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but_o certain_o if_o any_o power_n or_o authority_n deserve_v to_o be_v regrete_v it_o be_v that_o which_o be_v usurp_v not_o that_o which_o be_v acquire_v by_o a_o continue_a stream_n of_o kindness_n and_o liberality_n i_o appeal_v to_o you_o most_o illustrious_a senator_n whether_o any_o of_o my_o predecessor_n arrive_v at_o their_o grandeur_n any_o way_n but_o by_o the_o unanimous_a consent_n and_o promotion_n of_o this_o court_n my_o grandfather_n cosimo_n return_v not_o from_o his_o banishment_n by_o violence_n and_o force_v of_o arm_n but_o by_o your_o invitation_n my_o ancient_a and_o infirm_a father_n be_v too_o weak_a to_o have_v support_v his_o authority_n against_o so_o many_o enemy_n it_o be_v your_o bounty_n it_o be_v your_o authority_n which_o defend_v it_o when_o my_o father_n be_v dead_a and_o i_o though_o but_o a_o child_n be_v leave_v to_o succeed_v he_o alas_o how_o can_v i_o have_v maintain_v the_o honour_n and_o dignity_n of_o the_o family_n without_o your_o 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great_a commendation_n be_v that_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n he_o think_v of_o nothing_o but_o military_a affair_n and_o when_o he_o be_v in_o company_n with_o his_o friend_n in_o the_o country_n he_o will_v many_o time_n stop_v sudden_o and_o expostulate_v with_o they_o if_o the_o enemy_n be_v upon_o that_o hill_n and_o our_o army_n where_o we_o be_v which_o will_v have_v the_o advantage_n of_o the_o ground_n how_o can_v we_o come_v at_o they_o with_o most_o security_n if_o we_o will_v draw_v off_o how_o may_v we_o do_v it_o best_o or_o if_o they_o will_v retreat_v how_o may_v we_o follow_v so_o that_o as_o he_o be_v travel_v he_o will_v propose_v all_o the_o accident_n to_o which_o a_o army_n be_v subject_a he_o will_v hear_v their_o opinion_n give_v they_o his_o own_o and_o reinforce_v it_o with_o argument_n and_o this_o he_o do_v so_o frequent_o that_o by_o continual_a practice_n and_o a_o constant_a intention_n of_o his_o thought_n upon_o that_o business_n he_o bring_v himself_o to_o that_o perfection_n no_o accident_n can_v happen_v no_o inconvenience_n can_v occur_v to_o a_o army_n but_o he_o can_v present_o redress_v it_o but_o as_o to_o the_o exercise_n of_o the_o mind_n a_o prince_n be_v to_o do_v that_o by_o diligence_n in_o history_n and_o solemn_a consideration_n of_o the_o action_n of_o the_o most_o excellent_a man_n by_o observe_v how_o they_o demean_v themselves_o in_o the_o war_n examine_v the_o ground_n and_o reason_n of_o their_o victory_n and_o loss_n that_o he_o may_v be_v able_a to_o avoid_v the_o one_o and_o imitate_v the_o other_o and_o above_o all_o to_o keep_v close_o to_o the_o example_n of_o some_o great_a captain_n of_o old_a if_o any_o such_o occur_v in_o his_o read_n and_o not_o only_o to_o make_v he_o his_o pattern_n but_o to_o have_v all_o his_o action_n perpetual_o in_o his_o mind_n as_o it_o be_v say_v alexander_n do_v by_o achilles_n caesar_n by_o alexander_n scipio_n by_o cyrus_n and_o whoever_o read_v the_o life_n of_o cyrus_n write_v by_o xenophon_n will_v find_v how_o much_o scipio_n advantage_v his_o renown_n by_o that_o imitation_n and_o how_o much_o in_o modesty_n affability_n humanity_n and_o liberality_n he_o frame_v himself_o to_o the_o description_n which_o xenophon_n have_v give_v he_o a_o wise_a prince_n therefore_o be_v to_o observe_v all_o these_o rule_n and_o never_o be_v idle_a in_o time_n of_o peace_n but_o employ_v himself_o therein_o with_o all_o his_o industry_n that_o in_o his_o adversity_n he_o may_v reap_v the_o fruit_n of_o it_o and_o when_o fortune_n frown_v be_v ready_a to_o defy_v she_o chap._n xv._n of_o such_o thing_n as_o render_v man_n