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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A68246	His Maiesties gracious letter to the Earle of South-Hampton, treasurer, and to the Councell and Company of Virginia heere commanding the present setting vp of silke works, and planting of vines in Virginia. And the letter of the treasurer, Councell, and Company, to the gouernour and Councell of State there, for the strict execution of his Maiesties royall commands herein. Also a treatise of the art of making silke ... Together with instructions how to plant and dresse vines, and to make wine, and how to dry raisins, figs, and other fruits ... Set foorth for the benefit of the two renowned and most hopefull sisters, Virginia, and the Summer-Ilands. By Iohn Bonoeil Frenchman, seruant in these imployments to his most excellent Maiesty of Great Brittaine, France, Ireland, Virginia, and the Summer-Ilands. Published by authority.	Bonoeil, John.; Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, Earl of, 1573-1624.; England and Wales. Sovereign (1603-1625 : James I).; Virginia Company of London.; Counseil for Virginia (England and Wales)	1622 (1622)	STC 14378; ESTC S109109	46,285	96

sowe his seede to wit when his fruite is ripe then are you to take out the kernels and sow them as you sowe the seeds and kernels of Apples and Peares which commonly is done in February and March 4. Of the Oliue tree and the nature thereof THe Oliue tree also is a great louer of the Vine commonly they plant it in March Aprill and May ordinarily they plant no Nurceries of them because they are a long time in growing There growes at the roote of the olde trees sprigs or suckers which being growne bigge they vse to cut them off together with as great a piece of the stocke of the olde tree as is a mans two fists or thereabouts and this is without hurting the tree and so they plant the said sprigges or suckers with their adiunct aforesaid putting that great piece in the earth which serues it in stead of a roote then must we cut off his head or toppe vpward as commonly wee doe to other trees Also you may sowe some of his fruite together with the stone thereof being very ripe as about Christ-tide when they are blackish and this without drying them You must husband it at the roote as the Vine twice in a yeere and fatten the earth with good dung if need require In many places they sowe corne or other things vnder the Oliue trees without hurt to them 5. Of the Pomegranate tree and of his nature THe Pomegranate tree is euer little of the bignesse and forme of a white Thorne In hot countries they growe neere the High-wayes and in Woods especially in stony ground They make few Nurceries of them because they cast many sprigs at the foote whereof so many may bee pluckt off and planted where they will and as many as they please Note that there are some sweet and some bitter the bitter are not eaten but are good for other vses as namely for Curriers to giue a good glosse to their Spanish Leather Skinnes Being once sowne or planted in any place there they grow of themselues and hee that will sowe of them when he eates of the best of them he may put the seede or kernell of them presently in the earth 6. The manner of sowing the seedes or kernels of sundry kindes of fruites for to haue trees of them and how to preserue the seedes vntill the time be fit to sowe them FOr the seede of the Vine it may bee well sowne and it will grow as other seeds doe but because it is a long time a growing they vse to sowe very little of it Yet whosoeuer would be curious to trie conclusions may sow of it as they sowe other seeds For to draw out and get the seedes of them the Grapes being very ripe you must gather them and wring them betweene your hands and so take out the seeds or kernels and then sowe the same presently or else dry them in the shaddow not in the Sunne and keepe them till February or March next comming and then soke them in fresh water two or three dayes before you sowe them 7. For the seed of the Fig tree draw it also out of his Figs being fresh and sowe it as that of the Mulbery tree whereof wee haue treated already 8. The stones of Peaches and Apricots are the seed of those trees which thriue best when they are planted assoone as they are out of their fruit without drying them And those that will keepe them till March next must dry them in the shaddow not in the Sun And before you plant them put them foure or fiue dayes in water or wine then put them foure inches deepe in the earth Otherwise without drying them you may keepe them in an earthen pot with earth in it 9. The Cherry stone is to be mannaged as the Peach and Apricot as wee sayd before The fruit that comes of them will prooue as the Cherries were howbeit not altogether so big as the former were 10. Wall-nuts must also be planted greene and fresh and with all the vpper Rinde and take heed Rats and Mice come not at them to eate them for they are very liquorish of them Also you may keepe them dry as we said heeretofore of other things but they profit not so well The Tree that shall come thereof being of the said