assistance_n to_o revenge_v their_o quarrel_n which_o happen_v the_o next_o year_n as_o the_o same_o author_n relate_v for_o this_o year_n not_o long_o before_o the_o death_n of_o king_n egfrid_n dclxxxv_o that_o holy_a man_n cuthbert_n be_v by_o the_o same_o king_n order_v to_o be_v ordain_v bishop_n of_o lindisfarne_n tho'_o he_o be_v at_o first_o choose_v to_o be_v bishop_n of_o hagulstaed_n instead_o of_o trumbert_n who_o have_v be_v before_o depose_v from_o that_o bishopric_n yet_o because_o cuthbert_n like_v the_o church_n of_o lindisfarne_v better_a in_o which_o he_o have_v so_o long_o converse_v 28._o eatta_n be_v make_v to_o return_v to_o the_o see_v of_o hagulstad_n to_o which_o he_o be_v at_o first_o ordain_v while_o cuthbert_n take_v the_o bishopric_n of_o lindisfarne_n but_o i_o shall_v now_o give_v you_o from_o bede_n a_o far_a account_n of_o the_o life_n of_o this_o good_a bishop_n he_o have_v be_v first_o breed_v in_o the_o monastery_n of_o mailross_n and_o be_v afterward_o make_v abbot_n of_o the_o monastery_n of_o lindisfarne_n retire_v from_o whence_o he_o have_v for_o a_o long_a time_n live_v the_o life_n of_o a_o anchorite_n in_o the_o isle_n of_o farne_n not_o far_o distant_a but_o when_o there_o be_v a_o great_a synod_n assemble_v king_n egfrid_n be_v present_a at_o a_o place_n call_v twiford_n near_o the_o river_n alne_n where_o archbishop_n theodore_n preside_v cuthbert_n be_v by_o the_o general_a consent_n of_o they_o all_o dclxxxv_o choose_a bishop_n who_o when_o he_o can_v not_o by_o any_o message_n or_o letter_n be_v draw_v from_o his_o cell_n at_o length_n the_o king_n himself_o with_o bishop_n trumwin_n and_o other_o noble_a and_o religious_a person_n sail_v thither_o where_o they_o at_o last_o after_o many_o entreaty_n prevail_v upon_o he_o to_o go_v with_o they_o to_o the_o synod_n and_o when_o he_o come_v there_o tho'_o he_o very_o much_o oppose_v it_o yet_o he_o be_v force_v to_o accept_v the_o episcopal_a charge_n and_o so_o be_v consecrate_v bishop_n the_o easter_n follow_v and_o after_o his_o consecration_n in_o imitation_n of_o the_o bless_a apostle_n he_o adorn_v his_o call_n by_o his_o good_a work_n for_o he_o constant_o teach_v the_o people_n commit_v to_o his_o charge_n and_o incite_v they_o to_o the_o love_n of_o heaven_n by_o his_o constant_a prayer_n and_o exhoâ—tations_n and_o which_o be_v the_o chief_a part_n of_o a_o teacher_n whatsoever_o he_o teach_v he_o himself_o first_o practise_v so_o have_v live_v in_o this_o manner_n about_o two_o year_n be_v then_o sensible_a that_o the_o time_n of_o his_o death_n or_o rather_o of_o his_o future_a life_n draw_v near_o he_o again_o retire_v to_o the_o same_o island_n and_o hermitage_n from_o whence_o he_o come_v the_o same_o year_n also_o king_n egfrid_n rash_o lead_v out_o his_o army_n to_o destroy_v the_o province_n of_o the_o pict_n 26._o tho'_o his_o friend_n and_o principal_o bishop_n cuthbert_n do_v all_o they_o can_v to_o hinder_v it_o and_o have_v now_o enter_v the_o country_n he_o be_v bring_v before_o he_o be_v aware_a by_o the_o feign_a flight_n of_o his_o enemy_n between_o the_o straits_n of_o certain_a inaccessible_a mountain_n where_o he_o with_o the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o force_n he_o have_v bring_v with_o he_o be_v all_o cut_v off_o in_o the_o forty_o year_n of_o his_o age_n and_o the_o fifteen_o of_o his_o reign_n and_o as_o the_o year_n aforego_v he_o refuse_v to_o hear_v bishop_n cuthbert_n who_o dissuade_v he_o from_o invade_v ireland_n which_o do_v he_o no_o harm_n so_o bede_n observe_v it_o be_v a_o just_a judgement_n upon_o he_o for_o that_o sin_n that_o he_o will_v not_o hear_v those_o who_o will_v then_o have_v prevent_v his_o ruin_n from_o this_o time_n the_o grandeur_n and_o valour_n of_o this_o kingdom_n of_o the_o northumber_n begin_v to_o decline_v for_o the_o pict_n now_o recover_v their_o country_n which_o the_o english_a have_v take_v away_o and_o the_o scot_n that_o be_v in_o britain_n with_o some_o part_n of_o the_o britain_n themselves_o regain_v their_o liberty_n which_o they_o do_v enjoy_v for_o the_o space_n of_o forty_o six_o year_n after_o when_o bede_n write_v his_o history_n but_o alfred_n brother_n to_o this_o king_n succeed_v he_o quick_o recover_v his_o kingdom_n tho'_o reduce_v into_o narrow_a bound_n he_o be_v also_o a_o prince_n very_o well_o read_v in_o the_o holy_a scripture_n the_o same_o year_n as_o the_o saxon_a annal_n relate_v kentwin_n king_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n die_a ceadwalla_n begin_v to_o reign_v over_o that_o kingdom_n who_o pedigree_n be_v there_o insert_v ibid._n which_o i_o shall_v refer_v to_o another_o place_n and_o the_o same_o year_n also_o die_v lothair_n king_n of_o kent_n as_o bede_n relate_v of_o the_o wound_n he_o have_v receive_v in_o a_o fight_n against_o the_o south_n saxon_n in_o which_o edric_n his_o brother_n egbert_n son_n command_v against_o he_o and_o reign_v in_o his_o stead_n this_o year_n also_o according_a to_o the_o annal_n john_n be_v consecrate_v bishop_n of_o hugulstad_n and_o remain_v so_o till_o bishop_n wilfrith_n return_n but_o afterward_o bishop_n bosâ—_n die_v john_n become_v bishop_n of_o york_n but_o from_o thence_o many_o year_n after_o retire_v to_o his_o monastery_n in_o derawnde_v now_o call_v beverlie_o in_o yorkshire_n this_o year_n it_o rain_v blood_n in_o britain_n and_o also_o milk_n and_o butter_n be_v now_o turn_v into_o somewhat_o like_a blood_n you_o be_v here_o to_o take_v notice_n that_o this_o bishop_n john_n above_o mention_v be_v the_o famous_a st._n john_n of_o beverlie_n of_o who_o bede_n in_o the_o next_o book_n tell_v so_o many_o miracle_n but_o our_o annal_n do_v here_o require_v some_o far_a illustration_n for_o this_o ceadwalla_n here_o mention_v be_v the_o grandson_n of_o ceawlin_fw-ge by_o his_o brother_n cutha_n who_o be_v a_o youth_n of_o great_a hope_n be_v drive_v into_o banishment_n by_o his_o predecessor_n dclxxxv_o and_o as_o stephen_n 41._o heddi_n in_o bishop_n wilfrid_n life_n relate_v lay_v conceal_v among_o the_o wood_n and_o desert_n of_o chyltern_n and_o ondr_v and_o there_o remain_v for_o a_o long_a time_n till_o raise_v a_o army_n tho'_o bede_n do_v not_o say_v from_o whence_o he_o slay_v aldelwald_n king_n of_o the_o south-saxons_a and_o seize_v upon_o his_o province_n 5._o but_o be_v soon_o drive_v out_o by_o two_o of_o that_o king_n captain_n viz._n bertune_n and_o autumn_n who_o for_o some_o time_n keep_v that_o kingdom_n to_o themselves_o the_o former_a of_o who_o be_v afterward_o slay_v by_o the_o same_o ceadwalla_n when_o he_o become_v king_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n but_o the_o other_o who_o reign_v after_o he_o again_o set_v it_o free_a from_o that_o servitude_n for_o many_o year_n from_o whence_o it_o happen_v that_o all_o that_o time_n they_o have_v no_o bishop_n of_o their_o own_o for_o when_o wilfrid_n return_v home_o they_o become_v subject_a to_o the_o bishop_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n that_o be_v of_o 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i_o shall_v not_o much_o trouble_n you_o with_o the_o relation_n of_o cassibelan_n action_n after_o caesar_n departure_n since_o we_o have_v no_o other_o account_n of_o they_o but_o from_o geoffrey_n of_o monmouth_n but_o according_a to_o his_o relation_n mandubratius_n who_o he_o call_v androgeus_n be_v not_o restore_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o trinobantes_n whether_o through_o the_o ill_a will_n of_o cassibelan_n or_o the_o general_a hatred_n the_o people_n have_v to_o he_o be_v uncertain_a so_o that_o leave_v britain_n he_o again_o betake_v himself_o unto_o caesar_n and_o attend_v he_o to_o rome_n where_o he_o be_v entertain_v as_o king_n of_o britain_n and_o a_o friend_n to_o the_o roman_a commonwealth_n cassibelan_n after_o the_o departure_n of_o the_o roman_n be_v say_v to_o have_v reign_v ten_o year_n which_o time_n he_o employ_v in_o revenge_a himself_o upon_o the_o city_n and_o state_n that_o have_v revolt_v from_o he_o during_o the_o war_n with_o caesar._n after_o who_o 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the_o trouble_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o the_o bandying_n of_o the_o faction_n against_o each_o other_o after_o the_o death_n of_o julius_n caesar_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o quiet_a of_o the_o britain_n during_o those_o civil_a dissension_n but_o augustus_n caesar_n who_o succeed_v his_o uncle_n julius_n in_o the_o empire_n either_o contemn_v this_o island_n as_o a_o place_n of_o no_o importance_n and_o who_o enmity_n or_o friendship_n conduce_v nothing_o to_o the_o good_a or_o ill_a fortune_n of_o the_o empire_n or_o as_o tacitus_n in_o his_o life_n of_o agricola_n relate_v because_o of_o the_o civil_a war_n that_o have_v late_o happen_v cause_v a_o long_a quiet_a to_o britain_n 49._o yet_o we_o find_v augustus_n once_o advance_v as_o far_o as_o gallia_n in_o order_n to_o the_o reduce_v of_o britain_n under_o his_o obedience_n and_o have_v not_o a_o revolt_n in_o 23._o pannonia_n divert_v he_o he_o have_v certain_o attempt_v it_o yet_o about_o seven_o year_n after_o with_o the_o 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to_o feign_v it_o for_o now_o it_o seem_v the_o britain_n begin_v to_o learn_v the_o roman_a art_n to_o flatter_v for_o advantage_n and_o by_o gift_n to_o appease_v a_o powerful_a prince_n and_o buy_v off_o a_o war._n so_o they_o send_v their_o tribute_n to_o ibid._n augustus_n with_o offering_n and_o sacrifice_n to_o the_o roman_a god_n to_o be_v offer_v in_o the_o capitol_n where_o in_o the_o temple_n of_o mars_n they_o swear_v fidelity_n to_o the_o senate_n and_o and_o people_n of_o rome_n which_o obsequious_a address_n as_o i_o