especial_o prince_n worthy_a of_o blame_n or_o applause_n it_o remain_v now_o that_o we_o see_v in_o what_o manner_n a_o prince_n ought_v to_o comport_v with_o his_o subject_n and_o friend_n and_o because_o many_o have_v write_v of_o this_o subject_n before_o it_o may_v perhaps_o seem_v arrogant_a in_o i_o especial_o consider_v that_o in_o my_o discourse_n i_o shall_v deviate_v from_o the_o opinion_n of_o other_o men._n but_o my_o intention_n be_v to_o write_v for_o the_o benefit_n and_o advantage_n of_o he_o who_o understand_v i_o think_v it_o more_o convenient_a to_o respect_v the_o essential_a verity_n than_o the_o imagination_n of_o the_o thing_n and_o many_o have_v frame_v imaginary_a commonwealth_n and_o government_n to_o themselves_o which_o never_o be_v see_v nor_o have_v any_o real_a existence_n for_o the_o present_a manner_n of_o live_v be_v so_o different_a from_o the_o way_n that_o ought_v to_o be_v take_v that_o he_o who_o neglect_v what_o be_v do_v to_o follow_v what_o ought_v to_o be_v do_v will_v soon_o learn_v how_o to_o ruin_v than_o how_o to_o preserve_v himself_o for_o a_o tender_a man_n and_o one_o that_o desire_v to_o be_v honest_a in_o every_o thing_n must_v needs_o run_v a_o great_a hazard_n among_o so_o many_o of_o a_o contrary_a principle_n wherefore_o it_o be_v necessary_a for_o a_o prince_n that_o be_v willing_a to_o subsist_v to_o harden_v himself_o and_o learn_v to_o be_v good_a or_o otherwise_o according_a to_o the_o exigence_n of_o his_o affair_n lay_v aside_o therefore_o all_o imaginable_a notion_n of_o a_o prince_n and_o discourse_v of_o nothing_o but_o what_o be_v actual_o true_a i_o say_v that_o all_o man_n when_o they_o be_v speak_v of_o especial_o prince_n who_o be_v in_o a_o high_a and_o more_o eminent_a station_n be_v remarkable_a for_o some_o quality_n or_o other_o that_o make_v they_o either_o honourable_a or_o contemptible_a hence_o it_o be_v that_o some_o be_v count_v liberal_a other_o miserable_a according_a to_o the_o propriety_n of_o the_o tuscan_a word_n misero_fw-la for_o quaro_n in_o our_o language_n be_v one_o that_o desire_v to_o acquire_v by_o rapine_n or_o any_o otherway_v misero_fw-la be_v he_o that_o abstain_v too_o much_o from_o make_v use_n of_o his_o own_o some_o munificent_a other_o rapacious_a some_o cruel_a other_o merciful_a some_o faithless_a other_o precise_a one_o poor_a spirit_v and_o effeminate_a another_o fierce_a and_o ambitious_a one_o courteous_a another_o haughty_a one_o modest_a another_o libidinous_a one_o sincere_a another_o cunning_a one_o rugged_a and_o morose_a another_o accessible_a and_o easy_a one_o grave_n another_o giddy_a one_o a_o devote_n and_o another_o a_o atheist_n no_o man_n i_o be_o sure_a will_v deny_v but_o that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o admirable_a thing_n and_o high_o to_o be_v commend_v to_o have_v a_o prince_n endue_v with_o all_o the_o good_a quality_n abovesaid_a but_o because_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o have_v much_o less_o to_o exercise_v they_o all_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o frailty_n and_o crossness_n of_o our_o nature_n it_o be_v convenient_a that_o he_o be_v so_o well_o instruct_v as_o to_o know_v how_o to_o avoid_v the_o scandal_n of_o those_o vice_n which_o may_v deprive_v he_o of_o his_o state_n and_o be_v very_o cautious_a of_o the_o rest_n though_o their_o consequence_n be_v not_o so_o pernicious_a but_o where_o they_o be_v unavoidable_a he_o need_v trouble_v himself_o the_o less_o again_o he_o be_v not_o to_o concern_v himself_o if_o run_v under_o the_o infamy_n of_o those_o vice_n without_o which_o his_o dominion_n be_v not_o to_o be_v preserve_v for_o if_o we_o consider_v thing_n impartial_o we_o shall_v find_v