place_n this_o be_v evident_a because_o the_o stone_n be_v 10_o pound_n light_a in_o water_n than_o in_o the_o air_n because_o the_o water_n that_o will_v fill_v the_o room_n of_o the_o stone_n be_v just_a of_o that_o weight_n we_o see_v three_o that_o the_o pressure_n of_o water_n and_o the_o natural_a weight_n of_o it_o be_v two_o thing_n real_o distinct_a because_o the_o pressure_n may_v be_v augment_v without_o any_o increment_n of_o the_o natural_a weight_n we_o see_v four_a that_o the_o pressure_n or_o bensil_n of_o a_o fluid_a can_v affect_v the_o scale_n of_o a_o balance_n but_o only_o the_o natural_a weight_n we_o see_v five_o that_o a_o body_n natural_o heavy_a than_o water_n weigh_v in_o water_n because_o the_o stone_n f_o g_o make_v the_o water_n about_o it_o 10_o pound_n heavy_a if_o it_o be_v inquire_v whether_o body_n that_o be_v natural_o light_a will_v weigh_v in_o water_n i_o answer_v if_o they_o be_v of_o any_o sensible_a weight_n they_o weigh_v as_o well_o as_o the_o other_o for_o this_o cause_n i_o except_v air._n for_o though_o they_o be_v never_o so_o light_a in_o respect_n of_o water_n yet_o if_o they_o have_v any_o considerable_a gravity_n with_o they_o they_o will_v make_v the_o water_n heavy_a they_o be_v among_o put_v the_o case_n the_o body_n be_v a_o cube_n of_o timber_n of_o six_o inch_n weigh_v sixteen_o ounce_n and_o that_o a_o cube_n of_o water_n of_o that_o quantity_n weigh_v 112_o ounce_n here_o be_v a_o great_a inequality_n between_o their_o natural_a weight_n yet_o if_o that_o piece_n of_o timber_n be_v make_v to_o exist_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o water_n as_o the_o bladder_n do_v it_o will_v make_v it_o 16_o ounce_n heavy_a the_o reason_n be_v this_o these_o 16_o ounce_n be_v either_o support_v by_o a_o surface_n of_o water_n or_o they_o support_v themselves_o this_o last_o be_v impossible_a if_o the_o water_n support_v they_o then_o must_v they_o make_v the_o say_a water_n 16_o ounce_n heavy_a note_v that_o though_o a_o body_n natural_o light_a than_o water_n as_o cork_n may_v be_v say_v to_o weigh_v in_o water_n that_o be_v to_o say_v to_o make_v it_o heavy_a in_o which_o sense_n water_n weigh_v in_o water_n because_o if_o you_o add_v a_o pint_n to_o a_o gallon_n it_o make_v it_o heavy_a yet_o if_o you_o take_v a_o piece_n of_o cork_n and_o knit_v it_o to_o the_o scale_n of_o a_o balance_n by_o a_o thread_n the_o cork_n hang_v among_o the_o water_n the_o scale_n hang_v above_o in_o the_o air_n it_o will_v not_o weigh_v in_o water_n because_o in_o this_o sense_n no_o body_n weigh_v in_o water_n but_o that_o which_o be_v natural_o heavy_a than_o water_n as_o lead_v or_o stone_n in_o this_o sense_n water_n do_v not_o weigh_v in_o water_n as_o will_v be_v see_v in_o the_o 17_o experiment_n experiment_n ix_o figure_n 13._o take_v a_o glass-pipe_n 70_o inch_n long_o or_o thereabout_a and_o of_o any_o wideness_n have_v the_o upper_a end_n h_n hermetical_o seal_v the_o low_a end_n c_o complete_o open_v and_o fill_v it_o with_o mercury_n and_o cause_v a_o diver_n carry_v it_o down_o to_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o sea_n m_o n_o where_o i_o suppose_v be_v stand_v the_o vessel_n a_o b_o d_o e_o with_o stagnant_a mercury_n and_o drown_v the_o end_n below_o the_o surface_n a_o b._n this_o be_v do_v the_o mercury_n fall_v from_o the_o upper_a end_n h_n to_o the_o point_n g_o and_o there_o halt_v the_o space_n h_o g_o being_n empty_a for_o understand_v this_o experiment_n i_o shall_v propose_v several_a question_n and_o answer_v they_o first_o what_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o the_o mercury_n subside_v and_o sink_v down_o from_o h_n to_o g_z i_o answer_v as_o former_o in_o the_o like_a case_n inequality_n of_o weight_n between_o the_o pondus_fw-la of_o the_o impend_a quicksilver_n and_o the_o potentia_fw-la of_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o stagnant_a quicksilver_n d_o c_o e._n for_o while_o the_o tub_n be_v complete_o full_a the_o weight_n be_v so_o great_a that_o the_o surface_n d_o c_o e_o be_v not_o able_a to_o sustain_v it_o therefore_o it_o must_v fall_v down_o see_v motion_n necessary_o follow_v in_o fluids_n upon_o inequality_n of_o weight_n it_o may_v be_v inquire_v second_o why_o it_o halt_v at_o g_o 58_o inch_n from_o a_o b_o and_o come_v no_o further_o down_o i_o answer_v it_o halt_v at_o g_o because_o when_o it_o have_v fall_v down_o to_o that_o point_n there_o happen_v equality_n of_o weight_n between_o the_o suspend_v pillar_n and_o the_o foresay_a surface_n for_o whatever_o weight_n the_o say_a pillar_n be_v of_o the_o surface_n on_o which_o it_o rest_v be_v of_o the_o same_o in_o a_o word_n the_o pondus_fw-la of_o the_o one_o and_o the_o potentia_fw-la of_o the_o other_o be_v now_o equal_a for_o understand_v this_o consider_v according_a to_o the_o 25_o theorem_fw-la that_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o element_n of_o air_n upon_o the_o surface_v of_o water_n be_v equivalent_a to_o the_o burden_n of_o 34_o foot_n of_o water_n therefore_o the_o first_o and_o visible_a surface_n of_o this_o water_n l_o i_o k_o be_v real_o as_o much_o press_v with_o the_o burden_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n as_o if_o it_o have_v 34_o foot_n of_o water_n upon_o it_o consider_v next_o that_o between_o the_o say_a surface_n and_o the_o ground_n m_o n_o be_v 34_o foot_n of_o water_n indeed_o consider_v three_o that_o a_o pillar_n of_o water_n 34_o foot_n high_a be_v exact_o of_o the_o same_o weight_n with_o a_o pillar_n of_o mercury_n 29_o inch_n high_a for_o if_o water_n be_v 14_o time_n light_a than_o mercury_n than_o they_o can_v be_v of_o equal_a weight_n unless_o the_o one_o be_v 14_o time_n high_o than_o the_o other_o now_o suppose_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o air_n upon_o the_o surface_n l_o i_o k_o to_o be_v equivalent_a to_o 34_o foot_n of_o water_n or_o which_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n to_o 29_o inch_n of_o mercury_n the_o surface_n of_o the_o stagnant_a mercury_n a_o b_o must_v be_v as_o much_o burden_v with_o the_o incumb_a water_n and_o the_o air_n together_o as_o if_o it_o have_v real_o rest_v upon_o it_o a_o pillar_n of_o mercury_n 58_o inch_n high_a if_o this_o be_v than_o it_o follow_v by_o necessity_n that_o there_o must_v be_v a_o equality_n of_o weight_n between_o the_o pondus_fw-la of_o the_o mercury_n in_o the_o tub_n and_o the_o potentia_fw-la of_o the_o surface_n d_o c_o e_o or_o which_o be_v all_o one_o thing_n that_o the_o part_n c_o on_o which_o the_o pillar_n rest_v be_v no_o more_o burden_v than_o the_o part_n d_o or_o e._n for_o if_o 34_o foot_n of_o water_n and_o 34_o foot_n of_o water_n be_v equivalent_a for_o weight_n to_o 58_o inch_n of_o mercury_n then_o must_v the_o part_n d_o and_o e_o be_v as_o much_o burden_v with_o the_o say_a weight_n as_o the_o part_n c_o be_v burden_v with_o the_o pillar_n within_o the_o tub_n see_v both_o be_v of_o the_o same_o height_n therefore_o the_o power_n and_o force_v of_o the_o imaginary_a surface_n of_o the_o stagnant_a mercury_n d_o c_o e_o be_v of_o the_o same_o strength_n with_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o pillar_n g_o f_o b._n and_o this_o let_v we_o see_v the_o reason_n why_o the_o whole_a 70_o inch_n can_v be_v suspend_v for_o if_o the_o outward_a pressure_n that_o be_v upon_o a_o b_o be_v but_o equivalent_a to_o the_o pressure_n of_o 58_o it_o can_v never_o make_v the_o surface_n d_o c_o e_o able_a to_o support_v 70._o to_o make_v it_o evident_a if_o any_o doubt_n that_o the_o mercury_n be_v suspend_v by_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o water_n and_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o air_n superad_v let_v a_o diver_n bring_v up_o this_o engine_n to_o the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n and_o he_o will_v find_v the_o one_o half_a to_o have_v fall_v down_o namely_o from_o g_z to_o f_o the_o other_o half_a f_o b_o remain_a and_o if_o it_o be_v possible_a to_o convey_v this_o experiment_n to_o the_o top_n of_o the_o air_n the_o bearer_n will_v see_v the_o remain_v half_a to_o fall_v down_o likewise_o and_o become_v level_a with_o a_o b_o for_o where_o no_o pressure_n of_o air_n be_v there_o can_v be_v no_o mercury_n suspend_v this_o fall_v down_o be_v not_o all_o at_o once_o but_o by_o degree_n and_o keep_v a_o proportion_n with_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n that_o grow_v less_o and_o less_o from_o the_o ground_n to_o the_o top_n from_o this_o experiment_n we_o see_v first_o the_o great_a pressure_n and_o weight_n the_o element_n of_o air_n and_o water_n be_v under_o see_v this_o water_n that_o be_v but_o 34_o foot_n deep_a sustain_v the_o mercury_n between_o g_z and_o f_o 29_o inch_n as_o much_o between_o f_o and_o e_o be_v keep_v up_o by_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air._n
must_v sink_v 25_o foot_n exact_o see_v a_o piece_n of_o brass_n 30_o inch_n high_a require_v 400_o inch_n of_o water_n or_o 25_o foot_n to_o counterpoise_v it_o for_o if_o one_o inch_n of_o brass_n require_v ten_o inch_n of_o water_n then_o sure_o 30_o inch_n must_v require_v 300._o yet_o it_o be_v no_o matter_n what_o the_o thickness_n be_v provide_v it_o be_v no_o high_o than_o 30_o inch_n to_o advance_v some_o far_a let_v we_o make_v a_o second_o supposition_n namely_o while_o the_o brass_n be_v thus_o suspend_v upon_o the_o surface_n a_o n_o b_o suppose_v the_o air_n to_o come_v down_o and_o fill_v up_o the_o imaginary_a space_n e_o f_o then_o must_v the_o brass_n be_v thrust_v down_o as_o far_o as_o the_o surface_n o_o p_o that_o be_v 34_o foot_n below_o the_o surface_n a_o n_o d_o and_o 59_o from_o the_o top_n the_o reason_n of_o it_o be_v this_o because_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o air_n superad_v be_v equivalent_a to_o the_o pressure_n of_o a_o pillar_n of_o mercury_n 29_o inch_n high_a and_o 12_o inch_n thick_a therefore_o the_o brass_n be_v burden_v with_o this_o it_o must_v go_v so_o far_o down_o till_o it_o meet_v with_o a_o surface_n who_o potentia_fw-la be_v equal_a in_o weight_n to_o the_o pondus_fw-la of_o both_o which_o be_v precise_o 59_o foot_n from_o the_o top_n for_o if_o one_o inch_n of_o mercury_n require_v 14_o of_o water_n than_o 29_o inch_n must_v require_v 405_o inch_n or_o 34_o foot_n in_o a_o word_n it_o must_v go_v as_o far_o down_o as_o that_o surface_n that_o sustain_v a_o pillar_n of_o water_n that_o will_v counterpoise_v in_o a_o balance_n the_o brass_n c_o d_o and_o a_o pillar_n of_o mercury_n 29_o inch_n high_a and_o 12_o inch_n thick_a both_o which_o weigh_v 3290_o pound_n from_o what_o be_v say_v we_o see_v first_o that_o of_o two_o heavy_a body_n differ_v in_o weight_n the_o light_a may_v go_v further_o down_o than_o the_o heavy_a this_o be_v clear_a because_o a_o slender_a cylinder_n of_o gold_n in_o form_n of_o a_o arrow_n half_o a_o inch_n thick_a and_o 28_o inch_n long_o weigh_v 28_o pound_n it_o be_v no_o matter_n though_o the_o just_a weight_n of_o it_o be_v not_o determine_v will_v go_v down_o 35_o foot_n in_o water_n before_o it_o meet_v with_o a_o surface_n who_o potentia_fw-la be_v equal_a in_o weight_n to_o its_o own_o pondus_fw-la for_o if_o gold_n be_v 15_o time_n heavy_a natural_o than_o water_n than_o the_o say_v cylinder_n must_v go_v down_o before_o it_o rest_v 420_o inch_n or_o 35_o foot_n but_o a_o piece_n of_o gold_n 12_o inch_n long_o and_o six_o inch_n thick_a that_o perhaps_o will_v weigh_v 208_o pound_n will_v sink_v no_o further_o than_o 15_o foot_n and_o the_o reason_n be_v because_o if_o one_o inch_n of_o gold_n require_v 15_o of_o water_n to_o counterpoise_v it_o then_z 12_o must_v only_o require_v 180_o or_o 15_o foot_n note_v that_o both_o the_o body_n must_v go_v down_o perpendicular_o and_o not_o as_o it_o be_v horizontal_o with_o their_o side_n downmost_a for_o if_o they_o go_v down_o after_o this_o manner_n they_o can_v sink_v so_o far_o the_o reason_n of_o this_o be_v also_o evident_a because_o a_o heavy_a body_n go_v so_o far_o down_o and_o no_o further_o till_o it_o have_v thrust_v â—s_v much_o water_n out_o of_o its_o place_n as_o will_v counterpoise_v itself_o in_o a_o balance_n that_o be_v to_o say_v if_o a_o heavy_a body_n weigh_v 100_o pound_n it_o must_v go_v no_o further_o down_o than_o after_o it_o have_v thrust_v out_o 100_o pound_n of_o water_n but_o so_o it_o be_v that_o a_o piece_n of_o gold_n in_o form_n of_o a_o arrow_n go_v down_o side-wise_a or_o with_o the_o two_o end_n parallel_v to_o the_o horizon_n will_v thrust_v as_o much_o water_n out_o of_o its_o place_n as_o will_v be_v the_o weight_n of_o itself_o before_o it_o can_v go_v down_o 15_o or_o 16_o inch_n from_o the_o top_n because_o for_o every_o inch_n it_o go_v down_o side-wise_a it_o expel_v 28_o inch_n of_o water_n in_o go_v down_o two_o inch_n it_o expel_v 56._o in_o go_v down_o three_o inch_n it_o expel_v 84_o and_o so_o forward_o till_o it_o go_v down_o 15_o inch_n where_o it_o expel_v 420_o inch_n but_o 420_o inch_n amount_v to_o 35_o foot_n now_o take_v a_o cylinder_n of_o water_n 35_o foot_n high_a and_o just_a the_o thickness_n of_o the_o cylinder_n of_o gold_n which_o i_o suppose_v to_o be_v of_o half_a a_o inch_n and_o put_v they_o in_o a_o balance_n and_o you_o will_v find_v the_o one_o just_a the_o weight_n of_o the_o other_o neither_o can_v the_o piece_n of_o gold_n go_v so_o far_o down_o as_o before_o if_o it_o go_v down_o side-wise_a because_o for_o every_o six_o inch_n it_o be_v drown_v it_o expel_v a_o bulk_n of_o water_n 12_o inch_n long_o and_o six_o inch_n thick_a therefore_o it_o must_v be_v suspend_v before_o it_o go_v beyond_o 90_o inch_n or_o seven_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a now_o if_o six_o inch_n give_v one_o foot_n 90_o inch_n will_v give_v 15_o foot_n but_o 15_o of_o water_n in_o height_n and_o six_o inch_n thick_a be_v the_o just_a weight_n of_o it_o in_o a_o balance_n viz._n 208_o pound_n we_o see_v second_o the_o broad_a and_o large_a the_o surface_n of_o a_o fluid_a be_v it_o be_v the_o more_o able_a and_o strong_a to_o support_v a_o heavy_a burden_n therefore_o the_o part_n of_o a_o surface_n of_o water_n six_o inch_n square_v every_o way_n will_v carry_v a_o far_o great_a weight_n than_o a_o part_n four_o inch_n square_a though_o a_o surface_n of_o water_n 34_o or_o 35_o foot_n deep_a be_v not_o able_a to_o sustain_v a_o cylinder_n of_o gold_n if_o it_o exceed_v 28_o or_o 29_o inch_n in_o height_n yet_o take_v a_o cylinder_n of_o gold_n 10_o foot_n high_a and_o reduce_v it_o by_o make_v it_o thick_a to_o the_o height_n of_o 20_o inch_n a_o surface_n of_o water_n little_o more_o than_o 24_o foot_n deep_o will_v sustain_v it_o or_o reduce_v a_o cylinder_n 10_o foot_n high_a which_o require_v a_o surface_n more_o than_o 100_o foot_n deep_a to_o a_o cylinder_n six_o inch_n high_a a_o surface_n little_o more_o than_o seven_o foot_n deep_o will_v support_v it_o we_o see_v three_o the_o reason_n why_o body_n that_o be_v broad_a and_o large_a move_v â—lowlier_o through_o air_n and_o water_n than_o body_n that_o be_v more_o thin_a and_o slender_a though_o both_o be_v of_o the_o same_o weight_n in_o a_o balance_n for_o example_n 20_o pound_n of_o lead_n long_o and_o slender_a like_o a_o arrow_n will_v go_v soon_o to_o the_o ground_n of_o a_o deep_a water_n than_o a_o piece_n of_o lead_n of_o the_o same_o weight_n in_o form_n of_o a_o platter_n or_o bason_n the_o reason_n be_v because_o as_o the_o body_n be_v broad_a so_o it_o take_v a_o broad_a part_n of_o a_o surface_n which_o broad_a part_n be_v strong_a and_o able_a than_o a_o narrow_a part_n and_o so_o make_v the_o great_a resistance_n the_o same_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o a_o bullet_n six_o inch_n in_o diameter_n move_v â—lowlier_a through_o the_o air_n shoot_v from_o a_o cannon_n than_o a_o bullet_n one_o inch_n in_o diameter_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n ship_n of_o seven_o or_o eight_o hundred_o tun_n move_v far_o slowly_o through_o the_o air_n and_o water_n than_o vessel_n of_o less_o burden_n item_n large_a and_o big_a fowl_n as_o eagle_n move_v slowly_o than_o small_a bird_n as_o swallow_n yea_o of_o fowl_n of_o the_o same_o quantity_n one_o may_v move_v quick_o than_o another_o as_o be_v evident_a in_o long-winged_a hawk_n as_o falcon_n that_o by_o the_o sharpness_n of_o their_o wing_n move_v far_o more_o space_n in_o half_a a_o hour_n than_o kite_n or_o gosehawk_n who_o wing_n be_v round_a we_o see_v four_a that_o there_o be_v no_o body_n how_o heavy_a soever_o but_o it_o may_v be_v support_v by_o the_o surface_n of_o a_o fluid_a either_o in_o air_n or_o in_o water_n i_o grant_v the_o strong_a surface_n of_o air_n that_o can_v be_v have_v be_v not_o able_a to_o support_v more_o weight_n than_o a_o cylinder_n of_o gold_n 28_o inch_n high_a yet_o though_o it_o be_v as_o large_a and_o broad_a as_o a_o millstone_n if_o it_o do_v not_o exceed_v the_o say_a height_n the_o air_n be_v able_a to_o sustain_v it_o for_o the_o same_o cause_n if_o it_o be_v possible_a to_o free_v a_o millstone_n of_o the_o air_n that_o rest_v upon_o it_o the_o air_n below_o will_v lift_v it_o from_o the_o ground_n and_o carry_v it_o up_o many_o fathom_n even_o till_o it_o come_v to_o a_o surface_n equal_a in_o power_n to_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o stone_n or_o if_o a_o large_a millstone_n be_v demit_v from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n towards_o the_o earth_n it_o can_v hardly_o
24_o proposition_n of_o his_o first_o book_n and_o be_v demonstrat_fw-la by_o proclus_n in_o the_o scholium_fw-la to_o the_o 4_o the_o proposition_n of_o the_o same_o book_n by_o this_o be_v make_v to_o appear_v the_o profitableness_n of_o a_o flat-coal_n beyond_o a_o hinging-coal_n which_o be_v touch_v before_o in_o regard_n that_o have_v the_o sink_n of_o equal_a deepness_n in_o both_o there_o be_v much_o more_o of_o the_o flater-coal_n to_o be_v wrought_v before_o it_o cropp_n out_o then_o of_o the_o hing_n as_o there_o be_v a_o difference_n between_o the_o line_n d_o f_o in_o the_o first_o and_o second_o figure_n or_o between_o the_o line_n i_o f_o in_o the_o same_o if_o it_o be_v inquire_v if_o in_o rise_a ground_n where_o there_o be_v a_o considerable_a ascent_n above_o ground_n the_o coal_n keep_v a_o proportion_n in_o its_o rise_n and_o dip_v with_o the_o ascent_n and_o descent_n of_o the_o ground_n above_o i_o answer_v there_o be_v no_o certain_a and_o constant_a proportion_n keep_v whatever_o sometime_o may_v happen_v for_o i_o have_v observe_v some_o coal_n upon_o ground_n of_o a_o considerable_a ascent_n and_o their_o dipp_n run_v quite_o contrary_a to_o the_o descent_n of_o the_o hill_n and_o other_o have_v have_v a_o quite_o contrary_a course_n to_o that_o and_o have_v decline_v or_o dip_v with_o the_o declination_n of_o the_o ground_n above_o but_o in_o the_o streek_a whereof_o i_o shall_v speak_v a_o little_a hereafter_o there_o be_v more_o proportion_n ordinary_o to_o be_v remark_v there_o remain_v only_o one_o question_n about_o the_o dipp_n and_o rise_n of_o coal_n which_o i_o shall_v a_o little_a consider_v have_v encounter_v different_a judgement_n anent_o it_o in_o converse_v with_o person_n who_o have_v experience_n in_o coal_n viz._n whether_o coal_n and_o other_o metal_n after_o they_o have_v decline_v such_o a_o length_n from_o their_o cropp_n suppose_v from_o west_n to_o east_n take_v another_o course_n and_o rise_v to_o the_o same_o point_n to_o which_o former_o they_o dip_v figure_n 7._o as_o if_o the_o coal_n dip_v from_o a_o which_o be_v the_o cropp_n to_o b_o which_o shall_v be_v the_o centre_n of_o that_o body_n and_o after_o that_o rise_n to_o c_o or_o if_o it_o shall_v continue_v its_o declination_n through_o b_o to_z d_o which_o be_v antipode_n to_o we_o i_o shall_v not_o offer_v to_o determine_v in_o a_o matter_n wherein_o there_o can_v be_v so_o little_a certainty_n attain_v but_o shall_v give_v my_o opinion_n which_o be_v found_v upon_o the_o experience_n i_o have_v have_v and_o observation_n i_o have_v have_v occasion_n to_o make_v on_o that_o head_n and_o first_o i_o find_v in_o all_o these_o coal_n wherein_o no_o contrary_a cropp_n or_o rising_n can_v be_v visible_a there_o be_v invincible_a obstruction_n as_o either_o they_o have_v be_v near_o the_o sea_n and_o have_v dip_v that_o way_n and_o so_o if_o they_o take_v any_o contrary_a course_n the_o crop_v behove_v to_o be_v in_o the_o deep_n and_o so_o no_o access_n to_o trace_v they_o or_o next_o they_o have_v dip_v towards_o the_o foot_n of_o a_o mountain_n and_o so_o the_o ground_n above_o rise_v the_o same_o way_n which_o they_o decline_v their_o course_n can_v not_o be_v pursue_v till_o a_o contrary_a rise_n shall_v be_v discern_v or_o three_o they_o have_v encounter_v some_o gay_a or_o dyke_n which_o have_v cut_v they_o off_o before_o