suppose_v give_v occasion_n to_o pâ—rsis_n horace_n to_o write_v thus_o though_o we_o believe_v that_o thunder_a jove_n in_o heaven_n reign_v yet_o here_o below_o augustus_n we_o a_o god_n do_v prove_v since_o britain_n and_o proud_a persian_n too_o be_v to_o his_o empire_n make_v to_o bow_v nay_o so_o conformable_a to_o the_o roman_a custom_n be_v this_o kynobelin_n himself_o that_o he_o cause_v coin_n to_o be_v stamp_v after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o 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arrive_v at_o his_o winter_n quarter_n whilst_o the_o navy_n with_o prosperous_a wind_n and_o good_a success_n safe_o arrive_v at_o the_o port_n trutulensis_n suppose_v by_o mr._n somner_n to_o be_v richborough_n near_o sandwich_n from_o whence_o it_o have_v set_v out_o and_o coast_v along_o the_o near_a side_n of_o britain_n return_v thither_o again_o and_o now_o the_o roman_n first_o discover_v the_o isle_n of_o orkeney_n which_o other_o with_o less_o reason_n follow_v orosius_n ascribe_v unto_o claudius_n agricola_n 39_o have_v send_v a_o plain_a account_n of_o these_o transaction_n and_o that_o without_o any_o vain_a glory_n or_o amplification_n the_o emperor_n as_o his_o manner_n be_v receive_v they_o with_o a_o show_n of_o joy_n tho'_o with_o a_o inward_a trouble_n of_o mind_n for_o he_o be_v conscious_a to_o himself_o that_o his_o own_o counterfeit_n triumph_n over_o the_o german_n be_v a_o ridiculous_a piece_n of_o pageantry_n to_o set_v out_o which_o for_o want_v of_o real_a 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hide_v his_o resentment_n till_o the_o noise_n of_o agricola_n victory_n as_o well_o as_o the_o love_n of_o the_o army_n towards_o he_o be_v a_o little_a abate_v he_o continue_v he_o therefore_o in_o his_o command_n for_o some_o time_n and_o with_o all_o show_v of_o acknowledgement_n for_o so_o great_a service_n and_o order_v the_o senate_n to_o decree_v he_o triumphal_a ornament_n with_o the_o honour_n of_o a_o statue_n 40._o himself_o speak_v high_o in_o his_o favour_n he_o also_o cause_v a_o report_n to_o be_v spread_v abroad_o that_o the_o province_n of_o syria_n then_o void_a by_o the_o death_n of_o attilius_n rufus_n and_o reserve_v for_o person_n of_o the_o high_a rank_n lxxxiv_o shall_v be_v bestow_v upon_o agricola_n and_o it_o be_v also_o common_o believe_v that_o a_o freedman_n employ_v in_o the_o emperor_n most_o secret_a service_n be_v send_v to_o agricola_n with_o a_o commission_n for_o the_o government_n of_o syria_n with_o private_a order_n if_o he_o be_v then_o in_o britain_n that_o it_o shall_v be_v deliver_v but_o that_o the_o messenger_n meeting_n agricola_n at_o sea_n never_o so_o much_o as_o salute_v he_o return_v again_o to_o domitian_n whether_o this_o be_v true_a or_o only_o feign_v as_o agreeable_a to_o the_o humour_n of_o this_o prince_n be_v uncertain_a however_o agricola_n deliver_v the_o province_n peaceable_o and_o quiet_a to_o his_o successor_n lxxxv_o and_o lest_o his_o entrance_n into_o the_o city_n shall_v be_v too_o remarkable_a by_o the_o crowd_n of_o those_o that_o may_v go_v out_o to_o meet_v he_o he_o come_v as_o he_o be_v order_v by_o night_n into_o the_o palace_n where_o be_v receive_v with_o a_o short_a salute_n and_o no_o particular_a discourse_n he_o present_o draw_v off_o among_o the_o crowd_n of_o attendant_n but_o though_o it_o be_v not_o to_o our_o present_a design_n give_v i_o leave_v to_o wait_v on_o this_o great_a man_n to_o his_o grave_n and_o give_v you_o tacitus_n last_o account_n of_o he_o since_o he_o be_v so_o great_a a_o example_n of_o moderation_n in_o prosperity_n as_o well_o as_o of_o patience_n under_o the_o slight_v and_o affront_v of_o a_o insolent_a tyrant_n 42._o but_o agricola_n though_o he_o thus_o strive_v to_o lessen_v his_o own_o great_a reputation_n which_o be_v ever_o grievous_a to_o those_o that_o be_v lazy_a and_o unwarlike_a yet_o by_o his_o retirement_n he_o increase_v his_o own_o glory_n as_o well_o as_o his_o virtue_n still_o continue_v modest_a in_o his_o garb_n easy_a of_o access_n and_o never_o accompany_v with_o more_o than_o one_o or_o two_o friend_n so_o that_o most_o people_n who_o be_v accustom_a to_o esteem_v great_a man_n only_o by_o title_n and_o outward_a appearance_n when_o they_o see_v agricola_n thus_o private_a wonder_v at_o his_o great_a reputation_n and_o few_o understand_v his_o virtue_n and_o though_o not_o long_o after_o when_o absent_a he_o have_v be_v accuse_v to_o domitian_n yet_o he_o be_v also_o acquit_v there_o be_v no_o crime_n allege_v against_o he_o unless_o it_o be_v to_o have_v live_v under_o a_o prince_n who_o be_v a_o enemy_n to_o all_o virtue_n beside_o have_v those_o worse_a sort_n of_o all_o enemy_n flatterer_n prevail_v there_o happen_v afterward_o such_o time_n which_o will_v not_o permit_v agricola_n fame_n to_o be_v conceal_v so_o many_o army_n be_v lose_v in_o germany_n pannonia_n and_o other_o province_n through_o the_o rashness_n or_o cowardice_n of_o the_o commander_n that_o agricola_n be_v again_o desire_v by_o all_o man_n to_o command_v compare_v his_o constancy_n and_o experience_n in_o war_n with_o the_o sloth_n and_o cowardice_n of_o other_o which_o discourse_v come_v often_o to_o the_o ear_n of_o domitian_n whilst_o some_o of_o his_o freedman_n fair_o represent_v his_o merit_n and_o other_o of_o the_o worst_a sort_n through_o envy_n and_o ill_a will_n as_o much_o misrepresent_v they_o it_o provoke_v this_o prince_n too_o apt_a of_o himself_o to_o do_v evil_a so_o that_o agricola_n by_o his_o own_o virtue_n as_o well_o as_o the_o vice_n of_o other_o be_v often_o near_o ruin_n and_o though_o some_o time_n after_o when_o the_o proconsulship_n of_o africa_n be_v void_a by_o the_o death_n of_o civica_n late_o slay_v the_o command_n of_o this_o province_n be_v seem_o offer_v he_o whilst_o some_o be_v private_o to_o offer_v their_o assistance_n in_o make_v his_o excuse_n and_o other_o more_o bold_a and_o open_a both_o persuade_v and_o also_o terrify_v he_o bring_v he_o into_o domitian_n presence_n who_o be_v already_o prepare_v to_o dissemble_v haughty_o though_o willing_o accept_v his_o excuse_n nay_o suffer_v himself_o to_o be_v thank_v for_o his_o accept_n they_o nor_o blush_v at_o his_o own_o envy_n of_o so_o small_a a_o benefit_n nor_o do_v he_o so_o much_o as_o bestow_v upon_o agricola_n who_o wâ—nted_v â—_o salary_n which_o have_v be_v usual_o allow_v to_o those_o that_o have_v be_v proconsul_n as_o either_o be_v offend_v that_o it_o be_v not_o ask_v he_o or_o out_o of_o 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present_o decline_v for_o as_o he_o return_v from_o constantine_n out_o of_o gaul_n into_o spain_n by_o the_o way_n he_o receive_v the_o unwelcome_a news_n of_o gerontius_n have_v revolt_v from_o his_o obedience_n and_o set_v up_o one_o maximus_n ccccxi_fw-la one_o of_o his_o own_o creature_n for_o emperor_n and_o that_o have_v raise_v a_o powerful_a army_n consist_v of_o divers_a barbarous_a nation_n that_o he_o be_v upon_o his_o march_n against_o he_o constans_n alarm_v with_o these_o tiding_n immediate_o dispatch_v away_o one_o eddobeccus_n unto_o the_o german_n whilst_o himself_o attend_v with_o decimius_n rusticus_n who_o of_o the_o master_n of_o his_o office_n be_v advance_v to_o be_v praefect_n and_o accompany_v with_o a_o army_n of_o franc_n almain_n and_o other_o nation_n pass_v into_o gaul_n intend_v with_o all_o speed_n to_o return_v again_o to_o his_o father_n but_o be_v intercept_v by_o gerontius_n and_o by_o he_o besiege_v in_o vienna_n in_o dauphine_n the_o city_n be_v take_v he_o be_v there_o slay_v then_o gerontius_n march_v to_o meet_v constantine_n find_v he_o at_o arles_n against_o which_o city_n he_o lay_v close_a siege_n but_o be_v hinder_v from_o take_v it_o by_o the_o sudden_a come_n of_o constantius_n come_v 13._o who_o the_o emperor_n honorius_n have_v new_o make_v his_o general_n at_o who_o arrival_n with_o a_o army_n out_o of_o italy_n gerontius_n be_v desert_v by_o his_o own_o soldier_n retire_v into_o spain_n where_o grow_v also_o into_o contempt_n and_o hatred_n with_o those_o few_o that_o remain_v his_o house_n in_o the_o night_n be_v beset_v by_o they_o he_o with_o his_o own_o servant_n manful_o defend_v himself_o and_o slay_v above_o 300_o of_o they_o and_o when_o his_o dart_n and_o other_o weapon_n be_v spend_v tho'_o he_o may_v have_v escape_v at_o a_o back_n door_n as_o his_o servant_n have_v do_v yet_o out_o of_o kindness_n to_o his_o friend_n allan_n and_o his_o wife_n nunnichia_n he_o refuse_v it_o and_o have_v first_o cut_v off_o the_o head_n of_o his_o friend_n as_o be_v agree_v between_o they_o he_o then_o slay_v his_o wife_n tho'_o with_o great_a reluctancy_n be_v prevail_v upon_o by_o her_o importunity_n so_o to_o do_v refuse_v to_o out_o live_v her_o husband_n and_o desire_v to_o be_v free_v from_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o enrage_a multitude_n for_o which_o her_o resolution_n sozomen_n the_o ecclesiastical_a historian_n give_v her_o great_a commendation_n this_o do_v gerontius_n turn_v his_o sword_n against_o himself_o but_o fail_v in_o his_o design_n he_o finish_v it_o with_o his_o dagger_n this_o man_n be_v suppose_v to_o be_v a_o britain_n i_o have_v be_v the_o more_o particular_a in_o his_o history_n and_o humphrey_n lloyd_n in_o his_o discourse_n concern_v britain_n make_v he_o to_o have_v be_v so_o famous_a here_o as_o to_o be_v celebrate_v by_o the_o british_a bard_n who_o verse_n upon_o his_o death_n he_o there_o give_v you_o but_o in_o the_o mean_a while_n constantine_n now_o streighten_v on_o all_o side_n and_o discourage_v with_o the_o ill_a success_n of_o eddobeccus_n who_o be_v slay_v but_o a_o little_a before_o after_o have_v be_v besiege_v 4_o month_n with_o his_o other_o son_n julian_n in_o