Selected quad for the lemma: friend_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
friend_n	caesar_n	great_a	pompey_n	781	5	11.2029	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A36161	A complete dictionary of the Greek and Roman antiquities explaining the obscure places in classic authors and ancient historians relating to the religion, mythology, history, geography and chronology of the ancient Greeks and Romans, their ... rites and customs, laws, polity, arts and engines of war : also an account of their navigations, arts and sciences and the inventors of them : with the lives and opinions of their philosophers / compiled originally in French ... by Monsieur Danet ; made English, with the addition of very useful mapps.; Dictionarium antiquitatum Romanarum et Graecarum. English	Danet, Pierre, ca. 1650-1709.	1700 (1700)	Wing D171; ESTC R14021	1,057,883	623

one Day to these Four Months April June September and November and so made them consist of 30 Days and to the Month of February he left 28 Days for the common Years and 29 for the Year called Bissextile that so there might be no Change made in the Ceremonies of the Sacrifices which were offered in this Month to the Infernal Gods As soon as these Things were thus order'd and Sosigenes had finished his Work the Emperor publish'd an Edict wherein he set forth the Reformation he had made of the Calendar and commanded it to be used through all the Roman Empire And because of the Negligence of those to whom the Care was committed of distributing the Intercalatory Months the Beginning of the Year was then found to anticipate its true Place 67 whole Days therefore this Time must be some way spent to restore the first Day of the next Year to its due Place at the Winter-●o●stice and to this end Two Months were made of these 67 Days which were ordered to be intercalated between the Months of November and December from whence it came to pass that the Year of the Correction of the Calendar by Julius Caesar which was called the Julian Correction consisted of 15 Months and of 445 Days and upon this Account it was called the Year of Confusion because in it that great Number of Days was to be absorbed which brought so great Confusion into the Account of Time But to accommodate the Matter in some measure to the Genius of the Romans who had been so long accustomed to the Lunar Year the Emperor would not begin his Year precisely on the Day of the Winter solstice but only on the Day of the New-Moon which followed next after it which happened by Chance at the time of this Correction of the Calendar to be about Eight Days after the Solstice from hence it comes to pass that the Julian Year in all succeeding Times hath still preserved the same Beginning i. e. the first Day of January which is about Eight Days after the Solstice of Capricorn Julius Caesar drew a great deal of envy upon himself by this Correction of the Calendar of which we have an Instance in that picquant Ra●llery of Cicero upon this Occasion One of his Friends discoursing with him happen'd to say that Lyra was to set to Morrow Cras Lyra occidit said he to whom Cicero immediately reported Nempe ex Edicto yes quoth he by vertue of an Edict Yet this did nowise hinder this Reformation from being generally received and observed after the Death of Caesar which happened the next Year after it And to give the greater Authority to this Usage it fell out also that Marcus Antonius in his Consulship order'd that the Month called Quintilis which was that in which Julius Caesar was born should bear his Name and for the Future be called Julius as it happened afterwards to the Month Sextilis to which was given the Name of Augustus both which Names are still continued down to our Time 'T is true the Priests by their Ignorance committed a considerable Error in the Observation of the first Years for not understanding this Intercalation of a Day was to be made every Four Years they thought that the Fourth Year was to be reckoned from that wherein the preceeding Intercalation was made and not from that which follow'd next after it by which means they left only Two common Years instead of Three between the Two Intercalary Years from whence it came to pass that they intercalated Twelve Days in the Space of 36 Years whereas Nine only should have been intercalated in that Space and so they put back the Beginning of the Year Three Days Which being observ'd by Augustus Successor to Julius Caesar he presently caused this Error to be amended by ordering that for the first Twelve Years no Intercalation should be made that by this means these Three superfluous Days