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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
a28556	The Character of Queen Elizabeth, or, A full and clear account of her policies, and the methods of her government both in church and state her virtue and defects, together with the characters of her principal ministers of state, and the greatest part of the affairs and events that happened in her times / collected and faithfully represented by Edmund Bohun, Esquire.	Bohun, Edmund, 1645-1699.; Johnston, Robert, 1567?-1639. Historia rerum britannicarum.	1693 (1693)	Wing B3448; ESTC R4143	162,628	414

attempt the passing through the Dutch Fleet to their Ruin The 2d of August was the day appointed for the landing in England but before that came the Admiral of England having chosen eight old Ships and filled them with combustible matter and charged all their Ordnance with Stones and Bullets he sent them the 28th of July about Two of the Clock in the morning with the Wind and Tide against the Spanish Fleet and when they were just upon it the Mariners fired all these ships at once and left them under sail to enter the Spanish Fleet this fire in the dead of the night put the Spaniards into such an affright that cutting their Cables and hoisting their Sails they betook themselves to the Sea in great confusion and disorder one of the greatest of their Galeasses falling foul upon another ship lost her Rudder and was driven on the Coast of Calis where the English found and took her and in her besides other valuable Spoils they found 50000 Ducats of the King of Spain's Treasure The 29th of July the Spanish Fleet got it self into some Order again before Graveling but the English Fleet which had followed it furiously assaulted it and the Spaniards suffered the English to get the Weathergage of them tho they were more in number and stronger than the English but they were resolved to keep on the Defensive part till Parma was joined with them This whole day was spent in a furious Fight with great slaughter of the Spaniards tho there was few ships taken or sunk but at night the English having spent all their Powder retired In all these fights the English did not lose above 100 men and amongst them not one Person of Quality The Spanish Ships were so battered that this night two or three of them sunk and amongst them a great ship of Biscay and two Portugal Galeons of Seven or Eight Hundred Tun were deserted by the Spanish Fleet because the Water entred into them on all sides and taken by the Hollanders of Flushing That day the Spanish Fleet passed by Dunkirk The next day the Spanish Fleet cut down their Main-Sails and resolved to fight no more nor was there any occasion for the English Admiral having sent a Squadron to secure the Duke of Parma in Flanders he with the rest pursued the Spanish Fleet till the 2d of August but tho he was very near them yet wanting Powder and Ball he never offered them any violence The 4th of August the Spanish Navy spread all their Sails before a strong Wind and committed their shattered ships to the Violence of the Northern Ocean but the English following them to 57. Degrees of North-Latitude returned and left them to receive the rest of their Chastisement from the Seas and the Scots and Irish but there were certain Pinnaces sent to follow them and observe their Motions at a distance The Spaniards found they had lost four or five thousand of their men and ten or twelve of their principal ships and tho they were rid of the English yet they wanted Water and Victuals Cables Cordage Anchors Masts and Sails and as for the Duke of Parma he they saw could not succour them so they resolved to pass round about Scotland and Ireland and return into Spain they also cast over-board all their Horses and Mules to preserve the remainder of their Water Thus they were driven Northward to 61 Degrees of Latitude Twenty five of the best provided ships returned into Spain forty more wanting Water set sail for Ireland to get fresh Water there These the 2d of September were by a Storm from the South-West driven upon several parts of Ireland and most of their Ships perished together with the men in them others were by a West Wind blown into the English Channel again and were taken by the English or Rochellers So that of 134 ships as some counted them that came from Spain there never returned above 53. Of almost 30000 men that went in it there perished above half and many of them that came back died with the hardships they had suffered In short there was not one Great Family in Spain which did not lose a Son a Brother or a Kinsman All those of the Spaniards which hapned to be cast upon the Coast of Scotland were entertained by the Scots and fed and cloathed and afterwards sent into Spain but those that were cast upon the Coast of Ireland were plundered of all that was left them by the English and Irish and without any Mercy put to the Sword those that were cast upon the Coasts of Norway and France and even those that fell into the hands of the English and the Hollanders met with a better treatment So that Ireland the most deceived their expectation and of a Friend proved the most implacable and barbarous Enemy to this wretched Fleet in their greatest distress Philip King of Spain bore the Loss of this great Fleet and Army with a more equal mind than is usual for Princes and at last took the Duke of Medina the General of this unfortunate Expedition again into