Selected quad for the lemma: friend_n
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A38807
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Pomona, or, An appendix concerning fruit-trees in relation to cider the making and several ways of ordering it.
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Evelyn, John, 1620-1706.
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1670
(1670)
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Wing E3509; ESTC R23741
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59,491
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72
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the wood of the Stock be left the thicker that so the woody part of the Cion may bear the stress and the sappy part be preserved from bruising Some by an happy-hand do with good success Graff without cleaving the Stock at all only by Incisions in the Rind as the Industrious Mr. Austin teaches us But since this is not for every Rustic hand nor seems to fortifie so strongly against impetuous Winds before the Union be secure there had need be some extraordinary defence Choose the streightest and smoothest part of the Stock for the place where you intend to graff if the Stock be all knotty which some esteem no impediment or crooked rectifie it with the fittest posture of the Graff For a Graff covet not a Cions too slender for the Sun and Wind will sooner enforce it to wither Yet are we to distinguish that for Inoculation we take the Bud from a sprig of the last years shâ—ot and most allow that the Cions should also have some of the former with it that it may be the stronger to graff and abide to be put close into the Stock which is thought to advance it in bearing In Hereford-shire they do frequently choose a Graff of several years growth and for the graffing of such large Stocks as are taken out of the Woods or Nurseries and fitted into rows for Orchards they choose not the Graffs so small as in other Countries they require them which has it seems occasion'd some complaint from them that understand not the Reason of the first branch of this Note Once for all the stumpy Graff will be found much superiour to the slender one and make a much nobler and larger Shoot This upon experience Graff your Cions on that side of the Stock where it may receive the least hurt from the South-west Wind it being the most common and most violent that blows in Summer so as the wind may blow it to the Stock not from it And when the Zephyres of the Spring are stirring choose that Season before all others for this work Some there are who talk of removing the Stock about Christmas and then also graff it which there be that glory they can succesfully do even by the fire side and so not be forc'd to expect a two or three years rooting of the Stock But in this Adventure 't is adviseable to plunge the Graff three or four inches deep in the Stock Lastly Be careful that the Rain get not into the clefts of your young graffed Stocks Yet it has been noted That many old Trees quite decay'd with an inward hollowness have born as full burdens and constantly as the very soundest and the Fruit found to be more delicate than usually the same kind from a perfect and more entire Stock Except some former case requires it leave not your Graffs above four five or at most six inches of length above the Stock for by the length it draws more feebly and is more expos'd to the shocks of the Wind or hurt by the Birds and you shall frequently perceive the summities and tops of such young Graffs to be mortified and die The Genet-moyle is commonly propagated by cutting off the Branch a little below a Burr-knot and setting it without any more Ceremony but if they be also graffed first as they grow on the Tree and when they have covered the head cut off below the Burr and set it is far better In this separation cut a little beneath the Burr and peel off or prick the Bark almost to the knot Thus also if the Branch have more knots than one you may graff and cut off yearly till within half a foot of the very stem which you may graff likewise and so let stand Now for encouragement in transporting Graffs at great distance we find that with little care their tops uncut and unbruis'd they will hold good and may support the transportation by Sea or Land from October or November to the very end of March See Sir H. Plat's Offers Paragr 75. To which may be added That if the Graff receives no hurt by lying in the Stock expos'd to all rain dews and severities of Winter frosts from December to Spring as has been experimentally noted then by a stronger presumption in oyled or rather waxen Leather it may undoubtedly escape Some prescribe That the ends shall be stuck in a Turnip and many excellent Graffers Gentlemen some of very good credit have assured us That the Graffs which seemed withered and fit to be cast away have proved the best when tri'd Thus in honest Barnaby Googes noble Heresbachius you will find it commended to gather your Cions in the wane of the Moon at least ten days before you graff them and Constantine gives this reason for it That the Graff a little withered and thirsty may be the better received of the Stock I know some who keep them in Earth from the end of October till the Spring and will hardly use them before There are also other inducements for this practice as Simon Harwood pag. 4. has shew'd us but none beyond our own experience who have known Graffs gathered in December thrive and do perfectly well The best expedient to convey Graffs is to stick the cut-ends in Clay envelop'd with a clout to preserve it from falling off and to wrap the other part of the Twigs in dry Hay or straw-bands which will secure them both from the Winds Galling and other injuries in Transportation Nay I have known them sent many hundred Miles from beyond the Seas accommodated to an ordinary Letter and though somewhat short and with very few Buds yet with excellent success and if this course were more universally consider'd we might be furnish'd with many great Curiosities with little difficulty or charge CHAP. IV. Of Variety and Improvements IF any man would have variety of unexpected and unknown Apples and Pears for the improvement of Cider or Palate-fruit there is more hope from Kernels rais'd in the Nursery as has already been directed than from such tryals of graffings as we have yet seen in present use But if we would recover the patience and the sedulity of the Antient of which some brief account will follow or listen to some unusual Proposals then may we undertake for some variety by Insitions To delude none with Promises we do much rather recommend the diligence of enquiring from all Countries the best Graffs of such Fruits as are already found excellent for the purpose we design As from the Turgovians for that Pear of which Dr. Pell gives so good and weighty informations and of which I had presented me some Graffs together with a tast of the most superlative Perry the World certainly produces both which were brought near 800 Miles without suffering the least diminution of Excellency by my Worthy Friend Mr. Hake a Member of the R. Society in the year 1666 and tasting as high and as rich as ever to the present year I am writing this Paragraph