the_o city_n of_o arles_n there_o fling_v off_o his_o purple_a robe_n and_o enter_v into_o priest_n order_n hope_v under_o that_o protection_n to_o secure_v his_o life_n and_o so_o not_o long_o after_o surrender_v the_o town_n but_o his_o new_a habit_n prove_v no_o sanctuary_n to_o he_o for_o he_o be_v carry_v into_o italy_n and_o there_o behead_v by_o the_o emperor_n order_n together_o with_o his_o son_n julian_n and_o brother_n name_v sebastian_n whilst_o these_o thing_n be_v act_v the_o scot_n pict_n and_o vandal_n take_v advantage_n of_o the_o negligence_n of_o constantine_n who_o whilst_o he_o stay_v at_o arles_n and_o mind_v his_o pleasure_n more_o than_o public_a affair_n invade_v his_o territory_n the_o latter_a break_n into_o gaul_n and_o then_o invade_v britain_n ccccxi_fw-la but_o the_o britain_n now_o destitute_a of_o the_o roman_a aid_n and_o keep_v under_o by_o they_o who_o have_v not_o power_n to_o protect_v they_o as_o zosimus_n relate_v as_o well_o the_o gaul_n as_o britain_n forthwith_o take_v arm_n and_o resolve_v to_o stand_v on_o their_o own_o defence_n renounce_v all_o further_a obedience_n to_o the_o roman_a empire_n which_o they_o believe_v they_o may_v justify_v be_v then_o leave_v without_o its_o protection_n be_v thus_o harrass_v by_o their_o wont_a enemy_n have_v before_o send_v message_n to_o honorius_n for_o relief_n but_o all_o to_o no_o purpose_n for_o he_o at_o that_o time_n not_o be_v able_a to_o defend_v rome_n itself_o ccccx_n which_o the_o same_o year_n be_v take_v by_o alaric_n king_n of_o the_o goth_n the_o emperor_n permit_v they_o by_o his_o letter_n to_o provide_v for_o their_o own_o safety_n acquit_v they_o of_o the_o roman_a jurisdiction_n they_o therefore_o be_v thus_o desert_v the_o government_n of_o course_n devolve_v to_o the_o people_n who_o thenceforth_o betake_v themselves_o to_o live_v after_o their_o own_o law_n and_o to_o defend_v their_o country_n as_o well_o as_o they_o be_v able_a but_o since_o the_o chronology_n of_o these_o time_n we_o be_v now_o treat_v of_o be_v very_o perplex_a and_o obscure_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a scarcity_n of_o good_a author_n and_o since_o some_o writer_n place_v the_o britain_n cast_v off_o their_o subjection_n to_o the_o roman_a empire_n immediate_o after_o the_o death_n of_o this_o constantine_n abovementioned_a and_o other_o defer_v it_o 20_o year_n late_a give_v i_o leave_v here_o to_o subjoin_v what_o the_o learned_a dr._n stillingfleet_n have_v say_v in_o his_o abovecited_a treatise_n concern_v the_o time_n when_o this_o great_a change_n happen_v in_o this_o island_n 295._o for_o it_o have_v be_v already_o prove_v for_o though_o all_o author_n agree_v that_o the_o britain_n petition_v the_o emperor_n honorius_n for_o the_o first_o supply_n against_o the_o pict_n and_o scot_n that_o then_o invade_v they_o yet_o they_o differ_v about_o the_o time_n i_o shall_v therefore_o first_o take_v notice_n what_o bede_n say_v concern_v this_o matter_n who_o make_v gratianus_n municeps_fw-la to_o be_v set_v up_o two_o year_n before_o the_o sack_n of_o rome_n by_o alaric_n which_o happen_v anno_fw-la dom._n 410_o and_o he_o also_o therein_o follow_v orosius_n relation_n concern_v constantine_n and_o his_o son_n constans_n without_o ever_o mention_v their_o continue_n to_o govern_v here_o and_o much_o less_o lose_v their_o life_n in_o britain_n as_o nennius_n false_o suppose_v but_o than_o he_o apply_v that_o passage_n in_o gildas_n concern_v that_o lamentable_a condition_n of_o the_o britain_n and_o there_o first_o demand_v help_n from_o the_o roman_n to_o the_o time_n immediate_o follow_v the_o death_n of_o constantine_n whereas_o gildas_n indeed_o mention_n it_o as_o happen_v upon_o the_o usurpation_n of_o maximus_n and_o his_o withdraw_v the_o force_n from_o hence_o and_o that_o therefore_o this_o first_o invasion_n of_o the_o pict_n and_o scot_n be_v between_o the_o death_n of_o maximus_n and_o the_o set_n up_o of_o gratianus_n municeps_fw-la when_o the_o britain_n so_o earnest_o sue_v for_o assistance_n have_v a_o roman_a governor_n and_o a_o legion_n send_v to_o their_o relief_n and_o mr._n camden_n in_o his_o introduction_n to_o his_o britannia_n suppose_n that_o claudius_n rutilius_n mention_n victorinus_n as_o a_o roman_a governor_n here_o about_o that_o time_n but_o this_o be_v very_o uncertain_a when_o he_o there_o only_o speak_v of_o the_o take_a tholouse_n by_o the_o goth_n which_o be_v do_v by_o ataulphus_n some_o time_n after_o the_o death_n of_o alaric_n and_o therefore_o can_v not_o be_v before_o the_o time_n of_o gratian_n and_o constantine_n now_o that_o the_o first_o supply_n that_o be_v send_v over_o into_o britain_n be_v all_o of_o they_o send_v before_o the_o death_n of_o stilico_n the_o say_v learned_a dr._n stillingflâ—et_n in_o his_o abovecited_a treatise_n go_v on_o to_o prove_v in_o the_o same_o place_n it_o be_v evident_a say_v he_o from_o many_o passage_n in_o 25._o claudian_n that_o stilico_n take_v particular_a care_n of_o send_v supply_n to_o the_o britain_n against_o the_o scot_n and_o pict_n but_o stilico_n be_v kill_v by_o the_o army_n when_o bassus_n and_o philippus_n be_v consul_n anno_fw-la dom._n 408_o before_o the_o first_o siege_n of_o rome_n by_o the_o goth_n and_o therefore_o the_o roman_a force_n send_v by_o he_o must_v be_v before_o the_o usurpation_n of_o gratianus_n and_o constantine_n ccccx_n stillico_fw-la being_n kill_v the_o same_o year_n that_o these_o usurper_n be_v set_v up_o in_o britain_n it_o be_v not_o possible_a he_o shall_v do_v it_o after_o their_o death_n and_o it_o seem_v not_o probable_a that_o any_o supply_n shall_v be_v send_v through_o gaul_n while_o constantine_n
go_v to_o destroy_v the_o idol_n temple_n the_o people_n at_o first_o think_v he_o mad_a because_o it_o be_v not_o lawful_a for_o their_o priest_n either_o to_o bear_v arm_n or_o ride_v on_o horseback_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o coifi_n come_v to_o the_o idol_n temple_n he_o command_v those_o that_o come_v with_o he_o to_o burn_v and_o utter_o destroy_v it_o and_o the_o place_n where_o it_o stand_v be_v show_v in_o bede_n time_n lie_v not_o far_o from_o york_n eastward_o near_o the_o river_n dargo_v be_v then_o call_v godmundingham_n where_o this_o priest_n by_o thus_o demolish_n the_o altar_n of_o his_o former_a god_n make_v some_o amends_o for_o his_o teach_a man_n to_o adore_v they_o but_o the_o year_n follow_v dcxxvii_o king_n edwin_n with_o all_o his_o nobleman_n and_o a_o great_a many_o common_a people_n of_o his_o kingdom_n receive_v baptism_n the_o king_n himself_o be_v baptize_v at_o york_n on_o easter_n day_n in_o the_o church_n of_o st._n peter_n which_o he_o have_v command_v with_o all_o speed_n to_o be_v build_v of_o wood_n for_o that_o purpose_n 14._o in_o which_o city_n he_o also_o settle_v the_o episcopal_n see_v paulinus_n be_v the_o first_o bishop_n there_o but_o not_o long_o after_o the_o king_n have_v receive_v baptism_n he_o himself_o take_v care_n to_o build_v a_o large_a and_o noble_a church_n of_o stone_n round_o about_o the_o former_a which_o be_v still_o leave_v stand_v till_o the_o other_o be_v finish_v but_o before_o the_o wall_n of_o it_o can_v be_v raise_v the_o king_n be_v kill_v leave_v the_o work_n to_o be_v perfect_v by_o oswald_n his_o successor_n so_o paulinus_n continue_v during_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o this_o king_n reign_n which_o be_v about_o the_o space_n of_o 6_o year_n to_o preach_v the_o word_n of_o god_n in_o that_o kingdom_n in_o which_o church_n there_o be_v also_o baptize_v divers_a other_o of_o note_n as_o osfrid_n and_o eadfrid_n the_o son_n of_o king_n edwin_n both_o which_o his_o former_a wife_n quenburga_n the_o daughter_n of_o ceorle_n king_n of_o mercia_n have_v bring_v forth_o in_o their_o banishment_n there_o be_v likewise_o afterward_o baptize_v divers_a other_o of_o the_o king_n child_n by_o his_o last_o queen_n who_o not_o long_o after_o die_v be_v bury_v in_o york_n minster_n beside_o these_o there_o be_v baptize_v iffi_n the_o son_n of_o prince_n osrid_n and_o several_a other_o nobleman_n and_o it_o be_v report_v that_o the_o people_n desire_n to_o receive_v baptism_n be_v then_o so_o fervent_a that_o when_o on_o a_o time_n paulinus_n come_v with_o the_o king_n and_o queen_n to_o a_o certain_a town_n of_o the_o king_n be_v call_v adefrin_n he_o there_o spend_v a_o month_n in_o do_v nothing_o else_o but_o catechise_v and_o baptise_v those_o that_o come_v to_o he_o from_o far_o and_o near_o to_o that_o end_n for_o after_o his_o instruct_v they_o they_o be_v straight_o baptize_v in_o the_o river_n gleni_n which_o he_o make_v use_v of_o as_o be_v convenient_a for_o that_o purpose_n these_o thing_n be_v transact_v in_o the_o province_n of_o bernicia_n but_o in_o that_o of_o deira_n where_o he_o use_v to_o remain_v most_o common_o with_o the_o king_n he_o baptize_v in_o the_o river_n of_o small_a for_o in_o that_o present_a infancy_n of_o the_o church_n oratory_n and_o font_n be_v not_o yet_o erect_v but_o in_o the_o country_n of_o done_n he_o build_v a_o church_n which_o be_v burn_v not_o long_o after_o by_o the_o pagan_n when_o they_o kill_v king_n edwin_n these_o thing_n tho'_o happen_v in_o several_a year_n bede_n here_o relate_v all_o at_o once_o but_o to_o return_v to_o civil_a affair_n this_o year_n cynegil_n and_o cwichelm_fw-ge king_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n fight_v with_o penda_n king_n of_o mercia_n at_o cirencestâ—r_n where_o also_o a_o league_n be_v make_v between_o they_o h._n huntingdon_n be_v large_a in_o the_o relation_n of_o this_o fight_n and_o tell_v we_o that_o when_o both_o army_n have_v fight_v from_o morning_n till_o sunset_n neither_o of_o they_o give_v ground_n the_o next_o morning_n perceive_v