Selected quad for the lemma: fire_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
fire_n	earthquake_n	lord_n	wind_n	4,960	5	10.8107	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A01313	A goodly gallerye with a most pleasaunt prospect, into the garden of naturall contemplation, to behold the naturall causes of all kynde of meteors, as wel fyery and ayery, as watry and earthly, of whiche sort be blasing sterres, shooting starres, flames in the ayre &c. tho[n]der, lightning, earthquakes, &c. rayne dewe, snowe, cloudes, springes &c. stones, metalles, earthes &c. to the glory of God, and the profit of his creaturs.	Fulke, William, 1538-1589.	1563 (1563)	STC 11435; ESTC S102684	57,855	146

A GOODLY GALLERYE WITH A MOST PLEAsaunt Prospect into the garden of naturall contemplation to behold the naturall causes of all kynde of Meteors as wel fyery and ayery as watry and earthly of whiche sort be blasing sterres shooting starres flames in the ayre c. thōder lightning earthquakes c. rayne dewe snowe cloudes springes c. stones metalles earthes c. to the glory of God and the profit of his creaturs ¶ PSALM 148. Prayse the Lorde vpon earth Dragons and all deepes Fyre Haile Snowe Ise Wyndes and stormes that doe his wyll LONDINI Anno. 1563. ❧ TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE THE LORDE Robert Dudley Maister of the Quenes maiesties horse Knight of the most Noble order of the garter and one of the Quenes maiesties priuie Counsell William Fulce wisheth increase of grace and heauenly giftes in perfect health and true honor long to continue THe moost myghtye Monaychie of the Romain Empire Octauius Augustus ryghte honourable Lord did shewe so great liberalitie or rather magnificence towardes all them that bare him good will that he also most largely rewarded sondry persones y t had tought Popingayes and other birdes to pronounce some salutation as he passed by them in his prayse commendation At the length a poore yonge man allured as it séemed by his bountifull remuneration of other had tought a Crowe an vntowardly byrde after the same manner to salute themperour Who perceiuing his purpose that it was rather for hope of gayne then testimony of good wyll answered that he had store inough already of suche saluters at home meaning those Popingayes other birdes which at the first for their strangenes he had dearly payed for In lyke manner right honorable Lorde when I present the salutation of this myne vntowardly byrde a Crowe in comparison of suche pleasaunt popingayes as haue béen hetofofore offered vnto your honorable Lordship you may haue iust cause of suspition that being moued with your former liberalitie magnificence towards other I doe as the Poet sayeth Occulium cautus decurrere piscis ad hamum And so if your gentle nature and noble dispositiō could suffer as a crauer of vndeserued benefites to reiect both me my present But sith my state is such that I can not testifie the good wyll of myne heart towardes your honour otherwyse then by such meanes as this I was bolde to referre that suspition to the iudgement of your wysdome and humanitie knowing my selfe cleare from suche intent and to commit this vnbewtifull byrd vnder the wynges of youre honorable protection trusting that the same whiche I take as a commen defence of all good learning shall not only at this time be my stay refuge but also hereafter to more worthy attempts a continual encouragement But specially at this tyme I was bolde to enterprise the matter for that one Iames Rowbothum a man of notable impudens that I saye no worse of him abusinge your singular humanitie and gentlenes expressing thexample of one Bathillus or rather that I may continue in the allegorie of birdes of Esopes crowe hath not ben ashamed to dedicate vnto your Lordship of late a treatise of myne which I gathered out of diuerse writers concerning the Philosophers game notwithstanding he was streightly commaunded to the contrary by the right honorable and reuerent father my Lord of London of whome also I was exhorted and encouraged to dedicate the same vnto your honour my selfe Whiche though nowe through his importunitie disobediēce it be intercepted and the booke defaced with his rude rythmes peuish verses yet I thought best to geue your Lordeship vnderstanding that your honorable protection which is and should be the defence of learning learned men might no more be a boldening to such ignorant and vnhonest persones And like wyse most humbly to desire your honour that though myne Epistle dedicatory be not annexed to that booke yet considring by what pertinacitie I was hindered you would accept that booke also together w t this as an homely present of myne of which I may conclude as one did in like case Illum ego cōposui librū tulit alter honorē Sic vos non vobis lacte tumetis oues Sic vos non vobis praeda agit ampla canes Sic vos non vobis conditis antra ferae Sic vos non vobis pondera a fertis equi Thus sparing to trouble your honour any lōger either w c cōplaint or excuse I desyre almightie God to multiplie his blessinges toward you that abounding in all good giftes bothe bodely and ghostly you may haue long life in