his favour attributing the Calamity not to the Imprudence or Negligence of the General but to the Violence of Tempests and the Rage of the Ocean tho in truth it was owing to the Blessing of God upon the Valour and Policy of the English and the too strict Orders they brought from Spain Not to engage till they were joined with the Duke of Parma who could never get out of the Harbour to meet them being locked in by the Hollanders This exposed them for so many days to the ●…ury of the English Cannon with the advantage of the Weathergage and had the English had Powder enough to have continued the Fight to the last very much fewer of these ships had ever returned into Spain But however when they were battered and strangely weakned they were forced to take the way of the Northern Ocean in September and were exposed to dreadful Tempests wanting fresh Water Victuals and all other Necessaries for all the Northern Countries hated the Spaniards so that neither Germany Denmark nor Scotland would relieve them Thus being exposed to all manner of hardships in this battered estate it is a great wonder so many of them returned into Spain Some were for grappling with these ships when they fought them in the British Seas but the English Admiral confidering they were taller and stronger than the English ships and had a Land-Army on board to defend their Decks which we had not he would never consent to it and this was a principal cause of the Victory The States of Holland and the English Nation which were equally concerned in this Victory returned the Glory of it to God alone who was acknowledged by all as the Author of it the English Fleet being nothing when compared with the bulky ships that came from Spain so that they thought we would not have dared to resist them The 29th of November the

Plenty and was attacked by the Blandishments of Nature and a multitude of external pleasing Objects yet she persisted in the Resolution she had taken and with a constant and unmoveable Soul preferred her Maiden State to any Marriage Though she was almost every night tempted to change her Resolution by the Luxury Chearfulness and Wantonness of a Court which shewed it self in Interludes Banquets and Balls and was surrounded on all sides with the Enticements of Pleasures and the things which might provoke the most cool and languid Lust yet she preserved her self from being Conquered or broken by them For the Fear of God and a true Sense of Piety extinguished in her all Feminine Intemperance and Lust. Though she was the Sovereign and Mistress of all she did nothing that was insolent tho she ha●… an abundance of Wealth at her Command she was not dissolute but she governed her self by the severest Rules of Chastity and Continence Yet her Juvenile Age for she was then about Twenty five years old and the Intemperance which will ever attend a Court gave occasion to some injurious Reports but then she as casily washed off that slanderous Infamy which was one of the most raging Crimes of the Age by the incredible Continence and Chastity of her whole Life her Modesty and Prudence over-ruling and controuling the Natural Inclination and Disposition Her Maids of Honour who waited on her took a wonderful pleasure in her Manners her Discourses and Conversation and wholly applied themselves to imitate her borrowing from her examples of Modesty and Chastity so that they would never suffer any young Nobleman to have any familiar Acquaintance with any of them if he had not recommended himself to them by some Generous Manly Action in the Wars Amongst those who in the several parts of her Life aspired to the Honour of her Bed Edward Courtney Earl of Devonshire and Marquess of Exeter was the first who courted her in her youngest years And after him Christian III. King of Denmark for his Son Frederick after this ●…erdinand the Emperor desired her for his Son Charles Philip II. King of Spain Erix King of Sweden and Adolph Duke of Holstein the Dukes of Anjou and Alenzon both Princes of the House of France desired to have Married her but all this was to no purpose for when she had by these Treaties deluded them and secured her self she ever after pretended That at her Coronation she had obliged her self not to Marry a Foreign Prince Yet there were some at home who after this deceived themselves with these deluding hopes amongst whom was James Earl of Arran a Scotch Nobleman who was recommended to the Queen for an Husband by the Protestants of that Kingdom as the best means of Uniting England and Scotland but though she commended this Gentleman yet she rejected the Proposal There was also one Sir William Pickering a Gentleman who had improved himself by Ambassies and the French Breeding who aspired to it tho it was so much above his Fortunes And Thomas Howard Earl of Arundel asterwards Duke of Norfolk one descended of one of the Noblest and Richest Families in the English Nation and a person of great Interest and Authority though he was advanced in years yet he would also very fain have married the Queen but when he perceived his Old Age was ridicul'd and despised he left the Court and went abroad and never came back again into England She persisted in this Resolution of Celebacy with a Constancy that was admired then and ever since and at last she would grow angry when any of her Subjects spake to her of Marriage which they as passionately desired as she declined it The reason of this was wonderfully exagitated in the