they_o come_v to_o their_o full_a dipp_n and_o thus_o their_o course_n be_v obstruct_v now_o those_o that_o have_v be_v acquaint_v with_o no_o other_o coal_n but_o such_o i_o think_v it_o not_o strange_a if_o it_o be_v hard_a to_o persuade_v they_o of_o those_o thing_n they_o have_v not_o see_v but_o beside_o all_o those_o kind_n i_o have_v see_v other_o who_o contrary_a rise_n and_o dip_v have_v either_o be_v visible_a to_o the_o eye_n or_o demonstrable_a by_o reason_n for_o example_n i_o have_v enter_v under_o ground_n as_o it_o be_v at_o the_o point_n c_o at_o the_o very_a grass-cropp_n and_o have_v go_v follow_v the_o dipp_n of_o that_o coal_n to_o the_o point_n b_o at_o which_o the_o course_n have_v alter_v and_o carry_v i_o out_o at_o the_o grass_n at_o a_o which_o be_v two_o contrary_a point_n of_o the_o compass_n and_o that_o alteration_n of_o course_n be_v not_o occasion_v by_o any_o gay_a or_o trouble_v which_o sometime_o have_v that_o effect_n the_o ground_n be_v very_o clean_o and_o good_a metal_n keep_v their_o course_n most_o regular_o there_o be_v other_o instance_n for_o confirm_v my_o experience_n in_o field_n which_o be_v so_o large_a that_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o work_v the_o coal_n so_o far_o to_o the_o dipp_n it_o fall_v deep_a and_o so_o want_v level_n for_o convey_v water_n from_o it_o or_o want_v air_n for_o follow_v it_o to_o such_o a_o deepness_n as_o to_o overtake_v its_o centre_n where_o it_o take_v a_o contrary_a course_n and_o yet_o the_o contrary_a cropp_n have_v be_v wrought_v in_o several_a place_n which_o be_v evident_a to_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o same_o body_n with_o the_o other_o both_o by_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o coal_n itself_o by_o the_o metal_n lie_v above_o it_o and_o the_o coal_n below_o it_o all_o which_o keep_v the_o same_o course_n except_o when_o they_o encounter_v trouble_n which_o be_v incident_a to_o some_o parcel_n of_o ground_n more_o than_o to_o other_o the_o great_a field_n i_o know_v wherein_o this_o be_v conspicuous_a be_v in_o mid-lothian_a where_o be_v to_o be_v find_v the_o crop_n of_o a_o coal_n of_o a_o considerable_a thickness_n which_o be_v term_v their_o great-seam_n or_o main-coal_n and_o the_o other_o coal_n lie_v below_o it_o which_o may_v be_v trace_v in_o the_o order_n follow_v at_o prestongrange_n these_o coal_n be_v find_v dip_v to_o the_o n_o w_o and_o rise_v to_o the_o saint_n e_o which_o have_v be_v wrought_v up_o to_o wallifooâ—d_v from_o that_o along_o by_o the_o foot_n of_o faâ—side_n hill_n the_o dipp_n lie_v in_o the_o land_n of_o inneresk_n which_o march_v therewith_o on_o the_o north._n from_o thence_o it_o run_v through_o the_o ground_n of_o carberry_n every_o one_o of_o these_o ground_n from_o prestongrange_n give_v level_n to_o another_o from_o thence_o through_o a_o part_n of_o the_o land_n of_o smeaton_n and_o next_o through_o a_o piece_n of_o ground_n belong_v to_o the_o family_n of_o buccleugh_n call_v coudon_n and_o through_o west-house_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o earl_n of_o lothian_n and_o at_o cockpen_n and_o stobhill_n from_o thence_o run_v through_o to_o carington-mill_n all_o which_o be_v a_o course_n which_o in_o streek_n lie_v near_o to_o s_o w_n and_o n_o w_o and_o will_v be_v in_o length_n about_o eight_o mile_n from_o thence_o the_o course_n of_o the_o coal_n turn_v and_o be_v find_v in_o the_o barony_n of_o carington_n white-hill_n ramsay_n gilmerton_n and_o from_o thence_o take_v its_o dipp_n quite_o contrary_a to_o what_o it_o have_v before_o the_o other_o dip_v n_o and_o n_o w_n or_o n_o e_z according_a to_o the_o turn_n of_o the_o streek_a it_o dipp_v there_o s_o s_o e_o etc._n etc._n and_o from_o gilmerton_n it_o be_v find_v at_o burntstone_n a_o piece_n of_o ground_n belong_v to_o the_o earl_n of_o lauderdale_n and_o from_o thence_o at_o the_o magdalen_n pan_n where_o the_o turn_n of_o the_o crop_n be_v within_o the_o sea_n be_v not_o see_v till_o it_o be_v find_v at_o prestongrange_n where_o we_o begin_v to_o remark_n its_o course_n the_o parcel_n of_o ground_n under_o which_o this_o great_a body_n of_o coal_n lie_v be_v of_o a_o considerable_a extent_n it_o be_v eight_o mile_n in_o length_n and_o five_o or_o six_o in_o breadth_n in_o regard_n whereof_o many_o other_o coal_n be_v find_v lie_v above_o the_o great_a coal_n the_o crop_n whereof_o do_v not_o come_v near_o the_o cropp_n of_o it_o by_o a_o considerable_a distance_n though_o this_o instance_n alone_o may_v sufficient_o convince_v yet_o i_o shall_v not_o be_v unwilling_a to_o give_v another_o the_o parcel_n of_o ground_n in_o which_o this_o coal_n be_v find_v be_v not_o of_o so_o great_a a_o extent_n as_o the_o other_o and_o therefore_o its_o course_n may_v be_v the_o more_o easy_o trace_v for_o the_o great_a part_n it_o belong_v to_o the_o earl_n of_o winton_n and_o lie_v within_o the_o lordship_n of_o tranent_n who_o contrary_a crop_n be_v most_o conspicuous_a this_o great_a coal_n which_o be_v 10_o or_o 12_o foot_n thick_a beginning_n at_o the_o head_n of_o the_o toun_n of_o tranent_n where_o it_o have_v be_v wrought_v run_v saint_n w_n towards_o the_o march_n of_o the_o land_n of_o elphingston_n belong_v to_o the_o lord_n register_n and_o continue_v in_o that_o same_o course_n till_o it_o come_v near_o to_o the_o house_n and_o for_o the_o most_o part_n dip_v to_o the_o s_o e._n
other_o for_o it_o be_v a_o certain_a and_o infallible_a rule_n in_o the_o hydrostaticks_n that_o water_n will_v rise_v as_o high_a in_o this_o place_n as_o the_o height_n of_o the_o place_n be_v from_o whence_o it_o come_v even_o though_o the_o wind_n and_o turn_n of_o the_o lead-conduit_n underground_o be_v as_o a_o labyrinth_n and_o though_o this_o place_n be_v not_o only_o 1000_o but_o 5000_o pace_n distant_a from_o the_o other_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o if_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o conduit_n here_o be_v exact_o as_o high_a as_o the_o other_o end_n at_o the_o fountain_n the_o water_n stand_v still_o and_o the_o great_a the_o difference_n be_v the_o water_n flow_v out_o with_o the_o great_a force_n by_o the_o help_n of_o such_o conduit_n it_o be_v easy_a to_o convey_v water_n to_o a_o city_n many_o mile_n such_o pipe_n be_v ordinary_o make_v of_o lead_n but_o for_o save_v expense_n they_o may_v be_v make_v of_o timber_n or_o clay_n well_o burn_v in_o a_o oven_n a_o account_n of_o miscellany_n observation_n late_o make_v by_o the_o author_n of_o the_o forego_n experiment_n observation_n i._n in_o may_n 1669_o there_o be_v need_n of_o a_o new_a sink_n on_o the_o east_n side_n of_o tranent_n for_o win_v of_o coal_n but_o while_o the_o coal-hewers_a be_v in_o dig_v down_o and_o have_v come_v the_o deepness_n of_o 13_o or_o 14_o fathom_n they_o be_v stop_v from_o work_v by_o damp_n or_o ill_a air_n that_o flow_v out_o plentiful_o from_o the_o side_n of_o the_o sink_n wherein_o there_o be_v a_o great_a number_n of_o cutter_n or_o rift_n out_o of_o which_o that_o ill_a air_n come_v to_o try_v the_o nature_n and_o power_n of_o damp_n i_o take_v a_o dog_n and_o fasten_v he_o in_o a_o bucket_n with_o a_o small_a roap_n that_o he_o may_v not_o leap_v over_o and_o when_o he_o have_v go_v down_o 7_o or_o 8_o fathom_n he_o present_o begin_v to_o howl_v and_o cry_v pitiful_o as_o if_o he_o have_v be_v beat_v sore_o with_o a_o rod_n and_o a_o little_a after_o he_o begin_v to_o stagger_v and_o his_o foot_n fail_v he_o he_o fall_v down_o as_o one_o overtake_v with_o the_o epilepsy_n and_o in_o go_v down_o to_o the_o bottom_n his_o eye_n turn_v in_o his_o head_n they_o appear_v very_o shine_v and_o clear_a like_o two_o large_a bright_a diamond_n fear_v that_o the_o damp_n shall_v have_v kill_v he_o out_o of_o hand_n he_o be_v instant_o pull_v up_o from_o the_o bottom_n where_o he_o have_v not_o tarry_v 15_o second_n of_o time_n and_o when_o the_o bucket_n have_v come_v to_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o sink_n he_o be_v pull_v out_o and_o lay_v upon_o the_o ground_n to_o get_v fresh_a air._n when_o he_o have_v lie_v a_o while_n as_o dead_a he_o begin_v at_o last_o to_o gape_v and_o gasp_n and_o makesome_a respiration_n as_o if_o he_o have_v be_v rather_o expire_a than_o recover_v next_o he_o begin_v to_o stir_v and_o move_v his_o foot_n and_o after_o to_o raise_v himself_o upon_o his_o knee_n his_o head_n stagger_v and_o waver_v from_o side_n to_o side_n after_o a_o minute_n or_o two_o he_o be_v able_a to_o stand_v upon_o his_o foot_n but_o so_o weak_o that_o he_o be_v not_o in_o capacity_n to_o walk_v or_o run_v yet_o at_o last_o be_v much_o refresh_v he_o escape_v from_o we_o and_o run_v home_o but_o slow_o in_o the_o afternoon_n the_o same_o experiment_n be_v repeat_v with_o another_o dog_n who_o case_n be_v the_o same_o in_o all_o thing_n but_o after_o he_o be_v perfect_o recover_v for_o a_o further_a trial_n we_o let_v he_o down_o the_o second_o time_n and_o suffer_v he_o to_o tarry_v in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sink_n about_o the_o space_n of_o three_o minute_n but_o when_o he_o be_v pull_v up_o and_o take_v out_o we_o find_v no_o symptom_n of_o life_n in_o he_o and_o so_o after_o half_a a_o hour_n and_o more_o his_o body_n begin_v to_o swell_v which_o ordinary_o befall_v such_o who_o be_v kill_v after_o this_o manner_n after_o this_o we_o send_v down_o in_o the_o bucket_n a_o little_a chicken_n which_o when_o it_o come_v near_o the_o damp_n present_o flap_v with_o the_o wing_n and_o fall_v down_o turn_v over_o and_o over_o for_o a_o pretty_a while_n as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v take_v with_o a_o vertigo_n or_o giddiness_n but_o by_o draw_v up_o the_o bucket_n in_o haste_n and_o bring_v the_o bird_n to_o the_o fresh_a air_n it_o recover_v in_o the_o evening_n we_o let_v down_o a_o light_a candle_n but_o it_o be_v soon_o extinguish_v when_o it_o come_v near_o mid-sink_a for_o here_o rather_o than_o in_o the_o bottom_n be_v the_o strong_a damp._n last_o we_o let_v down_o by_o a_o chord_n a_o brand-iron_n with_o burn_a coal_n who_o flame_n be_v soon_o put_v out_o and_o after_o a_o little_a while_n we_o perceive_v the_o red_a coal_n to_o be_v extinguish_v by_o degree_n yet_o not_o total_o because_o as_o the_o coal-hewers_a observe_v the_o power_n of_o the_o damp_n be_v not_o so_o strong_a as_o before_o these_o damp_n than_o have_v their_o ebbing_n and_o flow_n which_o seem_v to_o depend_v upon_o the_o weather_n or_o rather_o upon_o the_o situation_n of_o the_o wind_n and_o their_o force_n for_o it_o be_v observe_v that_o a_o high_a south-west_n wind_n cause_v ill_a air_n in_o this_o place_n and_o that_o by_o reason_n of_o much_o waste_a ground_n that_o lie_v upon_o the_o south_n and_o south-west_n hand_n of_o this_o sink_v whence_o be_v convey_v under_o ground_n by_o secret_a passage_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o so_o many_o rift_n and_o open_n common_o call_v by_o the_o coal-hewers_a cutter_n corrupt_v and_o rot_a air_n full_a of_o sulphurous_a stem_n the_o reason_n why_o these_o passage_n be_v open_a and_o replenish_v with_o nothing_o but_o corrupt_a air_n be_v this_o the_o water_n that_o be_v ordinary_o call_v the_o blood_n of_o the_o coal_n be_v withdraw_v with_o subterraneous_a gutter_n common_o call_v level_n that_o be_v dig_v and_o wrought_v under_o ground_n sometime_o a_o very_a long_a way_n for_o dry_v of_o the_o mine_n and_o the_o vein_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v now_o empty_a there_o succeed_v air_n which_o air_n by_o process_n of_o time_n and_o long_o stand_v rot_v and_o contract_v a_o sulphurous_a quality_n which_o cause_v sudden_a death_n now_o when_o the_o wind_n be_v high_a and_o strong_a from_o the_o south_n or_o south-west_n that_o sulphurous_a air_n be_v drive_v through_o the_o ground_n and_o come_v to_o sink_n and_o mine_n where_o man_n be_v work_v present_o infect_v the_o place_n and_o hinder_v the_o work_n it_o be_v often_o observe_v that_o the_o wind_n and_o air_n under_o ground_n keep_v a_o correspondence_n in_o their_o motion_n with_o the_o wind_n above_o ground_n and_o therefore_o when_o the_o wind_n be_v in_o such_o a_o point_n above_o it_o be_v find_v that_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o air_n below_o run_v such_o a_o way_n and_o the_o contrary_a way_n when_o the_o wind_n above_o ground_n be_v in_o the_o opposite_a point_n when_o there_o be_v a_o free_a passage_n between_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o two_o sink_n you_o may_v observe_v the_o wind_n come_v down_o through_o the_o one_o and_o run_v alongst_o under_o the_o ground_n rise_v up_o through_o the_o other_o even_o as_o water_n run_v through_o a_o siphon_n for_o this_o cause_n when_o the_o coal-hewers_a have_v do_v with_o such_o a_o sink_v they_o do_v not_o use_v to_o stop_v it_o or_o close_v it_o up_o but_o leave_v it_o stand_v open_a that_o the_o air_n under_o ground_n may_v be_v keep_v under_o a_o perpetual_a motion_n and_o stir_v which_o to_o they_o be_v a_o great_a advantage_n it_o be_v very_o strange_a to_o see_v sometime_o how_o much_o air_n and_o how_o fresh_a it_o will_v be_v even_o at_o a_o very_a great_a distance_n namely_o four_o or_o five_o hundred_o pace_n from_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o sink_v this_o can_v never_o be_v unless_o there_o be_v a_o considerable_a pressure_n and_o weight_n in_o it_o whereby_o it_o be_v drive_v forward_o through_o so_o many_o labyrinth_n and_o even_o in_o the_o utmost_a room_n where_o the_o coal-hewers_a be_v work_v the_o pressure_n be_v as_o great_a as_o it_o be_v above_o ground_n which_o be_v find_v by_o the_o torricellian_a experiment_n in_o such_o a_o case_n the_o air_n can_v press_v down_o through_o the_o earth_n and_o metal_n therefore_o the_o mercury_n must_v be_v suspend_v not_o by_o a_o pillar_n from_o the_o atmosphere_n but_o by_o the_o bensil_n of_o it_o nay_o put_v the_o case_n that_o the_o whole_a element_n of_o air_n be_v destroy_v and_o this_o remain_v yet_o will_v it_o be_v able_a to_o support_v 29_o inch_n to_o shut_v up_o this_o discourse_n it_o be_v observe_v by_o the_o coal-hewers_a that_o when_o there_o be_v ill_a air_n in_o a_o
that_o scarce_o any_o be_v find_v without_o they_o in_o lesser_a or_o great_a degree_n such_o be_v gae_n and_o dykes_n that_o alter_v the_o natural_a course_n of_o the_o metal_n very_o incident_a to_o every_o coal_n though_o in_o some_o less_o frequent_a conform_v to_o the_o nature_n and_o kind_n of_o the_o ground_n where_o the_o coal_n be_v three_o i_o shall_v speak_v something_o of_o damp_n and_o of_o their_o different_a cause_n and_o effect_n of_o wildfire_n and_o other_o such_o like_a thing_n which_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o work_n of_o coal_n and_o last_o of_o the_o best_a way_n for_o try_v ground_n to_o find_v coal_n where_o never_o any_o have_v be_v hitherto_o discover_v of_o carry_v on_o of_o level_n for_o drain_n the_o water_n of_o coal_n and_o make_v it_o workable_a it_o be_v to_o be_v cosider_v that_o all_o freestone_n though_o of_o different_a nature_n have_v the_o same_o course_n with_o the_o coal_n that_o lie_v either_o above_o they_o or_o below_o they_o except_o it_o be_v accidental_o interrupt_v therefore_o whatsoever_o be_v speak_v of_o the_o one_o be_v applicable_a to_o the_o other_o and_o so_o we_o find_v in_o digging_z or_o sink_v that_o after_o the_o clay_n be_v past_a which_o keep_v no_o course_n all_o metal_n as_o stone_n and_o till_v which_o be_v seem_v of_o black_a stone_n and_o participate_v much_o of_o the_o nature_n of_o coal_n lie_v one_o above_o another_o and_o keep_v a_o regular_a course_n wherein_o the_o three_o thing_n most_o remarkable_a be_v their_o dipp_n and_o rise_v and_o their_o streek_n as_o it_o be_v term_v the_o dipp_n and_o rise_v be_v nothing_o but_o a_o decline_a of_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o metal_n and_o this_o general_a hold_n that_o all_o of_o they_o from_o their_o centre_n rise_v till_o they_o be_v at_o the_o very_a surface_n of_o the_o earth_n some_o only_a at_o a_o foot_n or_o two_o foot_n some_o at_o a_o ell_n distance_n from_o the_o surface_n which_o be_v here_o term_v a_o crop_n and_o whether_o coal_n or_o stone_n the_o near_o they_o come_v to_o the_o surface_n the_o soft_a they_o become_v till_o at_o last_o they_o be_v convert_v if_o it_o be_v a_o stone_n to_o a_o very_a sand_n and_o if_o coal_n to_o a_o dross_n which_o will_v not_o burn_v this_o decline_a or_o dip_v of_o the_o coal_n be_v sometime_o great_a and_o sensible_a sometime_o lesser_a and_o almost_o insensible_a there_o be_v some_o that_o if_o you_o consider_v the_o declination_n it_o will_v not_o be_v find_v one_o foot_n in_o ten_o some_o one_o foot_n in_o twenty_o or_o one_o in_o thirty_o whereas_o in_o other_o it_o will_v be_v one_o foot_n in_o three_o or_o one_o in_o five_o and_o sometime_o it_o have_v its_o course_n from_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n almost_o in_o a_o perpendicular_a to_o the_o surface_n it_o cut_v it_o near_o to_o a_o right_a angle_n the_o first_o sort_n they_o term_v flate-broad-coal_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o plainness_n and_o evenness_n of_o its_o course_n the_o next_o they_o call_v hinging-coal_n the_o last_o be_v call_v edge-coal_n the_o first_o be_v the_o most_o profitable_a in_o regard_n that_o it_o be_v long_o before_o the_o coal-hewers_a can_v reach_v the_o cropp_n and_o consequent_o the_o more_o of_o it_o be_v workable_a the_o second_o and_o three_o sort_n be_v sometime_o of_o their_o own_o nature_n more_o firm_a and_o fit_a for_o burn_v but_o less_o of_o they_o can_v be_v reach_v in_o work_v the_o course_n of_o all_o the_o three_o be_v most_o perceptible_a in_o the_o three_o follow_a schematism_n figure_n 1._o in_o all_o the_o three_o figure_n the_o point_n b_o be_v the_o cropp_n of_o the_o coal_n the_o line_n b_o c_o be_v the_o body_n of_o the_o coal_n decline_v or_o the_o dipp_n from_o the_o cropp_n a_o c_o be_v the_o perpendicular_a fall_v from_o the_o horizontal_n line_n whereby_o the_o true_a declination_n or_o dipp_n of_o the_o coal_n be_v find_v so_o that_o after_o you_o have_v find_v your_o coal_n at_o b_o you_o must_v set_v down_o your_o sink_n at_o the_o point_n a._n in_o the_o flat-broad-coal_n which_o we_o suppose_v only_o to_o decline_v three_o fathom_n in_o sixty_o the_o sink_v that_o answer_v to_o the_o perpendicular_a a_o c_o will_v be_v of_o deepness_n three_o fathom_n if_o the_o distance_n b_o a_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v 120_o fathom_n alongst_o the_o grass_n or_o surface_n then_o will_v the_o deepness_n of_o the_o sink_v be_v six_o fathom_n and_o so_o forth_o in_o the_o second_o if_o the_o coal_n be_v suppose_v to_o decline_v one_o fathom_n in_o three_o the_o sink_v a_o c_o be_v set_v down_o at_o the_o same_o distance_n from_o the_o cropp_n b_o with_o the_o former_a it_o will_v prove_v thirty_o fathom_n deep_a if_o the_o say_a distance_n be_v double_v it_o become_v sixty_o fathom_n deep_a and_o so_o forth_o in_o the_o three_o keep_v that_o same_o distance_n alongst_o the_o surface_n you_o shall_v not_o encounter_v the_o coal_n with_o a_o perpendicular_a sink_n because_o of_o its_o great_a declination_n and_o therefore_o through_o want_n of_o air_n and_o other_o difficulty_n you_o can_v dig_v so_o deep_a as_o be_v necessary_a to_o that_o effect_n except_o the_o sink_n shall_v be_v make_v to_o decline_v as_o do_v the_o line_n a_o d._n all_o these_o dipp_n be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o several_a place_n of_o lothian_n the_o first_o be_v most_o conspicuous_a in_o the_o earl_n of_o wintons_n ground_n at_o tranent_n where_o the_o coal_n and_o other_o metal_n be_v extraordinary_a flat_a and_o even_o the_o second_o be_v within_o the_o say_a lordship_n of_o tranent_n in_o a_o piece_n of_o ground_n call_v wester-fauside_a the_o three_o in_o lonhead_n of_o lasway_v which_o pertain_v to_o sir_n john_n nicolson_n of_o nicolson_n and_o in_o many_o other_o place_n one_o may_v see_v very_o different_a declination_n who_o be_v curious_a to_o observe_v they_o from_o this_o general_a position_n of_o the_o dipp_n and_o cropp_n of_o all_o free_a metal_n there_o be_v one_o consequent_a which_o be_v no_o uncouth_a observation_n namely_o that_o these_o metal_n rise_v from_o their_o dipp_n to_o a_o cropp_n every_o one_o of_o they_o rise_v in_o their_o proper_a course_n if_o none_o of_o these_o thing_n whereof_o we_o shall_v treat_v hereafter_o intervene_v and_o make_v a_o alteration_n that_o be_v the_o coal_n or_o stone_n which_o be_v low_a come_v farre_v out_o in_o its_o crop_n which_o be_v easy_o understand_v by_o the_o subsequent_a schematism_n figure_n 4._o wherein_o the_o line_n a_o m_o represent_v the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n c_o d._n e_o f._n g_z h._n ay_o k._n l_o m_o be_v so_o many_o several_a metal_n lie_v in_o course_n one_o above_o another_o suppose_v c_o d_o be_v a_o stone_n and_o the_o roof_n of_o the_o coal_n e_o f_o for_o so_o they_o term_v the_o stone_n immediate_o next_o above_o the_o coal_n and_o g_o h_n i_o k_o be_v other_o two_o stone_n interveen_v between_o the_o coal_n e_o f_o and_o l_o m_o then_z if_o the_o cropp_n of_o the_o uppermost_a coal_n be_v find_v at_o f_o the_o crop_n of_o the_o stone_n above_o it_o must_v be_v find_v back_o at_o the_o point_n d_o and_o the_o cropp_n of_o the_o coal_n under_o it_o which_o be_v l_o m_o must_v be_v find_v at_o m._n and_o this_o distance_n of_o cropp_n be_v proportion_v by_o the_o length_n of_o the_o perpendicular_a between_o they_o and_o the_o quantity_n of_o their_o declination_n for_o the_o more_o even_a and_o flat_a a_o coal_n be_v in_o its_o course_n and_o other_o metal_n above_o and_o below_o the_o far_a do_v the_o cropp_n of_o the_o low_a coal_n advance_v before_o the_o cropp_n of_o the_o uppermost_a for_o illustration_n whereof_o let_v we_o suppose_v in_o two_o several_a ground_n two_o coal_n between_o which_o there_o be_v a_o equal_a distance_n of_o perpendicular_a and_o suppose_v the_o metal_n in_o the_o one_o ground_n to_o decline_v at_o 13_o to_o 24_o the_o other_o at_o 13_o to_o 16_o then_o will_v the_o distance_n between_o the_o crop_n in_o the_o two_o ground_n be_v very_o considerable_a as_o may_v be_v represent_v by_o the_o two_o follow_a figure_n figure_n 5._o suppose_v then_o that_z d_o ay_o be_v of_o equal_a length_n in_o both_o triangle_n which_o be_v the_o perpendicular_a between_o the_o two_o coal_n yet_o d_o f_o in_o the_o five_o figure_n be_v much_o long_o than_o d_o f_o in_o the_o 6._o and_o the_o reason_n be_v evident_a because_o the_o angle_n d_o i_o f_o in_o the_o 5_o be_v great_a than_o the_o angle_n d_o i_o f_o in_o the_o 6_o and_o therefore_o the_o base_a d_o f_o which_o be_v subtend_v by_o the_o great_a angle_n in_o the_o 5_o must_v be_v great_a than_o the_o base_a d_o f_o which_o be_v subtend_v by_o the_o lesser_a angle_n in_o the_o 6_o which_o euclid_n prove_v in_o his_o