health and honour to his glory the profit of other and your endles comfort Amen A GOODLY GALLERY ¶ The first Booke FOr as muche as we entend in this treatise to declare y e causes of all those bodyes that are generatede in the earthe called Fossilia as well as thos other Impressiones named of ther height Meteora which no wryter hetherto hath done y t we haue sene the comen definicion gyuen by most wryters in no wyse wyll serue vs whether we maye borowe y e name of metcoron to comprehende the whole subiect of oure woorke we are not all together out of doubt all thoughe y e philosopher deryuinge it from doutfullnes geueth vs som collore so to take it and paduenture we myght be as wele excused to aplye it to mineralls as other auters ar to vse it for earthequakes yet to auoyde all occasions of cauellynge at wordes we shall bothe defyne and also describe the subiect of oure matter on thys manner yt is a body compounde with out lyfe naturalle and yet to stoppe one hole because heare wanteth y e name of y e thinge to be destinede yt is no newe thinge to theim that haue redde Aristoteles workes to fynde a diffinition of that whereof ther is no name But what nede you be so precise wil some man say mean you so to proceade in all your discourse no verely but because many of quicke iudgement not cōsidering the stile to be attempered to the capacitie of the Readers will impute the plaines to the ignoraunce of the authors we thought good in y e beginning to pluck that opinion out of their mindes that as the cōmon saying is they may know we haue skill of good maners though we litle vse them These meteors are deuided after thre maner of ways first into bodies ꝑfectly imꝑfectly mixed Secondly into moist impressiōs drie Thirdly into fiery aery watery and earthly According to this last diuisiō we shall speake of them in fowre bookes followyng But first we must be occupied a litle in the general descriptiō of the same y t afterward shalbe particularly intreated of ¶ Why they be called vnperfectly mixed THey are called vnperfectly mixed because they are very sone chaūged into another thing and resolued into their proper elementes of whiche they do moste consist as do all impressious fyrie ayrie watrie as snowe into water

sea bottom is lyfted vp and by this meanes arise many Ilandes in the sea that neuer were séen before These and other suche miracles are often to be founde in the wryters of histories also in the Philosophers as Aristotle Seneca and Plinius Neuertheles the effectes of some as moste notable it shall not be vnprofitable to recite Plato in his Dialogue intituled Timens maketh mention by the way of a wonderfull earthquake wherebye not only Africa was rent asonder from Europa and Asia as it is indead at this daye except a lytle necke by the redde Sea the Sea entring betwene them that nowe is called Mare mediterraneum But also a wonderfull great Ilande whiche he affirmeth was greater then Aphrica and Asia both called Atlantis was swallowed vp and couered by the waters in so muche that on the Sea called Atlanticum for a great whyle after no shippe could sayle by reason that the same huge sea by resolution of the earth of that myghty Iland was al turned into mudde The famous Ile of Scicilia was also some tyme a part of Italy and by earthquake rent asonder from it Seneca maketh mentiō of two Ilandes Theron and Therea that in his tyme first apeared It should séeme both by Aristotle and also by Herodotus that Egypt in aunciēt tyme was a goulphe of the sea and by earthquake made a drye lande During the raygne of Tyberius the Emperour twelue notable cyties of Asia were ouerthrowen in one nyght c. ¶ How so great wyndes come to be vnder the earth THe great caues and dennes of the earth must neades be full of ayere continually but when by the heate of the sonne the moysture of the earthe is resolued many Exhalations ar generate as well within the earth as without where as the places were full before so that they coulde receyue no more exepte part of that which was in them nor lett out in suche countries where the earth hath fewe pores or els where they bée stopped with moysture it must neades followe that these exhalations striuing to get out must neades rende the earth in some place or lifte it vp so that either thei may haue frée passage or els rowm inough to abide in ¶ Of the signes and tokens that goe before an earthquake most commonly THe first is the raging of the sea whē there are no tempestuous wyndes to styre it yea when the ayre is moste calme without wyndes The cause why the Sea then rageth is that the wynde beginneth to labour for passage that waye and fynding none is sent back and soone after shaketh the lande The seconde sygne is calmenes of the ayre and colde whiche cometh to passe by reason that the Exhalation that shold be abroade is within the earth The thirde signe is sayde to be a longe thine strake of a cloude seen whē the skye is cleare after the setting of the sonne This saye they is caused by reason that the Exhalation or vapor whiche is the matter of cloudes is gone into y e earth Other affirme that it is the Exhalation that breaketh out of som narrowe hole of