leest thy catall and other vitayles Prouyde therwyth not to tarye and kepe the hoste there where is al playnes and champion grounde for the daūger of gūnes But to be brieue I can gyue no sure rule where to lodge thyne armye For the place and tyme must chaūge thy purpose in which case the wittynesse of y e capitayn knowledge is moch requyred 189. ¶ How to make stronge the campe with fortresses thyne enemyes assaultynge the. Yf thyne enemyes ben at hande and nedes the cāpe must be fortifyed set abrode a fewe horsemen and a greater garryson of fotemen readye to withstande dryue awaye thyne enemyes vntyll thy fences fortresses be wholy done and then conuey them by lytle and litle into thy campe By whych meane thyne enemyes shal be mocked and thy mē shal afterward more sykerly raunge forth and thyne enemyes whyche euen now reioysed as victours shalbe dryuen awaye with shame 190 ¶ To take our subiectes rather then straungers for souldyours Mete it is rather to rayse and assēble an army of thyne owne mē thā of straūgers whome thou shalt haue faythfull and redye in all peryls which hauyng theyr coūtrye parentes chyldren kynsemen frendes in remembraunce wyl not gyue back ten tymes in the daye to daunger theyr lyues In whiche mynde all kynges princes be excepte the wyse and ryche Venetians that they wolde rather take theyr owne men then outpeople and aliens 191. ¶ What is to be done in thassemble and takyng vp of souldyours When we purpose to make battayle expedyeut it is to foresee and surely know in what places the thyng is to be done For yf we muste trauayle in hyllye and rough places our armye must be garnysshed moche more with fotemen thā horse men And the horsemē also must be lyght harnessed that wyth more ease they maye clymbe vp and lykewise come downe the hylles yf neade be to fyght on fote But yf we must warre in playne and champyon countryes then horsemen be moost necessarye For fotemen wyll stande in lytle steade and vse These thynges be spoken not without some cōsyderation whē in y e assemblie of an armie kynges and princes ben at great charges somyme in vayne 192 ¶ To kepe thyne armye healthfull The health of thyne Armye is mayntayned by exercyse by healthsome countrie and swete ayers but chefelye where is plentye and abundaunce of vytayles For of famyne the plage sometyme doeth come when men for wante and defaulte of vytayles be dryuen to eate vnhealthsome and corrupted meates 193. ¶ what is to be done when waters can not be waded ouer Where the water is so depe that neyther fotemen ne yet horsemen dare venture ouer best it is to turne the water into dyches out of the wont course great streame by whyche meane the water beinge fallen thyne armye maye wade and passe ouer 194 ¶ To chastice and agrieue thyne enemyes hoste It is a good pollicie by hungre rather then by weapon and incurtions to vanquysshe thyne enemyes For nothynge is more profytable ne yet more prayse worthye then by vnbloudye battayle to ioyne the mastrye But take hede lest thyne enemyes thus sterued and tamed with hōger do prouoke them by some dyspleasures to battayle But then lye stylle wyth thyne armye and refrayne from anye assaultes or bykerynges vntyl theyr vitayles be whollye spent 195. ¶ To knowe yf any spyes lurke among thy souldiours Although it be verye hard in a greate armie to knowe the lurkyng spies yet I wylle shewe some wayes not vnprofitable of whych this shalbe one Oftētymes to serche and viewe thy registre if there be any not registred and wrytten it is a great token those to be spyes And also yf any of them that be regestred do carye ty dynges thy endeuours to thother part then nedefulle it is to stoppe and besette wayes passages and woodes by nyght and daye to take and to carye them to the capitayne there to be racked yea and yf any do wander owte of the campe the capitayne not commaundyuge they shal be taken gyltye of petitreason It shall be therefore the offyce of a capitayne dayly to beholde aboute hys armie bothe by hym selfe and other trustye and beleueable souldyers and marke men by theyre face by whych policye he shall knowe the tyme yf any of hys souldyours abode The capitayne also muste commaund al men to take theyre lodgyng by day lyght and to be in theyre tentes and yf any shal be suspect than take and imprison them by torment also constraynyng them to tel theyr intentes cōmandes and charges 196. ¶ To kepe close theyr counsayles Let the capitayne debate and discusse wyth the wytty and experte warryours nowe and agayne what is to be done But what he wyll do let hym disclose to discouer that to fewe depelye wayeng the thynge wyth hym selfe by whych policie he shal neuer attēpte ne enterpryse anye matter voydelye whan hys endeuours and affayres be vnknowen and conceled but by all wayes he shall haue hys owne desyre 197. ¶ The oration of the capytayne to hys hoste whā they be marchīgforthe to fyght The hoste vauncyng towarde battayl the capitayne ought to speake these wordes that wyllynglye he wyll seke hys owne death excepte he brynge with hym the victorie which wordes wonderfully wyll moue and arrayse theyr hertes and chiefely yf they loue and haue hym in any reuerence so that for his wont gentlenes and largesse they wyll put theyr lyues in daūger to gette hym the glory renoume coueytynge theyr death wyth hys death Wherfore lette the capitayne shewe and persuade to hys companye that hys lyfe death and renoume doo stande in theyr manlynesse and handes 198. ¶ To take thyne enemyes by wyles Myne aduyse is to sende forth thyne vnable souldyours sorye felowes most vnprofytable to be as a bayte praye and vntysement to thyne enemyes which prouoked and allured to take them prisoners or elles vtterlye to slee them ryght waye maye be catched and trayned in snares For they then gladsom of the lytle mastry disordrelye wyll as victours folowe the pursute and chase farreof kepynge none arraye By which couyne and trayne manye haue bene deceyued whyche pollicye was not vnknowen of the Easte souldyours whych dyd let loose theyr horses to straye amonge theyr enemyes and they coueytyng to steale the horses were takē and slayne 199. ¶ What is to be done wyth captyues and prisoners It is not good to kylle the captyues and prisoners but to kepe them to tillage and those chefelye that be burlye carterlyke and fytte thereto For what profyte can come of theyr death when yf they be kepte on lyue we maye vse them in husbandrye and of theyr labours get greate encrease and aduauntage Which thyng hath bene done of many kynges and princes And the Turke doeth at this tyme in drugerye and mooste vyle occupations kepe as slaues and bondmen a great nōbre of chrysten men Alas to the reproche and shame of