thoughts of men and some were very unmannerly to speak the best of it in their Conjectures whilst others ascribed it with much more probability to an habit of Chastity which put a Curb upon all irregular Desires or the fears of changing her Fortune and diminishing her Authority it being but reasonable she should ●…spect that whosoever had Married her would have taken upon him the principal Administration and so have abated her Power and Reputation others ascribed it to the Counsel of her Friends who yet prevailed with her to suffer Treaties of Marriage to be carried on to render Foreign Princes more favourable to her Interests by the hopes of attaining her at last But whatever was the true Cause of it which can be certainly known to none but God had this Queen been of the Communion of the Church of Rome this single Virtue would have gone a great way to the Canonizing of her as it has of many others and she certainly would have much more deserved it than any of the best that have been Sainted on that account only The common people of England for a long time most firmly believed That Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester and Lord Steward of the House to her Majesty would be the man that would marry the Queen He was youngest Son to John Dudley Duke of Northumberland who with his Eld●…r Sons ●…ohn call'd Larl of Warwick Sir Am●…rose Sir Guilford and Sir Henry Dudley had been found Guilty of High ●…reason and the Father an●… Sir Guilford a younger Son was behead●…d in the fi●…st year of Queen Mary s Reign when this Ro●…ert who was the youngest Son his ●…ather had then living was spared merely on the account of his youth and never Tried or Dishonoured This Gentleman in his younger years was a very goodly Person of a B●…autiful and Lovely Complexion and Features but high foreheaded which yet was not then thought any diminution of his Beauty he was a very great Politician but no great Soldier and tho he was not over-righteous in his Actions yet in his Letters there was not known a Stile more Religious and fuller of the strcams of Devotion This Favourite was then in the Verdure and most Flowering Spring of his Youth of a Stately Carriage a Modest and Grave Look a great Flatterer of a pleasant and easie nature in outward shew or appearance and being endowed with all those Accomplishments the City or Court could teach him in which he had had his Education he had insinuated himself into the Favour and Familiarity of the Queen by his specious shews of Loyalty Industry and Vigilance in her ●…ervice and for a long time managed the greatest Station in the Court and was reputed the First Minister of State though his Counsels were not over-fortunate His Brother Ambrose was Heir to the Estate and he to the Wisdom of that Family for he had all the Arts of the Publi●…an Dudley his Grandfather and the Policies of Northumberland his Father He was the most reserved man of that Age that saw all and was invisible carrying a depth not to be fathomed but by the Searcher of He●…rts He became in his latter times sullen to his Superiors haughty towards his

Queen Mary preserved him in her fair Esteem tho he was of a differing Religion In the first of Queen Elizabeth he was again call'd to the Council-Table In the 3d. year of her Reign he was made Master of the Wards and in the 14th Anno 1572. he was made Lord Treasurer of England upon the Death of William Lord Pa●…let havingthe 25th of February of the preceding year obtained his Patentof Baron Lord Burleigh so that he was the first Peer of this Illustrious House though his Father and Grandfather had enjoyed good Employments under Henry the 8th In all the Contests between Sussex and Leicester this Great Man stood Neuter and would engage in neither of the Parties which made him the Head of a Third and enabled him to serve himself of both the other in whose ways he laid many rubs Others were raised to balance Factions he to support a Kingdom as he was the best Statesman in that Age so he was constantly on the watch for the Safety of his Mistress and her Kingdoms Leicester was the Cunningest man of the Age but Cecil the Wisest the Stoutest and being without Guile or Pride made it his business to baffle all Leicester's Projects for th●… Marriage of the Queen and the enslaving the Nation He and Sussex threw themselves once at the Feet of the Queen and presumed to tell her That all her good subjects were concern'd to see the Danger and Dishonour Dudley had brought upon her That he had transgressed all the bounds of a Subject and very much exceeded the Crimes of Northumberland his Father That he had bragg'd of Marrying her That this was a Dishonour to her Majesty and would bring Mischief on her Kingdoms for her Subjects would never endure the Soveraignty of an unchaste and wicked man And they advised her to put a stop to the Jealousies of her People and to consult her own Honour and the Safety of her Friends They represented to her very warmly the Dignity Power and Wealth of a Foreign Match and recommended to her Charles Arch-Duke of Austria second Son of Ferdinand the Emperor and Brother of Maximilian II. as a Prince worthy of her Affections These Discourses of these Great Men made a very deep Impression on the mind of the Queen and thereupon this Noble Earl was sent in the year 1567 to carry the George to Maximilian II. Emperor of Germany and had Commission at the same time to treat of this Marriage which he endeavoured to