a_o coal_n have_v be_v cut_v off_o by_o a_o gay_a haply_o there_o be_v another_o coal_n under_o it_o 12_o fathom_n after_o the_o gay_a have_v be_v pierce_v and_o the_o lose_a coal_n not_o come_v near_o to_o it_o in_o the_o other_o side_n that_o have_v be_v find_v there_o by_o which_o it_o be_v certain_o conclude_v that_o the_o uppermost_a coal_n behove_v to_o be_v there_o also_o though_o a_o little_a back_n conform_v to_o its_o course_n but_o if_o the_o metal_n or_o coal_n under_o the_o lose_a coal_n have_v not_o be_v know_v than_o you_o be_v to_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o dipp_n and_o rise_v of_o these_o metal_n you_o find_v on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o gay_a which_o you_o have_v pierce_v and_o make_v that_o your_o rule_n range_v back_o over_o the_o metal_n conform_v to_o the_o direction_n to_o be_v give_v afterward_o and_o you_o shall_v find_v the_o cropp_n of_o the_o coal_n you_o want_v and_o after_o which_o you_o be_v inquire_v where_o the_o coal_n be_v not_o quite_o cut_v off_o by_o the_o gay_a but_o have_v its_o course_n only_o alter_v you_o be_v to_o consider_v in_o search_v for_o it_o before_o you_o pierce_v your_o gay_a that_o which_o the_o coal-hewers_a term_n the_o vise_n or_o some_o of_o they_o the_o weyse_fw-mi of_o the_o gay_a which_o in_o effect_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o dark_a vestige_n of_o the_o dipp_n or_o rise_v that_o the_o body_n which_o now_o constitute_v the_o gay_a shall_v have_v have_v natural_o if_o it_o have_v be_v perfect_v which_o when_o it_o tend_v downward_o then_o must_v the_o gay_a be_v put_v over_o that_o way_n and_o in_o the_o other_o side_n shall_v the_o coal_n be_v find_v and_o down_o as_o they_o term_v it_o that_o be_v the_o dipp_n which_o it_o have_v natural_o augment_v and_o if_o the_o vise_n be_v up_o the_o same_o way_n must_v be_v take_v for_o pierce_v the_o gay_a and_o the_o coal_n will_v be_v find_v up_o that_o be_v its_z rise_v augment_v but_o these_o thing_n can_v be_v make_v so_o intelligible_a as_o by_o see_v there_o be_v many_o thing_n in_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o course_n of_o metal_n very_o curious_a and_o worthy_a of_o observation_n as_o when_o a_o coal_n be_v cast_v down_o out_o of_o its_o natural_a course_n by_o a_o gay_a and_o so_o make_v sometime_o under-level_a it_o rise_v as_o much_o to_o another_o hand_n and_o the_o crop_n go_v so_o much_o far_a out_o which_o still_o make_v the_o level_n useful_a the_o use_n whereof_o will_v have_v be_v judge_v lose_v by_o the_o down-casting_a sometime_o a_o coal_n make_v to_o have_v four_o contrary_a course_n as_o be_v evident_a from_o the_o eight_o figure_n where_o there_o be_v a_o gay_a at_o e_z make_v it_o take_v such_o another_o course_n in_o stead_n of_o come_v out_o to_o the_o grass_n sometime_o before_o the_o metal_n overtake_v the_o gay_a they_o be_v make_v to_o lie_v like_o a_o bow_n one_o instance_n whereof_o be_v visible_a above_o ground_n in_o some_o metal_n lie_v between_o bruntiland_n and_o kinghorn_n at_o a_o place_n call_v the_o miln-stone_n where_o there_o be_v a_o small_a coal_n with_o freestone_n above_o it_o all_o dip_v to_o the_o saint_n e_o and_o rise_v to_o the_o n_o w._n upon_o the_o rise_v they_o meet_v with_o a_o gay_n which_o be_v a_o great_a whin-rock_n in_o their_o course_n to_o the_o grass_n before_o they_o touch_v the_o say_a rock_n they_o take_v a_o contrary_a course_n and_o dipp_n into_o it_o and_o be_v there_o quite_o cut_v off_o the_o manner_n whereof_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o this_o ten_o figure_n follow_v figure_n 10._o where_o a_o b_o be_v the_o rock_n e_o f_o the_o coal_n c_o d_o the_o freestone_n now_o whereas_o they_o shall_v have_v rise_v towards_o a_o they_o turn_v at_o d_o and_o dipp_n into_o the_o rock_n which_o any_o may_v observe_v in_o pass_v that_o way_n many_o other_o such_o motion_n be_v observable_a which_o i_o pass_v and_o leave_v they_o to_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o curious_a the_o three_o thing_n i_o promise_v to_o speak_v of_o be_v of_o damp_n and_o as_o they_o be_v term_v by_o the_o coal-hewers_a ill_a air._n these_o do_v deserve_v a_o more_o accurate_a inquiry_n into_o their_o kind_n their_o cause_n and_o effect_n then_o i_o be_o capable_a to_o make_v there_o be_v many_o thing_n in_o they_o very_o considerable_a and_o worthy_a of_o a_o narrow_a search_n therefore_o follow_v the_o course_n i_o have_v hitherto_o observe_v i_o shall_v show_v my_o own_o observation_n thereof_o and_o leave_v the_o more_o curious_a search_n to_o the_o spirit_n fit_v for_o that_o purpose_n this_o damp_n than_o make_v a_o obstruction_n of_o respiration_n in_o man_n or_o other_o live_a creature_n in_o subterraneous_a space_n as_o cave_n coal-room_n level_n sink_n and_o such_o like_a which_o obstruction_n proceed_v principal_o from_o two_o cause_n both_o which_o go_v under_o the_o name_n of_o ill_a air_n among_o the_o vulgar_a the_o first_o be_v the_o corruption_n or_o putrefaction_n of_o the_o air_n whereof_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n one_o be_v in_o place_n where_o have_v be_v fire_n kindle_v which_o burn_v the_o coal_n under_o ground_n the_o smoke_n whereof_o be_v full_a of_o sulphur_n and_o other_o bituminous_a matter_n and_o not_o have_v free_a passage_n to_o come_v above_o ground_n fill_v all_o the_o waste_a room_n under_o ground_n and_o infect_v the_o air_n so_o that_o the_o smell_n of_o it_o even_o at_o a_o distance_n be_v intolerable_a and_o among_o it_o no_o live_a creature_n be_v able_a to_o breath_n of_o this_o there_o be_v example_n in_o dysert_n in_o fife_n and_o fauside_o in_o eastâ—lothian_n this_o be_v kindle_v on_o design_n by_o a_o fellow_n who_o for_o his_o pain_n be_v hang_v in_o the_o place_n and_o have_v burn_v these_o 50_o year_n and_o more_o the_o fire_n whereof_o be_v sometime_o see_v near_o the_o grass_n with_o abundance_n of_o smoke_n as_o it_o run_v from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o the_o second_o where_o the_o air_n be_v corrupt_v without_o the_o mixture_n of_o smoke_n or_o any_o other_o gross_a corrupt_a body_n which_o be_v the_o most_o considerable_a of_o all_o damp_n and_o have_v the_o strange_a effect_n in_o kill_a animal_n in_o a_o instant_n and_o so_o have_v be_v always_o most_o prejudicial_a in_o the_o work_n where_o it_o be_v find_v many_o person_n have_v thereby_o lose_v their_o life_n without_o access_n to_o cry_v but_o once_o god_n mercy_n to_o some_o instance_n whereof_o i_o have_v be_v witness_n i_o shall_v not_o offer_v to_o determine_v about_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o damp_n but_o shall_v give_v a_o account_n of_o something_n i_o have_v observe_v about_o it_o which_o when_o due_o ponder_v may_v haply_o lay_v a_o foundation_n at_o least_o of_o a_o probable_a conjecture_n whence_o it_o may_v proceed_v this_o kind_n of_o damp_n then_o and_o ill_a air_n be_v never_o find_v in_o coal_n or_o other_o metal_n where_o there_o be_v water_n to_o be_v find_v i_o mean_v whence_o the_o water_n have_v not_o be_v draw_v away_o by_o a_o level_n or_o aquaduct_a as_o in_o coal_n where_o there_o be_v a_o necessity_n to_o lave_v the_o water_n from_o place_n to_o place_n or_o to_o pump_v it_o along_o the_o ascent_n or_o rise_v of_o the_o coal_n to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sink_v from_o which_o it_o be_v draw_v out_o above_o ground_n this_o ill_a â—ir_n be_v not_o â—ound_v nor_o be_v find_v frequent_o if_o at_o all_o in_o these_o coal_n where_o the_o water_n be_v draw_v from_o the_o coal_n by_o a_o level_n or_o aquaduct_a under_o ground_n till_o it_o come_v of_o its_o own_o accord_n to_o the_o bottom_n of_o a_o sink_v which_o be_v in_o place_n of_o a_o cistern_n out_o of_o which_o it_o be_v force_v also_o above_o ground_n and_o differ_v only_o from_o the_o other_o that_o the_o water_n run_v here_o of_o its_o own_o accord_n by_o a_o descent_n to_o the_o sink_v which_o be_v term_v a_o draw_v sink_v in_o the_o other_o it_o must_v be_v force_v by_o the_o rise_n of_o the_o coal_n because_o haply_o a_o sink_v upon_o the_o dipp_n will_v be_v of_o such_o a_o deepness_n that_o no_o force_n can_v draw_v it_o up_o in_o a_o perpendicular_a but_o this_o kind_n of_o damp_n be_v find_v ordinary_o in_o these_o coal_n from_o which_o the_o water_n be_v draw_v by_o a_o level_n the_o beginning_n or_o mouth_n whereof_o be_v above_o ground_n and_o carry_v along_o by_o a_o right_a line_n under_o ground_n till_o it_o overtake_v the_o coal_n which_o it_o be_v to_o dry_v so_o that_o the_o water_n which_o come_v from_o the_o coal_n run_v without_o be_v force_v and_o be_v sometime_o so_o considerable_a that_o it_o make_v mill_n go_v without_o any_o other_o addition_n as_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o earl_n of_o wintons_n land_n of_o seton_n
where_o four_o mill_n go_v with_o the_o water_n that_o come_v from_o under_o ground_n out_o of_o the_o coal_n which_o kind_n of_o level_n be_v only_o find_v where_o the_o coal_n lie_v in_o a_o field_n which_o have_v a_o considerable_a rise_n or_o ascent_n above_o ground_n there_o be_v a_o necessity_n to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o other_o two_o way_n speak_v of_o for_o dry_v the_o coal_n when_o the_o field_n in_o which_o it_o lie_v be_v a_o plain_n further_o of_o these_o coal_n which_o be_v dry_v by_o the_o free-level_n for_o so_o they_o term_v the_o level_n that_o run_v unforced_a there_o be_v some_o to_o which_o this_o kind_n of_o damp_n be_v more_o incident_a than_o to_o other_o the_o cause_n of_o which_o difference_n be_v find_v to_o be_v the_o solidity_n and_o clossness_n of_o the_o metal_n whether_o of_o coal_n or_o stone_n wherein_o some_o exceed_v another_o there_o be_v some_o that_o be_v full_a of_o rift_n or_o empty_a space_n i_o mean_v empty_a of_o any_o part_n of_o the_o same_o body_n where_o they_o be_v which_o will_v sometime_o serve_v to_o convey_v a_o considerable_a quantity_n of_o water_n in_o place_n of_o a_o aquaduct_a or_o level_a which_o space_n be_v term_v by_o the_o vulgar_a cutter_n which_o sometimes_o prove_v very_o profitable_a in_o the_o ground_n where_o they_o be_v find_v both_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o use_n they_o serve_v for_o in_o stead_n of_o level_n and_o for_o render_v the_o metal_n wherein_o they_o be_v find_v more_o easy_a to_o work_v in_o make_v they_o yield_v easy_o to_o the_o force_n of_o the_o wedge_n and_o leaver_n other_o metal_n there_o be_v wherein_o few_o of_o these_o cutter_n be_v to_o be_v find_v and_o if_o water_n be_v to_o be_v convey_v through_o they_o there_o be_v a_o necessity_n of_o cut_v a_o passage_n through_o they_o for_o that_o effect_n now_o this_o damp_n whereof_o we_o speak_v be_v find_v most_o frequent_o and_o most_o violent_a in_o the_o first_o sort_n of_o metal_n viz._n in_o these_o which_o be_v full_a of_o cutter_n or_o rift_n which_o give_v some_o ground_n to_o this_o conjecture_n of_o its_o cause_n these_o space_n which_o be_v find_v in_o coal_n or_o other_o metal_n as_o stone_n or_o till_n before_o the_o coal_n begin_v to_o be_v dry_v by_o a_o level_n be_v full_a of_o water_n which_o be_v still_o in_o motion_n as_o be_v all_o subterraneous_a spring_n whereof_o some_o be_v more_o violent_a some_o more_o slow_a conform_v to_o the_o passage_n they_o have_v to_o the_o fountain_n above_o ground_n where_o they_o discharge_v themselves_o now_o for_o dry_v these_o coal_n and_o render_v they_o workable_a there_o be_v a_o necessity_n to_o cut_v a_o passage_n through_o which_o that_o water_n discharge_v itself_o quick_o it_o be_v large_a and_o admit_v a_o great_a quantity_n at_o once_o by_o virtue_n whereof_o a_o great_a field_n be_v drain_v at_o once_o and_o the_o source_n not_o be_v able_a to_o furnish_v so_o much_o water_n as_o the_o conduit_n be_v able_a to_o convey_v these_o space_n in_o the_o body_n of_o the_o metal_n be_v empty_v of_o water_n must_v needs_o be_v fill_v with_o air_n which_o air_n have_v little_a contact_n and_o commerce_n with_o the_o great_a body_n of_o air_n above_o ground_n and_o so_o have_v little_a or_o â—o_o motion_n corrupt_v in_o these_o place_n and_o thereby_o become_v poisonable_a so_o that_o when_o any_o animal_n be_v necessitat_fw-la to_o draw_v it_o and_o respire_v by_o it_o it_o choke_v they_o on_o a_o sudden_a just_a as_o stand_a water_n which_o be_v without_o motion_n corrupt_v and_o become_v poisonable_a though_o haply_o not_o in_o so_o great_a a_o degree_n as_o the_o air_n the_o air_n be_v a_o body_n much_o â—iner_a and_o pure_a than_o water_n that_o hold_v good_a in_o it_o corruptio_fw-la optimi_fw-la pessima_fw-la this_o be_v much_o confirm_v by_o what_o be_v before_o assert_v that_o in_o the_o coal_n whence_o the_o water_n be_v draw_v and_o they_o drain_v but_o not_o by_o free-course_n but_o by_o force_n as_o pump_v and_o draw_v by_o bucket_n these_o damp_n be_v seldom_o or_o never_o find_v because_o the_o passage_n of_o the_o water_n be_v force_v it_o do_v not_o so_o sudden_o dry_v the_o metal_n as_o the_o other_o whereby_o there_o be_v always_o leave_v in_o these_o space_n some_o water_n which_o be_v itself_o in_o motion_n keep_v the_o air_n also_o in_o motion_n with_o it_o and_o thereby_o the_o air_n be_v keep_v from_o corruption_n at_o least_o in_o such_o a_o degree_n as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o other_o hence_o we_o find_v that_o in_o these_o kind_n of_o coal_n the_o room_n underground_o be_v always_o wet_a or_o for_o the_o most_o part_n they_o be_v so_o whereas_o in_o the_o other_o there_o will_v be_v no_o water_n find_v to_o wash_v a_o man_n hand_n and_o sometime_o the_o coal_n through_o want_n of_o water_n become_v so_o dry_a that_o it_o can_v be_v wrought_v in_o great_a piece_n as_o other_o but_o crush_v in_o the_o very_a work_n and_o when_o wrought_v be_v render_v useless_a and_o will_v not_o at_o all_o bourn_n this_o put_v i_o in_o mind_n of_o a_o very_a pleasant_a conception_n of_o a_o worthy_a and_o learned_a person_n doctor_n george_n hepburn_n of_o monk-ridge_n with_o who_o i_o have_v occasion_n one_o day_n to_o discourse_n on_o this_o subject_a he_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o water_n be_v the_o mother_n of_o the_o coal_n whereby_o it_o be_v preserve_v fresh_a and_o incorrupt_v and_o that_o when_o the_o water_n be_v draw_v off_o and_o this_o damp_n follow_v it_o be_v not_o the_o air_n which_o succeed_v in_o place_n of_o the_o water_n and_o be_v corrupt_v for_o want_n of_o motion_n that_o occasion_n it_o but_o as_o we_o see_v when_o the_o corruption_n of_o a_o liquor_n within_o a_o vessel_n when_o the_o mother_n be_v go_v corrupt_v the_o vessel_n itself_o and_o occasion_n a_o ill_a savour_n or_o taste_v in_o the_o vessel_n so_o that_o the_o coal_n be_v corrupt_v by_o the_o want_n of_o its_o mother_n the_o water_n corrupt_v the_o air_n in_o the_o subterraneous_a space_n as_o in_o coal-mine_n sink_n cave_n and_o other_o such_o like_a he_o have_v likewise_o another_o pleasant_a conception_n about_o the_o generation_n of_o coal_n judge_v it_o to_o be_v form_v gradual_o out_o of_o another_o metal_n as_o of_o till_n by_o the_o help_n of_o water_n of_o which_o he_o himself_o may_v perhaps_o give_v a_o account_n and_o though_o i_o be_v not_o of_o his_o opinion_n in_o that_o matter_n yet_o i_o must_v acknowledge_v i_o be_v take_v with_o it_o and_o shall_v be_v glad_a to_o see_v a_o more_o full_a account_n of_o it_o from_o he_o than_o he_o have_v access_n to_o do_v in_o the_o short_a conference_n we_o have_v the_o effect_n of_o this_o damp_n be_v first_o it_o hinder_v the_o burn_a of_o all_o combustible_a matter_n as_o candle_n coal_n pitch_n sulphur_n etc._n etc._n so_o that_o if_o you_o take_v a_o torch_n light_v and_o let_v it_o down_o to_o a_o sink_v where_o the_o ill_a air_n be_v prevalent_a in_o the_o time_n it_o shall_v straightway_o extinguish_v it_o or_o take_v a_o coal_n which_o be_v burn_v and_o let_v it_o down_o it_o shall_v not_o only_o extinguish_v the_o flame_n but_o shall_v make_v the_o coal_n in_o a_o instant_n dead_a and_o as_o cold_a as_o never_o heat_n have_v be_v in_o it_o but_o the_o most_o dangerous_a effect_n be_v its_o kill_v of_o live_a creature_n whereby_o many_o person_n have_v be_v sudden_o kill_v some_o in_o go_v down_o to_o a_o sink_v where_o it_o have_v be_v powerful_a have_v fall_v out_o of_o the_o rope_n and_o perish_v other_o have_v be_v choke_v and_o yet_o have_v get_v out_o by_o the_o help_n of_o other_o in_o a_o sudden_a and_o have_v remain_v a_o considerable_a time_n without_o the_o least_o appearance_n of_o life_n but_o yet_o have_v at_o last_o recover_v yet_o it_o have_v be_v observe_v that_o some_o of_o these_o person_n that_o have_v be_v so_o strike_v with_o the_o damp_n and_o recover_v have_v have_v always_o some_o lightness_n of_o brain_n thereafter_o and_o never_o so_o settle_v as_o former_o this_o i_o know_v to_o have_v happen_v to_o one_o who_o i_o have_v see_v so_o many_o time_n thereafter_o what_o have_v be_v its_o effect_n on_o some_o animal_n whereof_o you_o have_v make_v experiment_n i_o leave_v to_o the_o account_n you_o have_v give_v one_o thing_n i_o shall_v only_o mention_v which_o to_o i_o seem_v somewhat_o strange_a that_o notwithstanding_o these_o damp_n be_v so_o effectual_a and_o cause_v so_o sudden_o the_o death_n of_o animal_n yet_o the_o rat_n which_o be_v in_o some_o of_o these_o place_n where_o the_o damp_n be_v most_o violent_a be_v not_o reach_v by_o they_o for_o sometime_o when_o they_o be_v so_o powerful_a that_o nothing_o that_o life_n can_v enter_v under_o ground_n