might be absorbed and Things might be restored to their first Institution which continued eversince without any Interruption until the End of the last Age when some thought themselves oblig'd to take Pains in making another Correction of the Calendar Here follows the Copy of an ancient Roman Calendar which some curions Antiquaries have gathered together out of divers Monuments that it might be published There are Six different Columns in it the first contains the Letters which they called Nundinales the Second notes the Days which they called Easti Nefasti and Comittales which are also signified by Letters the Third contains the Number of Meto which is called the Golden Number the Fourth is for the Days in Order which are marked with Arabick Figures or Characters the Fifth divides the Month into Calends Nones and Ides according to the ancient Way of the Romans and the Sixth contains their Festivals and divers other Ceremonies of which we shall treat more largely hereafter In this Calendar to which we have given the Name of the Calendar of Julius Caesar although it appears to have been made since Augustus's Time is to be seen 1. The same Order and Succession of the Months which was instituted by Numa Pompilius and such as we have set down before 2. These Seven Months January March May Quintilis or July Sextilis or August October and Decembor have each of them 31 Days and these Four April June September and November have only 30 but February for the common Years has only 28 Days and for the Intercalary or Bissextile it has 29. 3. This Series of Eight Letters which we have called Literae Nundinales is continued without Interruption from the first to the last Day of the Year that there might always be one of them to signifie those Days of the Year on which those Meetings were held that were called by the Romans Nundinae and which returned every Ninth Day to the end that the Roman Citizens might come out of the Country to the City to be informed of what concerned either Religion or Government These Letters are so placed that if the Nundinal Day of the first Year was under the Letter A which is at the 1st the 9th the 17th the 25th of January c. the Letter of the Nundinal Day for the next Year must be D which is at the 5th the 13th the 21st of the same Month c. for the Letter A being found at the 27th of December if from this Day we reckon Eight Letters besides the Letters B C D E which remain after A in the Month of December we must take Four other Letters at the Beginning of January in the next Year A B C D and so the Letter D which is first found in the Month of January will be the 9th after the last A in the Month of December preceeding and consequently it will be the Nundinal Letter or that Letter which notes the Days set apart for these Meetings which may be also called by the Name of Faires or publick Markets Thus by the same way of

order to disband his Army Aemilius on the contrary added to the reasons alledg'd the foregoing year by Sulpitius that Caesar offered to disband his Army if Pompey who was his declared Enemy would also break his Forces The Tribune Curio seeing that the Senate favour'd Pompey made that proposal to the people who approv'd the same and Anthony Curio's Colleague openly read Caesar's Letters in the presence of the people notwithstanding the opposition of the Consul Marcellus who made all his endeavours to prevent it Marc. Antony who was on Casar's side was made their chief Pontiff and Galba was debarred of the Consulate because he had been Caesar's Lieutenant A. M. 4004. R. 703. L. CORNELIUS LENTULUS G. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS The two Consuls favour'd the party of Pompey and proposed to recal Caesar and disband his Army but Curio and other Friends to Caesar opposed boldly the Consuls who dismiss'd the Assembly upon pretence that they grew too hot Labienus one of the chiefest General Officers of Caesar forsook him and went over to Pompey The Consuls found out another way to bring their design about they exaggerated the shame or disgrace that the defeat of Crassus by the Parthians had brought upon Rome and that to revenge that affront it was necessary to send two Legions of Caesar's and two other of Pompey's with some other Forces to make war against them As soon as Caesar had notice of this order he sent two of his Legions with two more that Pompey had lent him Fabius came to Rome from Caesar and delivered his Letters to the Consuls who were hardly prevailed upon by the Tribunes that the same should be read to the Senate and would never consent that his offers should be taken into consideration