effect with all his Power though the Earl of Leicester opposed it The Gallantry of his Behaviour and the Splendor of his Equipage and Retinue gain'd him a Familiarity from the Emperor and a Reverence from the Arch-Duke a Respect from the People and his Mistress a kindness in that Court which stood her in great stead against the Attempts of the King of Spain and Pope of Rome which perhaps was all that was designed by the Treaty for it is said the Lord North who went with him had Orders under hand to oppose all his Negotiations as he did and by a few fond Scruples disappointed and at last defeated the whole Design It is supposed by some this Obstruction was procured by Leicester to secure his own Greatness When this Great but Ill Man had struggled many years with the opposite Parties which arose one after another against him in the Court and found himself sinking in the Favour of the Queen by his private Marrying the Countess of Essex during the Life of his first Wife fearing the Divine Justice the Change of the Times and the great Numbers of men he had exasperated against him he in the year 1585 obtained a Commission of the Queen for Levying 500 men to be sent into Holland and Zealand and was after that by another constituted Lieutenant and Captain-General of the whole Army designed for the Service of the United Provinces against the Spaniard whither he went the same year he had no good Success in this Expedition and the next year the Hollanders made loud and dreadful Complaints against him for mis-spending their Money and ill-managing their Affairs whereupon he was re-called and the Complaint following him hither he told the Queen That she having sent him thither with Honour he hoped she would not receive him back with Disgrace and that whom she had raised from the Dust she would not bury alive Thereupon he left the Court and the 4th of Septemb●…r 1588 he died at Cornbury-Park in Oxfordshire Thus died this Favourite having in one year in the Wars lost all that Reputation and Favour he had acquired in so many years in the Court. Peregrine Lord Willoughby a Noble Gentleman a good Soldier and a Virtuous Man who was one of the Commanders under the Earl of Leicester succeeded him as General of the English Forces in the Netherlands He had more Experience more Courage and also more Success than his Predecessor so that he was stiled the Queen's first Sword-man and a great Master of the Military Art by the Historians of those times He did the States of Holland great Service by his brave Defence of Bergen ap Zoom against the Prince of Parma in the year 1588 But for all that he had some of the Fate of his Predecessor which fell to his lot for he was complained of by the Hollanders as well tho not so justly as Leicester but his Innocence clear'd him In the year 1589 he was sent General of 4000 men in aid of the King of Navarre into France and he died in the year 1601. The Queen in all the time of her Reign took care to Establish her Government by the Counsel Virtue and Fidelity of many Wise and Learned Men who spent their whole time in promoting the Publick Welfare and Peace of her Kingdoms Sir Francis Walsingham Secretary of State was one of the greatest of these and an Ornament to her Court and Council He so sedulously attended the execution of the Office committed to him and took his Measures for the Safety of her Person and Kingdoms and the Security of the Protestant Religion with that Prudence and Caution that it was scarce possible any thing should happen which his Care and Industry had not foreseen or his Spies discovered to him before-hand His Maxim was Knowledge is never too dear and accordingly he spent his whole Income and Time in her Service and died in the year 1590 so poor that the Queen gave his Daughter her Portion The Queen has been heard to say That his Diligence and Sagacity exceeded her Expectation The Lord Burleigh was made Lord Treasurer of England by her because he was the Cato of his Time a man well versed in the Affairs of the Treasury and a Provident and Careful Manager of them He would insinuate to the Queen That the Treasury was not her own Money but committed to her Care for the Safety of her People and therefore it was not to be spent in useless

compassionating the Dangers of Scotland foreseeing also at the same time the great and almost unavoidable danger which was approaching her own Kingdom if the French were suffered by force or fraud to subdue that part of the Scots which were of the Protestant Religion she couragiously and prudently resolved to undertake the Defence and Protection of this Nation and broke with the French whose Friendship is at all times doubtful and uncertain Thereupon she sent Mr. William Winter the Master of her Naval Cannon with a Fleet into the Fryth of Edinburgh in the year 1560 which took the Island of Keth from the French and expelled their Garifo●… and relieved the Scots that were then in Arms. She made also the Duke of Norfolk a Peer of good Experience in Warlike 〈◊〉 President of the North. At the same time she sent the Lord Grey of WILTON who had been very unsuccessful in the Defence of GUINES a Fortress belonging to Calais in her Sister's Reign with an Army by Land into Scotland He entred Scotland with this Army which consisted in Six Thousand Foot and Two Thousand Horse in a peaceable and civil manner treating the Countries through which he passed as a Friend and an Ally that came to help them and sat