nature will produce the like fruit 11. The Almond is to be husbanded and planted as the Peach and Apricot 12. The stones of Plums are to bee vsed and planted as the Almond but the Tree that shal come of them will not bee so good and that is the reason why they must be grafted 13. The Chest-nut is to be planted greene and fresh else it will neuer prosper if you let it be dried You must put them in the earth three or foure inches deepe And to keepe them you must put them in fresh water three or foure dayes then wipe off the water from them and keepe them in a pot with earth in it vntill the Spring come to plant them The Trees that will come of them will not bring forth so good fruit as the Chest-nut was and therefore the best way is to graft them 14. The seeds of Lemons and Oranges ordinarily are sowne assoone as they are taken out of their fruit They prepare the soyle towards the South well digged and dunged and plant them the small end vpward two inches deep in the earth Also they graft them ordinarily to get the better and goodlier fruit of them 15. For the seeds of Apples and Peares the fruit being very ripe you are then to take out the seed and dry them in the shade and you may keepe them till February following or March to sow them Then must you haue prepared for them good ground and you must make in it small rayes or furrowes of two or three inches in breadth and of like depth each furrow being three quarters of a foot distant one from the other and you must sow the seed within the said furrowes couering them with earth It is very good to sow them assoone as they are taken out of their fruit for they come foorth of the earth the sooner And it is needful to graft them because the fruit that proceedeth of them otherwise is not so good It is also good that all the seeds and stones here beforenamed be planted and sowne at the first quarter of the Moone 16. How to dry Grapes to keepe them WHen the Grapes be very ripe then are you to choose them in the Vineyard of the biggest and best and namely white ones After you haue chosen and gathered as many as you will haue you must burne a certaine quantity of Vine-cuttings not mingling therewith any other kind of Wood and then gather the ashes thereof but the best is that they bee all of white Vine branches after that put faire water and those ashes in a Cawldron vpon the fire and seethe them together till you haue made a cleere liquor then taking away all the ashes put

the liquor into a cleane Cawldron againe and set it ouer the fire and being ready to seethe then must yee take rods of wood such as Chandlers vse whereupon they set and make their Candles vpon which rods you must tye the bunches all along one bunch of Grapes on one side the Rod and on the other side another bunch of Grapes tye them with thred by their stalkes to hang them on which done then diue them in the liquour as the Chandler puts his Candles in the molten Tallow and that sundry times as foure or fiue times thus hauing diued one rod of Raysins hang it by to dry then take another and wet it in the same manner and set it by and doe so of all the rest then hang them vp in the Sun or else spread them vpon Hurdles or Lattices of Rods or such like vntill they bee almost dry then barrell them pressing them very flat in the said Barrels Others dry them without this steeping them euen as they come from the Vine 17. How to dry Figs. FIrst gather them very ripe And hauing made ready Hurdles or Lattices of Reeds or of Osier ioyned together as Osier Lattices vse to be with lights or cli●ts betweene Osier and Osier to the end that the ayre passing thorow the rifts void spaces of them may helpe the Sun to dry them vp when they are spred vpon the said Lattice Tables and take heed that neither the raine nor the dew fall vpon them Also you may drie them in this manner First take a big Reede or Cane of two or three foote long and bore little holes all the length of it thorow which holes you are to put little stickes very sharpe of two foote long then thred the figs vpon the little stickes till they be very full of them then hang the Cane in the Sun and when they be dry barrell them pressing them very hard in the Barrell as we said of Grapes 18. How to drie Peaches of all kinds and Apricots WHen they bee very ripe then you must pare off the vpper skin and cleaue them into foure quarters and dry them as Figs and barrell them to keepe them for winter The manner how to dresse them after they are dry for to eate them is this You must prouide a cleane earthen pot and after you haue washed your Peaches in faire water then put them into the pot and put in as much Wine as will couer the Peaches and then seethe them halfe a quarter of an houre Also they may bee made ready another way without boyling them by putting them in wine and soking them three or foure daies and this way they are better Also you may put in some Cinnamom in powder in this manner you may keepe them one moneth within the said pot Vsing them euery morning they prouoke an appetite or good stomack and are very wholesome 19. How to hinder wild beasts from eating the fruits in the night