but ordered to consider of the present state of the affairs of the Republick Lentulus one of the Consuls said that he would never forsake the Commonwealth if they would speak their mind boldly Scipio Pompey's Father-in-law spoke to the same purpose and said that Pompey would never forsake the Republick if the Senate would stand by it Whereupon it was ordered that Caesar should disband his Army by a certain time or otherwise he should be declared Criminal Marc-Anthony and Q. Massius Tribunes of the people opposed this resolution The Censor Piso and the Praetor Roscius offered themselves to go to Caesar to inform him how the affairs went but they were not allowed to go and all the proceedings were stopt They had recourse at last to the last remedies and to a Decree by which it was ordered That the Magistrates should take care of the safety of the Commonwealth The Tribunes went out of Rome and retired to Caesar at Ravenna where he was expecting an answer suitable to the equity of his Demands The following days the Senate met out of the City that Pompey might be present at the Assembly for being Proconsul by his Office he could not be at Rome Then they raised Forces throughout Italy and took Money out of the Exchequer to bear Pompey's charges Caesar having intelligence of all these proceedings assembled his Soldiers and represented to them in a pathetical way the injustice of his Enemies and exhorted them to stand by him against their violence The Soldiers cried out presently that they were ready to protect his Dignity and that of the Tribunes Caesar trusting himself to their fidelity brought them towards Rimini where he met the Tribunes of the people who came to him to implore his assistance All the Towns of Italy where Caesar appear'd open'd their Gates and sent away Pompey's Garrisons This great progress surpriz'd Pompey's Followers and obliged them to quit Rome and Caesar pursu'd them as far as Brundusium where Pompey cross'd over the Sea with the Consuls Caesar having no Ships to follow them return'd to Rome The Magistrates and the Senators that remain'd there made Lepidus Inter-Rex who created C. Julius Caesar Dictator who recall'd the banish'd Citizens and restor'd them to the possession of their Estates He laid down that great Office after having kept it eleven days only and then was made Consul A. M. 4005. R. 704. C. JULIUS CAESAR P. SERVILIUS VATINIUS ISAURICUS Caesar had then no other thoughts but to pursue Pompey but first of all he thought fit to make himself Master of Spain where Pompey had fortified himself a long while ago He had several skirmishes on the Segra near Laerida and so closely pursued Afranius one of Pompey's Generals that he was obliged to disband his Army composed of seven Roman Legions and of a great many Confederates Varro another General of Pompey's attempted to defend Calis and Cordua but all the Neighbouring Provinces declared themselves for Caesar so that he was forc'd to yield to his good Fortune and delivered up his Forces Ships and all his Ammunitions In the mean time Pompey got together a very strong Fleet compos'd of several Squadrons from Asia the Cyclades Islands Corsou Athens and Egypt making in all five hundred Ships besides the Tenders and other small Ships His Land Forces were not inferior to his Naval Strength but he had dispersed his Army into several places to keep the Provinces in his Interest and had then with him but forty five thousand Foot and seven thousand Horse Caesar was not so strong for his Army consisted only of a thousand Horse and twenty two thousand Foot These two Armies engaged in Thessalia near Pharsalia and Pompey's Army was defeated and himself forc'd to escape in disguise to Amphipolis where he attempted to rally his scatter'd Forces but Caesar pursued him so close that he had no time to do it and fled away into Egypt where King Ptolomy caused him to be murther'd before he landed Caesar was so concerned at the news of his death that the murtherers thought they could not avoid a punishment suitable to their Crime but by the death of Caesar himself Photinus the Eunuch and Archaelas attacked Caesar but Methridates King of Pergamus came to his relief and deliver'd him from these Murtherers A. M. 4006. R. 705. Q. FURIUS CALENUS P. VATINIUS Tho' Caesar was absent from Rome yet he was made Dictator the second time and his Dictatorship continued for a whole year He reduced the Kingdom of Pontus into a Roman Province and bestow'd the Government of it upon Celius Vincinianus It was concerning this Victory that Caesar obtained over Pharnaces King of Pontus that he wrote to his Friend Anicius veni vidi vici I am come I have seen I have overcome to shew with what swiftness he had subdued the Kingdom of Pontus Caesar return'd by way of Asia Minor and gave the Kingdom of Bosphorus to Mithridates King of Pergamus and from thence came to Rome where his presence was necessary After his arrival he disbanded a great part of his Forces giving one hundred Crowns to each Soldier with Lands enough to live there rich and contented A. M. 4007. R. 706. C. JULIUS CAESAR M. AEMILIUS LEPIDUS Caesar did not stay