without_o sudden_a death_n yet_o they_o continue_v there_o and_o be_v not_o find_v to_o diminish_v even_o where_o they_o have_v no_o access_n to_o escape_v by_o come_v above_o ground_n or_o if_o it_o shall_v be_v imagine_v they_o remove_v to_o some_o other_o place_n of_o the_o ground_n where_o the_o damp_n be_v not_o how_o be_v it_o they_o be_v not_o as_o quick_o choke_v with_o it_o as_o dog_n be_v and_o other_o animal_n which_o at_o the_o first_o encounter_n be_v kill_v if_o it_o be_v inquire_v how_o come_v it_o to_o pass_v that_o in_o these_o field_n of_o coal_n which_o be_v dry_v full_o as_o be_v say_v and_o to_o which_o these_o damp_n be_v incident_a because_o of_o corrupt_a air_n that_o remain_v within_o the_o body_n of_o the_o coal_n or_o other_o metal_n how_o come_v it_o to_o pass_v i_o say_v that_o they_o be_v but_o sometime_o incident_a and_o be_v not_o always_o find_v for_o clear_v this_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o even_o in_o the_o ground_n where_o these_o damp_n be_v most_o frequent_a for_o the_o reason_n abovementioned_a yet_o they_o be_v only_o powerful_a when_o the_o wind_n blow_v from_o such_o a_o certain_a point_n as_o some_o chimney_n that_o do_v only_a smoke_n when_o the_o wind_n be_v in_o such_o a_o airth_n this_o be_v so_o general_o and_o well_o know_v that_o the_o workman_n observe_v it_o and_o when_o they_o find_v the_o wind_n in_o such_o a_o point_n whence_o they_o fear_v the_o damp_n they_o will_v not_o enter_v under_o ground_n till_o trial_n be_v make_v of_o the_o air_n which_o they_o do_v in_o sink_n by_o first_o let_v down_o a_o light_a candle_n or_o some_o burn_a coal_n which_o if_o they_o do_v not_o burn_v than_o there_o be_v no_o access_n to_o enter_v second_o the_o wind_n in_o which_o this_o ill_a air_n be_v most_o noxious_a and_o hurtful_a blow_v from_o that_o point_n where_o the_o field_n of_o coal_n lie_v that_o be_v not_o yet_o wrought_v which_o seem_v somewhat_o strange_a and_o yet_o when_o due_o consider_v it_o will_v appear_v abundant_o consonant_a to_o reason_n a_o example_n of_o this_o be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o coal_n of_o tranent_n and_o elphingston_n the_o streek_a whereof_o go_v to_o the_o rise_n of_o the_o hill_n above_o ground_n from_o n_o e_z to_o saint_n w_n as_o have_v be_v former_o observe_v so_o that_o the_o begin_n of_o their_o level_n be_v at_o the_o n_o e_o point_n of_o the_o streek_a from_o which_o the_o coal_n have_v be_v wrought_v up_o along_o the_o streek_a towards_o the_o saint_n w_n the_o waste_v lie_v all_o towards_o the_o n_o e._n yet_o when_o the_o wind_n blow_v from_o n_o e_o or_o n_o or_o almost_o from_o any_o other_o point_n of_o the_o compass_n they_o be_v not_o trouble_v with_o this_o damp._n but_o if_o it_o blow_v from_o saint_n w_n and_o blow_v hard_a they_o be_v in_o hazard_n to_o encounter_v it_o and_o though_o the_o damp_n be_v not_o always_o find_v when_o that_o wind_n blow_v whereof_o there_o may_v be_v some_o particular_a cause_n yet_o it_o be_v never_o observe_v in_o another_o wind_n whether_o it_o blow_v less_o or_o moâ—e_n the_o reason_n whereof_o may_v probable_o be_v that_o the_o wind_n blow_v from_o other_o point_n as_o from_o n_o or_o n_o e_z have_v more_o access_n to_o enter_v the_o waste_v under_o ground_n and_o move_v the_o air_n that_o be_v in_o they_o towards_o the_o face_n of_o the_o unwrought_a coal_n whence_o be_v suppose_v to_o proceed_v the_o corrupt_a air_n that_o lurk_v in_o the_o rift_n and_o cutter_n thereof_o from_o which_o the_o water_n be_v draw_v away_o and_o occasion_n the_o damp_n now_o this_o air_n be_v move_v by_o the_o force_n of_o the_o wind_n keep_v the_o corrupt_a air_n from_o come_v out_o it_o be_v strong_a than_o the_o other_o whereas_o upon_o the_o contrary_a while_o the_o wind_n blow_v from_o saint_n w_n it_o enter_v the_o empty_a room_n drive_v the_o air_n under_o ground_n from_o the_o face_n of_o the_o unwrought_a coal_n down_o towards_o the_o old_a waste_n which_o have_v their_o course_n from_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o level_n by_o which_o mean_n the_o air_n that_o be_v corrupt_v within_o the_o bowel_n to_o speak_v so_o of_o the_o coal_n come_v out_o to_o the_o waste_v without_o resistance_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o fluid_a body_n as_o water_n and_o air_n incline_v to_o move_v towards_o that_o place_n where_o they_o meet_v with_o the_o least_o resistance_n hence_o be_v it_o that_o the_o more_o direct_v the_o wind_n be_v in_o blow_v against_o the_o â—ace_n of_o the_o unwrought_a coal_n as_o be_v the_o wind_n from_o n_o e_o the_o ill_a air_n be_v the_o more_o repel_v and_o drive_v back_o but_o the_o more_o oblique_a it_o be_v as_o be_v the_o wind_n from_o these_o point_n that_o be_v near_a to_o s_o w_n the_o air_n be_v not_o so_o good_a and_o free_a which_o difference_n be_v know_v by_o the_o burn_a of_o candle_n they_o burn_v with_o great_a difficulty_n in_o these_o wind_n than_o in_o other_o which_o blow_n from_o these_o point_n near_o to_o n_o and_o n_o e._n some_o be_v of_o opinion_n this_o ill_a air_n in_o those_o place_n we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o come_v from_o the_o great_a waste_v that_o lie_v above_o the_o un-wrought_a coal_n and_o by_o strong_a saint_n w_n wind_n be_v drive_v through_o the_o cutter_n thereof_o or_o the_o wind_n blow_v from_o that_o point_n and_o come_v through_o these_o cutter_n bring_v the_o corrupt_a air_n along_v with_o it_o even_o as_o after_o a_o shower_n of_o rain_n a_o spait_n of_o water_n come_v and_o carry_v along_v with_o it_o both_o the_o foul_a water_n and_o the_o clean_a it_o meet_v with_o though_o this_o may_v be_v probable_a which_o seem_v to_o be_v your_o own_o opinion_n yet_o the_o other_o seem_v to_o be_v more_o probable_a the_o other_o sort_n of_o damp_n be_v that_o which_o they_o call_v want_v of_o air_n and_o though_o the_o term_n be_v not_o altogether_o proper_a there_o be_v no_o space_n without_o some_o air_n yet_o there_o be_v a_o want_n of_o air_n which_o be_v sufficient_a for_o respiration_n of_o animal_n or_o for_o the_o burn_a of_o fire_n this_o be_v ordinary_o â—ound_v in_o the_o vunning_a of_o mine_n under_o ground_n for_o convey_v of_o water_n from_o coal_n or_o other_o metal_n or_o in_o the_o waste_n rooâ—s_v of_o coal_n where_o the_o sink_n be_v very_o deep_a and_o to_o evite_v the_o charge_n thereof_o there_o be_v some_o necessity_n to_o work_v as_o far_o under_o ground_n for_o win_v of_o coal_n as_o be_v possible_a without_o new_a sink_n the_o cause_n seem_v to_o be_v that_o the_o air_n under_o ground_n in_o such_o case_n want_v communication_n with_o the_o air_n above_o ground_n because_o it_o be_v find_v that_o by_o give_v more_o communication_n the_o evil_n be_v cure_v whence_o come_v the_o necessity_n of_o air-hole_n in_o level_n which_o be_v so_o many_o sink_v set_v down_o for_o no_o other_o use_n but_o for_o give_v air_n to_o the_o worker_n some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o this_o defect_n may_v be_v supply_v by_o the_o blow_n of_o bellows_o from_o above_o ground_n through_o a_o stroop_n of_o leather_n or_o of_o some_o other_o thing_n which_o must_v run_v along_o to_o the_o end_n of_o the_o level_n for_o keep_v the_o air_n thereâ—in_fw-fr motion_n but_o i_o have_v not_o yet_o hear_v that_o it_o have_v be_v make_v practicable_a the_o effect_n of_o this_o damp_n be_v not_o so_o dangerous_a as_o these_o of_o the_o other_o it_o be_v true_a it_o will_v kill_v animal_n and_o extinguish_v burn_a coal_n and_o candle_n but_o not_o so_o sudden_o as_o the_o former_a and_o so_o people_n be_v not_o so_o ready_o surprise_v by_o it_o the_o other_o seem_v to_o kill_v by_o some_o poisonous_a quality_n in_o this_o animal_n die_v for_o want_v of_o sufficient_a air_n for_o respiration_n therefore_o in_o advance_v in_o a_o coal_n room_n or_o level_v where_o this_o be_v you_o shall_v see_v the_o flame_n of_o the_o candle_n grow_v less_o and_o less_o by_o degree_n till_o at_o last_o it_o be_v total_o extinguish_v and_o the_o person_n enter_v shall_v find_v the_o difficulty_n of_o breathe_v grow_v great_a as_o he_o advance_v forward_o till_o at_o last_o he_o can_v breathe_v at_o all_o hence_o it_o be_v that_o few_o or_o none_o be_v kill_v by_o this_o kind_n of_o damp_n and_o all_o its_o prejudice_n be_v that_o it_o render_v the_o work_n more_o chargeable_a when_o there_o be_v a_o necessity_n to_o remove_v it_o for_o that_o which_o they_o call_v wildfire_n it_o be_v a_o thing_n not_o incident_a but_o to_o very_o few_o coal_n be_v less_o know_v than_o any_o of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o accident_n that_o follow_v coal_n the_o account_n i_o have_v hear_v of_o it_o be_v that_o in_o some_o coal_n which_o natural_o be_v
so_o tractable_a and_o likewise_o hinder_v the_o ark_n from_o go_v so_o near_o to_o the_o ground_n as_o be_v desirable_a and_o in_o some_o measure_n stop_v the_o sight_n which_o trouble_n be_v i_o suppose_v incident_a to_o the_o bell_n also_o it_o may_v be_v reduce_v to_o a_o far_o less_o weight_n and_o quantity_n and_o the_o overplus_n be_v make_v square_a and_o thin_a piece_n may_v line_v the_o mouth_n of_o the_o ark_n without_o between_z p_o q_n and_o l_o m_o according_a to_o the_o figure_n 25_o or_o may_v be_v put_v to_o or_o take_v away_o at_o pleasure_n the_o bell_n may_v have_v likewise_o in_o stead_n of_o this_o troublesome_a foot-board_n a_o weighty_a ring_n of_o lead_n or_o two_o to_o go_v round_o about_o the_o orifice_n without_o in_o form_n of_o a_o girth_n or_o belt_n which_o may_v slip_v off_o and_o on_o at_o pleasure_n and_o will_v as_o convenient_o sink_v it_o as_o if_o it_o have_v a_o weight_n append_v the_o foot-board_n than_o may_v be_v of_o any_o form_n quantity_n or_o weight_n you_o please_v there_o be_v three_o some_o miscellany_n observation_n the_o design_n of_o which_o be_v only_o philosophical_a some_o of_o they_o be_v experiment_n make_v with_o the_o air-pump_n which_o i_o have_v adventure_v to_o insert_v here_o even_o though_o the_o noble_a mr._n boyl_n have_v give_v a_o account_n of_o many_o but_o because_o the_o engine_n be_v offer_v to_o i_o by_o the_o laird_n of_o salton_n a_o gentleman_n of_o a_o choice_n spirit_n i_o can_v not_o but_o in_o obedience_n to_o his_o command_n make_v use_v of_o it_o and_o show_v he_o the_o product_n there_o be_v also_o two_o or_o three_o observation_n in_o the_o close_a as_o that_o of_o the_o primum_fw-la vivens_fw-la in_o animal_n of_o the_o aliment_n and_o growth_n of_o plant_n and_o of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o aliment_n in_o tree_n to_o all_o which_o be_v add_v a_o short_a history_n of_o coal_n which_o i_o hope_v will_v be_v acceptable_a to_o some_o this_o so_o needful_a a_o subject_n never_o be_v treat_v of_o before_o by_o any_o in_o it_o mention_n be_v make_v of_o thing_n common_a to_o coal_n in_o general_n as_o dipp_n rifing_n and_o streeks_n next_o of_o gaes_n or_o dykes_n which_o prove_v so_o troublesome_a sometime_o to_o the_o work_n of_o coal_n three_o of_o damp_n and_o wildfire_n next_o a_o method_n be_v teach_v for_o try_v of_o ground_n where_o never_o any_o coal_n be_v discover_v before_o and_o last_o the_o manner_n how_o level_n or_o conduit_n underground_o ought_v to_o be_v carry_v on_o for_o drain_n the_o coal_n and_o free_v it_o of_o water_n when_o this_o book_n be_v first_o commit_v to_o the_o press_n i_o send_v a_o intimation_n thereof_o to_o some_o of_o my_o friend_n for_o their_o encouragement_n to_o it_o a_o practice_n now_o common_a and_o commendable_a which_o have_v not_o want_v a_o considerable_a success_n as_o witness_v the_o respect_n of_o many_o worthy_a person_n to_o who_o i_o be_o oblige_v but_o there_o be_v a_o generation_n that_o rather_o than_o they_o will_v encourage_v any_o new_a invention_n set_v themselves_o by_o all_o mean_n to_o detract_v from_o it_o and_o the_o author_n of_o it_o so_o grieve_v be_v they_o that_o aught_o of_o this_o kind_n shall_v fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o any_o but_o their_o own_o and_o therefore_o if_o the_o author_n shall_v give_v but_o the_o title_n of_o new_a to_o his_o invention_n though_o never_o so_o deserve_o they_o fly_v present_o in_o his_o throat_n like_v so_o many_o wild-catt_n study_v either_o to_o ridicule_n his_o work_n altogether_o a_o trade_n that_o usual_o the_o person_n of_o weak_a ability_n and_o most_o empty_a head_n be_v better_o at_o than_o learned_a man_n like_o those_o scholar_n who_o be_v nimble_a in_o put_v trick_n and_o imposture_n upon_o their_o condisciple_n be_v dolt_n as_o to_o their_o lesson_n or_o else_o fall_v upon_o it_o with_o such_o snarl_a and_o carp_a as_o discover_v neither_o ingenuity_n nor_o ingeniousness_n but_o a_o sore_a sickness_n call_v envy_n in_o the_o intimation_n i_o affirm_v that_o the_o doctrine_n concern_v the_o weight_n and_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n be_v new_a this_o one_o word_n like_o a_o spark_n of_o fire_n fall_v accidental_o among_o powder_n have_v be_v the_o occasion_n of_o so_o much_o debate_n their_o ground_n be_v because_o they_o look_v upon_o the_o hydrostaticks_n as_o a_o science_n long_o ago_o perfect_v see_v archimedes_n 2000_o year_n ago_o have_v demonstrat_fw-la the_o water_n to_o have_v a_o pressure_n and_o some_o other_o since_o as_o stevinus_n they_o affirm_v likewise_o that_o all_o the_o theorem_n and_o experiment_n that_o be_v here_o be_v either_o deduceable_a from_o archimedes_n and_o stevinus_n or_o be_v the_o same_o with_o they_o if_o these_o gentleman_n have_v suspend_v their_o judgement_n till_o this_o book_n have_v be_v publish_v i_o suspect_v they_o will_v not_o have_v speak_v so_o confident_o for_o archimedes_n his_o proposition_n they_o be_v but_o few_o and_o prove_v as_o mr_n boyl_n say_v by_o no_o very_a easy_a demonstration_n which_o have_v more_o of_o geometrical_a subtlety_n than_o usefulness_n in_o they_o but_o these_o which_o be_v here_o propose_v be_v not_o only_o useful_a but_o evident_o evict_v by_o reason_n and_o sensible_a experiment_n even_o to_o the_o mean_a capacity_n and_o though_o some_o of_o i_o may_v perhaps_o co-incide_a with_o some_o of_o he_o which_o to_o i_o be_v but_o accidental_a yet_o our_o way_n of_o procedure_n be_v toto_fw-la coelo_fw-la different_a his_o way_n be_v more_o speculative_a this_o be_v more_o practical_a his_o demonstration_n be_v geometrical_a these_o be_v physical_a his_o proposition_n be_v but_o for_o the_o use_n of_o a_o few_o these_o be_v for_o the_o use_n of_o all_o he_o be_v not_o illustrate_v and_o confirm_v by_o hydrostatical_a experiment_n these_o be_v stevinus_n a_o late_a writer_n keep_v that_o same_o method_n yet_o i_o judge_v it_o easy_a to_o let_v see_v even_o in_o the_o entry_n how_o little_a cogent_n some_o of_o his_o demonstration_n be_v without_o derogate_a from_o such_o a_o learned_a man._n he_o have_v indeed_o some_o pragmatical_a example_n as_o he_o call_v they_o for_o illustrate_v some_o of_o his_o geometrical_a proposition_n anent_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n but_o i_o leave_v they_o to_o be_v consider_v by_o the_o judicious_a and_o understanding_n again_o in_o this_o method_n i_o be_o yet_o as_o much_o different_a from_o other_o who_o have_v write_v late_o as_o from_o these_o i_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o for_o i_o not_o only_o treat_v of_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n but_o take_v in_o with_o it_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n joint_o since_o to_o explicat_fw-la sufficient_o the_o phenomena_n of_o the_o hydrostaticks_n without_o it_o it_o be_v impossible_a and_o yet_o fuâ—der_a i_o not_o only_o counterpoise_v air_n with_o water_n but_o air_n with_o mercury_n and_o water_n with_o mercury_n by_o which_o mean_v several_a mystery_n and_o secret_n in_o this_o art_n be_v discover_v there_o be_v several_a invention_n find_v out_o of_o late_a in_o the_o hydrostaticks_n who_o event_n and_o effect_n can_v be_v clear_o deduce_v from_o the_o ground_n of_o archimedes_n and_o stevinus_n who_o have_v not_o that_o clear_a discovery_n foâ—_n 〈◊〉_d we_o know_v of_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n that_o some_o now_o have_v without_o which_o these_o effect_n can_v never_o be_v sufficient_o explain_v and_o who_o doubt_n but_o other_o afterward_o may_v make_v far_a discovery_n and_o profit_v the_o world_n yet_o more_o with_o their_o invention_n than_o any_o have_v yet_o do_v be_v then_o the_o hydrostaticks_n a_o science_n long_o ago_o perfect_v to_o this_o pedantic_a conceit_n i_o must_v again_o oppose_v the_o judgement_n of_o mr._n boyl_n who_o say_v moreover_o that_o the_o usefulness_n of_o this_o part_n of_o philosophy_n have_v be_v scarce_o know_v any_o far_a than_o by_o name_n even_o to_o the_o generality_n of_o learned_a man_n but_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o the_o notion_n of_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n be_v of_o a_o old_a date_n even_o as_o old_a as_o the_o flood_n for_o noah_n sure_o know_v that_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n will_v sustain_v the_o ark_n and_o give_v but_o not_o grant_v that_o archimedes_n 2000_o year_n ago_o have_v write_v all_o the_o principle_n of_o the_o hydrostaticks_n do_v this_o hinder_v any_o man_n now_o from_o deduce_v new_a conclusion_n from_o these_o old_a principle_n but_o there_o be_v here_o no_o such_o thing_n for_o neither_o in_o this_o nor_o in_o my_o last_o piece_n be_v my_o adversary_n able_a to_o trace_v i_o it_o be_v like_o the_o purpose_n will_v have_v be_v so_o much_o the_o better_a if_o i_o have_v follow_v other_o man_n foot_n step_n and_o it_o be_v like_a they_o may_v have_v be_v so_o much_o the_o worse_o i_o doubt_v not_o
motion_n of_o the_o aliment_n in_o tree_n p._n 254._o obseru._n 24._o touch_v a_o history_n of_o coal_n p._n 258._o in_o auctorem_fw-la &_o opus_fw-la encomiasticon_fw-la aetheris_fw-la expansi_fw-la vitrei_fw-la maris_fw-la antitalanton_n peroledo_n elasin_n fluidarum_fw-la ritè_fw-la videntes_fw-la ingenio_fw-la patefacta_fw-la tuo_fw-la magnalia_fw-la rerum_fw-la laudarûnt_fw-la alacres_fw-la galli_n belgaeque_fw-la sagaces_fw-la aggrederiâ—_n nunc_fw-la arte_fw-la nouâ_fw-la trutinare_fw-la profundi_fw-la corpora_fw-la submersas_fw-la quondam_a producere_fw-la gazas_fw-la tollere_fw-la demersis_fw-la ingentia_fw-la pondera_fw-la cupis_fw-la gas_n fracidum_fw-la in_o cryptis_fw-la ortum_fw-la fossoribâ—s_fw-la atrox_n submisso_fw-la in_o fundos_fw-la aurae_fw-la renovante_fw-la flabello_fw-la propulsare_fw-la doces_fw-la lithanthracumque_fw-la cavernae_fw-la quêis_fw-la foveantur_fw-la aquis_fw-la quo_fw-la tendant_a unde_fw-la oriantur_fw-la ordine_fw-la quò_fw-la circum_fw-la saxorum_fw-la strata_fw-la recumbant_fw-la quòdbenè_fw-la coepisti_fw-la naturae_fw-la cuncta_fw-la foventis_fw-la munera_fw-la solerti_fw-la pergo_fw-la illustrare_fw-la mathesi_n georgius_n hepburnus_n m._n d._n à _fw-fr monachagro_n to_o the_o reader_n reader_n that_o thou_o may_v know_v by_o one_o word_n more_o how_o useful_a this_o part_n of_o philosophy_n be_v and_o how_o far_o from_o be_v a_o science_n long_o ago_o perfect_v take_v but_o this_o follow_a proposal_n late_o since_o my_o book_n come_v to_o a_o close_a communicate_v to_o i_o by_o a_o friend_n which_o by_o his_o allowance_n i_o have_v publish_v reserve_v the_o answer_n to_o himself_o the_o author_n thereof_o brother_n by_o what_o you_o have_v publish_v in_o your_o ars_fw-la nova_fw-la &_o magna_fw-la and_o this_o book_n i_o have_v be_v lead_v to_o this_o invention_n to_o beget_v within_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o sea_n a_o power_n or_o force_v which_o with_o great_a safety_n and_o ease_n shâ—ll_v bring_v up_o the_o great_a weight_n that_o can_v be_v sink_v therein_o ad_fw-la data_fw-la quaecunque_fw-la pondera_fw-la demersa_fw-la in_o maâ—isuâ—_n scerâ—bus_fw-la potentiam_fw-la producere_fw-la quae_fw-la moâ—â—_n securo_fw-la &_o iâ—cili_fw-la è_fw-la tun_n lo_o cujusuâ—s_fw-la altitudinis_fw-la ad_fw-la summum_fw-la ipsa_fw-la 〈◊〉_d i_o draw_v a_o letter_n one_o night_n show_v the_o way_n how_o this_o may_v be_v do_v which_o i_o communicate_v to_o you_o that_o it_o may_v have_v be_v print_v with_o your_o book_n but_o after_o second_o thought_n i_o judge_v it_o more_o meet_a to_o keep_v it_o up_o for_o a_o time_n and_o that_o it_o shall_v be_v set_v forth_o by_o way_n of_o proposal_n only_o at_o the_o first_o by_z o_o miston_n may_v 20._o 1672._o your_o brother_n mr._n john_n sinclar_a this_o new_a invention_n though_o hydrostatical_a be_v true_o mechanical_a there_o be_v here_o a_o â—ondus_fw-la and_o a_o potentia_n who_o operation_n depend_v upon_o mechanical_a principle_n but_o in_o several_a respect_n it_o be_v far_o more_o admirable_a than_o the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o mechanical_a engine_n which_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o stupendous_a many_o thing_n almost_o incredible_a be_v report_v of_o archimedes_n which_o he_o admirable_o bring_v about_o by_o his_o mechanical_a power_n but_o i_o be_o confident_a that_o by_o this_o invention_n as_o great_a a_o weight_n may_v be_v lift_v if_o not_o great_a as_o the_o power_n of_o any_o mechanical_a faculty_n can_v be_v able_a to_o move_v i_o know_v the_o great_a conceivable_a weight_n may_v be_v demonstrat_fw-la to_o be_v move_v by_o the_o least_o conceivable_a power_n as_o the_o earth_n by_o the_o force_n of_o a_o man_n hand_n but_o how_o be_v it_o possible_a to_o contrive_v artificial_o a_o engine_n for_o that_o purpose_n which_o will_v do_v that_o by_o art_n which_o the_o demonstration_n make_v evident_a by_o reason_n it_o be_v think_v a_o great_a enterprise_n when_o pope_n sixtus_n the_o five_o transport_v a_o obelisk_n which_o have_v be_v long_o since_o dedicate_v to_o the_o memory_n of_o julius_n cesar_n from_o the_o left_a side_n of_o the_o vatican_n to_o a_o more_o eminent_a place_n 100_o foot_n distant_a but_o to_o raise_v a_o ship_n of_o 1000_o tun_n entire_o nay_o a_o weight_n 100_o time_n great_a be_v sure_o asleep_o