YOu must make fires in sundry places and namely in euery such way as leadeth to the wood and that only in the night and no wild beast will come neere them And specially doe this about the Vineyards from the time the Grapes begin to be ripe vntill they be wholly ripe 20. Aduice for those in Virginia touching the place for to plant Vines in FOrasmuch as euery plat of ground is not fit for the Vine it were good and conuenient that euery Towne and Village wherabouts is or shall bee found any good or proper ground for that purpose that there the inhabitants should plant Vines one neere another and such men as haue intrest or right to such grounds may change them for some other in another quarter of the Countrey according to the quantity that euery one may be able to apply himselfe vnto For the Vines being thus ioyned together will not cost more to keepe then one plat Neither shall the wild beasts eate any the more and so one may helpe another and learne one of another like good neighbours Conclusion I Haue many more vsefull things to impart which for want of leasure I must leaue vnpublished till some other time Wherefore I will now onely heartily recommend these my approued experiments which I haue sent you to the care and diligent practice of you the Colonies of Virginia and the Summer Ilands If you cheerefully apply your selues to these instructions I shall be incouraged to doe more and better seruice for you heereafter and you for your paines I dare assure it shall be richly recompenced with ample profit Especially and aboue all others if you constantly pursue those two most inualuable commodities of Silkes and Wines which you may with ease and little cost bring speedily to perfection For Nature which doth nought in vaine hath euery where for this purpose most luxuriously stored Virginia ready to your hands with excellent Mulbery Trees and Vines of diuers sorts which none though neuer so malicious or can or dare deny Since then that Nature her selfe as proud of this her sumptuous worke beckens you to her and points you round about with her bounteous hand to behold heere in euery place her braue Mulberies and her merry Vines listen no more to me then but hearken to her now what she sayes and truly counsels you most part from her selfe and some part of what she hath heard from others And thus she speakes vnto you Friends of my best beloued Nation view mee well and tell mee if you are not come into another Land of promise into another Paradise to passe by my most fertile graine so much of all commended the nourishing Maiz and many other things behold now onely my two great Treasures my richest Plants my Mulberies and my Vines which I haue purposely prouided ready for you and that abundantly without your care without your cost or charge Beleeue mee I make all my least and commonest workes for some good purpose euer much more these then that are so precious Regard them well I heare you all confesse now they are rich and beautifull How haps it then that I and they are slighted so much by you and that which worst is all for a smoakie Witch I haue heard some say that dice are made of Coniurers bones and cards of Witches skins whereby those that handle them though they lose still and are vndone by them yet they can neuer leaue them Sure there is some such sorcery in this weed it was first sowne it seemes by some Indian Enchanters hand with spels and Magicke verses or otherwise you could neuer so much dote on it For all the fruit of this it is but smoke which vanishes and likely will not alwayes last But these my two other bounties I haue giuen you for Silkes and Wines be they neuer so plentifull yet shall they be alwayes durable and generally staple to your excessiue gaine Doe not then still Ixion-like imbrace a cloud for Iuno and smoake for substance Let but the fruitfull soyle and

the Wormes haue spun then aforehand you may kill the Wormes thus with the heate of the Sunne To this end then you must spread the silke bottomes in the Sun at noone-day when it is in the greatest heate vpon plankes or such like for the space of one houre turning them often After that gather them all into a heape in a linnen cloth and therewith couer them to smother the Wormes within their bottomes and continue in so doing two or three dayes And in case the Sun should bee wanting in light and heate to kill the Wormes then after you haue drawn your bread from out the Ouen or else hauing heated it to the same measure and proportion of heate all the embers of the fire first taken out you may put the bottomes into the Ouen vpon woodden boords or some such like thing and stirre them often as wee haue already said But remember that you leaue not the bottoms aboue an houre in the Ouen lest the silke burne or being too much dryed vp become vnfit to be spunne afterwards Beware also the Ouen be not too hot And if the Wormes be not dead at the first time put them in againe till they bee dead After that you must keepe the silke bottomes in a place where they may not be pressed together too hard and where Vermine cannot come And so you may keepe them till you haue time conuenient