Parcels the Goods which were seized from any one CAELIUS one of the Seven Mountains of Rome so called from Caelius Vibenus King of Tuscany who assisted Romulus against the Latins This Mountain was inclosed within Rome by Tullus Hostilius who built his Palace there There were many beautiful Temples upon it viz. That of Faunus Venus Cupid and the Fourth to the Emperor Claudius CAENIS the Daughter of Elatheus one of the Lapithae who was beloved by Neptune and changed into a Man that was invulnerable He fought against the Centaurs for the Lapithae and received no Wound but he was crushed by the Fast of some great Trees Virgil informs us that she resumed her Sex after his Death but Ovid will have her changed into a Bird. CAERUS was called by the Greeks the God of Opportunity and by the Latins of Occasion The Elians consecrated an Altar to him Callistratus the famous Carver has represented this God under the Form of a fair young Man having his Hair loose and blown about by the Gales of the Wind and holding a Rasor in his Hand A certain Poet also calls him the youngest of Saturn's Children Phaedrus in his witty Fables has described him in the Shape of a Man with Wings having Hair on the fore part of his Head but being bald behind that none can regain him when he has suffered him once to pass him because he went so swift that he could run upon the edge of a Razor without hurting himself CAESA PORRECTA these are the Entrails taken out of a Sacrifice when it is opened which the Sacrificer considers attentively before he casts them into the Fire to observe whether there be any Blemish which may interrupt the Sacrifice or cause it to be renewed and from hence arises the Proverb used by Cicero Epist 18. lib. 5. ad Atticum Multa imo omnia quorum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ne quid inter Caesa porrecta ut aiunt oneris mihi addatur aut temporis You see all that is in my Letters refer to this Head That being upon the point of learning my Office and relinquishing my Government none shall involve me against my Intention and Design in new Affairs and so oblige me to remain in my Office CAESA and RUTA some understand by these Words Things moveable which are not fastened either by Hooks or Nails to the Foundation or any part of the Building as belonging neither to the Mason or Carpenter's Work Cum aedes Paternas venderes ne in rutis quidem caecis solium tibi paternum recepisti When you sold your Fathers House you did not reserve so much to your self out of all his moveables as the Chair wherein he sat CAESAR Caius Julius who was the first Roman Emperor He was the Son of Lucius Julius Caesar a Roman Consul and Praetor This Word Caesar was the Surname of the Julian Family either because the first of them was cut out of his Mothers Belly or because he was born with much Hair or lastly because the Grandfather of Caius slew an Elephant which in the Punick Language is called Caesar CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR was of a good Stature he had a pale Complexion brisk Eyes a large Nose something rising all Marks of a great Soul a lover of Honour and Command Being made Consul he went into Gallia and subdued it by Force He first crossed the Sea and made old Albion now England to pay tribute to the People of Rome He made Pompey and Crassus Friends by marrying his Daughter Julia to the former but afterward they quarrelled in such a manner as begat a civil War which had almost overturned the Roman Empire Caesar was ever the Conqueror and utterly routed all Pompey's Forces in Aegypt and in the Pharsalian Field and so he got the Government into his Hands He marched from thence into Syria and into the Kingdom of Pontus where he conquered Pharnaces vanquished Juba with Scipio and Cato in Africa Returning to Rome he triumphed Four Times together viz. over the Gauls Aegypt Pontus and Africa and further a fifth Time for subduing Pompey the younger in Spain After all these Victories he was chosen perpetual Dictator and proclaimed Emperor which so stirred up the Hatred and Envy of the Noblemen of Rome that they conspired against him and slew