they_o shall_v be_v both_o ruin_v if_o they_o stand_v another_o fight_n they_o treat_v of_o a_o peace_n and_o so_o part_v friend_n it_o be_v to_o be_v wish_v that_o the_o monkish_a writer_n who_o have_v leave_v we_o the_o only_a relation_n of_o these_o war_n will_v also_o have_v tell_v we_o the_o particular_a cause_n and_o ground_n on_o which_o they_o be_v madâ—_n for_o want_v of_o which_o we_o be_v leave_v to_o guess_v in_o general_a dcxxviii_o that_o revenge_n or_o ambition_n the_o common_a incentives_n to_o war_n among_o prince_n do_v also_o produce_v these_o we_o now_o treat_v of_o but_o within_o two_o year_n after_o as_o the_o saxon_a annal_n relate_v eorpwald_n king_n of_o the_o east-saxons_a be_v baptize_v this_o bede_n relate_v to_o have_v be_v do_v by_o the_o persuasion_n of_o king_n edwin_n who_o after_o the_o death_n of_o redwald_n 15._o have_v the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o east-angle_n voluntary_o deliver_v up_o to_o he_o by_o the_o people_n of_o that_o province_n but_o he_o out_o of_o gratitude_n to_o his_o old_a benefactor_n permit_v his_o son_n eorpwald_n quiet_o to_o hold_v that_o kingdom_n though_o as_o his_o tributary_n who_o now_o cast_v away_o his_o idol_n be_v baptize_v together_o with_o many_o of_o his_o subject_n his_o father_n king_n redwald_n have_v be_v also_o baptize_v in_o kent_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o king_n eadbald_n though_o in_o return_v home_o he_o be_v again_o pervert_v by_o his_o wife_n and_o some_o other_o of_o her_o superstition_n from_o the_o true_a faith_n so_o that_o he_o have_v at_o once_o in_o the_o same_o temple_n one_o altar_n for_o christ_n and_o another_o for_o devil_n but_o king_n eorpwald_n not_o long_o after_o his_o receive_v the_o faith_n be_v slay_v by_o one_o richbert_n a_o heathen_a but_o who_o he_o be_v or_o why_o he_o do_v it_o be_v not_o tell_v we_o so_o that_o the_o kingdom_n for_o three_o year_n return_v to_o paganism_n until_o sebert_n brother_n to_o the_o last_o king_n a_o most_o learned_a and_o christian_a prince_n obtain_v the_o crown_n who_o whilst_o his_o brother_n live_v be_v banish_v into_o france_n do_v there_o receive_v baptism_n of_o which_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o begin_v his_o reign_n he_o make_v his_o subject_n also_o partaker_n but_o to_o this_o prince_n we_o shall_v speak_v more_o large_o anon_o about_o this_o time_n paulinus_n also_o preach_v the_o word_n to_o the_o province_n of_o lindissi_n now_o lincolnshire_n and_o convert_v the_o governor_n of_o lincoln_n ibid._n who_o name_n be_v blecca_n with_o all_o his_o family_n to_o the_o christian_a faith_n in_o which_o city_n he_o build_v a_o church_n of_o stone_n of_o curious_a workmanship_n who_o roof_n be_v fall_v down_o either_o by_o length_n of_o time_n or_o hostile_a incursion_n the_o wall_n be_v only_o stand_v in_o bede_n time_n and_o concern_v the_o propagation_n of_o the_o christian_a faith_n in_o this_o province_n a_o certain_a priest_n and_o abbot_n of_o the_o monastery_n of_o barteneu_fw-fr tell_v bede_n that_o he_o himself_o be_v baptize_v by_o the_o bishop_n paulinus_n together_o with_o a_o great_a multitude_n of_o people_n in_o the_o river_n trent_n near_o a_o city_n then_o call_v tiowulfingceaster_n where_o it_o be_v we_o know_v not_o king_n edwin_n be_v present_a of_o who_o bede_n also_o tell_v we_o that_o in_o his_o time_n a_o woman_n with_o a_o child_n in_o her_o hand_n may_v have_v go_v from_o sea_n to_o sea_n and_o that_o the_o king_n at_o certain_a fountain_n near_o the_o highway_n cause_v drinking-pot_n of_o brass_n to_o be_v set_v upon_o post_n for_o the_o refreshment_n of_o traveller_n which_o none_o either_o out_o of_o love_n or_o fear_n will_v presume_v to_o meddle_v with_o he_o also_o cause_v to_o be_v carry_v before_o he_o when_o he_o go_v through_o the_o street_n a_o sort_n of_o banner_n which_o the_o roman_n call_v tufa_n and_o which_o the_o english_a then_o call_v a_o tough_a about_o this_o time_n too_o pope_n honorius_n succeed_v boniface_n in_o the_o roman_a see_v 17._o and_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o hear_v that_o the_o nation_n of_o northumber_n have_v receive_v the_o christian_a faith_n by_o the_o preach_a of_o paulinus_n he_o send_v he_o a_o archiepiscopal_a pall_n together_o with_o exhortatory_n letter_n to_o king_n edwin_n persuade_v he_o to_o persevere_v in_o the_o faith_n which_o he_o have_v receive_v which_o letter_n you_o may_v find_v at_o large_a in_o bede_n wherein_o it_o also_o appear_v that_o honorius_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n and_o paulinus_n of_o york_n have_v this_o trust_v lodge_v joint_o in_o they_o that_o whensoever_o one_o of_o they_o die_v the_o survivor_n shall_v immediate_o consecrate_v another_o archbishop_n in_o his_o stead_n for_o not_o long_o before_o archbishop_n justus_n decease_a honorius_n have_v be_v elect_v in_o
a_o military_a life_n for_o a_o heavenly_a one_o and_o leave_v his_o country_n go_v to_o rome_n in_o the_o company_n of_o alfred_n son_n to_o that_o king_n and_o upon_o his_o return_n thence_o the_o second_o time_n profess_v himself_o a_o monk_n in_o the_o isle_n of_o lyren_n where_o stay_v two_o year_n he_o accompany_v wyghard_n to_o rome_n who_o go_v thither_o to_o be_v ordain_v archbishop_n but_o soon_o after_o die_v there_o he_o again_o return_v home_o with_o archbishop_n theodore_n and_o after_o some_o time_n build_v the_o monastery_n of_o wyremouth_n and_o girwy_n as_o you_o have_v already_o hear_v and_o now_o after_o a_o long_a sickness_n make_v a_o holy_a end_n in_o the_o monastery_n of_o st._n peter_n at_o wyremouth_n where_o he_o be_v also_o bury_v about_o this_o time_n wither_a the_o son_n of_o egbert_n king_n of_o kent_n be_v establish_v in_o his_o kingdom_n dcxci_o do_v by_o his_o piety_n and_o industry_n free_v it_o from_o foreign_a invasion_n tho'_o one_o swebheard_n or_o webheard_n hold_v part_n of_o it_o together_o with_o he_o for_o some_o time_n this_o year_n also_o according_a to_o florence_n for_o the_o year_n be_v not_o exact_o set_v down_o by_o bede_n or_o stephen_n heddi_n bishop_n wilfrid_n be_v the_o second_o time_n expel_v from_o his_o bishopric_n by_o alfred_n king_n of_o northumberland_n 44._o which_o as_o this_o author_n in_o his_o life_n relate_v happen_v because_o that_o king_n have_v not_o restore_v to_o the_o church_n of_o st._n peter_n at_o rypun_a divers_a of_o its_o possession_n dcxci_o the_o next_o be_v because_o the_o monastery_n of_o hagulstad_n have_v be_v erect_v into_o a_o bishopric_n without_o his_o consent_n and_o contrary_a to_o the_o privilege_n which_o pope_n agatho_n have_v bestow_v upon_o it_o and_o last_o because_o that_o king_n will_v have_v compel_v he_o to_o obey_v certain_a decree_n of_o archbishop_n theodore_n which_o have_v be_v make_v in_o bishop_n wilfrid_n absence_n and_o during_o the_o first_o quarrel_n that_o have_v rise_v between_o they_o which_o he_o refuse_v to_o observe_v thereupon_o retire_v to_o his_o old_a friend_n ethelred_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n who_o receive_v he_o with_o great_a honour_n but_o king_n alfred_n as_o likewise_o archbishop_n bertwald_n and_o all_o the_o bishop_n of_o britain_n be_v assemble_v in_o a_o synod_n at_o a_o place_n call_v onestrefield_n or_o hosterfield_n they_o send_v messenger_n to_o bishop_n wilfrid_n desire_v he_o to_o appear_v before_o they_o but_o when_o he_o come_v to_o the_o synod_n he_o can_v by_o no_o mean_n agree_v with_o they_o because_o they_o do_v not_o perform_v what_o they_o have_v promise_v by_o their_o messenger_n so_o that_o great_a dispute_n arise_v chief_o from_o those_o bishop_n of_o the_o new_a see_v who_o together_o with_o certain_a abbot_n have_v be_v also_o set_v on_o by_o king_n alfred_n and_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o their_o own_o private_a interest_n do_v not_o desire_v the_o peace_n of_o the_o church_n they_o also_o object_v many_o false_a thing_n against_o he_o which_o can_v no_o way_n be_v prove_v and_o at_o last_o decree_v that_o the_o bishop_n shall_v be_v censure_v according_a to_o the_o decree_n of_o the_o late_a archbishop_n theodore_n whereupon_o bishop_n wilfrid_n ask_v they_o with_o what_o face_n they_o can_v prefer_v the_o decree_n of_o theodore_n before_o the_o apostolical_a canon_n which_o have_v be_v enjoin_v they_o from_o pope_n agatho_n and_o pope_n sergius_n but_o when_o no_o due_a or_o decent_a manner_n of_o speak_v be_v observe_v and_o that_o they_o urge_v he_o to_o subscribe_v a_o resignation_n of_o his_o bishopric_n and_o monastery_n in_o northumberland_n and_o mercia_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o archbishop_n he_o utter_o refuse_v it_o and_o only_o offer_v to_o submit_v to_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o archbishop_n as_o far_o as_o it_o be_v agreeable_a with_o the_o canon_n of_o the_o holy_a father_n but_o at_o last_o they_o offer_v he_o that_o if_o he_o will_v resign_v his_o bishopric_n he_o may_v still_o retain_v his_o abbey_n of_o ripon_n and_o live_v there_o in_o quiet_a provide_v he_o do_v not_o go_v out_o of_o the_o bound_n of_o the_o monastery_n nor_o exercise_v any_o episcopal_a jurisdiction_n upon_o which_o he_o in_o a_o long_a speech_n set_v forth_o his_o former_a merit_n in_o convert_v the_o northumbrian_n nation_n to_o the_o due_a observation_n of_o easter_n then_o ask_v they_o for_o what_o offence_n they_o go_v now_o about_o to_o degrade_v he_o to_o which_o the_o king_n and_o the_o archbishop_n reply_v that_o he_o be_v culpable_a in_o this_o and_o be_v therefore_o to_o be_v condemn_v because_o he_o have_v prefer_v the_o judgement_n of_o the_o man_n at_o rome_n before_o they_o and_o the_o king_n then_o offer_v the_o archbishop_n to_o make_v he_o submit_v by_o force_n to_o their_o