Plants for Physicall Drugs Dies Paints and many other vses And as for your Wine and Oyles to be made heere besides many other profits you shall therein bee aduantaged aboue the West-Indies also which haue neither of these two Commodities the King of Spaine in policie forbidding the planting of them there notwithstanding the Countrey is very proper for them For they two being the great Staple Commodities of Spaine the Canaries and other his Dominions with which they abound and knowing that trade of Merchandize consists in bringing in of wares from one Countrey into another maintaines mutuall trafficke therefore betwixt his West Indies and his other Dominions by the taking of the Commodities of one another which cannot be done vnlesse one Countrey haue store of those Commodities which the other wants For store of the same Merchandize in all parts would but glut hinder all Wherfore to ballance the Commodities well of all his Dominions for the good of all the planting for Wines and Oiles in the West Indies vpon good reasons were inhibited The like he doth in Brasilia who though they haue store of Ginger there yet may it not bee carried from thence into Spaine for feare of impouerishing them of S. Domingo whose chiefest Trade it is to get their liuings by And the like doth Great Brittaine for you heere which suffer no Sheepe to be carried thither that Cloth might not be made there but so orders it for the good of both that you heere shall haue from thence her natiue Commodities and her Manufactures onely and vse no forraine Merchandize but such as is for health or like necessity for which you returne the proper Commodities of Virginia thither Moreouer by the Arte of skilfull planting grafting transplanting and remoouing the bad wilde plants are wonderfully bettered Insomuch as one of the best Authors of Husbandry saith that euery replanting or remooing of wilde plants hauing regard to the fitnesse of the soile and season is worth halfe a grafting so as two remooues then are worth a whole grafting One that hath writ a Historiosme sayes well and wittily that this remoouing and transplanting of wild plants doeth wonderfully mitigate and a ingentle them whether it bee saith he because that the nature of plants as of men is desirous of nouelty and peregrination or because that at their parting from the former grounds they leaue there that ranke wildnesse virulence and ill quality that is in them and as wild beasts so they become gentle by handling whilst the Plant is pluckt vp by the roote Since then the transplanting and remoouing wild plants doe so much domesticate and inable them I need not tell you then how by grafting or remoouing only the Mulbery trees and wild Vines may infinitely be bettered To shew this I will instance in one Plant for all In the printed Booke of the valuations of the commodities of Virginia Sarsaparillia wilde is fiue pound the hundred and Sarsaparillia domesticke is ten pound the hundred so as the Spaniard hauing no other but the wilde Sarsaparillia at first yet by replanting and cultiuating it that he made it domesticke and so much thereby innobled it in worth and goodnesse as raised it to a double price you see And the like is to be done with other wild plants by the often remoouing or grafting of them As he then that was asked what was the first and chiefest thing in Oratory said Pronunciation and being demanded what was the second thing in it and afterwards what was the third still answered Pronunciation so if I were asked what were the best Art chiefly to aduance the Plantation and Planters I should answere as oft or oftner the Garden Art of planting planting still I could wish therefore that euery Free-holder besides his proper profession should be inioyned to haue a Garden and practise sometimes Gardening and planting And that according to the custome and wise institution of the Romane Censors those should bee seuerely punished that did not husband well their fields and Gardens and well culture their Vineyards Trees and Plants Let euery one then in Virginia and the Summer Ilands that mindes to haue plenty of healthfull food and of good raiment and of great wealth let him begin to addict and delight himselfe in this most profitable and pleasing Art of Gradening and grafting Now whereas the labor of cleering the woodded grounds heere in Virginia is supposed by some to be a hindrance to your profit it is nothing so for the many great commodities that to good husbands may arise by the wood still cleered off the grounds will with large interest meane while repay the cost and labour especially after that excellent and rare inuention of Saw-Mills an incredible aduancement to the Colonie bee once put in practice What should I speake of the store of Timber so necessary for your buildings and other vses for Clapbord Pipe-staues and other rich wood for noble seruices or of the abundant store of wood neuer to be spent for your Iron workes and for your Glasse Furnaces now set vp for Pot-ashes and Sope-ashes for boyling of Sugars and of Pitch and Tarre and for all Furnace works the great deuourers of fewell and destroyers of woods besides of the great vse profit of propping your Vines by whole Trees or by stalkes for poles for the Hops which grow here wild But aboue all what endlesse store of excellent Timber haue you for the most excellent vse of building Ships And heerein I cannot I confesse conceale the pride I take in my Virginia For what Countrey in the world againe abounds so plentifully as this with all things whatsoeuer for making Ships no one thing is wanting for besides Timber of all sorts for all vses in this kind and store of Masts no where taller and larger you haue tried Iron also of perfect goodnesse and Silke grasse Flaxe and Hempe as well for Sayles and Cordage as for richer vses and Forrests of Trees for Pitch and Tarre so as nothing for this purpose was lacking heere but onely Shipwrights which now also with great wisdome are lately sent to build you Boats and Pinnaces for