him in the Senate-house having given him Twenty Three Wounds with their Daggers of which he died Brutus and Cassuis were among the Conspirators He was Fifty Six Years old at his Death Dr. Andreas an Italian a Scholar of the famous Argoli has given an excellent description of him in writing upon the Medal of this Emperor It is my Opinion says he that Julius Caesar being of a tall Stature and having brisk Eyes and of a pale Skin was of a passionate Disposition but a little melancholy his large Nose a little rising between the Eyes his Nostrils turning something upward and flat on the top make his Nose something like an Eagle's which denotes great Courage a lover of Glory and Empire His brisk and black Eyes his Forehead a little sinking in the middle shew that he was a Man of great Designs and constant in his Undertakings his Head was well shaped with Two risings behind and before and his Forehead lean all which joined together discover his Fitness for Study and Eloquence He was bald on the fore part of his Head which signifies his Inclination to love from whence it became a common saying of his Souldiers which they sang at his Return from the East O ye Romans we have brought you the bald Adulterer There never was any Man who had more Valour fearless Boldness and Courage than he nor greater Experience in warlike Affairs or the Art of governing by which he subdued 300 Nations took 800 Cities and conquered 3 Millions of Men in several Battles He was very resolute and daring which made him to cross the Rhine and the Ocean to attack Germany and England though the Wars of the Gauls were not yet finished He shewed his Magnificence in his Preparations of Plays and Triumphs in which he exceeded all that had been before him and swallowed up if I may so say in that prodigal Expence all the Roman Bravery and Wealth The large Reach of his Wit was proved by his Reformation of the Time and Laws the former of which is an hard Work still and the other his Death prevented him from finishing as also his Eloquence in his learned Commentaries which he has left of the Civil Wars and the War with the Gauls He was the mildest Prince in the World and we may say that his whole Life was nothing but a continual Example of Mercy and Bounty for he not only pardoned his Enemies thro' the Greatness of his Mind but he restored them to their Dignities and often heaped new Honours upon them which made Cicero say that he had conquer'd Victory because he freely deprived himself of that which she had given Wherefore 't was nothing but

that place in Arcadia where there were three Statues set up for Venus one for Coelestis the other for Popularis and the third without any Surname which distinguished it from the rest Xenophon makes a Distinction between Venus Coelestis and Popularis and attributes to the first a Love of Knowledge and Vertue as he does to the other the Love of Corporeal Pleasures This Name of Venus Coelestis comes either from her being represented upon a Lion's Back and ascending up to Heaven or from her being the Daughter of Heaven from whence the Greeks called her Vrania or because the ancient and true Vrania was very different from that which they called the Common one and inspired Men with nothing but pure and chaste Love which raised up the Heart to Heaven Apuleius also in his Apology bears the same Testimony wherein he shews that that Venus Coelestis which is distinguished from the Common Venus allows us to love no other Beauty than that which can revive the Idea and Love of Heavenly Beauties in our Souls Plutarch speaks of Venus at Rome surnamed Libitina in whose Temple they sold all things belonging to Burials He likewise adds that those of Delphos had also their Venus Sepulchralis where they conjured up the Dead by Magick Spells Calvus the Poet calls Venus a God Pollentemque Deum Venerem as well as Virgil in Aen. 2. Discedo ac ducente Deo flammam inter hostes Expedior Some Criticks who have not perhaps made this Observation would correct this place and put Dea instead of Deo contrary to the Authority of the Manuscripts Levinus speaking of this Deity says having worshipped Venus whether Female or Male which is the same as the Moon Aristophanes calls her 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the Neuter Gender and Hesychius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Salmatius has corrected it Theophrastus says he assures us that Aphroditos or Venus is an Hermophrodite and that her Statue with a Beard on like a Man was to be seen in the Island of Cyprus near Amathusa Venus Victrix was represented sometimes carrying Victory in her Right Hand and