them selues to be slayne lyke beastes 75 ¶ To kepe whole and saulfe territories and townes A foreseing capitayne ought yea prouoked to many iniuries to refrayne and not to wast such townes and territories as he purposeth to haue vnder his dominyon and rule For by that meane he shal purchase the fauour of the countreymen and by suche gentlenesse he shall escape the name of crueltie For certes the men of that prouynce wyll thynke that that chiefe capitayne doth fauour them whē he doth forbeare to dispeople and waste theyr townes and fieldes and doeth not appeare to stryue for theyr goodes and rychesse but for the empyre and lordshyppes For no man doeth doubte that realmes be mayntayned and nouryshed by y e only loue and obeysaunce of the subiects and not by any Armes of men or ryche treasures Therfore let the capitayne cōmaund all hys souldiours to vse no fiercenesse in that prouyng whiche entendeth to subdue but to dismisse the noble men and citizins that be taken captyues frely and with great gyftes vsyng all meanes to crepe into theyr fauour 76 ¶ That thyne Armye is to be lodged and kept in the marches of thyne enemyes Kepe thy hoste in the borders or pale of thyne enemyes for any thynge there puruey vytayles for them wyth all dyligence sparynge thy frendes For when thou dost lodge thyne army in theyr coūtryes or nye to theyr campe thou doest breake theyr herte and moch discourage them eftsones auauncyng and encouragyng the stomakes of thy frendes In example wherof Annibal the chiefe capytayne of the Carthaginenses doth teache what profite it is to lodge our host in the campe of our enemyes whych conducted and conueyed hys armye from Hispayne by many ieopersome trauayles into Italye whych wholy almoost he dyd waste by fyre and sworde conquered a great part therof Scipio also knowing y e same pollicie brought forthe hys Armye into Afryke and gat Carthage by rendre and vpgyuynge 77. ¶ What is to be done when in wynter we must fyght Best it is in colde wynter to take mete before we go to fyght For good meate drynke be the nerest remedyes to refresh vs and put awaye colde The proffe of which thing by y e slaughter of the romaynes at the stoude called Trebea is playuly shewed where the romain power was almoost lost and destroyed y e cause wher of was that the capitayne brought forth his souldiours whych were wyllynge to fyght fastyng and vndyned wherby the mooste parte of them clunged for colde was rather by starknesse of meat thā by y e violence of theyr enemies shame Therfore the capitayne must warely foresee y t in wynter tyme he do not issue forth with hys men before they be refreshed w t hote meates and drynkes By thys meane he shall ouergo and subdue hys ennemyes whych by longe fyghtyng shall faut and fall downe for hungre when men refresshed wyth hote meates bene hable to susteyne battayle an whole daye 79 ¶ Of pleasures to be eschued of the capitayne and the hoste The inuincible Armye of Annibal doth planly setforth before our eyes that the pleasures of the bodye be hurtfull to an hooste of men to berefte them of theyr wytte fierse and fell courage which win teryng in Capua lost theyr strengthes For Capua is the mother cytie of wanton pleasures so that Anniball dyd often embrayde his men saying that that host was not hys whych he had before The cause wherof was the pleasure of Capua wherby the lustye myndes of the souldyours were nesshed and made womanlike Therfore the capitaynes ought to be carefull that theyr men be not vanquysshed soner of pleasures then of theyr enemies Whyche thynge were shamefull and reprocheable The cytye called Spartana dyd turne the eyes of theyr cytizins from Asia bycause from thence dydde come all thynges pleasaunt which be the deedlye poyson of the mynde and of the bodye They also did wel knowe and were assured that men soner do fall to wantōnesse from vertue then they do forsake pleasures and embrace vertue 79. ¶ To chose a place to fyght in whē the sunne and the dust maye be noysome to thyne enemyes and in theyr eyes The capitayne ought to chose a place mete and cōmodious to fyght in prouydyng that the sunne may be in the face of his enemyes And yf the place be sandye or drye for the heate of sommer let hym tarye the tyme that the wynde blowe in the face of his enemyes and on his souldyours backes For the coursynge of horses wyll rayse vp a great dust which the wynde wyll carye into the faces of thyne enemyes and blynde theyr eye syght And this was the chefe cause of the Romayne slaughter at y e towne called Cāne 80. ¶ Of tyme not to be lost or vaynely spent Nothyng ought to be more regarded of a pollityk capitayne then tyme which entendeth to enterpryse greate thynges worthye euerlyu yng renoume For sluggeshnesse causeth bothe losse and shame Wherfore he must endeuoure to fynysh all thynges wyth care and spedynesse after the example of Annibal of Carthage whyche by greate rewardes purchased passage into Ytaly y t thesoner he mought finysh hys iourney and ende his voyage The same thyng also was done by the romayne capitayne which embraided and rebuked of his frendes that he boughte his passage derelye made this answere I regarde not my costly iourneye when I haue redemed the tyme mooste dere to them that trauayle and employe theyr wytte about thynges weyghtye and of greate importaunce 81. ¶ Of good and euyl doinges semblable to be rewarded as punyshed Yfthy men do any faulte in thyne Armye be slowe in theyr punyshmentes But bountyfull in gyuynge rewardes yf thou haue knowledge y t they haue done any thing galauntly and well that other maye be prouoked and styrred vp at that example to be redye at hande For valyaunt and lusty warryours be more slow when theyr welldoinges dye wythout rewardes or thankes Therfore let the capitayne auaunce and setforth hymselfe by largesse the onelye vertue laudable to knytte and lyme hys men in sure loue the causer of all good chaunces without whych all other thynges decaye as it ap peareth by the ryche kyng Perses which nygardly gapynge after treasures was berefte by the Romaynes bothe of hys kyngdome and richesse with most shame and sclaundre 82. ¶ What is to be done when thy men be lyght and spedye He that hath a lyght Armye must pursue and wyth spede trace after hys enemyes whych be loden wythe harneys trouble them daye and nyght wyth contynuall assaultes not sufferyng them quy etly to take theyr meate and drynke but brynge them into extreme dispayre The whych thynge was well knowen of Sertorius an expert warryour and wyse capitayne whych dyd so disquyet Pompei wyth hys lyghte harnessed men that he brought hym into vttermoost distruste discomforte Wherfore it is a greate pollicy to haue light harnessed men in thyne Armye For so thou mayeste