down before Leith a Sea-Port which was then Garison'd by the French Martigues who was a young and a fiery Gentleman being spurr'd on by the over-warm desires of Glory would needs undertake with Twelve Companies of Foot to beat the English Army upon their first approach from the Hills on which they were posted tho the French were to charge up the Hill whereupon there was presently a sharp and bloody Fight for that Ground the French for a great while sustained with much Bravery the Charge of the English Army on their Front but the Scotch Horse Wheeling about and Charging them on the flank too they were at last beaten with great Loss from their ground and forced into the Town of Leith and very few of them had escaped if the English Horse had done their part as well as the Scotch did theirs The French however were not quiet tho thus beaten but making a Sally after this the 15th of April they surprized the Advanced Guards and cut them off broke into the Lines and Nailed up Three of the English Cannons and took Maurice Berkley one of the Commanders Prisoner But Robert Crof●…s and Cuthbert Vaghan two other English Officers fell on the French who pursued their point too far and forced them back into the Town In this Sally Arthur the Eldest Son of the Lord Grey who then commanded in the Trenches was wounded in the Shoulder by a Musket-Bullet whilst he valiantly opposed the French This Sally exasperated the English and they observingthat their Batteries had not any considerable effect on the Walls by reason of their distance they came nearer to the Town and erected new Batteries There was nothing wanting in the Town which was needful to enable the Garison to make a stout Defence the Walls and Bastions were full of men excellently Armed and they played furiously on the English wounding some and killing others and both by day and by night making furious Sallies besides which the English bore with so much Patience and Bravery that they sur●…ounted all these difficulties The last day of April a Fire happened in the Town which b●…rned all that night and the English by turning their Cannon upon those parts that were burning terrified the Inhabitants and spread the Fire and the same night they passed the Dike and measured the heighth of the Walls The French within the Town were no less industrious than the English were without and at last they had the good fortune to put out the Fire and to prevent the English from turning the Terror of it to the best advantage After this the English burnt the Water-Mills upon the River Leith which here falls into the Fryth of Edinburgh and gives name to the Town and what they could not burn they demolished The 5th of May the English storm'd the Town with the Assistance of the Scots under the Command of one Vincer the French tho much terrified with the bold approaches of the English yet manfully defended the Walls and the Ladders proving too short and the Waters being restrained by the Garison were also found deeper than was expected to their great damage so that 160 of the English were slain and nothing gained The whole blame of this Misfortune was cast upon Crofts who stood stone still in the plac●… he was appointed to act in and neither diverted the Enemy or sent any Assistance to them that were engaged and thereupon he was accused to the Queen by the Duke of Norfolk and th●… Lord Grey for which he afterwards being called be●…ore the Council was deprived of the Government of Berwick The Duke of Norfolk in the mean time took care to revive the droopi●…g Spirits of the English by a fresh Supply of 2000 men which he soon after sen●… to reinforce the Camp and to curb the Insolence of the French which rose higher upon this Misfortune of the Besiegers so that they made more frequent Sallies after i●… than they had done before At the same ti●…e the Duke sent a Letter to the Lord Grey to co●…fort the Army for the late 〈◊〉 and to assure him that within a short time he would follow with all the Forces he had under his Command This Recruit blew off the Memory of their Loss and kindled in the minds of the Besiegers a strong desire to revenge the Baffle they had received and recover their former Reputation By this time the Besieged had tried all the ways their prudence could suggest to raise the Siege without any success and were now as much oppressed by Famine within as by the Enemy without and having no hopes of any Relief they at last began with the consent of the French King to Capitulate with the Queen for he scorned to Treat with the Scots who were his Subjects who to that end sent Sir William Cecil and Sir Nicholas Throgmorton to Edinburgh The Lord James a Scotch Peer proposed some things on the behalf of the Scots in this Treaty which Sir William Cecil told him did not become Subjects to ask or Princes to grant And the French on the other side offered the Queen that if she would withdraw her Forces out of Scotland he would restore Calais to the English to which she generously replied She did not value that Fisher-Town so much as to hazard for it the State of Britain so even did she hold the Balance between that King and his Subjects suffering neither of them to wrong the other At last it was agreed That the French should within Twenty days depart out of Scotland and the Fortifications of Leith and Dunbar should be slighted The 16th of July the French accordingly embarked on the English Fleet for France and the same day the Lord Grey began his