a Scepter in her Left and leaning her Arm upon a great Shield and another time with a Murion or Steel-piece in her Hand instead of Victory and the Apple which Paris adjudged to her as the Reward of her Beauty which she got from Pallas and Juno The Poets make her Chariot to be drawn by Swans and two flying Cupids They represented her like a beautiful Goddess sitting in a Chariot drawn by two Swans and as many Doves crowned with Myrtle and having a burning Torch in her Bosom Pausanias also speaks of a Statue of Venus made of Ivory and Gold by Phidias with one Foot upon a Tortoise and likewise another of Venus riding upon a He-Goat and made by Scopas the Venus of Praxiteles at Cnidos was made of white Marble and half opened her Lips as if she smiled Venus the Mother of Love and the Goddess of Pleasures would by no means comply to make Vulcan her Husband but as he could not compass his Design in Heaven and that he was weary with her Coiness Jupiter advised him to give her some Poppy in her Drink which put her unto such a Love-fit that without thinking any more of the Persons that so entirely loved her she took up with what fell in her Way and make that sorry Smith her Husband Cum primùm cupido Venus est deducta marito Hoc bibit ex illo tempore nupta fuit But she reassumed her disdainful Carriage again when her Love-fit was over and she always lived at Variance with her wretched Cripple Augustus Caesar dedicated the Temple of Venus Genetrix to Julius Caesar whose Statue was made by Archesilaus VERBENA Vervein an Herb used by the Pagans at their Sacrifices and which they thought to have something that was Divine in it The Romans in the Beginning of the Year made a Present of this Herb to their Friends VERGILIAE Constellations whose Appearance denote the Approach of the Spring They were the Daughters of Atlas according to the Poets and by the Greeks were called Pleiades but the Romans named them Vergiliae VERITAS Truth of whom the Ancients made a Deity and called her the Daughter of Saturn and Time and the Mother of Vertue they painted her like a handsome and modest Woman clad very plain but shining with Splendor and Majesty VERTICORDIA a Surname given to Venus who diverted the Minds of Men from impure and unlawful Love VERTUMNUS à God of Change and Gardens he was also an Emblem of the Year This God was woshipped under a Thousand Forms for which reason Horace says Vertumnis natus iniquis as if there were as many different Vertumnus's as there were different Forms by which this Deity was represented He was in Love with Pomona the Greeks called him Proteus VERUS a Roman Emperor that reigned with Marcus Aurelius and who by his Beard affected to appear like a Philosopher though he had no Inclination nor Disposition to Learning He was much addicted to the Vices of Drunkenness Gaming and Women So that what was most remarkable in his Physiogmony was that he resembled the Portraitures made of the Satyrs by the Ancients who were said to be very lecherous Authors say he had a ruby and Copper Face by which they readily concluded he loved Wine which he drunk to that Excess that at his Return from Syria he appointed an Apartment in his Pallace which he called the Emperor's Tavern He died of an Apoplexy at the Age of 42. VESPATIAN a Roman Emperor that succeeded Vitellius the Lineaments of this Emperor's face as Suetonius has described them are very well exprest on his Medals for he had the Mien of a costive Person he was a valiant and good-natured Prince and was guilty of no other Vice but Covetousness which he shewed by the Taxes he laid upon his Subjects In the mean time he was very liberal to poor Senators learned Men and ruined Cities He was much addicted to Raillery and continued it to his dying Day for being upon the Point of Expiring he said to those that were about him I perceive I begin to become a God and thereby ridiculed the Custom of the Romans deifying their Emperors after their Decease VESPER the Evening-Star VESPERUGO the Planet Venus when it appears in the Evening VESTA a Heathen Goddess Lactantius relates the Words of Ennius or Euhemerus who makes Vesta to be the Wife of Vranus the Father of Saturn the first that reigned in the World and after having spoken of the Contest between Titan the eldest Son of Vranus and Saturn the younger about the Kingdom he says that their Mother Vesta advised Saturn not to ●●it the Sovereignty This Genealogy is very like unto that of Sanchuniathon saving that he calls the Earth the Wife of Vranus which we know has been confounded with Vesta Vesta passed from Phoenicia into Greece where Diodorus Siculus says they made her