souldyours ar to be encouraged Marius the happye capitayne of the Romayne people doth shewe hym selfe a paterne and example that souldyours ar to be encouraged by y e doinges of the capitayne and not by vyolence Which Marius dyd swete in all sorte of labours and toke great paynes trauaylyng therby rather then by violence to call vp and quycken the courage of his men For whē they sawe theyr capitayne to take on him such intollerable paynes they were ashamed that they dydde not abyde suche lyke labours yea and moche more vnsufferable Whych doing of Marius was worthye to be praysed For how can a capitayne y t gyueth hym selfe to gluttonye and slepe kendle agd styrre vp the dulnesse of hys men to any bolde enterprise to watching or suche lyke thynges The souldyours wyl also scorne suche a capitayne that rebuketh other men of such faultes as chefelye appeare in hym worthye to be blamed That capitayne therfore that wyll guyde gouerne other men must learne to master his owne affections whych yf he do no doubt there is but that the hole armye with glad mynde wyl folowe his instructions and obeye hys decrees 124. ¶ To purchace the fauour of a straunge countrye The capitayne that weareth the apparell and vseth the maners of the coūtrye where he is wonderfullye shall come in theyr fauour when he shall appeare as a countryeman there borne and of the same people Which policie Alexandre of Macedon vsed after he had subdued the king of Persia and obtayned the empyre For he dyd inure and accustome hym selfe to theyr maners and fashyons And so he by wearynge theyr kynde of rayment and by kepynge theyr vsuall customes dydde bynde as true liege men whom before he had conquered in battayle 125. ¶ A capitayne must be liberal and therwith praysynge the stoutnesse of hys men A capitayne ought to be liberal to hys men accordyng to theyr desertes therwyth to gyue them hye thankes for their famous enterprices And when they setheyr actes well rewarded and taken thā all labours seme to them easy and lyght and that they may please theyr capitayne they wyll not feare to shedde and spende theyr blood Therfore nothynge doth soner purchase the fauour and true hertes of thy souldyours then liberalite thankesgyuyng which two be nouryshers of valyauntnesse For whych purpose a boūtyfull capitayne wyll not spare for anye cost to ioyne the hertes of hys souldiours that thereby he maye haue them readye and forwarde in all ieopardyes 126. ¶ what is to be done when eruption is feared When we be afrayed of eruption eyther of our enemyes or oute of any cytye best it is to cast bulworkes wyth turrettes of wood that our armye maye be defenced and kept in saufetye on euery syde For sodayne outbrastes do moche discom fyte and trouble oure armye when our enemyes vnloked for do sette vpon vs. Suche is the violence of sodayne eruptiō which maketh the downeman to become vyctour and gyueth the victorye to hym that is vnlyke and nye subdued 127. ¶ what is to be done of the capitayne when hys arme is in extreme peryl and daunger A venturous capitayne in thextreme distresse ieopardy of his mē must neglect his owne safetie casting hym selfe in ieopardye and put hys lyfe in hasarde For the souldyours seing the great and daungerous peryll of theyr capitayne wyl be imboldened to pluck vp theyr force afresh contemning theyr priuate lyfe For what comforte can they haue when theyr capitayne is loste and slayne Wherfore they then past hope wyll fyght in hope and destitute of all hope wyll moost desperatlye and lyke hopelostes runne on theyr enemyes whych is sometyme the recouerye of an whole hoste 128 ¶ Wyth what thynge the mynde of the cōmunaltie is gotten The hertes and good wyll of the rude people is chefelye gotten by bankettynge and rewardes wherwyth they be moche pleased iudgyng theyr selues not to be regarded ne yet sethy excepte they be called to deyntye feastes and bankettes For the cōmeners do not seke what is honest but what is profytable and yf no profyte do ensue theyr frendshyp and good wyll decayeth Which thynge was not folowed of Salust that dyd bestowe and employ hys labour rather to wryte the historyes of the Romaynes then to seke and hunt for theyr fauour by feastmakyng and ban kettynge 129. ¶ Of the fashyon to sende letters Letters maye be conueyed to thy frendes in cyties campes or elles where by byndynge them to arrowes 130. ¶ To allure thyne enemyes to slyppe awaye and fayle theyr capitaynes A wytfull capitayne wyll sende some of hys souldyours that be subtyle wyttye to proue and tempt the mynde of his enemies and by al meanes to allure some of the capitaynes or experte warryours to forsake and fayle theyr master in tyme of nede promysyng to them great rewardes makyng large profers and therwith settyngforth and practisyng thaffabilitie and lowlynesse of theyr capitayne cessing not to graunt any demaunde and also to promysse what thyng soeuer shalbe pleasaunt or acceptable to them 131. ¶ Of the badgies of the souldyours All the souldyours ought to be knowē by some badge that the better they maye be discerned from thyne enemyes lest indifferentlye they beate downe and stryke theyr frēdes as foes Whych may chaūce where there is no difference of armature and where thy men can not be distinctlye knowen from theyr enemyes by theyr apparell and cognisaunce 132. ¶ Of kynges and other princes that kepe not theyr feyth Kynges and other princes do somtymes abuse the conditiōs of the lawes of warre and peace to theyr owne commoditie Yea rather to theyr priuate lust and pleasure and haue not theyr eyes vpō iustice which only they ought to haue in reuerence and also worshyppe For what kynge or prince is there now on dayes so iust and vncorrupted whyche wolde not seuen tymes in the day breake the leage of peace whyche ought to be vndefyled surely trustyng therby to occupy and enioye the demaynes of hys enemyes or at the lest the best parte of hys lordshyppes wherfore euer haue thy frendes as well as thy foes suspected chefely when thy kingdom is in stryfe For no man is soner deceyued then he whych hath affyaunce in all men Wherfore that prince which is wyse wyll not commyt hys secretes to an other prince but only for his safegard The priuities in the herte can not be searched Also he wyll not suffre anye other prince to entre into his castelles and holdes whych he hath fenced that they may viewe and marke them 133 ¶ Of the condicion of the common people The conditions of the common people be very hatefull whyche couet alwaye to resorte to them where they trust to haue mooste aduauntage whych do not set by ne regarde any man for his excellent and hygh vertues yf there be no hope of profyte to ryse by hym Whyche thynge is shamefull to be spoken of but chefelye to be done But