far_o great_a enterprise_n this_o invention_n be_v so_o much_o the_o more_o admirable_a that_o not_o only_o by_o it_o any_o suppose_a weight_n may_v be_v lift_v but_o from_o any_o deepness_n though_o this_o perhaps_o can_v be_v do_v mechanical_o because_o of_o some_o physical_a or_o moral_a impediment_n yet_o according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o the_o hydrostaticks_n it_o can_v be_v demonstrat_fw-la and_o make_v evident_a by_o reason_n and_o if_o this_o be_v then_o sure_o when_o the_o weight_n be_v determinat_fw-la as_o the_o burden_n of_o all_o ship_n be_v and_o the_o deepness_n know_v to_o be_v within_o so_o many_o fathom_n this_o invention_n can_v but_o be_v successful_a though_o the_o strength_n of_o mechanical_a invention_n may_v be_v multiply_v beyond_o the_o bound_n of_o our_o imagination_n whereby_o the_o great_a weight_n may_v be_v move_v by_o the_o least_o power_n yet_o the_o wisdom_n of_o god_n have_v think_v it_o fit_a so_o to_o confine_v that_o knowledge_n that_o it_o can_v teach_v how_o both_o of_o they_o can_v move_v with_o the_o same_o quickness_n and_o speed_n for_o if_o that_o be_v the_o very_a work_n of_o nature_n may_v be_v overturn_v therefore_o it_o be_v observable_a that_o when_o a_o great_a weight_n be_v move_v by_o a_o small_a power_n the_o motion_n of_o the_o one_o be_v as_o much_o slow_a than_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o other_o as_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o one_o exceed_v the_o force_n of_o the_o other_o if_o it_o be_v possible_a mechanical_o to_o move_v the_o earth_n with_o the_o force_n of_o a_o man_n hand_n the_o motion_n thereof_o will_v be_v as_o much_o slow_a than_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o hand_n as_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o one_o exceed_v the_o force_n of_o the_o other_o which_o be_v a_o great_a disadvantage_n and_o as_o the_o weight_n and_o power_n do_v thus_o differ_v as_o to_o swiftness_n and_o slowness_n in_o motion_n so_o also_o as_o to_o space_n for_o by_o how_o much_o the_o power_n be_v in_o itself_o less_o than_o the_o weight_n by_o so_o much_o will_v the_o bound_n or_o space_n the_o weight_n move_v thorough_a be_v less_o than_o the_o space_n the_o power_n go_v thorough_a if_o it_o be_v possible_a keep_v the_o same_o instance_n to_o move_v the_o earth_n with_o a_o man_n hand_n the_o space_n through_o which_o it_o pass_v will_v differ_v as_o much_o from_o the_o space_n the_o hand_n go_v thorough_a as_o the_o one_o exceed_v the_o other_o which_o be_v another_o disadvantage_n it_o may_v be_v think_v that_o if_o this_o invention_n depend_v upon_o mechanical_a principle_n it_o may_v be_v obnoxious_a to_o these_o abatement_n i_o answer_v though_o there_o be_v in_o it_o a_o poâ—dus_n and_o a_o potentia_n a_o weight_n and_o a_o power_n this_o move_v the_o other_o yet_o it_o will_v evident_o appear_v from_o experience_n that_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o one_o be_v as_o swift_a as_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o other_o and_o that_o the_o one_o move_v as_o much_o space_n and_o bound_n in_o the_o same_o time_n as_o the_o other_o which_o be_v a_o great_a advantage_n in_o this_o it_o excel_v all_o the_o mechanical_a power_n and_o faculty_n that_o have_v ever_o yet_o be_v invent_v and_o practise_v if_o any_o think_v that_o such_o a_o device_n can_v by_o effectuate_v without_o a_o considerable_a expense_n i_o answer_v the_o expense_n be_v so_o small_a that_o i_o be_o ashamed_a to_o mention_v it_o the_o method_n and_o manner_n of_o do_v this_o be_v most_o easy_a likewise_o neither_o ought_v this_o to_o be_v a_o ground_n why_o any_o man_n shall_v contemn_v it_o since_o the_o most_o useful_a invention_n ordinary_o be_v perform_v with_o the_o great_a facility_n as_o it_o commend_v this_o part_n of_o philosophy_n to_o all_o ingenious_a spirit_n as_o most_o pleasant_a and_o most_o profitable_a so_o it_o give_v a_o check_n to_o the_o ignorant_a who_o look_v upon_o it_o as_o a_o science_n long_o ago_o perfect_v in_o praise_n of_o the_o author_n and_o his_o work_n 1._o whilst_o infant-art_n no_o further_o do_v pretend_v then_o to_o flat_a notion_n and_o â—_o bare_a desire_n what_o by_o small_a toil_n we_o now_o do_v comprehend_v our_o predecessor_n only_o do_v admire_v 2._o now_o fruitful_a reason_n arm_v with_o powerful_a art_n uncover_v nature_n to_o each_o know_a eye_n our_o author_n to_o the_o world_n do_v here_o impart_v what_o be_v before_o esteem_v a_o mystery_n 3._o the_o various_a motion_n of_o that_o element_n who_o liquid_a form_n give_v birth_n to_o much_o debate_n by_o demonstration_n he_o do_v represent_v unfolding_a th'intrigue_n of_o that_o subtle_a state_n 4._o the_o wateâ—s_n course_n and_o source_n from_o whence_o they_o flow_v by_o he_o to_o th'sense_n so_o clear_o be_v display_v their_o current_a â—eight_n and_o measure_v now_o we_o know_v it_o be_v no_o more_o secret_a but_o
also_o for_o if_o a_o cube_n of_o timber_n rest_v in_o the_o space_n t_o be_v just_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o water_n t_o the_o imaginary_a surface_n o_o t_o v_o be_v no_o more_o press_v then_o if_o t_n be_v water_n and_o so_o it_o can_v go_v downward_o neither_o can_v it_o go_v upward_o see_v the_o under_o part_n of_o the_o water_n r_o be_v no_o more_o press_v up_o by_o the_o timber_n t_o then_o if_o the_o space_n t_n be_v fill_v with_o water_n if_o it_o be_v say_v according_a to_o this_o reason_n a_o stone_n may_v be_v suspend_v in_o a_o deep_a water_n between_o the_o top_n and_o the_o bottom_n which_o be_v absurd_a i_o answer_v such_o a_o thing_n may_v happen_v in_o a_o very_a deep_a water_n for_o put_v the_o case_n a_o cube_n of_o lead_n twelve_o inch_n every_o way_n be_v to_o go_v down_o twelve_o thousand_o fathom_n it_o be_v probable_a it_o will_v be_v suspend_v before_o it_o come_v to_o the_o ground_n for_o come_v to_o a_o imaginary_a surface_n far_o down_o where_o the_o pressure_n be_v great_a a_o cube_n of_o water_n twelve_o inch_n thick_a there_o may_v be_v as_o heavy_a even_o specifical_o as_o the_o cube_n of_o lead_n be_v though_o the_o lead_v be_v ten_o time_n heavy_a specifical_o than_o any_o foot_n of_o water_n at_o the_o top_n if_o water_n suffer_v compression_n of_o part_n by_o the_o superior_a burden_n it_o be_v more_o than_o probable_a that_o the_o second_o foot_n of_o water_n burden_v with_o the_o first_o have_v more_o part_n in_o it_o then_o be_v in_o the_o first_o and_o the_o three_o more_o then_o in_o the_o second_o and_o so_o forth_o and_o consequent_o that_o the_o second_o be_v heavy_a than_o the_o first_o and_o the_o third_z heavy_a than_o the_o second_o now_o if_o this_o be_v why_o may_v not_o that_o foot_n of_o water_n that_o have_v sixty_o thousand_o foot_n above_o it_o by_o virtue_n of_o this_o burden_n be_v so_o compress_v that_o in_o it_o may_v be_v as_o many_o part_n as_o may_v counterbalance_n a_o cube_n of_o lead_n twelve_o inch_n every_o way_n if_o then_o that_o imaginary_a surface_n that_o be_v sixty_o thousand_o foot_n deep_a be_v able_a to_o sustain_v the_o say_a foot_n of_o water_n which_o perhaps_o weigh_v twenty_o pound_n why_o may_v it_o not_o likewise_o sustain_v the_o lead_n that_o be_v both_o of_o the_o same_o dimension_n with_o it_o and_o weight_n hence_o it_o be_v that_o the_o cloud_n do_v swim_v in_o the_o air_n by_o virtue_n of_o a_o counterbalance_n and_o we_o see_v which_o confirm_v this_o doctrine_n that_o the_o thin_a and_o light_a be_v always_o far_a up_o and_o the_o thick_a and_o black_a be_v always_o far_a down_n theorem_fw-la xvii_o the_o low_a the_o part_n of_o a_o fluid_a be_v they_o be_v the_o heavy_a though_o all_o of_o they_o be_v of_o equal_a quantity_n and_o dimension_n figure_n 1._o this_o follow_v from_o the_o former_a which_o may_v appear_v a_o paradox_n yet_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v true_a for_o though_o the_o water_n q_o at_o the_o bottom_n be_v of_o the_o same_o dimension_n with_o the_o water_n e_o at_o the_o top_n yet_o it_o be_v real_o heavy_a which_o happen_v as_o i_o say_v from_o the_o superior_a pressure_n it_o be_v clear_a also_o from_o this_o namely_o the_o cube_n of_o timber_n e_o which_o swim_v upon_o the_o surface_n be_v thrust_v down_o to_o q_o come_v up_o to_o the_o top_n again_o which_o can_v not_o be_v unless_o the_o water_n qui_fw-fr be_v heavy_a than_o the_o water_n e._n i_o suppose_v the_o water_n e_o and_o the_o timber_n e_o to_o be_v exact_o of_o the_o same_o specific_a weight_n and_o consequent_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o timber_n to_o lie_v horizontal_n with_o b_o c_o d._n now_o the_o reason_n why_o the_o timber_n ascend_v from_o q_o to_o e_o be_v no_o other_o than_o this_o namely_o that_o the_o one_o water_n be_v heavy_a than_o the_o other_o for_o the_o under_o part_n of_o the_o water_n p_o be_v more_o press_v up_o with_o the_o timber_n exist_v in_o q_o then_o with_o the_o water_n q_n itself_o it_o must_v yield_v and_o give_v way_n to_o the_o ascent_n for_o if_o the_o cube_n of_o timber_n exist_v in_o q_o be_v as_o heavy_a as_o the_o water_n q_n itself_o it_o will_v no_o more_o press_v upon_o p_o or_o endeavour_v to_o be_v up_o than_o the_o water_n q_n do_v theorem_fw-la xviii_o a_o heavy_a body_n weigh_v less_o in_o water_n then_o in_o air._n figure_n 1._o this_o be_v easy_o prove_v from_o experience_n for_o after_o you_o have_v weigh_v a_o stone_n in_o the_o air_n and_o find_v it_o two_o pound_n and_o a_o half_a take_v it_o and_o suspend_v it_o by_o a_o thread_n knit_v to_o the_o scale_n of_o a_o balance_n and_o let_v it_o down_o into_o the_o water_n and_o you_o shall_v find_v it_o half_o a_o pound_n light_a the_o question_n than_o be_v why_o do_v it_o lose_v half_a a_o pound_n of_o its_o weight_n i_o answer_v the_o stone_n become_v half_o a_o pound_n light_a because_o the_o surface_n of_o water_n on_o which_o it_o rest_v sustain_v half_o a_o pound_n of_o it_o for_o put_v the_o case_n a_o stone_n be_v rest_v in_o r_o that_o weigh_v two_o pound_n and_o a_o half_a in_o the_o air_n it_o behove_v to_o weigh_v but_o two_o pound_n in_o this_o water_n because_o the_o water_n t_n sustain_v half_o a_o pound_n of_o it_o for_o if_o this_o water_n t_o be_v able_a to_o sustain_v the_o water_n r_o that_o weigh_v half_o a_o pound_n it_o must_v be_v also_o able_a to_o sustain_v half_o a_o pound_n of_o the_o stone_n see_v half_o a_o pound_n of_o stone_n be_v no_o heavy_a then_o half_a a_o pound_n of_o water_n note_v that_o when_o a_o heavy_a body_n be_v weigh_v in_o water_n it_o become_v so_o much_o light_a exact_o as_o be_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o water_n it_o thrust_v out_o of_o its_o own_o place_n theorem_fw-la xix_o a_o heavy_a body_n weigh_v less_o nigh_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o water_n then_o nigh_o the_o top_n thereof_o figure_n 1._o for_o clear_v this_o proposition_n i_o must_v suppose_v from_o the_o 17._o theorem_fw-la that_o the_o low_a the_o part_n of_o water_n be_v they_o be_v the_o heavy_a though_o all_o of_o they_o be_v of_o equal_a dimension_n if_o then_o the_o low_a foot_n q_o be_v heavy_a that_o be_v have_v more_o part_n in_o it_o than_o the_o foot_n n_o it_o of_o necessity_n follow_v that_o a_o stone_n suspend_v in_o q_o must_v be_v light_a than_o while_o it_o be_v suspend_v in_o n_o or_o i._o because_o if_o a_o stone_n be_v light_a in_o water_n then_o in_o air_n as_o be_v say_v even_o by_o as_o much_o as_o be_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o bulk_n of_o water_n that_o the_o bulk_n of_o the_o stone_n expel_v then_o sure_o it_o must_v be_v light_a in_o the_o one_o then_o in_o the_o other_o place_n because_o suspend_v in_o q_o it_o expel_v more_o part_n of_o water_n then_o while_o it_o be_v suspend_v in_o n_o or_o i._o for_o example_n let_v we_o suppose_v the_o water_n n_o to_o weigh_v eight_o ounce_n and_o the_o water_n q_o to_o weigh_v nine_o then_o must_v the_o stone_n suspend_v in_o q_o weigh_v less_o by_o a_o ounce_n then_o suspend_v in_o n_o see_v as_o much_o be_v deduce_v from_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o stone_n as_o be_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o water_n it_o expel_v but_o so_o it_o be_v that_o it_o thrust_v nine_o ounce_n of_o water_n out_o of_o its_o own_o place_n in_o q_o and_o but_o eight_o in_o n_o or_o i_o therefore_o it_o must_v be_v one_o ounce_n light_a in_o the_o one_o place_n then_o in_o the_o other_o this_o may_v be_v try_v with_o a_o nice_a and_o accurate_a balance_n which_o will_v bring_v we_o to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o this_o namely_o how_o much_o the_o foot_n of_o water_n q_n be_v heavy_a than_o the_o water_n n_o or_o o._n theorem_fw-la xx._n one_o part_n of_o a_o fluid_a can_v be_v under_o compression_n unless_o all_o the_o part_n next_o adjacent_a be_v under_o the_o same_o degree_n of_o pressure_n figure_n 1._o this_o proposition_n may_v be_v prove_v by_o many_o instance_n for_o when_o the_o air_n of_o a_o windgun_n be_v reduce_v to_o less_o quantity_n by_o the_o rammer_n all_o the_o part_n be_v most_o exact_o of_o the_o same_o bensil_n so_o be_v it_o in_o a_o bladder_n full_a of_o wind_n it_o be_v true_a not_o only_o in_o order_n to_o this_o artificial_a pressure_n but_o in_o order_n to_o the_o natural_a pressure_n and_o bensil_n of_o the_o air_n likewise_o for_o the_o air_n within_o a_o parlour_n have_v all_o its_o part_n under_o the_o same_o degree_n of_o natural_a compression_n so_o be_v it_o with_o the_o part_n of_o the_o air_n that_o be_v without_o and_o immediate_o under_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n it_o be_v evident_a also_o in_o
clear_a from_o the_o bensil_n of_o the_o air_n g_o f_o which_o in_o effect_n counterpoise_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o whole_a atmosphere_n rest_v upon_o the_o surface_n of_o water_n a_o b._n we_o see_v second_o that_o when_o the_o pondus_fw-la and_o the_o potentia_fw-la of_o two_o fluid_n be_v in_o equilibrio_n or_o of_o equal_a strength_n a_o very_a small_a addition_n to_o either_o of_o they_o will_v cast_v the_o balance_n for_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v but_o breathe_v soft_o upon_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n between_o g_z and_o f_o or_o lay_v his_o warm_a hand_n to_o it_o the_o say_a air_n will_v present_o dilate_v itself_o and_o by_o become_v thus_o strong_a thrust_v down_o the_o water_n and_o so_o overcome_v the_o potentia_fw-la of_o the_o surface_n we_o see_v three_o a_o confirmation_n of_o the_o six_o theorem_n namely_o that_o the_o pressure_n of_o fluids_n be_v on_o every_o side_n as_o be_v clear_a from_o the_o enclose_a air_n g_o f_o that_o not_o only_o press_v down_o the_o water_n f_o d_o but_z with_o as_o great_a force_n press_v up_o the_o top_n of_o the_o glass_n within_o and_o press_v upon_o all_o the_o side_n of_o it_o within_o with_o the_o same_o force_n this_o experiment_n also_o lead_v we_o to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o two_o thing_n first_o of_o the_o reason_n why_o with_o cold_a the_o water_n ascend_v in_o the_o common_a weather-glass_n and_o why_o in_o hot_a weather_n the_o water_n descend_v second_o from_o this_o experiment_n we_o may_v learn_v to_o know_v when_o the_o air_n be_v under_o a_o great_a pressure_n and_o when_o under_o a_o lesser_a because_o when_o the_o air_n become_v heavy_a as_o in_o fair_a weather_n the_o water_n creep_v up_o in_o some_o measure_n it_o may_v be_v two_o or_o three_o inch_n when_o there_o be_v no_o alteration_n as_o to_o heat_n and_o cold_a and_o in_o foul_a weather_n or_o in_o great_a wind_n when_o the_o air_n be_v real_o light_a the_o say_a water_n creep_v down_o as_o much_o if_o it_o be_v ask_v how_o shall_v i_o know_v whether_o it_o be_v the_o cold_a of_o the_o air_n or_o heaviness_n of_o the_o air_n that_o cause_v the_o water_n to_o ascend_v and_o whether_o it_o be_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o air_n or_o the_o lightness_n of_o the_o air_n that_o cause_v the_o water_n to_o descend_v i_o have_v propose_v this_o question_n of_o purpose_n to_o let_v you_o see_v a_o mistake_n many_o believe_v that_o the_o ascent_n and_o descent_n of_o water_n in_o common_a weather-glass_n be_v allanerly_a from_o the_o heat_n and_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n and_o therefore_o they_o conclude_v a_o cold_a day_n to_o be_v because_o the_o water_n be_v far_o up_o whereas_o the_o water_n have_v ascend_v since_o the_o last_o night_n by_o reason_n of_o a_o great_a weight_n in_o the_o air_n which_o always_o be_v when_o the_o weather_n be_v dry_a and_o calm_a though_o there_o have_v be_v no_o alteration_n of_o heat_n to_o cold_a if_o it_o be_v ask_v how_o come_v we_o to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o this_o that_o the_o pressure_n and_o weight_n of_o the_o element_n of_o air_n be_v sometime_o less_o and_o sometime_o more_o i_o answer_v this_o secret_a o_o nature_n be_v never_o discover_v till_o the_o invention_n of_o the_o torricellian_a experiment_n otherwise_o call_v the_o baroscope_n for_o after_o the_o fall_v down_o of_o the_o quicksilver_n to_o 29_o inch_n if_o you_o suffer_v it_o to_o stand_v thus_o in_o your_o parlour_n or_o chamber_n according_a as_o the_o pressure_n and_o weight_n of_o the_o element_n of_o air_n become_v more_o or_o less_o so_o will_v the_o altitude_n of_o the_o mercury_n become_v less_o or_o more_o and_o vary_v sometime_o above_o 29_o inch_n and_o sometime_o below_o this_o alteration_n be_v very_o sensible_a which_o be_v sometime_o the_o ten_o part_n of_o a_o inch_n sometime_o the_o six_o and_o sometime_o the_o three_o according_a as_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o air_n be_v less_o or_o more_o from_o december_n to_o february_n i_o find_v the_o alteration_n become_v less_o and_o more_o from_o 30_o inch_n to_o 28_o which_o will_v be_v three_o finger_n breadth_n the_o common_a weather-glass_n than_o be_v fallacious_a and_o deceitful_a unless_o they_o be_v so_o contrive_v that_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n can_v affect_v they_o which_o be_v easy_o do_v by_o seal_v they_o hermetical_o and_o in_o stead_n of_o common_a water_n to_o put_v in_o spiritus_fw-la vini_n rectificatissimus_fw-la or_o the_o most_o excellent_a spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o strong_a that_o can_v be_v make_v it_o may_v be_v here_o inquire_v whether_o or_o not_o mercury_n will_v ascend_v in_o this_o glass_n as_o the_o water_n do_v i_o answer_v it_o will_v because_o the_o ascent_n depend_v only_o upon_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n incumb_a upon_o the_o stagnant_a liquor_n in_o the_o vessel_n that_o be_v able_a to_o drive_v up_o mercury_n as_o well_o as_o water_n it_o may_v be_v inquire_v second_o how_o far_o mercury_n will_v ascend_v and_o how_o far_o water_n will_v creep_v up_o i_o answer_v mercury_n can_v ascend_v no_o high_o in_o a_o tub_n than_o 29_o inch_n and_o water_n no_o high_o than_o 34_o foot_n and_o this_o only_o happen_v when_o there_o be_v no_o air_n above_o the_o top_n of_o the_o cylinder_n to_o hinder_v their_o ascent_n but_o when_o there_o be_v air_n as_o g_o f_o above_o the_o liquor_n it_o can_v go_v no_o high_o than_o the_o point_n to_o which_o the_o cold_a be_v able_a to_o contract_v the_o enclose_a air_n which_o be_v in_o this_o glass_n the_o point_n f._n it_o may_v be_v inquire_v three_o which_o be_v the_o great_a difficulty_n whether_o or_o not_o mercury_n will_v rise_v as_o easy_o in_o a_o tub_n as_o water_n for_o see_v it_o be_v 14_o time_n heavy_a it_o seem_v the_o air_n shall_v have_v great_a difficulty_n to_o press_v it_o up_o than_o to_o press_v up_o water_n i_o answer_v it_o be_v great_a difficulty_n for_o the_o air_n to_o press_v up_o 20_o inch_n of_o mercury_n than_o to_o press_v up_o 20_o inch_n of_o water_n yet_o it_o be_v no_o great_a difficulty_n for_o the_o air_n to_o press_v up_o 20_o inch_n of_o mercury_n than_o to_o press_v up_o 23_o foot_n of_o water_n because_o the_o burden_n and_o weight_n be_v the_o same_o it_o may_v be_v inquire_v four_a whether_o or_o not_o it_o be_v as_o easy_a for_o the_o air_n to_o press_v up_o a_o thick_a and_o gross_a cylinder_n of_o water_n as_o to_o press_v up_o a_o thin_a and_o slender_a one_o for_o example_n whether_o be_v it_o as_o easy_a for_o the_o air_n to_o press_v up_o a_o cylinder_n of_o water_n 10_o inch_n in_o diameter_n and_o 10_o foot_n high_a as_o it_o be_v to_o press_v up_o one_o two_o inch_n in_o diameter_n and_o 10_o foot_n high_a i_o answer_v there_o be_v no_o more_o difficulty_n in_o the_o one_o than_o in_o the_o other_o and_o the_o reason_n be_v because_o fluid_a body_n do_v not_o counterpoise_v one_o another_o according_a to_o their_o thickness_n but_o only_o according_a to_o their_o altitude_n according_a to_o the_o four_o theorem_fw-la therefore_o see_v the_o slender_a cylinder_n be_v as_o high_a as_o the_o grosser_n it_o must_v be_v no_o more_o difficult_a to_o the_o air_n to_o press_v up_o the_o one_o than_o the_o other_o there_o be_v one_o difficulty_n yet_o remain_v which_o be_v true_o the_o great_a of_o all_o namely_o what_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o its_o more_o difficult_a to_o the_o air_n to_o press_v up_o 20_o inch_n of_o mercury_n than_o to_o press_v up_o 20_o inch_n of_o water_n or_o more_o difficult_a to_o the_o air_n to_o press_v up_o 20_o inch_n of_o mercury_n than_o to_o press_v up_o 10_o i_o answer_v this_o come_v to_o pass_v because_o the_o air_n be_v more_o burden_a with_o 20_o inch_n of_o mercury_n than_o with_o 10._o now_o if_o this_o be_v then_o sure_o it_o must_v be_v more_o hard_a to_o the_o air_n to_o do_v the_o one_o than_o to_o do_v the_o other_o even_o as_o it_o be_v more_o hard_a for_o a_o man_n to_o lift_v up_o from_o the_o ground_n 20_o pound_n of_o iron_n than_o to_o lift_v up_o 10_o or_o 15._o the_o case_n may_v be_v better_o illustrate_v after_o this_o manner_n suppose_v a_o man_n stand_v on_o the_o ground_n with_o a_o rope_n in_o his_o hand_n come_v down_o from_o a_o pulley_n above_o draw_v up_o a_o weight_n to_o the_o top_n of_o the_o house_n put_v the_o case_n likewise_o the_o weight_n be_v a_o stone_n of_o 20_o pound_n and_o the_o weight_n of_o it_o to_o increase_v successive_o as_o it_o be_v pull_v up_o now_o its_o easy_a for_o the_o man_n to_o pull_v up_o the_o stone_n the_o first_o fathom_n because_o it_o be_v but_o 20_o pound_n weight_n but_o the_o stone_n become_v 40_o pound_n in_o the_o second_o fathom_n and_o 60_o in_o the_o three_o and_o