judgement_n but_o this_o be_v oppose_v by_o most_o of_o the_o bishop_n because_o he_o have_v come_v thither_o under_o their_o safe_a conduct_n then_o the_o bishop_n retire_v again_o to_o king_n ethelred_n set_v forth_o the_o hard_a usage_n which_o he_o have_v receive_v at_o the_o synod_n whereupon_o the_o king_n promise_v he_o never_o to_o alter_v any_o thing_n in_o the_o monastery_n which_o he_o have_v bestow_v upon_o he_o until_o he_o have_v send_v to_o rome_n for_o the_o pope_n judgement_n of_o these_o matter_n and_o how_o he_o may_v act_v safe_o therein_o but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o archbishop_n and_o the_o synod_n do_v not_o only_o deprive_v but_o also_o excommunicate_fw-la bishop_n wilfrid_n and_o also_o all_o those_o who_o be_v in_o communion_n with_o he_o so_o that_o none_o may_v so_o much_o as_o eat_v with_o they_o and_o whatsoever_o they_o touch_v be_v look_v upon_o as_o defile_v wherefore_o bishop_n wilfrid_n be_v again_o force_v to_o go_v to_o rome_n there_o to_o make_v his_o appeal_n before_o the_o pope_n to_o who_o he_o present_v a_o long_a petition_n set_v forth_o that_o the_o trouble_n which_o he_o have_v meet_v with_o in_o britain_n dcxci_o have_v proceed_v from_o those_o who_o have_v seize_v upon_o his_o bishopric_n and_o monastery_n have_v refuse_v to_o observe_v the_o decree_n of_o his_o holiness_n predecessor_n whereupon_o the_o pope_n at_o that_o time_n hold_v a_o council_n at_o rome_n do_v there_o hear_v the_o whole_a difference_n between_o he_o and_o archbishop_n bertwald_n who_o have_v now_o send_v his_o deputy_n thither_o together_o with_o the_o accusation_n against_o he_o so_o in_o short_a upon_o a_o solemn_a hear_n of_o the_o whole_a matter_n on_o both_o side_n and_o after_o above_o seventy_o congregation_n in_o about_o four_o month_n time_n in_o all_o which_o the_o bishop_n innocence_n do_v more_o and_o more_o appear_v he_o be_v at_o last_o absolve_v by_o the_o pope_n and_o the_o whole_a council_n the_o particular_n of_o which_o be_v too_o long_o to_o relate_v only_o that_o thereupon_o the_o pope_n write_v letter_n to_o ethelred_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n and_o alfred_n 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as_o his_o own_o ever_o since_o the_o time_n that_o king_n offa_n take_v it_o but_o now_o the_o mercian_n try_v to_o recover_v it_o by_o force_n the_o same_o year_n be_v also_o hold_v another_o synodal_n council_n at_o cloveshoe_n for_o the_o kingdom_n of_o mercia_n under_o k._n beornwulf_n and_o wilfred_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n with_o all_o the_o bishop_n and_o chief_a man_n of_o that_o kingdom_n wherein_o some_o dispute_n about_o land_n between_o heabert_n bishop_n of_o worcester_n and_o a_o certain_a monastery_n call_v westburgh_n be_v determine_v this_o year_n ludican_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n and_o five_o of_o his_o ealderman_n be_v slay_v and_o wiglaf_n begin_v to_o reign_v in_o his_o stead_n dcccxxv_o ingulf_n and_o will._n of_o malmesbury_n tell_v we_o that_o this_o ludican_n be_v kinsman_n to_o the_o last_o mention_v king_n beornwulf_n and_o lead_v a_o army_n against_o the_o east-angle_n to_o revenge_v his_o death_n be_v there_o overcome_v and_o slay_v and_o that_o both_o these_o tyrant_n be_v just_o remove_v who_o have_v not_o only_o make_v king_n without_o any_o right_n but_o have_v also_o by_o their_o imprudence_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o the_o destruction_n of_o the_o military_a force_n of_o that_o kingdom_n which_o have_v till_o then_o prove_v victorious_a and_o that_o thereupon_o one_o withlaf_n be_v before_o ealderman_n of_o mâ—rcia_n be_v by_o the_o consent_n of_o all_o the_o people_n create_v king_n who_o son_n wimond_n have_v marry_v alfleda_n the_o daughter_n of_o ceolwulf_n the_o late_a king_n this_o king_n withlaf_n reign_v thirteen_o year_n dcccxxvii_o as_o tributary_n to_o king_n egbert_n as_o shall_v be_v further_o relate_v anon_o the_o moon_n be_v eclipse_v on_o christmas_n day_n at_o night_n and_o the_o same_o year_n king_n egbryht_v subdue_v the_o kingdom_n of_o mercia_n and_o all_o the_o country_n that_o lie_v south_n of_o humber_n he_o be_v the_o eight_o king_n who_o rule_v over_o all_o britain_n but_o the_o first_o who_o 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long_o before_o yet_o do_v they_o not_o therefore_o take_v upon_o they_o the_o title_n of_o monarch_n any_o more_o than_o egbert_n who_o now_o succeed_v they_o in_o that_o power_n tho'_o most_o of_o our_o historian_n who_o have_v write_v the_o saxon_a history_n in_o english_a have_v but_o without_o any_o just_a reason_n give_v they_o that_o title_n which_o can_v not_o proper_o belong_v to_o king_n who_o have_v divers_a other_o under_o they_o with_o the_o like_a regal_a jurisdiction_n within_o their_o own_o territory_n not_o but_o that_o king_n egbert_n be_v in_o a_o more_o peculiar_a manner_n the_o supreme_a king_n of_o england_n because_o by_o his_o absolute_a conquest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o kent_n and_o of_o the_o south_n and_o east_n saxon_n he_o be_v the_o great_a king_n who_o have_v hitherto_o reign_v in_o england_n all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o king_n that_o remain_v reign_v by_o his_o permission_n and_o pay_v he_o tribute_n a_o power_n which_o never_o have_v be_v exercise_v by_o any_o other_o king_n before_o he_o but_o to_o return_v to_o our_o history_n it_o seem_v that_o king_n egbert_n be_v so_o high_o displease_v with_o the_o mercian_n for_o set_v up_o a_o king_n without_o his_o consent_n that_o ingulf_n and_o florence_n of_o worcester_n tell_v we_o that_o as_o soon_o as_o ever_o withlaf_n be_v make_v king_n before_o he_o can_v raise_v a_o army_n he_o be_v expel_v his_o kingdom_n which_o egbert_n add_v to_o his_o own_o but_o withlaf_n be_v search_v for_o by_o egbert_n commander_n through_o all_o mercia_n he_o be_v by_o the_o industry_n of_o seward_n abbot_n of_o croyland_n conceal_v in_o the_o cell_n of_o the_o holy_a virgin_n etheldrith_n daughter_n of_o king_n offa_n and_o once_o the_o spouse_n of_o ethelbert_n king_n of_o the_o east_n angle_n where_o king_n withlaf_fw-mi find_v a_o safe_a retreat_n for_o the_o space_n of_o four_o month_n until_o such_o time_n as_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o say_a abbot_n seward_n he_o be_v reconcile_v to_o king_n egbert_n and_o upon_o promise_n of_o the_o payment_n of_o a_o yearly_o tribute_n permit_v to_o return_v to_o his_o kingdom_n in_o peace_n which_o be_v by_o he_o acknowledge_v in_o that_o charter_n of_o he_o that_o ingulf_n have_v give_v we_o of_o his_o confirmation_n of_o the_o land_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o abbey_n of_o croyland_n it_o be_v make_v in_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n in_o the_o presence_n of_o his_o lord_n egbert_n king_n of_o west-saxony_n and_o his_o son_n ethelwulf_n and_o before_o the_o bishop_n and_o great_a man_n of_o all_o england_n assemble_v at_o the_o city_n of_o london_n to_o take_v counsel_n against_o the_o daniâ—h_a pirate_n then_o infest_v the_o english_a coast_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 833_o as_o you_o shall_v see_v when_o we_o come_v to_o that_o year_n this_o restoration_n of_o king_n withlaf_n to_o his_o kingdom_n be_v also_o mention_v in_o the_o saxon_a annal_n of_o the_o next_o year_n where_o it_o be_v say_v dcccxxviii_o that_o withlaf_n again_o obtain_v the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o mercian_n and_o bishop_n ethelwald_n decease_v also_o the_o same_o year_n king_n egbryht_v lead_v a_o army_n against_o the_o northern_a britain_n and_o reduce_v they_o absolute_o to_o his_o obedience_n dcccxxviii_o for_o it_o seem_v they_o have_v again_o rebel_v now_o likewise_o as_o mat._n westminster_n relate_v king_n egbert_n vanquish_v swithr_v king_n of_o the_o east-saxons_a and_o drive_v he_o out_o of_o his_o kingdom_n upon_o who_o expulsion_n the_o west_n saxon_a king_n ever_o after_o possess_v that_o kingdom_n now_o according_a to_o the_o same_o author_n king_n egbert_n have_v subdue_v all_o the_o south_n part_v of_o england_n dcccxxix_o lead_v a_o great_a army_n into_o the_o kingdom_n of_o northumberland_n and_o have_v grievous_o waste_v that_o province_n make_v king_n eandr_v his_o tributary_n which_o be_v also_o confirm_v by_o will._n of_o malmesbury_n who_o relate_v that_o the_o northumber_n who_o stand_v out_o the_o last_o fear_v lest_o this_o king_n anger_n may_v break_v out_o upon_o they_o now_o give_v hostage_n submit_v themselves_o to_o his_o dominion_n but_o they_o continue_v still_o under_o king_n of_o their_o own_o as_o you_o will_v further_o find_v to_o this_o year_n i_o think_v we_o may_v also_o refer_v that_o great_a transaction_n which_o the_o annal_n of_o the_o cathedral_n church_n of_o winchester_n print_v in_o 32._o monast._n angl._n from_o a_o ancient_a manuscript_n in_o the_o 13._o cottonian_a library_n place_n under_o the_o year_n follow_v viz._n that_o king_n egbert_n have_v thus_o subdue_v all_o the_o kingdom_n abovementioned_a and_o force_v they_o to_o submit_v to_o his_o dominion_n call_v a_o great_a council_n at_o winchester_n whereto_o be_v summon_v all_o the_o great_a man_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o there_o by_o the_o general_n consent_v of_o the_o clerus_fw-la &_o populus_fw-la i._n e._n the_o clergy_n and_o laity_n king_n egbert_n be_v crown_v king_n of_o britain_n and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n he_o enact_v that_o it_o shall_v be_v for_o ever_o after_o call_v england_n and_o that_o those_o who_o before_o be_v call_v jute_n or_o saxon_n shall_v now_o be_v call_v english_a â—en_n and_o this_o i_o can_v not_o omit_v because_o tho'_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n and_o other_o historian_n agree_v of_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n yet_o i_o think_v this_o the_o true_a and_o most_o particular_a account_n of_o the_o time_n and_o manner_n when_o it_o be_v perform_v also_o this_o year_n wilfred_n the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n decease_v and_o feologild_v the_o abbot_n be_v elect_v archbishop_n 7_o kal._n maij._n and_o be_v consecrate_a 5._o id._n junij_fw-la be_v sunday_n and_o die_v the_o 3._o kal._n sept._n after_o but_o here_o be_v certain_o a_o mistake_n in_o this_o copy_n of_o the_o annal_n for_o it_o be_v not_o feologild_n but_o ceolnoth_n who_o be_v then_o choose_v