oftentymes admonyshyng them to remembre theyr coūtrye lawe whyche is eyther to kylle or to be kylled to slee or to be slayne therwyth warnynge them nothynge to be more prayseworthy in a good warryour then manlye fyghtynge and for to obtaynethe victorie fearynge not to dye 41. ¶ Of excesse to be eschued Excesse in apparel meate and drynke doth make feble the vertue of thy mynde and causeth the strength of the bodye to decaye Wherfore wyse men haue purposed to flye mistemperaunce as a pestiterous and deedly disease 42. ¶ Of wantonnesse to be cast of in wealth Let not the capitayne be wanton and proude in good chaunce and luckynesse but rather beware and remēbre that in suche luckynesse men falle to ryot to their great reproche and the vtter damage of y e whole hoste Therfore lette not the capytayne swell and waxe proude in happynesse ne yet yelde and be discouraged in aduersitie but for y e time in both fortunes kepe ane gall vniforme state of mynde 43 ¶ To throwe downe villages and castels vndefenced In countryes be many vyllages and castelles whyche be not defenced at all Wherfore my counsayl is to throwe thē downe and sette them on fyre that thyne enemyes may haue there no vytayles neother thynges necessary to succour them selues and theyr horses Fyrste yf we do leaue them standynge we gyue to our enemyes a greate occation to trouble vs by warre Also it is expedyent to waste all the fodder and corrupte the fountaynes of waters yf there be many so that theyr commynge towarde vs shall be to theyr great charges and anoyaūce to the whole armye For a garison of men can not longe soiourne and tary in one countrye wythoute vytayles and other thynges necessary for theyr lyuyng 44. ¶ How to purchase frendes and to kepe the same Euerye wyttye capitayne ought earnestly to trauayle to labour fyrst to gette frendes and longe to retayne the same For by frendes realmes be mayntayned and preserued and great succour stādeth in them yf they be true Suche vertue force is in frendshyppe which is the only nourysher of mankynde and releue of sorowe Wherfore worse it is for a capytayne to be wythoute frendes then to lacke treasure 45. ¶ To abydesiege All thynges yea be they neuer so greuous are to be suffered in a sore siege before we yelde ourselues to our enemyes For nothyng is so prayse worthy in men as vnfayned fayth the whyche ones being defyled what is in those men prayseable Wherfore honest it is for thē that are besieged to kepe theyr foretresses to the ende and extremitie of theyr lyues neuer to put theyr bodyes to moost harde paynes For fortune manye tymes doeth lyft vp men vnwares Therfore do they abyde in one mynde and fayth that be besieged and gyue theyr bodyes for the saulfetie of theyr lorde For a valyaunte man can do nothyng more worthy euerlastyng renoum then to fynishe hys lyfe by kepyng his fayth and boundē dutye 46 ¶ when it is mete to fyght by eruption It happeneth oftentymes for y e greate assaulte of our enemyes to appoynt our selues sodeynly to burst out In whyche case let euery valyaunt capitayne know y t it is not good to fight by eruptiō but in extreme nede For y t kynde of fyght is to be refused but in great ieopardy at low downefall and when no hope is leaft to defende our tentes or when our souldyours be whole weryed in battayle The same thyng is to be marked in thassault of cytyes 47 ¶ To enterclude the passage of our enemyes by fyre Fyre is a great succour and ayde to an hoste For when our enemyes ben at hād that wythout great daunger we can not leaue the tentes my counsayle is to conueye woodde betwene both the hoostes and to sette it on fyre and then wyth all haste to departe into some other places better defenced For the flame and smoke wyll let the prospecte and foreseinge of our enemyes that they can not sykerlye pursue and folowe vs wherfore before that the fyre be vtterly quenched the capitayne maye haue space to goo farre of wyth hys Armye 48. ¶ A pollicie to stoppe the flying of thyne enemyes When thyne enemyes do faster flye then thou canst well folowe wyth thyne Armye then sende forth thy horsemen to let theyr flyght whych may snatch vp and trouble the laste warde vntyll the fotemen shall approche For then the battayle more sykerly and egallye shall be foughten and tryed on bothe sydes and the victorie more easelye shall be gotten withoute greate losse and slaughter of men 49 ¶ How siege is to be layed to cytyes and castels and of them that be besieged My counsayle is when thou doest be liege any cytye or castell to caste fyrste a trenche then bulworkes and aboue that buylde many turrettes that no man can come out of the cyty ne yet any man may haue free passage into the cytie Other wayes you shall neuer take any citye or castell whych is wel fortifyed For elles they maye cal vnto them outwarde ayde and succour and therwith may certify and admonysh theyr lordes and princes in what estate they be what vytayles be in the cytye and howe longe they maye abyde and contynue thassaulte And yf thyne enemyes obstynatlye do defende the cytye my counsayle is when the cytye is ones taken eyther by sleygth or rendrevp cutte of the handes of them that kepte the citye so toughly that theyr greuous punyshment maye be an example to other not so frowardlye to stande in theyr owne conceyte and contynue theyr assaultes 50. ¶ To auoyde and escape traynes Traynes and wyles maye be eschued aswell by chaungynge of the place as by appoyntynge of capitaynes For in tyme of rest men haue oportunitie to inuente wycked counsayle and the same immedyatly to put in execution 51. ¶ Of hostages and pledges rather to be taken then to fyght in open battayle Better it is and more for thy saulfegarde to take hostages of noble mē and so to haue thyne enemyes to yelde and rendre vp all theyr landes then in cruell fyght to proue the doubtfull chaunce of battayle whych oftentymes is varyable and wauering and causeth them to haue the vpper hande whome ye wolde haue iudged to haue bene subdued And then tyme it is to take hede whē that fortune doeth flatter vs. For she is false and deceytfull Wherfore let vs folowe this cōmune saying Assured peace is worthy to be preferred before doubtfull and hoped victorye 52. ¶ To stoppe our hauen Yf thou wylt stoppe an hauen my cost sayle is to fyll a shyppe full of greate stones and then to drowne the same shyp ouerth warte in the hauen wherby other shyppes can not well arryue at anye strounde ne yet go out of the hauen 53. ¶ To make hydde and false dytches to betray thyne enemyes They that ccueyte to conueye leade theyr enemyes into couerte and hyd dytches my counsayle is to sette a bande of