some_o thing_n in_o appearance_n be_v virtuous_a and_o yet_o if_o pursue_v will_v bring_v certain_a destruction_n and_o other_o on_o the_o contrary_a that_o be_v seem_o bad_a which_o if_o follow_v by_o a_o prince_n procure_v his_o peace_n and_o security_n chap._n xvi_o of_o liberality_n and_o parsimony_n to_o begin_v then_o with_o the_o first_o of_o the_o abovementioned_a quality_n i_o say_v it_o will_v be_v advantageous_a to_o be_v account_v liberal_a nevertheless_o liberality_n so_o use_v as_o not_o to_o render_v you_o formidable_a do_v but_o injure_v you_o for_o if_o it_o be_v use_v virtuous_o and_o as_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v it_o will_v not_o be_v know_v nor_o secure_v you_o from_o the_o imputation_n of_o its_o contrary_n to_o keep_v up_o therefore_o the_o name_n of_o liberal_a among_o man_n it_o be_v necessary_a that_o no_o kind_n of_o luxury_n be_v omit_v so_o that_o a_o prince_n of_o that_o disposition_n will_v consume_v his_o revenue_n in_o those_o kind_n of_o expense_n and_o be_v oblige_v at_o last_o if_o he_o will_v preserve_v that_o reputation_n to_o become_v grievous_a and_o a_o great_a exactor_n upon_o the_o people_n and_o do_v whatever_o be_v practicable_a for_o the_o get_n of_o money_n which_o will_v cause_v he_o to_o be_v hate_v of_o his_o subject_n and_o despise_v by_o every_o body_n else_o when_o he_o once_o come_v to_o be_v poor_a so_o that_o offend_v many_o with_o his_o liberality_n and_o reward_v but_o few_o he_o become_v sensible_a of_o the_o first_o disaster_n and_o run_v great_a hazard_n of_o be_v ruin_v the_o first_o time_n he_o be_v in_o danger_n which_o when_o afterward_o he_o discover_v and_o desire_n to_o remedy_n he_o run_v into_o the_o other_o extreme_a and_o grow_v as_o odious_a for_o his_o avarice_n so_o than_o if_o a_o prince_n can_v exercise_v this_o virtue_n of_o liberality_n so_o as_o to_o be_v public_o know_v without_o detriment_n to_o himself_o he_o ought_v if_o he_o be_v wise_a not_o to_o dread_v the_o imputation_n of_o be_v covetous_a for_o in_o time_n he_o shall_v be_v esteem_v liberal_a when_o it_o be_v discover_v that_o by_o his_o parsimony_n he_o have_v increase_v his_o revenue_n to_o a_o condition_n of_o defend_v he_o against_o any_o invasion_n and_o to_o enterprise_v upon_o other_o people_n without_o oppress_v of_o they_o so_o that_o he_o shall_v be_v account_v noble_a to_o all_o from_o who_o he_o take_v nothing_o away_o which_o be_v a_o infinite_a number_n and_o near_o and_o parsimonious_a only_o to_o such_o few_o as_o he_o give_v
may_v have_v opportunity_n to_o clap_v between_o with_o their_o army_n and_o get_v into_o the_o town_n again_o they_o be_v sometime_o delude_v by_o pretend_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n as_o formio_n the_o athenian_a do_v who_o have_v plunder_v and_o harrass_v the_o country_n of_o calcidon_n receive_v their_o ambassador_n afterward_o with_o proposition_n of_o peace_n he_o give_v they_o very_o good_a word_n and_o send_v they_o back_o full_a of_o security_n and_o fair_a promise_n upon_o which_o the_o poor_a people_n presume_v too_o much_o formio_n fall_v sudden_o upon_o they_o and_o overcome_v they_o those_o who_o be_v shut_v up_o in_o a_o town_n be_v to_o keep_v a_o strict_a eye_n upon_o such_o as_o they_o have_v any_o reason_n to_o suspect_v but_o they_o be_v sometime_o to_o be_v secure_v and_o oblige_v to_o you_o by_o preferment_n as_o well_o as_o by_o punishment_n marcellus_n know_v that_o lucius_n baucius_fw-la the_o nolan_n be_v a_o great_a favourer_n of_o hannibal_n yet_o he_o carry_v himself_o to_o he_o with_o so_o much_o kindness_n and_o generosity_n that_o of_o a_o enemy_n he_o make_v he_o his_o intimate_a friend_n chap._n viii_o good_a guard_n be_v to_o be_v keep_v in_o