mercury_n and_o with_o the_o weight_n of_o 41_o ounce_n of_o water_n so_o much_o the_o water_n b_o c_o weigh_v which_o be_v 55_o ounce_n but_o a_o surface_n that_o have_v only_o the_o potentia_n of_o 42_o can_v never_o support_v a_o pondus_fw-la of_o 55_o no_o not_o of_o 43._o it_o may_v be_v object_v thus_o put_v the_o case_n a_o cylinder_n of_o gold_n or_o brass_n be_v suspend_v in_o this_o water_n as_o the_o pipe_n and_o mercury_n g_o h_n be_v suspend_v by_o the_o balance_n will_v not_o the_o balance_n support_v the_o whole_a weight_n of_o it_o without_o support_v any_o part_n of_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o water_n i_o h_n that_o rest_v upon_o the_o top_n of_o it_o i_o answer_v there_o be_v a_o great_a difference_n between_o the_o two_o because_o a_o cylinder_n of_o gold_n or_o brass_n suffer_v both_o the_o upward_a and_o downward_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n but_o the_o mercury_n g_o h_n suffer_v only_o the_o upward_a pressure_n be_v free_v of_o the_o downward_o by_o the_o top_n of_o the_o tub._n from_o this_o experiment_n of_o let_v in_o the_o water_n upon_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mercury_n we_o see_v first_o that_o when_o two_o fluid_n be_v in_o equilibrio_n one_o with_o another_o a_o very_a small_a weight_n will_v cast_v and_o turn_v the_o scale_n because_o if_o the_o six_o part_n of_o a_o inch_n of_o water_n come_v in_o at_o q_o it_o present_o alter_v the_o height_n of_o the_o mercury_n from_o 42_o inch_n to_o less_o second_o it_o be_v impossible_a for_o a_o surface_n of_o water_n to_o support_v more_o weight_n than_o its_o own_o proper_a burden_n because_o the_o part_n s_o can_v support_v more_o no_o not_o a_o grain_n than_o 42_o ounce_n we_o see_v three_o that_o it_o be_v as_o impossible_a for_o a_o surface_n of_o water_n to_o support_v less_o than_o its_o own_o burden_n because_o whatever_o loss_n of_o weight_n the_o pillar_n of_o mercury_n s_o qui_fw-fr suffer_v by_o the_o ingress_n of_o the_o water_n q_o o_fw-fr it_o be_v make_v up_o again_o by_o the_o same_o water_n if_o it_o be_v object_v that_o the_o 14_o inch_n of_o water_n q_n o_o be_v not_o so_o heavy_a by_o far_o as_o the_o 14_o inch_n of_o mercury_n that_o fall_v down_o i_o answer_v its_o true_a yet_o the_o part_n s_o be_v as_o much_o burden_v as_o before_o because_o what_o be_v want_v in_o weight_n it_o be_v make_v up_o and_o compense_v by_o pressure_n we_o see_v four_a that_o the_o pressure_n of_o a_o fluid_a be_v a_o thing_n real_o distinct_a from_o the_o natural_a weight_n according_a to_o the_o 22_o theorem_fw-la because_o though_o the_o 14_o inch_n of_o water_n q_n o_o be_v not_o so_o heavy_a natural_o as_o the_o 14_o inch_n of_o mercury_n that_o fall_v down_o yet_o the_o pressure_n of_o they_o upon_o the_o surface_n s_o be_v as_o much_o we_o see_v five_o that_o 14_o inch_n of_o water_n that_o be_v â—_o body_n fourteen_o time_n light_a than_o mercury_n may_v have_v as_o much_o weight_n with_o they_o as_o 14_o ounce_n of_o mercury_n we_o see_v sixthly_a that_o a_o cylinder_n of_o mercury_n can_v be_v suspend_v in_o air_n or_o in_o water_n unless_o it_o be_v guard_v with_o a_o tub_n to_o preserve_v it_o from_o the_o downward_o pressure_n of_o that_o air_n or_o water_n for_o by_o open_v a_o hole_n in_o q_o the_o meâ—cury_n subside_v we_o see_v seventhly_a that_o it_o be_v impossible_a 〈…〉_z fluids_n to_o suspend_v one_o another_o mutual_o unless_o there_o be_v a_o sort_n of_o equipondium_fw-la between_o they_o because_o no_o soon_o you_o destroy_v the_o equipondium_fw-la between_o the_o 42_o inch_n of_o mercury_n q_o s_o and_o the_o part_n of_o the_o surface_n s_o by_o the_o ingress_n of_o the_o water_n q_o o_fw-fr but_o assoon_o there_o arise_v a_o new_a one_o we_o see_v eighthly_a as_o we_o note_v before_o the_o near_a a_o body_n come_v to_o be_v equal_o press_v with_o a_o fluid_a the_o less_o be_v the_o pressure_n of_o that_o fluid_a sensible_a because_o less_o weight_n be_v require_v in_o the_o balance_n to_o counterpoise_v the_o pressure_n and_o weight_n of_o the_o water_n r_o q_n after_o the_o ingress_n of_o the_o water_n q_o o_fw-fr p_o than_o after_o the_o ingress_n of_o the_o water_n q_o o._n we_o see_v ninthly_a that_o when_o a_o body_n be_v equal_o and_o uniform_o preâ—â—ed_v with_o a_o fluid_a the_o pressure_n be_v insensible_a because_o after_o the_o water_n have_v thrust_v down_o all_o the_o mercury_n from_o q_o to_o saint_n there_o be_v no_o more_o weight_n at_o all_o of_o the_o water_n r_o q_o find_v in_o the_o balance_n we_o see_v tenthly_a that_o not_o only_o in_o water_n the_o pressure_n of_o water_n may_v be_v find_v but_o out_o of_o it_o namely_o in_o the_o air_n as_o be_v clear_a from_o the_o balance_n that_o support_v the_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n r_o q._n we_o see_v eleventhly_o a_o ground_n to_o distinguish_v between_o the_o natural_a balance_n and_o the_o artificial_a balance_n the_o artificial_a balance_n be_v the_o balance_n k_o l_o the_o natural_a be_v the_o pipe_n q_o s._n we_o see_v twelfthly_a that_o they_o keep_v a_o correspondence_n between_o themselves_o or_o some_o analogy_n for_o by_o what_o proportion_n the_o water_n thrust_v down_o the_o mercury_n by_o that_o same_o proportion_n the_o pondus_fw-la l_o of_o the_o balance_n be_v lessen_v and_o by_o what_o proportion_n the_o mercury_n rise_v in_o the_o pipe_n by_o that_o same_o be_v the_o weight_n l_o augment_v in_o the_o scale_n we_o may_v subjoin_v last_o that_o the_o easy_a way_n of_o explicate_v the_o phenomena_n of_o nature_n be_v not_o always_o the_o best_a and_o true_a for_o some_o may_v think_v it_o be_v far_o easy_a to_o say_v that_o the_o balance_n support_v the_o mercury_n a_o b_o or_o d_o e_o and_o not_o any_o part_n of_o the_o water_n b_o c_o or_o e_z f._n but_o such_o a_o way_n will_v be_v false_a and_o absurd_a and_o contrary_a to_o all_o the_o former_a doctrine_n experiment_n xii_o figure_n 16._o this_o schematism_n represent_v a_o water_n 100_o foot_n deep_a who_o first_o and_o visible_a surface_n be_v i_o h_o k._n and_o l_o m_o be_v the_o ground_n of_o it_o c_o d_o be_v a_o piece_n of_o brass_n 30_o inch_n high_a and_o 12_o inch_n in_o diameter_n suspend_v upon_o the_o imaginary_a surface_n of_o water_n a_o n_o b_o which_o be_v distant_a from_o the_o top_n i_o h_n k_n 25_o foot_n this_o brass_n can_v go_v far_o down_o when_o demit_v from_o h_n because_o it_o be_v keep_v up_o by_o the_o force_n and_o pressure_n of_o the_o surface_n of_o water_n a_o n_o b_o which_o i_o prove_v thus_o the_o part_n b_o sustain_v the_o facto_fw-la a_o pillar_n of_o water_n k_o b_o 1400_o pound_n weight_n therefore_o the_o part_n n_o be_v able_a to_o sustain_v as_o much_o i_o suppose_v here_o the_o say_a piece_n of_o brass_n to_o weigh_v 1400_o pound_n the_o water_n k_o b_o be_v 1400_o pound_n because_o its_o a_o pillar_n 25_o foot_n high_a and_o 12_o inch_n thick_a for_o one_o cubical_a foot_n weigh_v 56_o pound_n trois_fw-fr the_o connexion_n of_o the_o argument_n be_v evident_a because_o it_o be_v as_o easy_a for_o a_o surface_n of_o water_n to_o sustain_v a_o solid_a body_n as_o to_o sustain_v a_o fluid_a body_n therefore_o if_o the_o part_n b_o support_v the_o fluid_a pillar_n k_o b_o the_o part_n n_o must_v be_v able_a to_o support_v likewise_o the_o solid_a pillar_n c_o d_o which_o be_v of_o the_o same_o weight_n iâ—_n it_o be_v object_v that_o the_o part_n n_o sustain_v beside_o the_o brass_n c_o d_o a_o pillar_n of_o water_n e_o f_o 22_o foot_n high_a and_o a_o half_a which_o two_o will_v weigh_v 2260_o pound_n i_o answer_v upon_o supposition_n that_o neither_o water_n nor_o air_n succeed_v the_o space_n e_o f_o be_v void_a of_o both_o the_o brass_n will_v be_v suspend_v with_o the_o force_n and_o power_n of_o the_o water_n n._n and_o though_o this_o can_v be_v make_v practicable_a yet_o the_o theory_n of_o it_o may_v conduce_v much_o for_o explicate_v the_o secret_n and_o mystery_n of_o the_o hydrostaticks_n but_o why_o ought_v the_o brass_n to_o be_v suspend_v at_o 25_o foot_n from_o the_o top_n i_o answer_v because_o the_o potentia_fw-la of_o the_o surface_n a_o n_o b_o be_v equal_a to_o the_o pondus_fw-la of_o the_o brass_n to_o evidence_n this_o consider_v that_o brass_n be_v a_o body_n natural_o heavy_a than_o water_n i_o shall_v suppose_v ten_o time_n that_o be_v to_o say_v one_o inch_n of_o brass_n will_v counterpoise_v ten_o inch_n of_o water_n if_o this_o inequality_n be_v then_o must_v this_o pillar_n of_o brass_n go_v so_o much_o far_o down_o than_o the_o first_o surface_n i_o h_n k_o as_o the_o one_o be_v heavy_a in_o specie_fw-la or_o natural_o than_o the_o other_o therefore_o it_o
degree_n of_o weight_n the_o water_n press_v up_o the_o air_n with_o the_o same_o degree_n of_o force_n and_o power_n do_v the_o air_n press_v down_o the_o water_n if_o this_o be_v not_o it_o will_v be_v impossible_a for_o a_o man_n to_o go_v down_o because_o of_o pain_n for_o when_o one_o part_n of_o a_o man_n body_n be_v less_o press_v than_o another_o there_o arise_v a_o considerable_a pain_n which_o sometime_o be_v intolerable_a as_o be_v evident_a from_o the_o application_n of_o ventoso-glass_n this_o equality_n of_o weight_n be_v the_o true_a reason_n why_o respiration_n be_v so_o easy_a yet_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o a_o man_n can_v breathe_v so_o easy_o in_o the_o ark_n under_o the_o water_n as_o above_o in_o the_o air_n not_o because_o there_o be_v any_o inequality_n between_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o water_n and_o the_o force_n of_o the_o air_n but_o only_o because_o the_o quantity_n of_o it_o be_v little_a for_o when_o a_o man_n suck_v in_o as_o much_o air_n as_o fill_v his_o lung_n the_o quantity_n must_v be_v diminish_v if_o this_o be_v the_o water_n must_v ascend_v by_o proportion_n though_o insensible_o when_o a_o man_n thrust_v out_o the_o same_o air_n again_o the_o quantity_n be_v increase_v if_o this_o be_v than_o the_o water_n must_v subside_o a_o little_a both_o which_o can_v be_v without_o difficulty_n see_v there_o be_v a_o sort_n of_o ebb_a and_o flow_v both_o of_o the_o air_n and_o of_o the_o water_n in_o every_o respiration_n but_o it_o rather_o seem_v you_o say_v that_o this_o difficulty_n flow_v from_o the_o strong_a extraordinary_a bensil_n that_o the_o air_n be_v under_o i_o answer_v as_o long_o as_o the_o pressure_n of_o a_o fluid_a be_v uniform_a though_o in_o a_o high_a degree_n yet_o there_o can_v be_v no_o trouble_n in_o respiration_n because_o with_o what_o force_n soever_o it_o be_v drive_v in_o upon_o the_o lung_n with_o the_o same_o force_n it_o be_v drive_v out_o again_o therefore_o though_o the_o air_n we_o live_v in_o be_v as_o much_o again_o bend_a as_o it_o be_v yet_o as_o be_v probable_a we_o will_v find_v no_o more_o difficulty_n in_o breathe_v than_o now_o there_o be_v one_o thing_n make_v breathe_v easy_a under_o the_o water_n in_o the_o ark_n namely_o this_o when_o a_o man_n suck_v in_o the_o air_n to_o his_o lung_n his_o breast_n and_o belly_n go_v out_o and_o so_o fill_v the_o space_n desert_v by_o the_o air_n that_o go_v in_o this_o make_v the_o ebb_a and_o flow_v far_o less_o from_o this_o equality_n of_o weight_n between_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n and_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n we_o see_v good_a ground_n to_o say_v that_o though_o the_o ark_n be_v no_o thick_a in_o the_o side_n than_o a_o thin_a saw_v dale_n yet_o there_o will_v be_v no_o hazard_n of_o break_v i_o be_o confident_a though_o it_o be_v no_o strong_a in_o the_o side_n than_o a_o wine-glass_n that_o be_v soon_o break_v yet_o it_o may_v go_v down_o 40_o fathom_n without_o hazard_n or_o danger_n of_o burst_v this_o afford_v good_a ground_n likewise_o to_o make_v window_n in_o the_o ark_n cover_v with_o glass_n for_o if_o the_o pressure_n be_v uniform_a and_o equal_a its_o impossible_a they_o can_v be_v break_v the_o water_n can_v thrust_v they_o inward_a because_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n be_v as_o able_a to_o thrust_v they_o outward_a it_o be_v certain_a the_o more_o air_n be_v in_o the_o ark_n the_o more_o easy_a be_v respiration_n therefore_o it_o be_v more_o easy_a to_o breath_n when_o the_o ark_n be_v but_o down_o 5_o fathom_n than_o when_o it_o be_v down_o 10_o or_o 15._o it_o be_v probable_a a_o man_n may_v live_v within_o the_o ark_n it_o be_v 40_o inch_n deep_a and_o 36_o inch_n wide_a at_o the_o deepness_n of_o ten_o fathom_n near_o two_o hour_n whereas_o if_o it_o be_v round_o and_o narrow_a above_o in_o form_n of_o a_o bell_n he_o can_v not_o continue_v a_o hour_n it_o be_v very_o easy_a to_o try_v how_o long_o other_o creature_n may_v live_v in_o it_o for_o example_n dog_n and_o such_o like_a or_o fowl_n as_o hen_n pheasant_n or_o dove_n they_o may_v easy_o be_v enclose_v from_o come_v out_o for_o though_o the_o whole_a mouth_n of_o the_o ark_n be_v shut_v up_o except_o as_o much_o passage_n as_o will_v receive_v a_o man_n fist_n yet_o it_o will_v operate_v as_o well_o that_o way_n as_o the_o other_o and_o there_o a_o little_a door_n may_v be_v make_v to_o open_v and_o shut_v at_o pleasure_n it_o be_v observe_v that_o by_o long_o tarry_v under_o the_o water_n in_o the_o bell_n the_o air_n become_v gross_a and_o misty_a which_o hinder_v a_o man_n from_o see_v about_o he_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o be_v vapour_n that_o come_v from_o the_o stomach_n lung_n and_o other_o part_n of_o the_o body_n especial_o from_o the_o stomach_n when_o the_o ventricle_n be_v full_a of_o meat_n it_o be_v not_o fit_a then_o that_o a_o man_n about_o to_o dive_v shall_v eat_v too_o much_o or_o drink_v too_o much_o especial_o such_o liquor_n as_o sack_n or_o brandy_n that_o beget_v many_o fume_n and_o vapour_n if_o a_o man_n be_v necessitate_v to_o tarry_v a_o pretty_a while_n below_o fresh_a air_n may_v be_v send_v down_o from_o above_o in_o bottle_n or_o bladder_n even_o as_o much_o as_o may_v fill_v up_o the_o place_n desert_v by_o the_o contract_v air._n it_o be_v observe_v by_o some_o that_o have_v be_v under_o the_o water_n that_o their_o ear_n have_v be_v so_o trouble_v that_o for_o a_o long_a time_n they_o have_v find_v difficulty_n to_o hear_v distinct_o the_o reason_n of_o this_o must_v be_v from_o the_o great_a pressure_n the_o tympanum_fw-la have_v suffer_v from_o the_o imprison_a air_n of_o the_o bell._n the_o organ_n of_o hear_v be_v soon_o trouble_v especial_o when_o a_o man_n be_v near_o to_o a_o great_a gun_n when_o it_o be_v fire_v and_o sure_o when_o a_o man_n be_v but_o 34_o foot_n down_o the_o air_n within_o the_o ark_n will_v be_v of_o double_a bensil_n put_v the_o case_n the_o man_n go_v down_o 68_o foot_n or_o 13_o or_o 14_o fathom_n the_o bensil_n be_v tripled_a that_o be_v to_o say_v if_o the_o air_n above_o have_v five_o degree_n of_o pressure_n in_o it_o the_o air_n of_o the_o bell_n at_o 68_o foot_n deep_a will_v have_v 15_o degree_n of_o pressure_n therefore_o the_o tympanum_fw-la of_o the_o ear_n that_o be_v but_o a_o small_a and_o thin_a membran_n must_v be_v sore_o distress_v that_o be_v overbended_a and_o press_v inward_a even_o as_o while_o a_o man_n set_v upon_o a_o drum_n head_n a_o great_a weight_n v_o g._n a_o bullet_n of_o lead_n or_o iron_n of_o 20_o or_o 30_o pound_n the_o skin_n by_o this_o suffer_v a_o extraordinary_a pressure_n whereby_o it_o be_v in_o hazard_n to_o be_v rend_v it_o be_v probable_a if_o a_o man_n shall_v go_v very_o far_o down_o the_o tympanum_fw-la may_v be_v in_o hazard_n of_o break_v or_o be_v rend_v in_o two_o piece_n there_o be_v a_o great_a pressure_n upon_o the_o one_o side_n from_o the_o air_n without_o than_o upon_o the_o other_o side_n from_o the_o internal_a air_n within_o which_o be_v think_v to_o be_v within_o the_o tympanum_fw-la there_o remain_v another_o phenomenon_n to_o be_v explicate_v and_o it_o be_v this_o the_o further_a up_o the_o ark_n come_v from_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o water_n towards_o the_o top_n the_o water_n within_o it_o subside_n and_o settle_v down_o more_o and_o more_o towards_o the_o mouth_n the_o reason_n of_o it_o be_v because_o the_o further_o up_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n be_v the_o less_o and_o therefore_o the_o contract_a air_n get_v liberty_n to_o expand_v and_o dilate_v itself_o and_o so_o thrust_v down_o the_o water_n from_o p_o q_o to_o l_o m._n in_o a_o word_n by_o what_o proportion_n the_o air_n be_v contract_v in_o go_v down_o by_o that_o same_o proportion_n it_o dilate_v and_o open_v itself_o in_o come_v up_o this_o let_v we_o see_v as_o there_o be_v disadvantage_n in_o go_v down_o from_o the_o contraction_n of_o the_o air_n so_o there_o be_v advantage_n in_o come_v up_o from_o the_o dilatation_n of_o it_o some_o think_v that_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o water_n be_v the_o cause_n why_o the_o air_n be_v contract_v in_o the_o ark_n such_o be_v those_o who_o deny_v the_o pressure_n of_o it_o but_o this_o fancy_n be_v easy_o refute_v because_o in_o assert_v this_o they_o must_v maintain_v the_o further_o down_o the_o cold_a be_v the_o great_a if_o this_o be_v then_o far_o more_o air_n must_v be_v contract_v in_o go_v down_o from_o 10_o to_o 15_o fathom_n than_o in_o pass_v from_o 5_o to_o 10_o see_v as_o they_o say_v the_o further_o down_o the_o cold_a be_v the_o great_a and_o therefore_o