thou doest mistrust that thy soldyours wyll gyue backe and flye my couÌ„sayle is to sette at theyr backe a stronge garryson of men whiche maye receyue take them at theyr retreate and without mercye kyll them in the sight of the other And therfore make this crye and proclamation amonge thy men that they fyght manfully puttyng no trust in runnynge awaye Whiche opinion of desparation is the onely remedye for suche towardes 96 ¶ To tame fierce people Yf there be any sorte of people that be fierce and noysome to thy men Best it is to take from them theyr horses harneyes and weapons For what can theyr haulte frowarde and churlysfhe stomakes preuayle without theyr weapons And this pollicie the machomete byshop which is called the Soldane doeth vse Or els he coulde neuer kepe vnder and tame so many people with so fewe guydes and vyle souldiours except he had forbydden them the vse of theyr horses harneis and other thynges 97 ¶ To dissemble retreate Profytable it is somtyme to leaue to thyne enemyes thy pauilions furnyshed and replenysshed with good wynes and dayntye meates and to dissemble to flye wyth thy hoste And after at mydnyght vnloked for to assayle them when they be fylled and engorged excessiuelye wyth wyne and meates For certes then thou shalte fynde them dronken and as deed wyth suche intemperaunce that it shalbe easye withoute manslaughter to subdue them And this pollicye is worthye to be remembred 98 ¶ To pyke out for souldyours those whych be paynfull When thou doest master thy men thaÌ„ best it is to chose for souldyours those y t be hardye stronge and paynfull For dastardes and nesh felowes ben vnfytte for warres when paynfull and bourlye felowes wyll become good warryours 99. ¶ Of exercyse The Romayne people lordes ouer all the worlde haue taught vs by theyr doinges to knowe what profyte doth come of exercyse whyche as well in tyme of peace as in warre dyd occupy theyr chyualerous men in the feates of warre They of ryght were called lordes For what science is that whyche can be kepte flouryshyng without exercyse when exercyse doeth passe and ouercome nature also causeth women vnmanly to be warlyke and bolde As appeareth by the women called Amazones which practisyng theyr selues in martiall labours became princesses and empresses Therfore a skylfulle capytayne ought to dryue hys men to some kynde of exercyse lest they be astonyshed wheÌ„ tyme is that they must fyght For this word exercitê° an hoste hath hys name of exercyse 100. ¶ What is to be done when our enemyes be conquered Yf it shall be thy chaunce to ouercome thyne enemyes it shall be not vnprofytable to put on theyr armature and apparell and then wyth all spede to goo and assayle theyr cytyes For peraduenture they being deceyued through the fashyon of the armatour and apparell soner may be taken and also dismayed with the sodayne chaunce and being bare of al counsayle wyll yelde vp theyr cytye and theyr selues 101. ¶ When fewe must fyght agaynst many Oftentymes it chaunceth that a lytle nombre shalbe enforced to fyght agaynst a great power Wherfore this is my couÌ„sayle in suche a case that thou sette vpon thyne enemyes by nyght whych contemnyng so small and weake a nombre wyll neglygently kepe watche and warde at whyche tyme by fortune beinge ladye of warres which fortune is gentle to them that beseche and ensue her helpe and fauoureth them that do lose theyr owne demayns and after rauen other mens possessyon thou mayeste dyscomfyte and ouerthrowe them By thys pollycye the fierse Carthaginenses hauynge thre mayne hostes reioysynge at the death of the Scipions and at the discomfiture of the mooste parte of the Romayne hooste were in one nyght in Spayne scattered dryuen to flyght and slayne wyth y e Romaynes that remayned alyue whyche were a very fewe Whyche destruction of the citizyns of Carthage was the chiefe cause that the Romaynes kept styll Hyspayne after the vnluckye death of y e Scipions Therfore this pollicie maye be vsed in greate nede and peryllous daunger 102. ¶ when the souldyours must sleape Accustome thy souldiours to slepe with out strawe that by vsage they maye do that wyllyngly to the whiche necessitye shall sometyme compell them And what doth more in all thynges then custome whyche is the ladymastresse to putte all thinges in vre For nothig can be thought sharpe or paynefull to them that wonte theyr selues to hardynesse Therfore let men vse sufferaunce in newe and strauÌ„ge enterpryses whych doth brynge al thynges to a perfection 103. ¶ To brynge suspicion of treason amonge thyne enemyes Yf any of thyne enemyes whiche hath good skyll in warlye busynesse do disappoynte the of those thynges y t thou doest attempt It shall be profytable for the to brynge hym in suspicion of treason wyth his prince or hys citizyns by some crafty deceipt As in these two examples I shal teache the. The one is when thou doest waste other mens fieldes that then thou forbeare purposely from his whom thou doest couette to brynge into suspition of treason Whych pollicie Annibal of Carthage vsed agaynst Quintus fabius maximus the Emperour of Rome yea rather the conseruatour The other pollicie is to sende some of thy seruauntes that be trusty subtile to him whome thou woldest bryng in a ielousye of treason to coÌ„mune and talke with him as with his frendes which thynge shall brynge hym both in hatred and suspition of treatorie agaynst hys kynge and cityzins The which feate the Romaynes vsed agaynst Annibal Or els the capitayn maye inuent besyde these wayes some other craft consydryng the tyme and place as to fayne letters in which some matter of treason is conteyned and entreated of betwene them and prouyde that those letters maye be conueyed to the handes of the Emperour But this stratageme neyther I approue ne yet greatly prayse excepte it were agreed of the hole destruxtion of thempyre 104. ¶ Of outwarde helpe that he suspicious warely to be receyued They that make battayle are wont to requyre ayde from theyr confederates from theyr tributaries or elles to hyre straunge souldyours which thyng often tymes is the falle and destruction of an whole Armye For when they haue anye affyaunce in theyr hyred men sharpelye begynnynge to fyght and reioyse as vyctours eyther shortelye the hyred souldyours do stagger and stande at a staye to turne theyr face or elles the capitayne is dryuen to fyght agaynste them wyth hys meÌ„ Wherfore do thou not requyre moch outwarde helpe but of such whose faith thou doest not suspecte These hyred and straunge souldyours were the destructioÌ„ of the Scipions in Hispayne For when they trusted and affyed the Spaynyardes the two brethren deuyded theyr Armye which being kepet togyther coulde not haue bene subdued And shortly after through theyr false helpers bothe were slayne and all theyr men for the mooste parte maymed or kylled 105. ¶ Of discention to be swaged and appeased Yf any heynous