POMONA OR AN APPENDIX CONCERNING FRUIT-TREES In relation to CIDER The Making and several ways of Ordering it VIRG. Eclog. ix Carpent tua Poma nepotes LONDON Printed by Iohn Martyn and Iames Allestry Printers to the Royal Society MDCLXX To the Right Honourable THOMAS Earl of SOVTHAMPTON Lord HIGH TREASURER OF ENGLAND c. My Lord IF great Examples did not support it the dignity and greatness of your Person would soon have given cheque to this presumption But since Emperours and Kings have not only gratefully accepted Works of this nature but honor'd them likewise with their own sacred hands that Name of yours which ought indeed never to appear but on Instruments of State and fronts of Marble consecrating your Wisdom and Vertues to Eternity will be no way lessen'd by giving Patronage to these appendant Rusticities It is from the Protection and Cherishment of such as your Lordship is that these Endeavours of ours may hope one day to succeed and be prosperous The noblest and most useful Structures have laid their Foundations in the Earth if that prove firm here and firm I pronounce it to be if your Lordship favour it We shall go on and flourish I speak now in relation to the Royal Society not my self who am but a Servant of it only and a Pioner in the Works But be its fate what it will Your Lordship who is a Builder and a lover of all Magnificences cannot be displeas'd at these agreeable Accessories of Planting and of Gard'ning But my Lord I pretend by it yet some farther service to the State than that of meerly profit if in contributing to your divertisement I provide for the Publick health which is so precious and necessary to it in your excellent Person Vouchsafe POMONA your Lordships hand to kiss and the humble Presenter of these Papers the honour of being esteem'd My Lord Your most humble and most obedient Servant I. EVELYN POMONA Or An APPENDIX Concerning FRUIT-TREES In relation to CIDER The Making and several ways of Ordering it THE PREFACE SAt Quercus was the Proverb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in eos qui relicto victu sordido ad elegantiorem lautiorémque digrediuntur and it is now time to walk out of the Woods into the Fields a little and to consider what Advancement may be there likewise made by the planting of FRUIT-TREES For after the Earth is duly cultivated and pregnant with a Crop of Grain it is only by the Furniture of such Trees as bear Fruit that it becomes capable of any farther Improvement If then by discovering how this may best be effected I can but raise a worthy emulation in our Country-men this addition of noble Ornament as well as of Wealth and Pleasure Food and Wine may I presume obtain some grateful admittance amongst all Promoters of Industry But before I proceed I must and do ingenuously acknowledge that I present my Reader here with very little of my own save the pains of collecting and digesting a few dispers'd Notes but such as are to me exceedingly precious which I have receiv'd some from worthy and most experienc'd * Especially from the most excellently learned Dr. Beale of Teavil in Somerset-shire a Member of the Royal Society Friends of mine and others from the well-furnish'd Registers and Cimelia of the ROYAL SOCIETY Especially those Aphorisms and Treatises relating to the History of Cider which by express commands they have been pleas'd to injoyn I should publish with my Sylva It is little more than an Age since Hops rather a Medical than Alimental Vegetable transmuted our wholesome Ale into Beer which doubtless much alter'd our Constitutions That one Ingredient by some not unworthily suspected preserving Drink indeed and so by custom made agreeable yet repaying the pleasure with tormenting Diseases and a shorter life may deservedly abate our fondness to it especially if with this be consider'd likewise the casualties in planting it as seldom succeeding more than once in three years yet requiring constant charge and culture Besides that it is none of the least devourers of young Timber And what if a like care or indeed one quarter of it were for the future converted to the propagation of Fruit-trees in all parts of this Nation as it is already in some for the benefit of Cider one Shire alone within twenty miles compass making no less yearly than Fifty thousand Hogsheads the commutation would I perswade my self rob us of no great Advantage but present us with one of the most delicious and wholesom Beverages in the World It was by the plain Industry of one Harris a Fruiterer to King Henry the Eighth that the Fields and Environs of about thirty Towns in Kent only were planted with Fruit to the universal benefit and general Improvement of that County to this day as by the noble example of my Lord Scudamor and of some other publick-spirited Gentlemen in those parts all Herefordshire is become in a manner but one intire Orchard And when his Majesty shall once be pleas'd to command the Planting but of some Acres for the best Cider-fruit at every of his Royal Mansions amongst other of his most laudable Magnificences Noblemen wealthy Purchasers and Citizens will doubtless follow the Example till the preference of Cider wholesom and more natural Drinks do quite vanquish Hopps and banish all other Drogues of that nature But this Improvement say some would be generally obstructed by the Tenant and High-shoon-men who are all for the present profit their expectations seldom holding out above a year or two at most To this 't is answer'd That therefore should the Lord of the Mannour not only encourage the Work by his own Example and by the Applause of such Tenants as can be courted to delight in these kinds of Improvements but should also oblige them by Covenants to plant certain Proportions of them and to preserve them being planted To fortifie this profitable Design It were farther to be desir'd that if already there be not effectual provision for it which wants only due execution and quickning an Act of Parliament might be procur'd for the Setting but of two or three Trees in every Acre of Land that shall hereafter be enclosed under the Forfeiture of Six-pence per Tree for some publick and charitable Work to be levy'd on the Defaulters To what an innumerable multitude would this in few years insensibly mount affording infinite proportions and variety of Fruit throughout the Nation which now takes a Potion for a refreshment and drinks its very Bread-corn I have seen a Calculation of twenty Fruit-trees to every Five pounds of yearly Rent forty to Ten sixty to Fifteen eighty to Twenty and so according to the proportion Had all our Commons and Waste-lands one Fruit-tree but at every hundred foot distance planted and fenc'd at the publick charge for the benefit of the Poor whatever might dy and miscarry enough would escape able to maintain a Stock which would afford them a most