the_o tub_n without_o but_o the_o air_n f_o h_n be_v only_o equal_a to_o the_o tub_n within_o i_o answer_v it_o be_v so_o indeed_o but_o here_o be_v a_o solution_n to_o the_o difficulty_n i_o do_v not_o find_v the_o whole_a weight_n of_o the_o air_n l_o m_o but_o only_o as_o much_o of_o it_o as_o be_v equal_a to_o f_o h._n suppose_v the_o tub_n to_o be_v 12_o inch_n within_o from_o side_n to_o side_n and_o 16_o without_o from_o side_n to_o side_n i_o say_v then_o i_o find_v only_o the_o burden_n of_o so_o much_o air_n as_o answer_n to_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o tub_n because_o the_o rest_n of_o these_o inch_n be_v counterpoise_v by_o as_o much_o below_o namely_o by_o the_o air_n that_o environ_n the_o orifice_n e_o for_o it_o be_v suppose_v that_o if_o the_o tub_n be_v two_o inch_n thick_o above_o it_o must_v be_v as_o thick_a in_o the_o lip_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a tub_n be_v not_o unequal_o press_v but_o only_o so_o much_o of_o it_o within_o upon_o the_o top_n as_o answer_n to_o the_o cavity_n ten_o that_o when_o the_o pipe_n be_v but_o half_a full_a of_o water_n namely_o from_o e_z to_o k_o i_o find_v only_o 952_o pound_n of_o the_o air_n l_o m_o though_v before_o i_o find_v 1904._o the_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o one_o half_a of_o it_o be_v now_o counterpoise_v by_o the_o air_n i_o g_o and_o therefore_o the_o weight_n of_o it_o become_v insensible_a it_o be_v clear_a from_o the_o six_o assertion_n that_o the_o air_n i_o g_o press_v down_o with_o 952_o therefore_o it_o must_v press_v up_o with_o as_o much_o see_v according_a to_o the_o six_o theorem_n the_o pressure_n of_o a_o fluid_a be_v on_o every_o side_n eleven_o that_o when_o there_o be_v only_o eight_o foot_n of_o water_n and_o a_o half_a in_o the_o tub_n namely_o between_o e_z and_o n_o i_o find_v only_o 476_o pound_n of_o the_o air_n l_o m._n because_o in_o this_o case_n the_o air_n n_o g_z counterpoise_v 1428_o pound_n of_o it_o for_o if_o the_o say_a air_n burden_n the_o water_n n_o e_o with_o 1428_o pound_n as_o be_v clear_a from_o the_o seven_o assertion_n it_o must_v likewise_o press_v up_o the_o tub_n with_o as_o much_o and_o so_o counterpoise_v as_o much_o of_o the_o air_n l_o m._n twelve_o that_o when_o there_o be_v nothing_o within_o the_o pipe_n but_o air_n the_o whole_a weight_n of_o the_o air_n l_o m_o become_v insensible_a to_o i_o the_o reason_n be_v evident_a because_o it_o be_v whole_o counterpoise_v by_o the_o air_n within_o the_o pipe_n i_o affirm_v thirteenthly_a that_o the_o water_n e_o g_o be_v in_o equilibrio_n with_o the_o water_n a_o b_o that_o be_v to_o say_v 1904_o pound_n be_v in_o equilibrio_n with_o 476_o pound_n i_o prove_v it_o evident_o by_o the_o first_o medium_n all_o the_o part_n of_o a_o horizontal_n surface_n be_v equal_o press_v therefore_o the_o part_n a_o sustain_v no_o more_o burden_n than_o the_o part_n e_o therefore_o a_o b_o be_v as_o heavy_a as_o e_z g_z and_o consequent_o the_o air_n c_o d_o must_v be_v as_o heavy_a as_o the_o air_n f_o h._n lest_o this_o proposition_n may_v seem_v to_o contradict_v what_o be_v already_o say_v i_o must_v distinguish_v a_o twofold_a balance_n according_a to_o the_o three_o theorem_fw-la one_o natural_a another_o artificial_a in_o the_o artificial_a balance_n where_o magnitude_n do_v weigh_v according_a to_o all_o their_o dimension_n viz._n longitude_n latitude_n and_o profundity_n the_o water_n a_o b_o and_o the_o water_n e_o g_o be_v not_o in_o equilibrio_n together_o see_v the_o one_o be_v 1428_o pound_n heavy_a than_o the_o other_o but_o in_o the_o balance_n of_o nature_n such_o as_o these_o pipe_n be_v all_o the_o four_o make_v a_o equipondium_fw-la together_o because_o they_o do_v not_o weigh_v here_o according_a to_o their_o thickness_n but_o only_o according_a to_o their_o altitude_n therefore_o see_v a_o b_o be_v as_o high_a as_o e_z g_z and_o see_v c_o d_o be_v as_o high_a as_o f_o h_n they_o must_v all_o be_v of_o the_o same_o weight_n from_o the_o first_o assertion_n i_o infer_v that_o one_o and_o the_o same_o fluid_a even_o in_o the_o balance_n of_o nature_n may_v sometime_o be_v in_o equilibrio_n with_o a_o lesser_a weight_n and_o sometime_o with_o a_o great_a because_o the_o air_n c_o d_o that_o weigh_v real_o 476_o pound_n be_v in_o equilibrio_n with_o the_o water_n a_o b_o that_o weigh_v but_o 168._o this_o be_v when_o a_o b_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v only_o 12_o foot_n high_a it_o be_v likewise_o in_o equilibrio_n with_o it_o when_o it_o be_v 34_o foot_n high_a but_o how_o can_v a_o b_o that_o be_v 12_o foot_n high_a press_v a_o with_o as_o much_o weight_n as_o when_o it_o be_v 34_o foot_n high_a i_o answer_v by_o a_o similitude_n when_o a_o cylinder_n of_o wood_n 12_o foot_n high_a stand_v upon_o a_o table_n it_o may_v burden_v it_o as_o much_o as_o if_o it_o be_v a_o cylinder_n 34_o foot_n high_a for_o suppose_v it_o to_o be_v thrust_v in_o between_o it_o and_o v_o g._n the_o ceiling_n of_o the_o room_n above_o it_o must_v press_v down_o with_o more_o weight_n then_o if_o it_o be_v not_o thrust_v in_o so_o this_o cylinder_n of_o water_n a_o b_o that_o be_v but_o 12_o foot_n high_a be_v press_v between_o the_o surface_n a_o and_o the_o top_n of_o the_o tub_n within_o must_v burden_v a_o as_o much_o as_o if_o it_o be_v 34_o foot_n high_a for_o be_v of_o this_o height_n it_o only_o stand_v upon_o the_o surface_n without_o press_v up_o the_o top_n of_o the_o tub._n i_o infer_v from_o the_o second_o assertion_n that_o each_o pillar_n in_o a_o fluid_fw-la have_v a_o determinate_a weight_n this_o be_v evident_a from_o the_o determinate_a weight_n of_o a_o b_o that_o weigh_v first_o 168_o pound_n be_v 12_o foot_n high_a and_o 467_o pound_n be_v 34_o foot_n high_a and_o so_o of_o the_o rest_n i_o infer_v second_o that_o the_o thick_a and_o grosser_n a_o pillar_n of_o a_o fluid_a be_v it_o be_v the_o heavy_a even_o in_o the_o artificial_a balance_n and_o contrariwise_o the_o more_o slender_a and_o thin_a it_o be_v it_o be_v the_o light_a this_o be_v evident_a from_o the_o water_n a_o b_o six_o inch_n thick_a that_o weigh_v 476_o pound_n and_o from_o the_o water_n e_o g_o 12_o inch_n thick_a that_o weigh_v 1904_o pound_n so_o do_v the_o pillar_n of_o air_n c_o d_o weigh_v less_o than_o the_o pillar_n f_o h._n here_o be_v ground_n for_o know_v the_o certain_a and_o determinate_a weight_n of_o a_o pillar_n in_o any_o sort_n of_o a_o fluid_a whatsoever_o as_o to_o air_n its_o clear_a and_o evident_a that_o a_o foursquare_a pillar_n thereof_o 12_o inch_n every_o way_n weigh_v 1904._o that_o be_v to_o say_v if_o it_o be_v possible_a to_o take_v the_o pillar_n of_o air_n f_o h_n in_o its_o whole_a length_n from_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n to_o the_o top_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n and_o pour_v it_o into_o the_o scale_n of_o a_o balance_n it_o will_v be_v exact_o the_o weight_n of_o 1904_o pound_n here_o be_v a_o secret_a though_o that_o same_o pillar_n of_o air_n be_v no_o long_o than_z 6_o or_o 10_o foot_n yet_o the_o pressure_n of_o it_o upon_o the_o body_n it_o rest_v upon_o be_v equivalent_a to_o 1904_o pound_n if_o this_o be_v you_o say_v what_o be_v the_o weight_n of_o air_n that_o rest_v upon_o this_o table_n that_o be_v 36_o inch_n square_a i_o answer_v it_o must_v be_v as_o heavy_a as_o a_o pillar_n of_o water_n 34_o foot_n high_a and_o 36_o inch_n thick_a which_o will_v by_o just_a reckon_n amount_v to_o 17136_o pound_n or_o to_o 1071_o stone_n weight_n it_o may_v be_v inquire_v next_o what_o be_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o air_n that_o burden_v the_o pavement_n of_o this_o parlour_n that_o be_v 16_o foot_n square_a i_o answer_v 487424_o pound_n because_o it_o be_v exact_o the_o weight_n of_o a_o bulk_n of_o water_n 34_o foot_n high_a and_o 16_o foot_n thick_a it_o be_v to_o be_v remember_v that_o though_o the_o pressure_n of_o it_o be_v so_o much_o yet_o be_v pour_v into_o the_o scale_n of_o a_o balance_n it_o will_v not_o weigh_v so_o much_o for_o not_o only_o as_o much_o as_o fill_v the_o room_n must_v be_v take_v but_o as_o much_o as_o pass_v from_o the_o pavement_n to_o the_o top_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n according_a to_o this_o method_n it_o be_v easy_a to_o determine_v the_o weight_n of_o any_o pillar_n of_o air_n whatsoever_o provide_v a_o man_n but_o once_o know_v the_o thickness_n of_o it_o both_o the_o way_n e._n g._n there_o be_v a_o planum_fw-la 12_o inch_n long_o and_o six_o inch_n broad_a upon_o which_o rest_v a_o pillar_n of_o air._n the_o weight_n of_o it_o then_o be_v just_o the_o burden_n of_o
rise_v being_z n_o w_o and_o s_o e_o be_v sometime_o far_o advance_v towards_o the_o saint_n e_o sometime_o far_o back_o towards_o the_o n_o w_o by_o the_o difference_n of_o a_o mile_n and_o this_o general_o occasion_v by_o the_o encounter_n of_o a_o dyke_n or_o gae_n whereof_o hereafter_o the_o same_o question_n that_o occur_v in_o the_o coal_n dip_v towards_o a_o hill_n or_o rise_v above_o ground_n come_v to_o be_v inquire_v into_o here_o viz._n if_o a_o coal_n encounter_v a_o ascent_n or_o brae_n above_o ground_n in_o its_o streek_n rise_v also_o with_o the_o ground_n and_o keep_v its_o ascent_n i_o answer_v i_o have_v find_v it_o so_o in_o all_o the_o coal_n i_o have_v ever_o see_v of_o that_o nature_n god_n in_o his_o providence_n have_v so_o order_v it_o that_o thereby_o it_o may_v be_v the_o more_o useful_a in_o regard_n more_o thereof_o may_v be_v wrought_v by_o one_o level_n or_o aquaduct_n by_o which_o the_o water_n be_v convey_v away_o as_o afterward_o will_v be_v observe_v in_o speak_v to_o level_n for_o confirmation_n whereof_o i_o shall_v bring_v instance_n both_o of_o coal_n that_o decline_v towards_o the_o hill_n and_o of_o other_o that_o decline_v with_o the_o same_o dipp_n the_o hill_n have_v itself_o in_o the_o coal_n of_o bâ—nhard_n grange_n kinglassy_a and_o kinneil_n which_o keep_v all_o one_o general_a course_n the_o ascent_n above_o ground_n be_v from_o the_o sea_n which_o lie_v north_n towards_o the_o south_n or_o thereabouts_o the_o coal_n dipp_n or_o decline_v towards_o the_o n_o w_o and_o so_o consequent_o rise_v to_o the_o s_o e._n the_o streek_a of_o these_o coal_n be_v from_o the_o n_o e_o to_o saint_n w_n which_o slop_n along_v the_o hill_n and_o come_v up_o to_o the_o top_n thereof_o to_o the_o westward_n of_o the_o house_n of_o bâ—nhard_n now_o in_o sink_v in_o that_o ground_n if_o a_o equal_a proportion_n be_v keep_v in_o all_o the_o sink_n from_o the_o cropp_n and_o a_o just_a allowance_n give_v for_o the_o different_a rise_n above_o ground_n the_o sink_n will_v be_v near_o of_o a_o equal_a deepness_n along_o all_o the_o streek_a so_o that_o a_o sink_v upon_o the_o same_o coal_n near_o to_o the_o sea_n which_o be_v the_o n_o e_o point_n of_o the_o streek_a at_o equal_a distance_n from_o the_o cropp_n will_v be_v as_o deep_a as_o a_o sink_v upon_o the_o top_n of_o the_o hill_n be_v the_o saint_n w_n point_n of_o the_o streek_a at_o the_o same_o distance_n from_o the_o cropp_n allow_v always_o the_o different_a rise_n above_o ground_n and_o except_v some_o particular_a trouble_n fall_v in_o upon_o the_o metal_n of_o one_o sink_v and_o not_o of_o another_o and_o so_o make_v they_o dipp_v more_o which_o will_v occasion_v a_o difference_n of_o the_o deepness_n the_o same_o be_v also_o find_v in_o the_o coal_n of_o dysart_n and_o weems_n as_o also_o in_o that_o great_a body_n of_o coal_n before_o mention_v between_o prestongrange_n and_o stobhill_n the_o declination_n whereof_o be_v to_o the_o n_o e_o which_o be_v also_o the_o course_n of_o the_o descent_n above_o ground_n another_o instance_n be_v from_o the_o coal_n within_o the_o lordship_n of_o tranent_n the_o dipp_n whereof_o be_v of_o another_o course_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o descent_n of_o the_o hill_n viz._n the_o coal_n dip_v to_o the_o saint_n e_o and_o consequent_o the_o streek_a running_n s_o w_n and_o n_o e_z where_o the_o same_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o be_v see_v in_o the_o other_o anent_o the_o equality_n of_o the_o deepness_n of_o sink_n along_o the_o streek_a with_o the_o same_o allowance_n and_o exception_n before_o mention_v some_o have_v be_v of_o opinion_n that_o streeks_n of_o coal_n lie_v general_o south_n and_o north_n or_o to_o some_o of_o the_o point_n near_o to_o these_o two_o cardinal_n one_o between_o south_n and_o s_o w_n and_o north_n and_o n_o e_o as_o south_n and_o by_o west_n and_o north_n and_o by_o east_n etc._n etc._n to_o which_o general_n i_o can_v agree_v in_o regard_n of_o what_o i_o have_v before_o make_v evident_o appear_v viz._n that_o some_o coal_n have_v their_o cropping_n towards_o all_o the_o point_n of_o the_o compass_n and_o the_o streeks_n be_v regulate_v by_o the_o crop_n they_o must_v necessary_o be_v judge_v to_o have_v their_o course_n proportion_v to_o they_o so_o that_o if_o a_o coal_n dipp_v to_o the_o true_a north_n and_o rise_v to_o the_o south_n the_o streek_n must_v be_v east_n and_o west_n however_o i_o acknowledge_v two_o thing_n for_o confirm_v that_o opinion_n first_o that_o of_o all_o the_o coal_n i_o ever_o have_v see_v where_o these_o contrary_a dipp_n and_o rise_n can_v not_o be_v trace_v and_o make_v visible_a the_o sreek_a have_v incline_v to_o those_o point_n of_o south_n and_o north._n but_o i_o must_v also_o confess_v that_o they_o be_v but_o few_o i_o have_v see_v in_o respect_n of_o what_o i_o have_v not_o see_v and_o so_o if_o any_o other_o experience_n who_o have_v see_v more_o contradict_v i_o i_o shall_v willing_o yield_v and_o not_o be_v tenacious_a next_o in_o these_o coal_n which_o i_o instance_a that_o have_v their_o cropp_n to_o all_o the_o point_n and_o consequent_o their_o streek_n and_o in_o other_o of_o the_o same_o nature_n which_o i_o have_v see_v and_o not_o instance_a i_o find_v that_o part_n of_o the_o streek_a which_o lie_v towards_o these_o cardinal_n point_v to_o be_v the_o great_a be_v double_a or_o triple_a to_o the_o other_o sreeks_n in_o length_n so_o that_o when_o the_o streek_a that_o lie_v either_o along_o the_o one_o cropp_n or_o the_o other_o towards_o the_o saint_n w_n and_o n_o e_z will_v be_v seven_o mile_n in_o length_n that_o lie_a saint_n e_o and_o n_o w_o will_v be_v but_o four_o and_o sometime_o less_o and_o this_o be_v all_o the_o account_n i_o can_v give_v of_o that_o part_n of_o coal_n call_v the_o streek_a the_o second_o thing_n i_o promise_v to_o speak_v of_o be_v of_o some_o thing_n which_o be_v but_o accidental_a to_o coal_n and_o yet_o so_o ordinary_a that_o hardly_o be_v any_o find_v without_o they_o in_o lesser_a or_o great_a degree_n such_o be_v gae_n and_o dykes_n which_o alter_v their_o natural_a course_n and_o they_o be_v the_o occasion_n of_o so_o much_o trouble_v in_o the_o work_n of_o coal_n and_o follow_v its_o course_n the_o coal-hewers_a call_v they_o ordinary_o byâ—that_v name_n trouble_v this_o trouble_v or_o gae_n then_o be_v a_o body_n of_o metal-falling_a in_o upon_o the_o course_n of_o the_o coal_n or_o freestone_n obstruct_v or_o alter_v their_o kindly_a and_o natural_a course_n keep_v no_o regular_a course_n itself_o and_o be_v of_o nature_n always_o different_a from_o the_o metal_n who_o course_n it_o interrupt_v and_o these_o gae_n differ_v also_o among_o themselves_o in_o their_o nature_n and_o in_o their_o course_n they_o keep_v or_o more_o proper_o in_o the_o way_n wherein_o they_o encounter_v other_o metal_n and_o in_o their_o effect_n in_o their_o nature_n for_o some_o of_o they_o consi_v of_o a_o impregnable_a whin-rock_n or_o flinty-stone_n through_o which_o it_o be_v almost_o impossible_a to_o work_v and_o if_o there_o be_v a_o necessity_n to_o cut_v they_o through_o it_o be_v do_v at_o a_o vast_a expense_n and_o take_v a_o long_a time_n and_o must_v be_v cut_v open_a to_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n it_o be_v impossible_a to_o i_o it_o under_o ground_n some_o of_o they_o be_v again_o of_o stone_n like_o a_o freestone_n but_o seem_v rather_o a_o abortive_a of_o nature_n they_o have_v no_o rule_n in_o their_o course_n by_o which_o a_o man_n can_v follow_v they_o nor_o can_v their_o stone_n be_v useful_a in_o their_o encounter_v of_o coal_n or_o freestone_n sometime_o they_o encounter_v they_o in_o the_o dip_v and_o sometime_o in_o the_o streek_a and_o sometime_o between_o the_o two_o these_o that_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o follow_v the_o dipp_n of_o the_o coal_n lie_v along_o the_o streek_a thereof_o for_o example_n if_o the_o coal_n dipp_n saint_n e_o the_o gay_a lie_n n_o e_z and_o s_o w._n these_o that_o be_v encounter_v in_o the_o streek_a lie_v to_o the_o dipp_n and_o rise_v so_o the_o coal_n streek_v n_o e_o and_o s_o w_n the_o gay_a be_v find_v to_o lie_v s_o e_o and_o n_o w._n other_o of_o they_o lie_v between_o streek_a and_o dipp_n that_o be_v to_o some_o point_n between_o the_o two_o as_o the_o streek_a being_n s_o w_n and_o n_o e_z and_o the_o dipp_n and_o rise_v s_o e_o and_o n_o w_o there_o may_v be_v a_o gay_a find_v lie_v w_n s_o w_n and_o e_z n_o e._n now_o when_o i_o speak_v of_o a_o gae_n lie_v to_o such_o point_n of_o the_o compass_n this_o do_v not_o contradict_v what_o be_v say_v before_o that_o they_o have_v no_o regular_a course_n
themselves_o my_o meaning_n be_v that_o though_o they_o have_v a_o certain_a length_n lie_v between_o two_o point_n and_o a_o thickness_n between_o two_o metal_n yet_o by_o the_o metal_n of_o the_o gay_a itself_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o know_v its_o course_n as_o it_o be_v in_o other_o metal_n of_o coal_n or_o freestone_n who_o course_n be_v discernible_a at_o the_o first_o view_n their_o effect_n be_v different_a as_o their_o nature_n and_o course_n be_v different_a only_o they_o agree_v in_o these_o two_o general_n first_o that_o all_o of_o they_o render_v that_o part_n of_o the_o coal_n that_o come_v near_a to_o they_o unprofitable_a and_o useless_a though_o some_o less_o and_o some_o more_o they_o be_v unfit_a for_o burn_v and_o it_o be_v remark_v that_o these_o gae_n that_o consist_v of_o whin-rock_n render_v the_o coal_n next_o to_o it_o as_o if_o it_o be_v already_o burn_v be_v so_o dry_v that_o it_o moulder_n in_o handle_v it_o in_o other_o the_o coal_n be_v not_o altogether_o so_o ill_o and_o yet_o its_o nature_n be_v alter_v from_o what_o it_o be_v at_o a_o distance_n from_o the_o gay_a the_o next_o general_n be_v that_o all_o of_o they_o alter_v the_o natural_a course_n of_o the_o coal_n in_o less_o or_o more_o some_o of_o they_o make_v it_o dipp_n much_o more_o than_o its_o ordinary_a course_n which_o they_o call_v down-gaes_a some_o again_o make_v their_o rise_n much_o more_o than_o their_o course_n which_o they_o call_v up-gaes_a other_o make_v a_o alteration_n as_o to_o the_o streek_a cause_v it_o go_v out_o beyond_o its_o ordinary_a bound_n as_o we_o observe_v before_o in_o that_o great_a streek_a of_o coal_n between_o prestongrange_n and_o stobhill_n now_o it_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v that_o when_o in_o work_v of_o a_o coal_n whether_o to_o the_o dipp_n or_o rise_v or_o streek_a one_o of_o these_o gaes_n be_v encounter_v with_o the_o coal_n be_v quite_o cut_v off_o and_o as_o it_o be_v terminat_fw-la so_o that_o you_o see_v nothing_o where_o the_o coal_n shall_v be_v but_o either_o a_o stone_n or_o clay_n or_o rot_v till_o or_o some_o such_o thing_n and_o the_o practic_a of_o coallery_n be_v to_o trace_v the_o course_n of_o the_o coal_n through_o that_o till_o you_o overtake_v it_o in_o the_o other_o side_n and_o before_o any_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o that_o part_n you_o must_v notice_n that_o some_o gae_n be_v of_o great_a force_n than_o other_o and_o their_o influence_n upon_o the_o course_n of_o other_o metal_n great_a whence_o you_o shall_v see_v a_o threefold_a effect_n one_o be_v that_o by_o some_o great_a gae_n which_o a_o coal_n meet_v with_o 〈◊〉_d be_v quite_o cut_v off_o so_o that_o in_o the_o other_o side_n thereof_o there_o 〈◊〉_d not_o a_o vestige_n of_o that_o coal_n or_o of_o any_o other_o metal_n that_o waâ—_n above_o it_o or_o below_o it_o to_o be_v see_v and_o if_o there_o be_v any_o other_o coal_n as_o sometime_o there_o be_v they_o be_v quite_o different_a from_o they_o of_o the_o other_o side_n i_o say_v by_o some_o because_o there_o be_v one_o instance_n to_o the_o contrary_a which_o be_v somewhat_o singular_a in_o the_o earl_n of_o winton_n ground_n at_o cockeny_n there_o be_v find_v a_o course_n of_o coal_n and_o freestone_n dip_v to_o the_o saint_n e_o in_o the_o link_n and_o upon_o the_o full-sea-mark_a there_o be_v a_o tract_n or_o course_n of_o whin-rock_n lying_z e_z and_o w_o underneath_o which_o these_o coal_n and_o stone_n come_v thorough_a without_o alteration_n of_o course_n and_o be_v find_v i_o within_o the_o seamark_n with_o the_o same_o dipp_n and_o rise_v upon_o the_o north_n side_n they_o have_v upon_o the_o south_n side_n of_o the_o say_a rock_n and_o yet_o the_o coal_n be_v encounter_v upon_o the_o south_n hand_n by_o a_o gay_a under_o ground_n through_o which_o it_o pass_v not_o without_o a_o considerable_a alteration_n the_o great_a of_o these_o gae_n that_o i_o know_v be_v that_o which_o take_v its_o beginning_n that_o we_o see_v on_o land_n at_o the_o harbour_n of_o the_o pan_n call_v achisons-haven_n which_o have_v be_v cut_v by_o prestongrange_n for_o level_n to_o his_o coal_n and_o go_v from_o that_o to_o seton_n which_o may_v be_v trace_v above_o ground_n almost_o the_o whole_a way_n and_o have_v be_v cut_v at_o seton_n for_o serve_v the_o level_n of_o that_o coal_n now_o wrought_v at_o tranent_n from_o thence_o it_o pass_v through_o the_o field_n of_o long-niddry_a a_o place_n pertain_v to_o the_o earl_n of_o winton_n and_o through_o the_o coat_n which_o pertain_v to_o the_o earl_n of_o hadington_n till_o it_o join_v with_o pancreck-hill_n a_o tract_n of_o rocky_a mountain_n from_o whence_o it_o be_v traceable_a to_o linton-bridge_n where_o it_o be_v visible_a in_o the_o water_n the_o water_n of_o tyn_n fall_v over_o it_o and_o make_v a_o lin_n which_o they_o call_v linton-lin_n from_o thence_o to_o the_o east-sea_n and_o it_o be_v know_v by_o seaman_n that_o it_o keep_v a_o course_n through_o the_o firth_n from_o achisons-haven_n whence_o we_o reckon_v its_o beginning_n upon_o land_n towards_o the_o west_n and_o n_o w_n it_o be_v find_v to_o the_o southward_n of_o inchkeith_a and_o before_o leith_n where_o stand_v a_o beacon_n and_o so_o can_v be_v trace_v to_o the_o north_n shore_n the_o second_o effect_n of_o gaes_n be_v to_o cut_v off_o the_o coal_n quite_o as_o to_o a_o part_n