they_o design_v and_o that_o a_o great_a part_n of_o they_o have_v enter_v the_o city_n the_o pagan_n be_v compel_v by_o necessity_n and_o despair_n break_v out_o upon_o they_o and_o kill_v rout_z and_o put_v to_o flight_v the_o whole_a army_n as_o well_o within_o as_o without_o the_o town_n so_o that_o both_o the_o king_n be_v slay_v together_o with_o many_o nobleman_n and_o a_o vast_a number_n of_o common_a soldier_n and_o a_o great_a many_o be_v take_v prisoner_n dccclxvii_o and_o those_o that_o remain_v alive_a be_v force_v to_o make_v peace_n with_o the_o dane_n who_o according_a to_o the_o chronicle_n of_o mailross_n make_v one_o egbert_n king_n over_o the_o northumber_n that_o be_v leave_v tho'_o under_o the_o danish_a dominion_n but_o it_o seem_v it_o be_v over_o those_o that_o lay_v on_o the_o north_n side_n of_o the_o river_n time_n as_o simeon_n of_o darham_n in_o his_o history_n of_o that_o church_n relate_v the_o same_o year_n also_o die_v aethstan_n the_o bishop_n after_o he_o have_v hold_v his_o see_n of_o scireborne_v 50_o year_n who_o body_n be_v bury_v in_o that_o town_n but_o since_o the_o chronicle_n that_o go_v under_o the_o name_n of_o abbot_n 802._o bromton_n undertake_v to_o give_v some_o probable_a account_n how_o the_o dane_n come_v to_o invade_v the_o kingdom_n of_o northumberland_n tho'_o it_o look_v somewhat_o like_o a_o romance_n yet_o i_o shall_v here_o give_v it_o you_o since_o it_o be_v find_v in_o no_o other_o author_n that_o i_o know_v of_o be_v thus_o osbriht_o king_n of_o northumberland_n go_v one_o day_n a_o hunt_n as_o he_o return_v home_o go_v private_o to_o the_o house_n of_o one_o of_o his_o nobleman_n call_v bruern_n brocard_n to_o refresh_v himself_o bruern_v know_v nothing_o of_o the_o king_n be_v come_v be_v go_v to_o the_o sea_n side_n according_a to_o his_o custom_n to_o secure_v the_o shoar_n against_o pirate_n but_o his_o wife_n a_o woman_n of_o great_a beauty_n entertain_v the_o king_n at_o dinner_n very_o splendid_o the_o king_n have_v dine_v take_v she_o by_o the_o hand_n and_o lead_v she_o to_o her_o chamber_n tell_v she_o he_o must_v speak_v with_o she_o in_o private_a and_o there_o remove_v all_o out_o of_o the_o way_n but_o such_o as_o be_v privy_a to_o his_o secret_n he_o by_o force_n and_o violence_n lie_v with_o she_o have_v thus_o have_v his_o will_n he_o speedy_o return_v to_o york_n whilst_o she_o so_o lament_v and_o weep_v that_o her_o face_n be_v extreme_o alter_v which_o cause_v her_o husband_n at_o his_o return_n to_o ask_v the_o cause_n of_o so_o sudden_a a_o change_n and_o such_o a_o unusual_a sadness_n whereupon_o she_o tell_v he_o the_o whole_a matter_n how_o the_o king_n have_v force_v she_o which_o have_v hear_v he_o comfort_v she_o bid_v she_o not_o to_o afflict_v herself_o since_o she_o be_v not_o able_a to_o resist_v a_o man_n so_o potent_a assure_v she_o because_o she_o have_v tell_v he_o the_o truth_n he_o will_v not_o love_v she_o less_o than_o he_o have_v do_v before_o and_o if_o god_n give_v he_o leave_v he_o will_v revenge_v both_o himself_o and_o she_o upon_o he_o that_o have_v commit_v the_o crime_n then_o do_v bruern_v be_v a_o man_n both_o noble_a and_o powerful_a call_v his_o kindred_n together_o to_o who_o he_o reveal_v the_o affront_v put_v upon_o he_o and_o his_o intention_n speedy_o to_o revenge_v it_o to_o which_o they_o all_o consent_v and_o approve_v his_o purpose_n he_o with_o they_o take_v horse_n and_o road_n to_o york_n the_o king_n upon_o sight_n of_o he_o call_v he_o to_o he_o very_o civil_o but_o he_o have_v all_o his_o relation_n at_o his_o back_n defy_v he_o renounce_v his_o allegiance_n give_v up_o his_o land_n and_o whatsoever_o else_o he_o hold_v of_o he_o this_o say_v without_o any_o more_o word_n he_o withdraw_v make_v no_o stay_n at_o all_o at_o court_n so_o his_o friend_n consent_v he_o go_v straghtways_o over_o to_o denmark_n where_o he_o make_v a_o great_a complaint_n to_o the_o king_n of_o the_o affront_v offer_v to_o he_o and_o his_o wife_n by_o k._n osbriht_n desire_v his_o speedy_a relief_n and_o supply_n to_o put_v he_o into_o a_o capacity_n to_o revenge_v himself_o at_o this_o news_n godrin_n and_o his_o dane_n conceive_v very_o great_a joy_n have_v now_o some_o reason_n to_o induce_v they_o to_o invade_v the_o english_a and_o revenge_v the_o injury_n offer_v to_o bruern_v who_o be_v descend_v of_o his_o blood_n whereupon_o he_o speedy_o prepare_v a_o great_a army_n over_o which_o he_o make_v captain_n two_o brother_n call_v inguar_n and_o hubba_n most_o valiant_a soldier_n and_o to_o they_o he_o give_v a_o navy_n furnish_v with_o all_o necessary_n to_o transport_v a_o innumerable_a company_n of_o men._n these_o adventurer_n land_v in_o the_o northern_a part_n and_o take_v their_o way_n through_o holderness_n destroy_v all_o the_o town_n with_o their_o inhabitant_n and_o come_v to_o york_n provoke_v osbriht_v to_o come_v out_o and_o fight_v they_o where_o he_o and_o his_o brother-king_n be_v both_o slay_v as_o you_o have_v already_o hear_v this_o year_n the_o danish_a army_n march_v into_o mercia_n as_o far_o as_o snotingaham_n now_o nottingham_n and_o there_o take_v up_o their_o quarter_n dccclxviii_o but_o burhred_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n with_o his_o great_a or_o wise_a man_n entreat_v aethelred_n king_n of_o the_o west_n saxon_n and_o aelfred_n his_o brother_n to_o help_v they_o to_o fight_v against_o the_o pagan_n whereupon_o they_o likewise_o march_v to_o the_o same_o place_n where_o find_v the_o danish_a army_n strong_o fortify_v they_o only_o besiege_v nottingham_n but_o as_o asser_n and_o ingulph_n relate_v the_o christian_n not_o be_v able_a to_o take_v either_o the_o town_n or_o castle_n there_o be_v very_o little_o fight_v so_o that_o the_o mercian_n be_v force_v to_o make_v peace_n with_o the_o pagan_n whereupon_o the_o dane_n march_v back_o again_o into_o the_o kingdom_n of_o northumberland_n the_o same_o year_n asser_n in_o his_o life_n of_o k._n alfred_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o king_n marry_v the_o daughter_n of_o aethelred_n the_o ealdorman_a of_o the_o gaini_n i._n e._n of_o the_o country_n about_o gainesburrough_n in_o yorkshire_n but_o the_o next_o year_n the_o danish_a army_n return_v again_o to_o york_n dccclxix_o and_o there_o stay_v twelve_o month_n and_o now_o there_o be_v also_o a_o great_a mortality_n both_o of_o man_n and_o beast_n but_o we_o can_v here_o omit_v the_o relation_n of_o mat._n westminster_n under_o this_o year_n concern_v what_o the_o dane_n do_v before_o they_o leave_v the_o north_n of_o england_n where_o he_o say_v they_o slay_v both_o old_a and_o young_a not_o spare_v the_o life_n or_o chastity_n so_o much_o as_o of_o the_o nun_n where_o he_o give_v we_o a_o strange_a example_n of_o a_o heroic_a if_o not_o too_o great_a a_o love_v of_o chastity_n for_o ebba_n afterward_o saint_v than_o abbess_n of_o coldingham_n nunnery_n in_o yorkshire_n be_v more_o afraid_a of_o the_o loss_n of_o her_o virginity_n than_o her_o life_n call_v her_o nun_n into_o the_o chapterhouse_n there_o make_v a_o speech_n to_o they_o set_v forth_o the_o lust_n and_o cruelty_n of_o the_o dane_n and_o also_o exhort_v they_o to_o follow_v her_o example_n in_o avoid_v it_o which_o they_o all_o promise_v to_o observe_v she_o then_o take_v a_o razor_n and_o cut_v off_o her_o own_o nose_n and_o upper_a lip_n in_o which_o she_o be_v immediate_o follow_v by_o all_o the_o sister_n which_o be_v do_v those_o cruel_a tyrant_n hinguar_n and_o hubba_n come_v thither_o the_o next_o day_n together_o with_o their_o force_n and_o see_v so_o horrible_a a_o spectacle_n they_o not_o only_o run_v out_o of_o the_o monastery_n and_o leave_v they_o but_o also_o give_v order_n to_o their_o follower_n that_o they_o shall_v set_v the_o house_n on_o fire_n which_o they_o forthwith_o do_v so_o it_o be_v burn_v to_o ash_n together_o with_o the_o abbess_n and_o all_o her_o nun_n who_o think_v themselves_o happy_a in_o thus_o suffer_v martyrdom_n for_o the_o preservation_n of_o that_o which_o be_v dear_a to_o they_o than_o their_o life_n nor_o do_v they_o discharge_v their_o fury_n upon_o this_o nunnery_n alone_o but_o upon_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o monastery_n of_o the_o northumbrian_n kingdom_n have_v not_o long_o before_o destroy_v the_o monastery_n and_o church_n of_o linaisfarne_n with_o those_o of_o girwy_n and_o weremuth_n beside_o the_o famous_a nunnery_n of_o streanshale_v and_o tinmuth_n most_o of_o which_o be_v never_o rebuilt_a and_o those_o that_o be_v not_o till_o several_a age_n after_o but_o to_o proceed_v with_o our_o annal_n in_o the_o peterborough_n copy_n it_o follow_v thus_o then_o the_o dane_n quit_v the_o north_n dccclxx_o and_o mount_v themselves_o on_o horseback_n march_v through_o mercia_n into_o east_n