all_o place_n and_o time_n fabr._n those_o who_o be_v in_o any_o fear_n of_o be_v besiege_v be_v to_o keep_v diligent_a guard_n as_o well_o when_o the_o enemy_n be_v at_o a_o distance_n as_o at_o hand_n and_o they_o be_v to_o have_v most_o care_n of_o those_o place_n where_o they_o think_v themselves_o most_o secure_a for_o many_o town_n have_v be_v lose_v by_o be_v assault_v on_o that_o side_n where_o they_o think_v themselves_o impregnable_a and_o this_o miscarriage_n arise_v from_o two_o cause_n either_o because_o the_o place_n be_v real_o strong_a and_o believe_v inaccessible_a or_o else_o because_o of_o the_o policy_n of_o the_o enemy_n who_o with_o great_a clamour_n and_o noise_n pretend_v to_o storm_v it_o on_o one_o side_n whilst_o on_o the_o other_o he_o do_v it_o as_o vigorous_o but_o with_o all_o the_o silence_n imaginable_a and_o therefore_o it_o concern_v the_o besiege_a to_o be_v very_o careful_a and_o keep_v good_a guard_n upon_o the_o wall_n especial_o in_o the_o night_n and_o that_o as_o well_o with_o dog_n as_o with_o man_n for_o if_o they_o be_v fierce_a and_o watchful_a they_o will_v give_v a_o alarm_n if_o the_o enemy_n approach_v as_o soon_o as_o any_o thing_n and_o not_o only_o dog_n but_o bird_n have_v be_v know_v to_o have_v preserve_v a_o town_n as_o it_o happen_v to_o the_o roman_n when_o the_o french_a besiege_v the_o capitol_n when_o the_o spartan_n lie_v before_o athens_n alcibiades_n to_o discover_v how_o his_o watch_n be_v keep_v command_v that_o in_o the_o night_n when_o ever_o he_o hold_v up_o a_o light_n each_o of_o the_o guard_n shall_v hold_v up_o another_o and_o great_a punishment_n be_v to_o be_v inflict_v upon_o any_o that_o neglect_v it_o isâ—crates_n kill_v a_o centinal_n that_o he_o find_v a-sleep_o with_o this_o expression_n i_o leave_v he_o as_o i_o find_v he_o chap._n ix_o way_n to_o write_v private_o to_o one_o friend_n fabr._n those_o who_o have_v be_v besiege_v have_v contrive_v several_a way_n of_o convey_v intelligence_n to_o their_o friend_n not_o dare_v to_o trust_v their_o affair_n to_o the_o tongue_n of_o a_o messenger_n they_o write_v in_o cypher_n many_o time_n and_o conceal_v they_o several_a way_n the_o cypher_n be_v make_v according_a to_o every_o man_n fancy_n and_o the_o way_n of_o conceal_v they_o be_v divers_a some_o have_v write_v on_o the_o inside_n of_o a_o scabbard_n of_o a_o sword_n other_o have_v put_v their_o letter_n up_o in_o paste_n bake_v it_o and_o then_o give_v it_o for_o sustenance_n to_o the_o messenger_n that_o be_v to_o carry_v it_o some_o have_v hide_v they_o in_o their_o privity_n some_o in_o the_o collar_n of_o the_o messenger_n dog_n there_o be_v another_o very_a useful_a and_o ingenious_a way_n and_o that_o be_v by_o write_v a_o ordinary_a letter_n about_o your_o private_a affair_n and_o afterward_o betwixt_o every_o two_o line_n to_o write_v your_o intrigue_n with_o a_o certain_a kind_n of_o water_n that_o will_v never_o be_v discover_v but_o by_o dip_v it_o into_o other_o water_n or_o by_o hold_v it_o to_o the_o fire_n and_o by_o so_o do_v the_o letter_n will_v be_v visible_a and_o this_o trick_n have_v be_v very_o subtle_o practise_v in_o our_o time_n in_o which_o a_o certain_a person_n have_v a_o desire_n to_o signify_v a_o secret_a to_o some_o of_o his_o friend_n and_o not_o dare_v to_o trust_v it_o to_o a_o messenger_n he_o send_v out_o letter_n of_o excommunication_n write_v very_o former_o but_o interline_v as_o abovesaid_a and_o cause_v they_o to_o be_v fix_v to_o the_o door_n of_o the_o church_n which_o be_v know_v to_o his_o friend_n by_o some_o private_a mark_n they_o understand_v the_o whole_a business_n and_o this_o be_v a_o very_a good_a way_n for_o he_o who_o carry_v it_o may_v be_v deceive_v and_o he_o