of_o the_o field_n so_o that_o in_o the_o other_o side_n have_v pierce_v the_o gay_a you_o shall_v not_o find_v the_o coal_n and_o possible_o not_o within_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o mile_n of_o the_o gay_a which_o cut_v it_o off_o and_o at_o that_o place_n shall_v only_o find_v the_o cropp_n and_o the_o body_n dip_v as_o it_o do_v before_o it_o be_v cut_v off_o and_o if_o you_o shall_v measure_v between_o that_o side_n of_o the_o gay_a where_o you_o lose_v your_o coal_n i_o suppose_v the_o coal_n then_o be_v 24_o fathom_n from_o the_o grass_n to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o coal_n in_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o gay_a shall_v be_v find_v at_o the_o same_o deepness_n it_o will_v be_v near_o 500_o pace_n for_o make_v this_o more_o intelligible_a let_v we_o suppose_v a_o coal_n dip_v saint_n e_o and_o in_o work_v to_o the_o dipp_n there_o be_v a_o gay_a encounter_v with_o this_o be_v real_o do_v in_o a_o piece_n of_o ground_n i_o know_v and_o so_o it_o be_v no_o mere_a supposition_n at_o which_o gay_a the_o coal_n be_v cut_v off_o for_o find_v whereof_o the_o gay_a be_v pierce_v and_o nothing_o find_v in_o the_o other_o side_n viz._n in_o the_o saint_n e_o side_n of_o the_o gay_a but_o at_o more_o than_o 100_o paee_n distant_a the_o crop_n of_o a_o coal_n which_o lie_v under_o the_o coal_n that_o be_v lose_v be_v find_v after_o which_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o find_v the_o other_o now_o that_o it_o be_v the_o same_o coal_n that_o be_v lose_v upon_o the_o north_n side_n of_o the_o gay_a be_v not_o only_o evident_a by_o the_o kind_n of_o coal_n and_o all_o the_o metal_n above_o and_o below_o keep_v the_o same_o course_n but_o by_o this_o that_o the_o gay_a wear_n out_o towards_o the_o west_n the_o two_o part_n of_o the_o coal_n that_o be_v separate_v by_o it_o join_v themselves_o again_o and_o continue_v in_o one_o body_n as_o they_o be_v before_o separation_n the_o last_o effect_n of_o the_o gay_a be_v that_o it_o do_v not_o quite_o cut_v off_o the_o coal_n from_o the_o other_o side_n of_o it_o but_o make_v a_o alteration_n in_o the_o course_n either_o in_o the_o dipp_n or_o in_o the_o rise_n or_o streek_a as_o be_v before_o note_v so_o that_o in_o meet_v with_o one_o of_o these_o gae_n have_v consider_v its_o nature_n and_o pierce_v it_o the_o coal_n will_v be_v find_v in_o the_o other_o side_n immediate_o touch_v the_o gay_a but_o with_o a_o alteration_n of_o course_n now_o in_o these_o two_o last_o effect_n since_o the_o coal_n be_v not_o total_o cut_v off_o it_o will_v be_v worth_a the_o inquiry_n to_o find_v the_o sure_a way_n of_o recover_v the_o coal_n after_o it_o be_v lose_v therefore_o where_o the_o coal_n be_v not_o cut_v off_o by_o a_o considerable_a distance_n and_o have_v pierce_v the_o gay_a it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o other_o side_n you_o be_v to_o consider_v well_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o metal_n you_o find_v approach_v to_o the_o gay_a and_o if_o they_o be_v such_o whether_o stone_n or_o coal_n as_o you_o know_v to_o lie_v under_o the_o coal_n that_o you_o have_v lose_v than_o you_o may_v be_v sure_a the_o coal_n be_v to_o be_v find_v above_o in_o its_o course_n which_o be_v to_o be_v trace_v by_o the_o dipp_n of_o the_o metal_n you_o find_v as_o sometime_o i_o have_v see_v when_o
full_a of_o oil_n and_o that_o be_v as_o they_o call_v they_o fat_a coal_n there_o be_v a_o certain_a fire_n which_o be_v as_o a_o meteor_n and_o i_o judge_v that_o from_o its_o resemblance_n to_o ignis_fw-la fatâ—â—s_fw-la which_o the_o vulgar_a term_v wild_a fire_n it_o have_v the_o saâ—e_v name_n it_o seem_v to_o be_v compose_v of_o some_o fat_a oily_a vapour_n that_o go_v out_o of_o the_o coal_n the_o pore_n thereof_o be_v once_o open_v which_o be_v kindle_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o those_o fire_n above_o ground_n be_v which_o be_v most_o ordinary_o find_v in_o fat_a and_o marish_a ground_n of_o this_o fire_n it_o be_v report_v that_o in_o the_o day_n time_n while_o the_o work_v man_n be_v work_v in_o the_o coal-roome_n it_o come_v to_o no_o height_n though_o it_o be_v sometime_o see_v in_o little_a hole_n of_o the_o coal-wall_n shine_v like_o kindle_a sulphur_n but_o without_o force_n but_o when_o the_o workman_n be_v once_o remove_v and_o have_v stay_v out_o all_o night_n it_o gather_v to_o such_o a_o strength_n that_o at_o its_o first_o encounter_v with_o fire_n which_o the_o coal-hewers_a be_v necessitate_v to_o have_v by_o take_v in_o of_o light_n it_o break_v out_o with_o such_o a_o violence_n that_o it_o kill_v any_o person_n it_o find_v in_o its_o way_n the_o reason_n why_o it_o be_v without_o this_o force_n while_o the_o workman_n be_v in_o the_o place_n seem_v to_o be_v this_o that_o they_o work_v with_o such_o violence_n and_o motion_n as_o they_o do_v do_v certain_o move_v the_o air_n considerable_o it_o be_v contain_v in_o so_o narrow_a a_o place_n as_o a_o coal-room_n and_o this_o air_n be_v violent_v by_o motion_n move_v that_o oily_a vapour_n whereof_o the_o fire_n be_v form_v so_o that_o it_o get_v not_o liberty_n to_o unit_fw-la itself_o be_v dissipate_v by_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o air._n but_o so_o soon_o as_o the_o air_n be_v still_o and_o quiet_a after_o the_o workman_n be_v go_v home_o it_o unit_v itself_o and_o gather_v force_v and_o therefore_o so_o soon_o as_o it_o meet_v with_o fire_n which_o be_v more_o forcible_a than_o the_o flame_n that_o be_v kindle_v in_o it_o it_o rarifi_v the_o sulphurous_a part_n be_v kindle_v and_o force_v itself_o out_o as_o powder_v out_o of_o a_o gun_n for_o it_o have_v be_v observe_v that_o if_o any_o person_n stay_v in_o the_o coal-sink_a while_o it_o break_v within_o the_o coal-room_n they_o be_v in_o danger_n of_o be_v kill_v the_o ordinary_a way_n by_o which_o the_o hurt_n of_o it_o be_v prevent_v be_v by_o a_o person_n that_o enter_v before_o the_o workman_n who_o be_v cover_v with_o wetâ—sack-cloath_n when_o he_o come_v near_o the_o coal-wall_n where_o the_o fire_n be_v fear_v he_o creep_v on_o his_o belly_n with_o a_o long_a poll_n before_o he_o with_o a_o light_a candle_n on_o the_o end_n thereof_o with_o who_o flame_n the_o wildfire_n meeting_n break_v with_o violence_n and_o run_v along_v the_o roof_n go_v out_o with_o a_o noise_n at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o sink_v the_o person_n that_o give_v fire_n have_v escape_v by_o creep_v on_o the_o ground_n and_o keep_v his_o face_n close_o to_o it_o till_o it_o be_v over-passed_n which_o be_v in_o a_o moment_n the_o place_n where_o this_o be_v most_o know_v be_v in_o a_o coal_n be-west_n leith_n in_o a_o piece_n of_o land_n call_v werdy_o which_o for_o want_v of_o level_n and_o the_o violence_n of_o that_o fire_n the_o owner_n be_v force_v to_o abandon_v i_o come_v now_o to_o the_o last_o part_n which_o i_o promise_v to_o speak_v of_o namely_o of_o the_o best_a way_n for_o try_v of_o ground_n to_o find_v coal_n where_o never_o any_o have_v hitherto_o be_v discover_v and_o of_o carry_v on_o of_o level_n for_o drain_n the_o water_n of_o coal_n and_o make_v it_o workable_a as_o to_o the_o first_o part_n there_o be_v but_o three_o way_n first_o by_o sink_v which_o be_v most_o chargeable_a in_o regard_n that_o in_o such_o ground_n where_o the_o metal_n be_v all_o entire_a water_n abound_v and_o this_o do_v not_o only_o bring_v the_o master_n under_o a_o necessity_n of_o great_a expense_n for_o draw_v the_o water_n but_o also_o render_v it_o impossible_a to_o get_v sink_v to_o any_o deepness_n which_o may_v suffice_v for_o give_v a_o account_n of_o all_o the_o metal_n to_o be_v find_v within_o the_o field_n that_o may_v be_v render_v workable_a there_o be_v a_o second_o way_n invent_v to_o supply_v this_o defect_n which_o be_v by_o boar_v with_o a_o instrument_n make_v of_o several_a rod_n of_o iron_n which_o boar_v through_o the_o metal_n and_o try_v they_o this_o way_n in_o my_o opinion_n be_v worse_a than_o the_o former_a for_o first_o if_o the_o coal_n lie_v deep_a in_o the_o place_n where_o you_o try_v by_o boar_v it_o become_v almost_o as_o tedious_a and_o expensive_a as_o sink_v the_o draw_v of_o the_o â—odes_n consume_v so_o much_o time_n in_o regard_n it_o must_v be_v frequent_o do_v next_o in_o boar_v suppose_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o metal_n be_v find_v yet_o thereby_o their_o course_n can_v never_o be_v know_v till_o they_o be_v sink_v which_o be_v one_o of_o the_o thing_n most_o considerable_a in_o the_o search_n of_o a_o coal_n because_o thereby_o be_v know_v whether_o it_o be_v workable_a with_o advantage_n or_o not_o and_o whether_o it_o be_v possible_a to_o draw_v water_n from_o it_o by_o a_o level_n or_o otherwise_o last_o this_o way_n leave_v the_o master_n at_o a_o uncertainty_n notwithstanding_o the_o coal_n have_v be_v find_v of_o its_o goodness_n as_o to_o its_o nature_n and_o as_o to_o its_o thickness_n as_o to_o its_o goodness_n because_o all_o that_o be_v find_v of_o the_o coal_n by_o this_o boar_a instrument_n be_v some_o small_a drâ—ss_n which_o remain_v after_o the_o wash_n of_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v bring_v up_o in_o the_o wumble_a by_o which_o none_o can_v judge_v of_o its_o goodness_n or_o badness_n as_o to_o its_o thickness_n because_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o discern_v exact_o when_o the_o boaring-instrument_n have_v pass_v the_o coal_n all_o the_o rule_n for_o try_v thereof_o be_v the_o kind_n of_o metal_n that_o be_v bring_v up_o in_o the_o wumble_a now_o i_o have_v know_v in_o my_o experience_n a_o coal_n bore_v which_o the_o boarer_fw-la by_o that_o rule_n have_v judge_v four_o foot_n in_o thickness_n yet_o when_o it_o come_v to_o be_v sink_v have_v not_o prove_v one_o the_o reason_n whereof_o be_v obvious_a because_o the_o boaring-iron_n be_v long_o and_o weighty_a in_o lift_v they_o up_o and_o down_o they_o break_v the_o coal_n already_o pierce_v and_o this_o fall_a down_o among_o the_o metal_n they_o be_v pierce_v and_o be_v find_v in_o the_o wumble_a with_o they_o especial_o when_o the_o metal_n under_o the_o coal_n be_v a_o black_a till_o give_v ground_n to_o imagine_v that_o all_o that_o time_n they_o have_v be_v pierce_v a_o coal_n and_o so_o consequent_o the_o coal_n must_v be_v of_o such_o a_o thickness_n the_o last_o and_o best_a way_n of_o trial_n be_v that_o which_o be_v term_v a_o range_v over_o the_o metal_n for_o do_v whereof_o this_o method_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v suppose_v there_o be_v any_o place_n within_o the_o ground_n to_o be_v search_v where_o the_o course_n of_o metal_n can_v be_v see_v as_o in_o the_o bank_n of_o a_o river_n or_o rivulet_n or_o sea-bank_n when_o the_o place_n be_v near_o the_o sea_n than_o consideration_n must_v be_v have_v how_o far_o the_o low_a of_o these_o metal_n can_v go_v before_o they_o crop_v out_o to_o the_o grass_n which_o will_v be_v know_v by_o observe_v the_o dipp_n or_o declination_n of_o the_o metal_n and_o the_o rise_v of_o the_o ground_n above_o whereof_o a_o just_a allowance_n must_v be_v give_v and_o have_v dig_v before_o the_o say_a crop_n you_o shall_v certain_o find_v the_o metal_n that_o be_v next_o under_o it_o and_o if_o that_o prove_v not_o coal_n keep_v the_o former_a proportion_n you_o must_v advance_v and_o dig_v before_o its_o crop_n and_o so_o shall_v you_o find_v the_o next_o metal_n under_o it_o and_o so_o still_o till_o you_o have_v try_v your_o ground_n and_o find_v the_o crop_n of_o all_o your_o metal_n within_o it_o but_o if_o there_o be_v no_o water-bank_n or_o such_o like_a to_o give_v you_o the_o first_o view_n of_o the_o course_n of_o your_o metal_n then_o must_v you_o sink_v first_o at_o random_n and_o have_v once_o past_o the_o clay_n you_o will_v ready_o overtake_v some_o metal_n whereby_o you_o will_v know_v the_o course_n of_o the_o rest_n and_o have_v once_o find_v the_o dipp_n and_o rise_v you_o must_v follow_v the_o method_n of_o range_v already_o prescribe_v except_o the_o ground_n so_o to_o be_v try_v contain_v not_o within_o itself_o the_o
crop_n of_o the_o metal_n the_o body_n whereof_o lie_v in_o it_o whether_o of_o coal_n or_o stone_n in_o that_o case_n there_o be_v no_o way_n to_o try_v but_o by_o sink_v or_o boar_v the_o way_n of_o range_v be_v conspicuous_a in_o the_o follow_a figure_n figure_n 11._o the_o piece_n of_o ground_n to_o be_v try_v be_v p_o n_o where_o there_o be_v several_a seam_n of_o metal_n that_o crop_n out_o at_o the_o point_n k_o l_o m_o n._n suppose_v the_o low_a to_o be_v the_o coal_n viz._n i_o n_o for_o which_o you_o be_v to_o make_v trial_n you_o dig_v first_o at_o k_o without_o the_o cropp_n of_o the_o seam_n f_o k_n and_o you_o dig_v till_o you_o find_v the_o other_o seam_n of_o stone_n g_o l_o at_o the_o point_n c._n follow_v the_o rule_n before_o give_v you_o advance_v before_o its_o crop_n and_o dig_v at_o l_o and_o find_v the_o other_o seam_n of_o stone_n h_n m_o at_o the_o point_n d_o from_o which_o you_o also_o advance_v and_o dig_v before_o its_o crop_n at_o the_o point_n m_o and_o find_v your_o coal_n at_o the_o point_n e._n but_o if_o by_o advance_v over_o the_o crop_n of_o these_o metal_n which_o come_v out_o from_o under_o one_o another_o you_o find_v no_o coal_n than_o you_o be_v to_o range_v backward_o for_o the_o crop_n of_o metal_n lie_v above_o these_o where_o haply_o the_o coal_n may_v be_v as_o at_z o_o and_o p._n this_o in_o my_o opinion_n be_v the_o most_o certain_a and_o exact_a way_n of_o try_v field_n for_o coal_n or_o any_o other_o metal_n of_o that_o nature_n and_o least_o chargeable_a of_o all_o other_o the_o second_o of_o this_o last_o part_n i_o promise_v to_o speak_v of_o be_v in_o order_n to_o level_n or_o coal-mine_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o conduit_n or_o gutter_n make_v under_o ground_n for_o convey_v of_o the_o water_n from_o the_o coal_n and_o so_o render_v it_o workable_a it_o seem_v that_o a_o very_a little_a time_n before_o this_o that_o way_n of_o mine_a under_o ground_n have_v not_o be_v fall_v upon_o for_o there_o be_v to_o be_v find_v coal_n waste_v in_o their_o crop_n only_o for_o convey_v the_o water_n whereof_o they_o have_v make_v a_o conduit_n or_o level_v which_o have_v be_v open_a to_o the_o surface_n like_o a_o great_a ditch_n some_o whereof_o have_v be_v ten_o or_o twelve_o fathom_n in_o their_o deepness_n the_o beginning_n of_o the_o level_n to_o keep_v the_o term_n use_v must_v always_o be_v at_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o field_n where_o the_o coal_n lie_v to_o be_v dry_v some_z whereof_o by_o the_o rise_n of_o the_o ground_n and_o the_o streek_a of_o the_o coal_n rise_v that_o way_n as_o we_o show_v before_o give_v the_o advantage_n of_o a_o free_a level_n that_o be_v when_o the_o water_n come_v above_o ground_n of_o its_o own_o accord_n without_o be_v force_v by_o draw_v in_o other_o there_o be_v a_o necessity_n of_o engine_n to_o draw_v the_o water_n from_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o level_n and_o bring_v it_o above_o ground_n which_o engine_n be_v of_o several_a sort_n as_o when_o man_n draw_v with_o ordinary_a bucket_n or_o when_o there_o be_v a_o horse-work_n or_o waterwork_n and_o that_o either_o by_o a_o chain_n with_o plate_n and_o a_o pump_n or_o with_o a_o chain_n and_o bucket_n all_o which_o be_v very_o common_a especial_o those_o we_o have_v in_o scotland_n they_o be_v capable_a to_o draw_v but_o a_o very_a small_a draught_n make_v only_a use_n of_o one_o sink_v for_o that_o effect_n but_o there_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o north_n of_o england_n in_o bishopric_n water-work_n by_o which_o water_n be_v draw_v above_o 40_o fathom_n in_o perpendicular_a but_o not_o all_o in_o one_o sink_n the_o manner_n whereof_o be_v thus_o there_o be_v a_o sink_v from_o the_o end_n of_o their_o level_n to_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n where_o their_o work_n be_v go_v 40_o fathom_n deep_a which_o must_v dry_v the_o coal-sinks_n at_o 60_o or_o 70_o which_o lie_v above_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n where_o the_o water-work_n be_v situate_v there_o be_v first_o one_o 40_o fathom_n deep_a from_o the_o grass_n another_o in_o a_o right_a line_n from_o that_o of_o 24._o another_o of_o 12_o upon_o all_o which_o there_o be_v water-work_n in_o the_o first_o sink_v the_o water_n be_v draw_v from_o the_o bottom_n 12_o fathom_n and_o thence_o convey_v into_o a_o level_n or_o i_o which_o carry_v it_o away_o to_o the_o second_o sink_v by_o the_o second_o â—ork_n the_o water_n be_v draw_v out_o of_o the_o second_o sink_v 14_o fathom_n from_o the_o bottom_n and_o set_v in_o by_o a_o level_n to_o the_o three_o sink_v which_o be_v only_o 12_o fathom_n deep_a the_o waterwork_n set_v it_o above_o ground_n the_o form_n of_o the_o engine_n be_v after_o this_o manner_n in_o the_o first_o sink_v there_o be_v a_o outter-wheel_n move_v as_o other_o milns_n be_v by_o the_o water_n of_o the_o river_n upon_o the_o end_n of_o the_o axletree_n of_o which_o wheel_n there_o be_v a_o ragg-wheel_n turn_v vertical_o as_o do_v the_o outer-wheel_n this_o ragg-wheel_n by_o a_o nutt_n or_o trinle_n turn_v another_o which_o move_v horizontal_o the_o axletree_n whereof_o go_v right_o down_o in_o the_o sink_v and_o may_v be_v be_v 8_o or_o 10_o fathom_n at_o the_o end_n whereof_o there_o be_v another_o rag_n which_o by_o a_o nutt_n turn_v another_o wheel_n which_o go_v vertical_o as_o the_o first_o rag_n and_o cause_v another_o wheel_n with_o a_o long_a axletree_n turn_v as_o the_o first_o and_o so_o down_o till_o it_o come_v to_o the_o wheel_n which_o turn_v the_o axletree_n by_o which_o the_o chain_n be_v draw_v the_o second_o sink_v have_v such_o another_o engine_n but_o not_o so_o many_o wheel_n in_o regard_n it_o be_v not_o so_o deep_a the_o three_o have_v only_o one_o single_a wheel_n whereby_o the_o water_n be_v draw_v above_o ground_n the_o most_o curious_a of_o these_o engine_n that_o be_v to_o be_v see_v be_v at_o ravensworth_n near_o to_o newcastle_n which_o belong_v to_o sir_n thomas_n liddel_n a_o most_o ingenious_a gentleman_n who_o for_o procure_v a_o fall_n of_o water_n which_o may_v serve_v the_o wheel_n of_o all_o the_o three_o sink_n have_v erect_v the_o first_o work_n upon_o pillar_n like_o a_o windmill_n pretty_a high_a above_o ground_n from_o which_o the_o water_n fall_v make_v the_o second_o go_v close_o above_o ground_n and_o to_o make_v the_o water_n fall_v to_o the_o three_o the_o whole_a wheel_n be_v make_v go_v within_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o ground_n which_o terminat_n at_o a_o river_n under_o the_o work_n which_o mine_n be_v of_o a_o considerable_a length_n where_o water_n can_v be_v have_v to_o make_v such_o work_v go_v they_o use_v horse-work_n but_o not_o wâ—th_o so_o good_a success_n be_v more_o chargeable_a and_o not_o have_v so_o much_o force_n and_o power_n as_o the_o water-work_n but_o i_o be_o of_o opinion_n that_o wind-work_n may_v serve_v well_o where_o water_n can_v be_v have_v and_o when_o no_o wind_n shall_v happen_v to_o blow_v the_o same_o work_n may_v be_v supply_v by_o horse_n and_o that_o the_o wind_n when_o it_o blow_v but_o ordinary_o have_v as_o much_o force_n as_o so_o much_o water_n which_o be_v make_v use_n of_o for_o turn_v such_o wheel_n be_v to_o i_o unquestionable_a for_o i_o have_v see_v in_o holland_n a_o windmill_n that_o by_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o outter-wheel_n cause_v seven_o pair_n of_o millstone_n to_o go_v at_o once_o beside_o another_o motion_n for_o bring_v the_o victual_n from_o the_o ground_n four_o or_o five_o story_n high_a to_o be_v grund_n and_o several_a saw-mill_n which_o beside_o six_o or_o seven_o great_a saw_n they_o cause_v go_v do_v by_o another_o motion_n bring_v up_o from_o the_o water_n great_a tree_n like_o ship-mast_n to_o be_v fawen_v and_o place_v they_o right_o against_o the_o saw_n all_o which_o can_v not_o be_v but_o of_o great_a weight_n than_o 10_o or_o 12_o fathom_n of_o chain_n with_o bucket_n or_o plate_n for_o draw_v of_o water_n but_o to_o return_v for_o the_o right_n make_v of_o a_o level_n the_o true_a height_n of_o the_o ground_n where_o the_o coal_n lie_v must_v be_v first_o take_v that_o it_o may_v be_v know_v how_o much_o of_o the_o field_n can_v be_v drain_v by_o it_o which_o must_v be_v do_v either_o with_o a_o quadrant_n or_o with_o a_o instrument_n make_v express_v then_o care_n must_v be_v take_v to_o take_v the_o low_a part_n for_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o level_n that_o the_o field_n can_v afford_v and_o from_o that_o it_o must_v be_v carry_v in_o a_o straight_a line_n towards_o that_o part_n of_o the_o field_n where_o the_o coal_n be_v think_v to_o be_v encounter_v by_o the_o mine_n in_o work_v