resolve_v to_o sit_v down_o before_o it_o suppose_v that_o the_o english_a will_v quick_o surrender_v for_o want_v of_o provision_n which_o they_o be_v also_o sensible_a of_o be_v endeavour_v to_o prevent_v and_o resolve_v either_o to_o obtain_v the_o victory_n or_o die_v they_o sally_v out_o early_o one_o morning_n upon_o the_o enemy_n who_o lie_v encamp_v without_o any_o good_a guard_n so_o fall_v upon_o they_o at_o unaware_o slay_v hubba_n their_o leader_n with_o his_o whole_a army_n except_o a_o few_o who_o be_v force_v to_o flee_v to_o their_o ship_n and_o this_o hubba_n be_v here_o bury_v under_o a_o heap_n of_o stone_n give_v name_n to_o the_o place_n be_v call_v hubblestone_n to_o this_o day_n devonshire_n but_o the_o english_a have_v strip_v the_o dead_a body_n they_o there_o find_v among_o the_o spoil_n that_o famous_a banner_n call_v reafan_n that_o be_v the_o raven_n be_v the_o picture_n of_o a_o raven_n embroider_v by_o the_o three_o sister_n of_o hinguar_n and_o hubba_n in_o one_o forenoon_n on_o purpose_n for_o this_o expedition_n and_o which_o be_v enchant_a by_o their_o magic_a art_n they_o put_v so_o great_a a_o confidence_n in_o it_o that_o they_o believe_v if_o they_o be_v to_o meet_v with_o good_a success_n dâ—câ—ixxviii_n this_o figure_n will_v clap_v its_o wing_n as_o if_o it_o be_v alive_a but_o if_o otherwise_o will_v let_v they_o fall_v but_o be_v this_o story_n true_a or_o false_a it_o seem_v they_o now_o lose_v their_o oracle_n before_o they_o have_v time_n to_o consult_v it_o and_o the_o loss_n of_o it_o be_v certain_o a_o great_a discouragement_n to_o they_o king_n aelfred_n be_v now_o much_o encourage_v with_o the_o news_n of_o this_o good_a success_n of_o the_o devon-shire-man_n begin_v to_o consider_v how_o he_o may_v perform_v some_o worthy_a action_n against_o the_o enemy_n therefore_o this_o year_n as_o the_o saxon_a annal_n relate_v have_v first_o fortify_v with_o his_o slender_a force_n a_o small_a castle_n or_o fort_n at_o aetheling-gaige_a now_o call_v athelney_n in_o somersetshire_n where_o he_o have_v reside_v hitherto_o he_o march_v from_o thence_o the_o seven_o week_n after_o and_o with_o his_o subject_n and_o vassal_n there_o to_o fight_v against_o the_o pagan_n and_o it_o be_v also_o about_o this_o time_n that_o we_o may_v place_v that_o memorable_a action_n of_o this_o king_n which_o be_v thus_o relate_v by_o ingulph_n and_o will._n of_o malmesbury_n which_o if_o true_a show_v not_o only_o his_o great_a courage_n but_o conduct_v too_o for_o know_v the_o enemy_n to_o exceed_v he_o in_o number_n as_o well_o as_o other_o advantage_n and_o that_o if_o he_o shall_v set_v upon_o they_o with_o open_a force_n he_o will_v be_v able_a to_o do_v they_o little_a or_o no_o prejudice_n nor_o can_v he_o hope_v for_o any_o better_a success_n unless_o he_o know_v in_o what_o condition_n the_o enemie_n army_n be_v and_o not_o have_v any_o one_o who_o sagacity_n or_o fidelity_n he_o can_v well_o trust_v he_o be_v resolve_v to_o go_v himself_o to_o spy_v out_o the_o enemie_n camp_n so_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o habit_n of_o a_o country_n minstrel_n or_o fidler_n he_o go_v with_o only_o one_o companion_n into_o the_o danish_a camp_n where_o he_o become_v so_o acceptable_a as_o well_o for_o his_o sing_v as_o play_v that_o at_o last_o he_o be_v introduce_v to_o the_o king_n tent_n and_o when_o he_o have_v there_o as_o well_o as_o in_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o danish_a camp_n learn_v as_o much_o as_o he_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o know_v he_o again_o return_v to_o his_o castle_n at_o athelne_n where_o have_v call_v together_o all_o his_o chief_a follower_n he_o relate_v to_o they_o the_o careless_a condition_n of_o the_o enemy_n camp_n and_o with_o what_o ease_n they_o may_v be_v destroy_v whereat_o they_o be_v extraordinary_o surprise_v he_o then_o resolve_v to_o muster_v up_o what_o force_n he_o can_v so_o the_o seven_o week_n after_o easter_n he_o march_v to_o ecgbyrth-stan_a now_o suppose_v to_o be_v brixstan_n in_o somersetshire_n lie_v on_o the_o east_n side_n of_o selwood_n forest_n where_o meet_v he_o all_o the_o wilt-shire_n somersetshire_n and_o hamptshire_n man_n who_o be_v mighty_o please_v to_o behold_v their_o king_n after_o so_o many_o hazard_n but_o stay_v there_o only_o one_o night_n he_o march_v away_o to_o iglay_n where_o the_o place_n be_v be_v not_o very_o well_o know_v and_o there_o encamp_v another_o night_n in_o which_o as_o asser_n relate_v st._n neot_n who_o have_v be_v former_o his_o kinsman_n and_o friend_n appear_v to_o he_o in_o a_o dream_n and_o bid_v he_o not_o be_v afraid_a of_o the_o great_a army_n of_o the_o pagan_n because_o god_n will_v now_o have_v mercy_n upon_o he_o and_o his_o people_n and_o that_o what_o have_v happen_v to_o he_o be_v for_o his_o too_o great_a arrogance_n in_o his_o youth_n and_o that_o god_n will_v fight_v for_o he_o and_o his_o people_n the_o king_n you_o may_v be_v sure_o be_v much_o rejoice_v at_o this_o dream_n and_o fail_v not_o to_o encourage_v his_o man_n with_o it_o so_o the_o next_o morning_n remove_v his_o camp_n from_o thence_o he_o come_v in_o one_o day_n more_o to_o ethandune_n but_o where_o it_o be_v we_o can_v tell_v where_o the_o dane_n lie_v encamp_v and_o march_v against_o they_o in_o very_o close_a order_n he_o fight_v their_o whole_a army_n and_o though_o they_o do_v for_o a_o long_a time_n stout_o resist_v the_o frequent_a charge_n the_o king_n man_n make_v upon_o they_o yet_o at_o last_o they_o give_v ground_n and_o beginning_n to_o flee_v he_o obtain_v a_o notable_a victory_n make_v a_o great_a slaughter_n of_o the_o pagan_n as_o they_o retreat_v to_o a_o certain_a castle_n not_o far_o off_o and_o at_o which_o they_o lay_v encamp_v where_o the_o king_n besiege_v they_o for_o fourteen_o day_n till_o be_v overcome_v by_o hunger_n they_o be_v reduce_v to_o that_o necessity_n as_o to_o desire_v peace_n on_o these_o condition_n dccclxxviii_o that_o the_o king_n shall_v receive_v from_o they_o what_o hostage_n he_o shall_v name_v but_o he_o not_o to_o return_v any_o to_o they_o so_o they_o make_v such_o a_o peace_n with_o he_o as_o they_o have_v never_o do_v with_o any_o king_n before_o for_o they_o swear_v that_o they_o will_v depart_v his_o kingdom_n and_o that_o gythram_n or_o gutrum_fw-la their_o king_n shall_v become_v a_o christian_n all_o which_o be_v perform_v for_o about_o three_o week_n after_o the_o say_a king_n with_o about_o thirty_o more_o of_o his_o chief_a nobleman_n come_v to_o the_o king_n be_v then_o at_o alrey_n the_o place_n be_v now_o unknown_a only_a that_o it_o lay_v near_o athelney_n abovementioned_a where_o king_n alfred_n receive_v he_o from_o the_o font_n at_o his_o baptism_n become_v his_o godfather_n and_o take_v he_o for_o his_o adopt_a son_n but_o he_o do_v not_o receive_v the_o chrism_n till_o eight_o day_n after_o at_o a_o town_n of_o the_o king_n call_v wedmore_n where_o he_o stay_v with_o he_o for_o the_o space_n of_o twelve_o day_n who_o present_v he_o and_o all_o those_o that_o accompany_v he_o not_o only_o with_o money_n but_o house_n and_o land_n be_v now_o resolve_v to_o fix_v here_o so_o this_o next_o year_n the_o dane_n according_a to_o their_o promise_n remove_v from_o cippenham_n i_o e._n chippenham_n in_o wiltshire_n to_o cirenceaster_n dccclxxix_o and_o there_o stay_v one_o year_n but_o now_o another_o army_n of_o pagan_n arrive_v from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n sail_v up_o the_o river_n thames_n to_o who_o notwithstanding_o their_o former_a oath_n the_o army_n that_o be_v here_o before_o also_o join_v and_o take_v up_o their_o winter_n quarter_n at_o fullanham_n now_o fulham_n not_o far_o from_o london_n and_o the_o same_o year_n according_a to_o the_o annal_n the_o sun_n be_v eclipse_v for_o one_o whole_a hour_n also_o now_o part_n of_o the_o pagan_n who_o have_v quarter_v at_o cirencester_n as_o say_v the_o annal_n and_o asser_n march_v from_o thence_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o king_n gythrum_fw-la into_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o east-angle_n and_o divide_v the_o country_n among_o they_o begin_v to_o inhabit_v it_o which_o have_v be_v in_o their_o possession_n ever_o since_o the_o death_n of_o king_n edmund_n king_n alfred_n now_o yield_v up_o to_o their_o king_n gythram_n but_o those_o dane_n who_o have_v before_o stay_v at_o fulham_n now_o sail_v into_o frankland_n and_o quarter_v at_o ghent_n for_o one_o whole_a year_n from_o whence_o you_o may_v observe_v that_o what_o we_o now_o call_v flanders_n be_v then_o account_v part_n of_o france_n or_o frankland_n and_o to_o this_o time_n we_o may_v also_o refer_v archaniâ—m_n that_o league_n or_o agreement_n make_v between_o king_n alfred_n and_o king_n guthram_n which_o set_v out_o the_o territory_n of_o each_o of_o these_o prince_n the_o first_o
action_n from_o his_o election_n as_o it_o be_v also_o in_o the_o author_n last_o cite_v and_o in_o h._n huntingdon_n who_o therein_o follow_v our_o annal_n and_o say_v express_o that_o he_o be_v elect_v but_o it_o seem_v before_o his_o election_n one_o alfred_n with_o some_o factious_a man_n of_o his_o party_n endeavour_v to_o hinder_v king_n athelstan_n come_v to_o the_o crown_n because_o he_o be_v beget_v on_o a_o concubine_n which_o say_v william_n of_o malmesbury_n if_o it_o be_v true_a as_o he_o seem_v there_o to_o doubt_v yet_o have_v he_o nothing_o else_o ignoble_a in_o he_o for_o he_o surpass_v all_o his_o predecessor_n as_o well_o in_o his_o devotion_n as_o his_o victory_n so_o much_o better_a be_v it_o as_o he_o well_o observe_v to_o excel_v in_o good_a quality_n than_o in_o his_o ancestor_n the_o former_a only_o be_v true_o a_o man_n be_v own_o hither_o we_o may_v also_o refer_v what_o the_o same_o author_n tell_v we_o concern_v this_o alfred_n abovementioned_a out_o of_o 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again_o this_o year_n aelfeage_n be_v now_o consecrate_v archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n and_o brightwald_n take_v the_o bishopric_n of_o wiltonshire_n mvi_o as_o also_o wulfgeat_n be_v deprive_v of_o all_o his_o honour_n and_o wulfeath_n have_v his_o eye_n put_v out_o these_o be_v nobleman_n who_o suffer_v under_o the_o king_n displeasure_n but_o what_o the_o cause_n of_o it_o be_v i_o find_v not_o and_o this_o year_n bishop_n kenwulph_n decease_v then_o after_o midsummer_n the_o danish_a fleet_n come_v to_o sandwic_n mvi_o and_o do_v as_o they_o use_v to_o do_v kill_v waste_a and_o plunder_v whatever_o they_o meet_v with_o therefore_o the_o king_n command_v all_o the_o west_n saxon_n and_o mercian_n nation_n to_o be_v assemble_v who_o keep_v watch_v all_o the_o autumn_n by_o company_n against_o the_o dane_n but_o all_o this_o signify_v no_o more_o than_o what_o they_o have_v do_v often_o before_o for_o