that_o write_v it_o be_v in_o no_o great_a danger_n there_o be_v a_o thousand_o other_o way_n invent_v according_a to_o every_o man_n fancy_n and_o wit_n but_o it_o be_v much_o easy_a to_o write_v to_o those_o who_o be_v block_v up_o in_o a_o town_n than_o for_o those_o who_o be_v besiege_v to_o write_v to_o their_o friend_n abroad_o because_o these_o letter_n can_v be_v convey_v but_o by_o somebody_o who_o must_v pretend_v to_o run_v away_o out_o of_o the_o town_n which_o be_v a_o hard_a and_o a_o dangerous_a thing_n if_o the_o enemy_n be_v any_o thing_n careful_a but_o it_o be_v otherwise_o with_o letter_n to_o be_v send_v into_o a_o town_n for_o a_o man_n have_v a_o thousand_o occasion_n to_o come_v into_o a_o leaguer_n where_o he_o may_v watch_v his_o opportunity_n and_o slip_v into_o the_o town_n chap._n x._o how_o to_o repair_v a_o breach_n and_o the_o way_n to_o defend_v it_o fabr._n but_o let_v we_o come_v now_o to_o the_o present_a way_n of_o beleaguer_a of_o town_n i_o say_v that_o if_o you_o be_v assault_v in_o a_o town_n that_o be_v not_o fortify_v with_o ditch_n on_o the_o inside_n as_o i_o have_v mention_v before_o that_o your_o enemy_n may_v not_o enter_v at_o the_o breach_n which_o the_o artillery_n make_v for_o against_o other_o breach_n there_o be_v no_o remedy_n it_o be_v necessary_a whilst_o the_o artillery_n be_v play_v to_o cut_v a_o new_a ditch_n behind_o the_o breach_n of_o at_o least_o thirty_o yard_n wide_a and_o to_o throw_v all_o the_o earth_n that_o come_v out_o of_o it_o towards_o the_o town_n that_o it_o may_v make_v a_o good_a rampart_n and_o add_v to_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o ditch_n and_o this_o work_n be_v to_o be_v carry_v on_o with_o such_o diligence_n that_o when_o the_o wall_n fall_v the_o ditch_n may_v be_v at_o least_o five_o or_o six_o yard_n deep_a and_o whilst_o they_o be_v at_o work_n to_o make_v this_o ditch_n it_o be_v necessary_a that_o they_o be_v secure_v with_o two_o caseniat_n that_o may_v flank_v the_o enemy_n in_o case_n he_o shall_v endeavour_v to_o disturb_v they_o and_o if_o the_o wall_n be_v so_o strong_a as_o to_o give_v you_o time_n to_o make_v your_o ditch_n and_o your_o casemat_n that_o part_n which_o be_v batter_v will_v be_v the_o strong_a part_n about_o the_o town_n for_o that_o rampart_n will_v be_v of_o the_o same_o form_n and_o model_n which_o we_o propose_v for_o the_o ditch_n within_o but_o where_o the_o wall_n be_v so_o weak_a as_o to_o allow_v you_o no_o time_n than_o you_o must_v show_v your_o courage_n and_o present_v yourself_o brave_o at_o the_o breach_n your_o soldier_n well_o arm_v and_o with_o as_o much_o cheerfulness_n as_o be_v possible_a this_o way_n of_o throw_v up_o new_a work_n be_v observe_v by_o the_o pisans_n when_o you_o besiege_v it_o and_o they_o may_v do_v it_o well_o enough_o for_o their_o wall_n be_v strong_a which_o give_v they_o time_n and_o the_o earth_n good_a and_o proper_a for_o rampart_n whereas_o have_v they_o want_v either_o of_o those_o convenience_n they_o must_v of_o necessity_n have_v be_v lose_v it_o be_v wisdom_n therefore_o to_o make_v these_o ditch_n round_o about_o the_o town_n before_o there_o be_v any_o necessity_n as_o we_o say_v before_o for_o in_o that_o case_n you_o may_v expect_v the_o enemy_n without_o fear_n chap._n xi_o of_o mine_n fabr._n the_o ancient_n take_v several_a town_n by_o mine_v under_o ground_n and_o that_o two_o way_n either_o by_o carry_v their_o mine_n under_o ground_n into_o the_o town_n and_o enter_v thereby_o as_o the_o roman_n do_v when_o they_o take_v the_o city_n of_o vejentum_fw-la or_o by_o undermine_v only_o the_o wall_n and_o so_o tumble_v they_o down_o at_o present_v this_o latter_a way_n be_v more_o use_v than_o the_o other_o and_o