refrayne from spoyle and pillage before thyne enemies be wholye subdued Do thou gyue to thyne hooste a generall commaundement that they refrayne from spoyle and robberye vntyll thyne enemyes be cōquered and wholy brought vnder and a greate penaltie must be sette to the contrarye For when thy men fall to spoyle and be gyuen to vaūtage thyne enemyes maye recouer and restore theyr strength and euen now subdued and lost men ryght agayne become vyctours Wherfore so longe as one lyueth and any parte of theyr strength remayneth for bydde thy men to gape after praye leste the myrth of the vyctorie be turned to an heuye and sodayne sorowe 147 ¶ To refrayne from burnyng After that the cities be taken and thyne enemyes vanquyshed and slayne it were vnprofytable to burne and waste all For thou mayest leaue those cyties to be inhabyted and kept of thy frendes and hereafter they wil be a great refuge and succour to the. Althoughe the capitayne consyderyng the tyme and place may folowe the aduertysement and rede of hys frendes 148 ¶ Of ayde and succour to be sent to thy neyghbours abborderynge on the. Yf thy neyghbours be vexed and tourmoyled on euery syde with warres it is conuenyent and honest to sende them ayd y t the sorowful war may rather be bewayled of them then of the. For to quenche y e fyre of thy neyghbours house is the safegarde of thyne owne Therfore mete it is neyghbours to be frēdes when outward warres do noie them lest thy neighbours hurte and damage lyght also vpon the. 149 ¶ what it is to do some valiaunt acte in the syght and face of thyne enemyes To shewe some token of puisauncie and do some valyaunt acte in the eyes of thyne enemies is a great helpe and moch vayleable to the gettyng of the victorye whether it be done by the capitayne or any other souldiours and also the enuy of hym shall enflame prouoke other of thy men to enterprice lyke thynges the courage of thyne enemies therby shalbe shaked and abated And so a fewe valyaunt men oftentymes haue ben the cause of all victories Therfore let the capitaine be sure to haue some man vaileable in feates and strength Whych in siguler stryfe and man to mā is bolde valiaunt and couragious 150. ¶ Of lytle power not to be contemned A wyse capitayne wyll not be carelesse and despyse a lytle armye although it be but weake and a small power whē of a lytle sparke whyche he wolde not thynke a great fyre doeth kendle Wherfore the fyre must be quenched before the flame flasshe out and all be set on fyre And lykewyse we muste quenche and ouercome that litle strength and puisaūce of our enemyes wyth all our endeuoure lest it waxe and growe bygger and then without more ieopardye it can not be w tstande Wherfore it is great follie to neglecte suche thynges and not in tyme to mete wyth lytle powers and vtterlye to discomfyte them 151. ¶ Of slouthfulnesse to be eschued of the capitayne and all other All capitaynes souldyours and other oughte to flye from ydlenesse euen as frō the pestylence yea and rather more For ydlenesse doth destroye the body and the mynde whych is moost hyest of al thynges and drowneth the renoume of men when the pestilence destroyeth onelye the bodye wherfore all capitaynes and souldyours do you cast of that sluggyshnesse both in tyme of peace and warre and stye from it as from a wylde beast when she setteth on you in tyme of prosperitie gyuyng moost deedlye battayle For cytyes whych neuer coulde haue bene ouerthrowen in tyme of warre haue bē destroyed by slougthfulnesse in time of peace which bringeth with her this mischefe that not only fooles but also wyse men be choked vp wyth the stynkyng canells of that vice 152. ¶ To viewe and know the countryes before thou cary thyne Armye thyther A good capitayne wyll be sure diligētly to vewe wyth hys owne eyes the coūtryes rounde aboute before that he carye hys armye thyther and he wyll surelye knowe what waye his men may iourney mooste saufelye and where that his enemyes may lye in wayte for hym or els he for them and what cyties and townes to destroye by the waye it shalbe profytable and expedient for him lest he be deceyued sometyme by espyes sometyme by ignoraunce sometyme trapped in theyr traynes and snares 153 ¶ Of the encrease of thyne empyre The dutye of a soueraygne emperour is in tyme of blysfull peace to augment and fence his empyre with the procurement of newe frendes Asdrebal the wyse kyng of the people of Carthage was not vnknowen of this For after the fyrst battayle that he had in Affrike he enlarged and encreased the power of Carthage when he hooked in those that dyd bordre on hym and purchased theyr fauoure Whych thynge all wyse Emperours before this tyme and in this time also haue done and do 154 ¶ The conditions of the capitayne The capitayne ought to be bolde in aduentures and therewyth wyttye and of moche counsayle For what cōmoditye is it to haue a capitayne bolde and the same foolysh and without counsayle whē they both do ioyne and iumpe so nere togyther And also the one nedeth so the helpe of y e other that for the defaulte of the one no man is worthye to be called a capitayne but a verye loute and a lobre and vnworthye that honourable name whyche also is lyker to haue a master then to be a master 155 ¶ What is to be done in the besiege of cyties It is very profitable in the assiege and beatynge downe of cyties to make thys proclamation amonge the mayne hooste by the commaundement of the graunde capitayne that all the pillage and prayes shalbe due to the souldyours Then they allured and enflamed wyth the swete desyre of vauntage and strengthened with the hope of ryches wyll not be put backe for anye violence thoughe it be neuer so great but they wyl surely take and beate downe the cytie Suche desyre and vnsaciable coueytosnes of vauntage raygneth amonge men 156. ¶ A pollicie to knowe yf thy soldyours be faythfull Yf thy souldyous gently folowe the from place to place it is a greattoken and argumente of theyr faythfulnesse 157. ¶ Of the great and huge couetousnesse of the barbarous people As the fyshes be taken wyth swete baytes so the barbarous aliens be plucked and hailed wyth golde yea moche soner For they esteme golde and syluer moche more then any prayse or renoume so that the Italions haue great hope to ouercome them for theyr gredye desyre of treasure although the commyng of warfare and prayse therof hath euer florished and yet doth amonge the same Italions 158 ¶ How to cary an armye ouer a water thyne enemyes restynge It happeneth oftentymes that algates thou muste carye thyne armye ouer some ryuer where thyne enemies do resist and withstande thy passage in whyche case thou muste gette bootes yf matter and tyme want to make a