friend_n nor_o interest_n sufficient_a to_o oppose_v so_o great_a a_o party_n as_o harold_n have_v among_o the_o lay-nobility_n and_o especial_o among_o the_o bishop_n who_o be_v all_o to_o a_o man_n for_o he_o mlxvi_o and_o that_o which_o make_v more_o against_o prince_n edgar_n be_v that_o he_o want_v the_o nomination_n of_o king_n edward_n to_o recommend_v he_o to_o the_o election_n of_o the_o wittena_n gemot_n or_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n which_o either_o duke_n william_n or_o harold_n certain_o have_v and_o perhaps_o both_o of_o they_o though_o at_o different_a time_n according_a as_o they_o have_v the_o opportunity_n of_o make_v their_o interest_n with_o that_o easy_a king_n who_o certain_o be_v very_o much_o to_o blame_v not_o to_o have_v better_o ascertain_v that_o great_a point_n of_o the_o succession_n to_o the_o crown_n in_o his_o own_o life-time_n for_o have_v he_o declare_v either_o duke_n william_n or_o edgar_n his_o heir_n and_o procure_v the_o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o confirm_v it_o in_o his_o life-time_n he_o may_v have_v prevent_v that_o calamity_n which_o afterward_o fall_v upon_o the_o english_a nation_n from_o duke_n william_n when_o he_o come_v to_o be_v king_n but_o to_o return_v to_o our_o history_n harold_n be_v thus_o advance_v to_o the_o throne_n take_v that_o course_n which_o all_o wise_a prince_n who_o can_v claim_v no_o right_n by_o blood_n but_o only_o by_o election_n of_o the_o people_n have_v always_o take_v and_o that_o be_v the_o abolish_n of_o all_o unjust_a law_n and_o the_o make_v good_a one_o in_o their_o stead_n the_o seize_v upon_o and_o punish_v all_o thief_n robber_n and_o disturber_n of_o the_o public_a peace_n and_o indeed_o whole_o make_v it_o his_o business_n to_o defend_v the_o kingdom_n from_o foreign_a invader_n both_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n and_o that_o he_o may_v become_v true_o popular_a he_o be_v a_o great_a patron_n of_o the_o church_n and_o monastery_n yield_v much_o reverence_n to_o the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n show_v himself_o humble_a and_o affable_a to_o all_o that_o be_v virtuous_a and_o good_a as_o he_o be_v severe_a to_o all_o other_o of_o a_o contrary_a character_n on_o the_o 24_o the_o day_n of_o april_n after_o his_o coronation_n as_o simeon_n of_o durham_n tell_v we_o appear_v a_o dreadful_a comet_n which_o be_v visible_a in_o all_o these_o part_n of_o the_o world_n not_o long_o after_o which_o follow_v the_o invasion_n of_o tostige_n who_o have_v be_v banish_v chief_o by_o his_o brother_n procurement_n and_o now_o no_o long_o able_a to_o digest_v the_o preferment_n of_o his_o young_a brother_n to_o the_o royal_a dignity_n in_o exclusion_n to_o he_o be_v move_v with_o so_o much_o envy_n and_o indignation_n as_o to_o endeavour_v all_o way_n possible_a to_o dethrone_v he_o for_o which_o purpose_n he_o sail_v to_o duke_n william_n and_o thence_o out_o of_o flanders_n with_o some_o ship_n to_o the_o isle_n of_o wight_n where_o after_o he_o have_v force_v money_n from_o the_o inhabitant_n he_o depart_v and_o play_v the_o pirate_n upon_o the_o coast_n till_o he_o come_v to_o sandwich_n king_n harold_n be_v then_o at_o london_n upon_o notice_n thereof_o get_v in_o readiness_n both_o a_o strong_a fleet_n and_o a_o good_a party_n of_o horse_n with_o which_o he_o resolve_v in_o person_n to_o go_v to_o sandwich_n and_o fight_v he_o but_o tostige_n have_v intelligence_n of_o it_o take_v along_o with_o he_o all_o the_o seaman_n he_o can_v find_v and_o go_v to_o the_o coast_n of_o lindisse_fw-la where_o he_o burn_v several_a village_n and_o kill_v a_o world_n of_o man_n but_o edwin_n earl_n of_o mercia_n and_o his_o brother_n morcar_n earl_n of_o northumberland_n hasten_v to_o those_o part_n with_o a_o army_n soon_o force_v he_o to_o quit_v that_o country_n and_o as_o florence_n relate_v not_o be_v able_a to_o return_v into_o normandy_n by_o reason_n of_o contrary_a wind_n he_o sail_v into_o norway_n and_o there_o join_v his_o fleet_n with_o that_o which_o king_n harold_n harfager_n be_v now_o prepare_v for_o the_o invasion_n of_o england_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n king_n harold_n lie_v at_o sandwich_n expect_v his_o fleet_n which_o when_o it_o be_v get_v together_o he_o sail_v to_o the_o isle_n of_o wight_n and_o because_o william_n duke_n of_o normandy_n be_v now_o expect_v to_o invade_v england_n with_o a_o army_n he_o wait_v his_o come_n over_o all_o that_o summer_n and_o the_o autumn_n follow_v line_v all_o the_o seacoast_n with_o land-force_n in_o order_n the_o better_a to_o receive_v he_o this_o seem_v indeed_o more_o probable_a than_o what_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n relate_v mlxvi_o that_o king_n harold_n do_v not_o believe_v duke_n william_n will_v undertake_v so_o hazardous_a a_o expedition_n be_v at_o that_o time_n engage_v in_o war_n with_o his_o neighbour_a prince_n and_o have_v now_o whole_o give_v himself_o up_o to_o his_o ease_n and_o pleasure_n so_o that_o have_v it_o not_o be_v for_o his_o hear_n that_o the_o king_n of_o norway_n likewise_o threaten_v a_o invasion_n he_o will_v never_o have_v raise_v any_o army_n at_o all_o which_o seem_v a_o very_a improbable_a story_n since_o he_o be_v as_o you_o have_v already_o hear_v from_o simeon_n of_o durham_n force_v to_o get_v out_o his_o fleet_n and_o raise_v a_o army_n to_o prevent_v the_o incursion_n of_o his_o brother_n tostige_n but_o it_o be_v fit_a we_o now_o give_v you_o some_o account_n of_o the_o reason_n of_o these_o great_a preparation_n make_v by_o duke_n william_n to_o invade_v england_n for_o ingulph_n and_o the_o author_n last_o mention_v both_o assure_v we_o that_o so_o soon_o as_o he_o have_v hear_v of_o king_n harold_n take_v upon_o he_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n contrary_a to_o the_o oath_n he_o have_v give_v he_o and_o that_o he_o be_v actual_o crown_v he_o send_v over_o ambassador_n to_o put_v he_o in_o mind_n of_o the_o breach_n of_o his_o word_n threaten_v to_o force_v he_o to_o perform_v it_o if_o he_o will_v not_o do_v it_o by_o fair_a mean_n and_o that_o before_o the_o year_n come_v about_o harold_n answer_n to_o these_o ambassador_n as_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n relate_v it_o be_v very_o plausible_a be_v to_o this_o effect_n that_o what_o he_o have_v promise_v concern_v marry_v the_o duke_n daughter_n she_o be_v dead_a it_o can_v not_o now_o be_v perform_v but_o that_o if_o he_o have_v promise_v he_o any_o thing_n concern_v the_o kingdom_n it_o be_v very_o rash_o do_v of_o he_o to_o have_v give_v away_o that_o which_o be_v not_o his_o own_o without_o the_o general_n consent_n and_o decree_n of_o the_o great_a council_n of_o that_o kingdom_n therefore_o that_o a_o rash_a oath_n be_v to_o be_v break_v for_o if_o the_o oath_n or_o vow_n of_o a_o virgin_n make_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o her_o parent_n be_v by_o the_o law_n of_o god_n declare_v void_a how_o much_o more_o ought_v that_o oath_n to_o be_v account_v so_o which_o he_o be_v then_o under_o the_o authority_n of_o his_o king_n but_o compel_v necessity_n have_v make_v concern_v the_o kingdom_n who_o be_v at_o that_o time_n whole_o ignorant_a of_o what_o have_v be_v transact_v and_o that_o the_o duke_n be_v very_o unjust_a in_o require_v he_o to_o resign_v that_o crown_n which_o he_o have_v so_o late_o receive_v by_o the_o general_n favour_n and_o consent_n of_o the_o people_n bromton_n chronicle_n further_o add_v that_o duke_n william_n send_v another_o message_n to_o king_n harold_n whereby_o he_o acquaint_v he_o that_o although_o he_o have_v not_o observe_v his_o faith_n in_o other_o thing_n yet_o if_o he_o will_v marry_v his_o daughter_n he_o will_v pass_v by_o all_o the_o rest_n or_o otherwise_o will_v vindicate_v his_o succession_n by_o force_n of_o arms._n all_o which_o be_v very_o improbable_a since_o most_o historian_n relate_v the_o young_a lady_n to_o be_v then_o dead_a and_o it_o be_v very_o unlikely_a that_o a_o man_n of_o king_n william_n ambition_n will_v quit_v his_o pretension_n to_o the_o kingdom_n for_o so_o slight_a a_o satisfaction_n as_o the_o marriage_n of_o his_o daughter_n but_o this_o author_n do_v with_o more_o probability_n reduce_v the_o duke_n quarrel_n against_o harold_n to_o these_o three_o head_n first_o to_o revenge_v the_o death_n of_o prince_n alfred_n his_o cousin_n who_o have_v be_v long_o since_o murder_v by_o earl_n godwin_n the_o father_n of_o harold_n second_o to_o restore_v archbishop_n robert_n earl_n odo_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o norman_n who_o have_v be_v unjust_o banish_v in_o the_o late_a king_n life-time_n three_o because_o harold_n have_v contrary_a to_o his_o oath_n possess_v himself_o of_o the_o kingdom_n which_o as_o well_o by_o the_o right_n of_o consanguinity_n as_o by_o that_o of_o a_o double_a promise_n aught_o to_o be_v he_o mlxvi_o but_o the_o ambassador_n of_o