to spinne the silke Yet if you can spinne the silke before you kill the Wormes the silke will prooue much better and more easie to be spunne There is another way and better to kill the Wormes within their bottomes for such as can doe it and this they practise at Messina They haue furnaces and great Cauldrons or Coppers such as Diers vse those they fill halfe full with water then they make a fire in the furnace to heate the water Then they lay a round lid or couer of planke or boord within the Cauldron or Copper but so borne vp by the Copper that it touch not the water though it lye neere to it within three or foure fingers bredth of it which round lid or couer must be bored as full of holes as a Siue vpon this couer they lay a thin Carpet of Darnix or the like and vpon the Carpet the silke bottomes are laid which must be stirred often and the Cauldron or Copper must bee couered aboue the lid that the heate may smother the Wormes within the bottomes When the Wormes be dead take vp the bottomes and lay them in some roome where there is ayre to draw out and dry their moystnesse By this meanes the silke loseth not the colour and is as good and as easie to be spunne as if it had been spun assoone as the Wormes had made it 17. The manner how to prepare the silke bottomes that be pierced which were kept for seed how to make of them course silke and of the best and finest of that kind AS concerning such bottomes of silke as are pierced they cannot serue to make fine silke but coorse yet of that you shall make the best of that sort namely when they be rightly mannaged in this manner Take the said pierced bottomes and wash them in fresh water hauing by you a Cauldron with cleere water in it which being set on the fire and ready to boyle put sope in it and when that it boyleth and the sope is molten put the silke bottomes in it and let them boyle one quarter of an houre or thereabouts and stirre them After that take them out and wash them in clean water and dry them When they are dryed then must you beate them with a round staffe of a good bignesse vpon a stone or other thing and then they will become white and smooth as wooll After that women may spin them in this manner as followeth First of all they must pull them with their fingers one after another and open them very wide as they doe wooll when they spin it Then must they put the silke vpon the Distatfe and spin it as small and fine as they can or will Others doe card it with cards made for the purpose but then it cannot be spunne so euen As touching the refuse or drosse that must bee carded for to spin it He that will haue his said coorse silke yellow be must put the pierced bottomes in fresh water foure or fiue dayes and change the water euery day and presse the bottomes with his hands after that hee must dry them and so they may be spunne as though they had been sodden and this without losing their colour 18. How you are to gather the Mulbery leaues so as the trees may best thriue thereby and the leaues be the better IT is good for him that hath Mulbery trees that hee gather his leaues but once in two yeeres viz. if he haue 500. trees to gather the leaues of 250. one yeere keeping the other halfe for the next yeere neuerthelesse such as cannot spare the leaues may gather them in this manner that followeth Of all the principall boughes and branches of the trees you are to gather leafe after leafe leauing the stalkes behind and the ends or tips of the branches together with the younger leaues to the end that the said boughes or branches may grow so much the better And as for the little sprigs that grow within the trees if they bee in too great number and thicke or ranke you may plucke them off with their leaues As touching young Mulbery trees you are to gather the leaues onely of the principall branches as wee haue said Care must be had to keepe the leaues of the older trees till the Wormes haue passed their third and fourth sicknesse for then it is that they beget their silke and the leaues of such old Trees beget more silke then the yong ones And the Wormes eate more leaues in three or foure dayes after they are growne to their bignesse then euer they did in all their time before Now forasmuch as it sometimes falleth out in the Spring time that it raines two or three dayes together so as the leaues cannot dry by the weather In such a case while the Wormes are yet little you may cut off some branches of the Mulbery Trees and hang them vp in houses where the ayre may come to dry them and as soone as the leaues be dry you must plucke them for otherwise the branches would draw the sappe and iuyce of the leaues to them Otherwise if you gather the leaues wet you may dry them by spreading them vpon a cleane linnen cloth stirring them often and wiping them with another cleane linnen cloth till they be dry 19. Touching the Husbanding of Mulbery Trees IT is to be noted that Mulbery trees are to bee husbanded opened digged and dunged at the foote as the Oliue tree namely in such places where they grow with mayne labour of men But in such places where they grow naturally where the nature of the soyle