of water we ben enforced to occupye wel water great hede is it to be taken that suche welles be not poysoned by some crafte to the vtter destruction of theyr whole hoste whyche sone maye chaunce yf we take not moost dyligent care and hede 79. ¶ To chose a place to fyght in When our enemyes doo preuayle in force and nombre of men and we can not auoyd but gyue battayl best it is to chose a narrowe and strayte place lest our enemyes enclose and compasse vs rounde about wherby we shalbe sone vanquyshed and ouercomen 78. ¶ To mocke our enemyes Yf we be dryuen to flyght on the hye see for that we be not able to matche our enemyes and they make sayle after vs verye swyftly and ben euen in our tayle it shalbe good to mocke them thus Fyrste to cause our nauye to stryke sayle and make a bragge as we wolde fyght that done wyll the maryners at a sygne gyuen to hoyse vp the sayles to be readye to flye agayne the whych thynge when thyne enemyes shall perceyue shortly wyll they shyppe theyr ores and take them to theyr harneys couerynge theyr heedes wyth theyr sallettes and brefely prouydyng all thynges whych shall be thought necessary for battayle Thē when we shal se our enemyes harnessed and readye to fyght the sygne gyuen our nauye maye make awaye with all haste and flye And they loden wyth harneys shall not recouer to ouertake vs. 81. ¶ When thyne hoste is in great ieopardye When thyne armie is in great ieoperdie my coūsayl is y t chiefe capitayne yea al y t capitaynes to lyght downe from theyr horses therby to encourage the hertes of their souldiours by their bold aduēture lyke daunger and that more stoutlye and gredely they maye fyght seing theyr capitaynes beinge in lyke peryll and fierselye encountrynge wyth theyr ennemyes and so the souldyours castynge of all hope to flye may cousydre this with them selues eyther to vanquysh theyr enemyes or els to dye with glorye and prayse 82 ¶ what is to be done when thyne enemyes ben at hande When the hostes ben in ioynynge and both partes redye to fyght it is the parte of a pollityke and wyttie capitayne to pmesse greate rewardes vnto hys men yf they beatdowne and subdue his enemies wyth whyche hope they greatly gladdened wyll be more prest to set vpon theyr enemyes and purpose wyth them selfe neuer to gyue ouer ne turne theyr faces vntyll they haue atchyeued the vyctorye whych assured opynyon hath ben y e cause of many victoryes 83. ¶ To prouyde that thyne armye maye haue suffysaunce of vytayle The dutye of a carefull capitayne is to foresee that hys armye haue suffycyent vytayles For yf they be sterued for hūgre vnpossible it is that they shoulde do anye thynge vyliauntly when not onlye men but also horses famysshed doo lose theyr strength and lustynesse whereby they be not able to stryke theyr enemye ne yet to defende theyr selues 85. ¶ To prouoke thyne enemyes to fyght in ioyned battayle Yf thou desyre to ioyne in battayl wyth thyne enemyes and to come to handstrokes eyther for the greate commoditie of thyne armie or for some great nede myne aduyse is to dispeople the countries wast and destroye the fieldes rounde about to cause thyne outryders to raunge harde to the pale of thyne enemyes or vse some other kynde of displeasure wherhy they prouoked rashly wyll gyue battayle and so accordyng to thy desyre thyne enemies shall come forth But yet remembre neuer to ioyne in battayle except thou haue before vsed some pollicie or layed thy traynes to entrappe thyne enemyes or doo preuayle in an excedyng nombre of men and force of souldyours whiche be bothe act yue and puissaunt Then vndoubtedlye wythoute anye sleyghtes in playne fielde saufely thou mayest encountre and ioyne in battayle with them ¶ Thus endeth the boke of James the Erle of Purlilie dedicated to kynge Ferdinandus in the peare of our Lorde M. D. xxvii I Wyll be bolde moost gentle readers to put to this one precept of warre In whiche I wyl somewhat to my poore iudgement shewe the nature of Englysh men that the capitaynes of Englande may knowe and be warned which thynge without my warnyuge they do well followe and kepe although I shal do no great hurt to leaue that in wrytynge whiche they to theyr hygh prayse forsee in theyr warres that Engysh men be not able to continue war neither at home ne yet in forayne royalmes without vytayles Wherfore all capitaynes ought to prouyde that theyr souldyours maye haue meate and drynke ynough to fylle theyr bellye or els they can not so fiersely and gredelye contynue warre as they dyd begynne For Englyshmen of our nature be not content with so lytle meate and scarce foode as other men borne in the hye countryes be For whych cause theyr strength is weakened when that they lacke feedyng accordyng to the saying of Polidore which sayth that none armye neuer so great is able to withstande a garrison of Englyshe men at the fyrst brounte and begyunynge of theyr warres Whych saying maye thus way be true yf they haue not suche plentie of vytayles to suffyce theyr appetyte and hungre as they had at the begynnyng For by hungre theyr force and fiercenesse doeth slake Also all you capitaynes remēbre to prayse set forth w t moost gentle wordes the doynges of youre sould yours and sometyme to rewarde them freelye when wyth prayse they ben encouraged and harted to take in hande any great enterprice and for hope of rychesse at the deuysion of the pyllage and bothe they wyll not feare to ieoparde theyr lyues Wherfore they must be cōmaunded at the wynnynge of all townes and cyties fyrste manlye to fyght and delyuer them selues out of al feare of theyr enemyes and then frelye euery man to get what they canne and gather all prayes to theyr owne vse and profyte Wyth whyche hope they wyll be so encouraged that the power of anye prince is not able to be are theyr force and violence For by nature men of the east countrie be sharpened to fyght and encouraged by hope and aduaūtage FINIS ¶ A table contaynynge the chapiters of the fyrste booke To chose the capitayne Cap. 2. Of sufferaunce in warre ca. 3. Of the stowte and valyaunt mynde of a capytayne 4. Of the assyege and assault of a citie 5. Of a gret army of our enemyes 6. Of the reproche of that capytayne which howeseth hys armye in the sommer tyme. 7. To spye and serch a place to fyght in 8. Of the apparell of the capitayne 9. To knowe the maners and condicions of thyne enemyes before thowe make Battayle 10. Of the Germaynes Frenchmen 11. Of sedition to be appeysed amonges an armye 12. Howe to viewe the armye of thyne ennemyes 13. Of peace to be p̄ferred before batayle 14. Of tempestes and other clamours in an hoste 15. Of the rerewarde 16. Of great cities 17. In campyng thyne armye what is to be
done 18. To kepe thy frendes 19. Of quycknesse in battayle 20. Of the arraye to be kepte 21. Of a lytle multitude in a cytie 22. Of the hope and trust of sedicion 23. What is to be done in tyme of peace 24. Of fayned rumours 25. Of the offyce of the capitayne 26. To knowe whether a citie is thy frende or no. 27. Of cōfidence assured hope in battayl 28 Of the situation of the citie to be searched and knowen by y e capitayne him selfe 29. Of libertie to be kept and encreased of all men 30. Of the doubtfull commyng of thyne enemyes 31. When the arraye of thyne ennemyes is troubled and out of ordre 32. Howe to make thyne Armye stronge and lustye 33. A pollicie to be vsed when thy men do for sake the. 34. To searche and boult out the counsayl of thyne enemyes 35. Of them that be besyeged 36. What is to be done whan two hostes do vexe and pursue the. 37. A crafte policie to take a cytye 38. A policie to encrease thyne armye wythoute great charges 39. Of an healthsome lawe to be made in the citye 40 Of excesse to ben eschewed 41. Of wantonnes to be cast of in welth 42. To throwe downe villages and castels vndefensed 43. Howe to pourchace frendes and to kepe the same 44. To abydesyege 45 Whan it is mete to fyght by eruption 46. To interclude y e passage of our enemyes by fyer 47. A policie to stoppe the flyeng of our ennemyes 48 Howe syege is to be layed to cities and castels and of them that be besyeged 49. To auoyde and escape traynes 50. Of hostages and pledges rather to be taken than to fyght in open battayle 51. To stoppe an hauen 52. To make hydde and false dyches to betraye thyne enemyes 53. To passe ouer a water wyth an army 54. To knowe whether thyne enemyes ben afrayde 55. To constrayne thyne ennemyes to fyght in open battayle and to come to handy strokes 56. A policie to flye 57. Whan thyne ennemyes snatche vp and destroye the laste warde 58. Of the notable falshod of the barbarouse people 59. When fewe muste make battayle wyth many 60 The offyce of the capitayne 61. To forbere holye thynges 62. Of the capytaynes liberalitye whan the battayle is wonne 63. Of reproche to ben eschewed 64. Of the capitayns offyce in ioynyng of y e battayle 65. Howe to entreate thyne enemyes the victorye obteyned 66. To kepe leage promysse of peace wyth our enemyes 67. Of the capitaynes office in accomplysshynge all thynges 68. Whan thyne enemyes armye prepareth passage ouer any water 69. Whan thy souldyours be astonysshed fearefull 70. Whan scarsitie of vytayles is amonge oure enemies 71. Battayle is not to be begonne but of necessitie and constraynte 72. To refrayne frō battayle before we haue deuised and layde our traynes 73. What is to be done that oure ennemyes maye be perswaded theyr capitayne to be slayne 74. To kepe whole and saufe territories and townes 75. That thyne armye is to be lodged kept in the marches of thyne enemyes 76. What is to be done whan in wynter we muste fyght 77 Of pleasures to ben eschewed of the capitayne and the hoste 78 To chose a place to fyghte in whan the sonne and the duste maye be noysome to thyne ennemyes and in theyr eyes 79 Of tyme not to be looste and vaynely spente 80. ◠Of good and euell doynges semblable to be rewarded as punyshed 81. What is to be done whē thy men be light and spedye 82. That examples do helpe to encowerage souldyours 83. That nothynge be done agaynst the capitayns commaundement 84. To restrayne thy souldiours somtyme 85 It is not tyme to fyght whan thyne enemyes doo despayre and be carelesse of theyr lyfe 86. What is to be done whan we mystruste oure souldyours to ben afrayde of the sowne of gonnes and noyse of them that wayle 87. What is to be done whan thyne ennemyes are moste parte archers 88. What is to be done before the syege of a citye 89. Of rasshenes to ben eschewed of a capitayne 90. A policie to take the fotemen 91. A policie to defeate and disapoynte the gunners that they stande in no steade and vse 92. Of the offyce of the capytayne ī ordryng the affayres of hys armye 93. To refrayne aswell from the empyre as from the treasures after y e victorye 95. To constrayne thy souldyers to fyght 96 To tame fyerce people 97. To dissemble retreate 98. Of exercyse 99. What is to be done whan our ennemyes be conquered 100 Whā fewe must fyght agaynst many 101 Whan thy souldyours must sleape 102. To brynge suspicion of treason emonge thyne enemyes 103. Of outewarde helpe that be suspiciouse warely to be receyued 104. Of discention to be aswaged and appeased 105. What tyme townes and cities may be despoyled and taken 106 Howe muche the presence of the graunde capitayne dothe profyt 107. Of the multitude of enemyes 108. Of our enemyes that be humble and tractable 109. ¶ Of daungerfulle and peryllouse battayle 110. It is mete for young men in theyr youth to practise martial feates 111. To encrease the noumbre of thyne ennemyes by a rumour 112 To preuent the wyles and traynes of a noble prince 113. Of them that haue longe heare and long berdes 114. Before we laye syege to cities good it is to possesse the vplande fyeldes 115. Of men wounded and kylled to be conueyed priuilye out of the way 116. Of the requestes of lowe and humble per sonages to be herde 117 To vse cruelnes in the begynnyng of the warres 118. Howe to kepe thy kyndome by boldenes and couragyousnes 119 Of chastitye in warre 120 Of cauillations to ben experiensed in ieo perdies by capitaynes 121. Of souldyers that do saye euyll by theyr capitayne 122. Wyth what thynges thy souldyours are to be encouraged 223. To pourchace the fauoure of a straunge countrey 124. A capytayne muste be liberall and therewyth praysynge the stoutenes of hys men 125. What is to be doone whan eruption is feared 126. What is to be done of the capitayn whā hys armye is in extreme peryll and dāger 127 Wyth what thynge the mynde of the cō mynaltye is gotten 128. Of the fashion to sende letters 129. Howe to allure thyne enemyes to slyppe awaye and fayle theyr capitaynes 130. Of the badgeys of the souldiours 131. Of kynges and other princes that kepe not theyr faythe 132. Of the vyle condition of the cōmon people 133. Of a certayne kynde of defence 134. Of the swetenes of aduauntage 135. Of a troublesome vnruly multitude 136 Of the dutye of a good capytayne 137. In a newe rendre 138. Of the punysshemente of the capytayne whyche forsaketh hys men 139 To abstayn from robbyng of tēples 140 To pursue thyne enemyes in y e chase 141. To dissemble retreate feare 142. What is to be done whan great ieoperdies ar to ben vndertaken 143. To abstayne from treason 144. Of