the earth out of whiche the rest of the wynde cannot issue neither will it wayghte the tyme wherfore within a whyle after it séeketh and maketh it selfe by soden eruption a broader waye to be deliuered out of pryson Also the sunne certaine dayes before it appeareth dimme because the wynd that should haue purged and dissolued y e grosse ayere that causeth this dymnes to our eyes is enclosed within the bowels of the earth The water in the botome of deape welles is troubled and the sauor therof infected because the pestilēt Exhalations y t haue ben long inclosed within y e earth do thē beginne a litle to be sent abrode For thereof cometh it that in many places where earthquakes haue béen great aboundaunce of smoke flame ashes is cast out when the aboundaunce of brymstone that is vnder the grounde through violent motion is set on fyre breaketh forth Finally who knoweth not what stynking mynerals and other poysonous stuffe doth growe vnder the earth wherfor it is no wōder if well water before an earthquake be infected but rather it is to be marueiled if after an earthquake there followe not a greuous pestilence when the whole masse of infection is blowne abroade Last of all there is harde before it in the tyme of it after it a great noyse and sounde vnder the earth a terrible groanyng and a verye thondryng yea somtymes when there followeth no earthquake at all when as the wynde without shaking of the earth fyndeth a waye to passe out at And these for the moste part or at lest some of them are forewarninges that the moste fearfull earthquake wil followe then the which there is no natural thing that bryngeth men into a greater feare Cato was very curius to confesse him self that he repented that euer he went by water where as he might haue gone by lande But what lande can be sure if it be the Lordes will by this woorke of his to shake it what building so strong y t can defende vs when the more stronge the more danger the higher y e greater fall ¶ Of thonder THōder is a sound caused in y e cloudes by the breaking out of a whote dry Exhalation beating against the edges of the cloude It is often herde in spryng sommer by reason y t the heat of y e sonne thē draweth vp many Exhalations which meating in the midle regiō of the ayre w c colde moist vapors ar together with them inclosed in an hollowe cloud but whē the whot Exhalatiō cannot agrée w c the coldnes of y e place by this strife being driuen together made stronger and kēdled it wil neades breake out which soden violent eruptiō causeth y e noyse which we cal thōder A similitude is put by gret autors of moist wood y e cracketh in y e fire we may adde here vnto y e breaking of an egge in the fire of an apple or any like thing for whatsoeuer holdeth withholdeth enclosed any whot wind so y t it can haue no vente it wil séeke itself a way by breaking y e skinn shell or case It wer no ill cōparisō to likē thōder to the sound of a gonne which be both caused of the same or very like causes The soūd of thōders is diuerse after which men haue diuided y e thōders into diuerse kindes Making first ij sortes y t is small thōder great But as for the diuersitie of soūdes generally it cōmeth of y e diuerse disposition of y e cloudes one while hauing more holes then at another somtime thicker in one place then in another The smal or litle thōder is when y e exhalatiō is driuē frō side to side of y e cloude making a noise ether for

cloudes into waters c. ¶ Why they be called perfectly mixed The last sort namely earthly Meteores are called perfectly mixed because they wil not easely be chaunged and resolued from that forme which they are in as be stones metalles and other mineralles According to the qualitie of the matter they are diuided into moist drie impressions consisting either of vapores or exhalations vapores are called moist and exhalations drie whiche termes must be well noted because they must be much vsed ¶ Of the general cause of al Meteores and first of the materiall cause The mater whereof the moste part of Meteores dooth consiste is either water or earth for out of y e water proceade vapors and out of the earth come exhalations Vapor as the Philosopher sayeth is a certain watrie thing and yet is not water so exhalation hath a certain earthly nature in it but yet it is not yearth For the better vnderstanding of vapors vnderstande that they be as it were fumes or smokes warme moist whiche will easely be resolued into water muche like to the breath that proceadeth out of a mans mouth or out of a pot of water standing on y e fiere These vapors are drawen vp from the waters and warry places by the heate of the Sunne euen vnto the midle region of the ayre and there after diuerse maner of meating with coldnes many kynde of moist Meteors are generated as sometime cloudes and rayne sometime snowe and hayle and that suche vapors are so drawen vp by the Sunne it is playne by experiēce for if there be a plash of water on a smothe and hard stoone standing in the heate of the sunne it wyl soone be drye whiche is none otherwyse but y t the sonne draweth vp the water in thinne vapores for no man is so fonde to saye that it can sinke into stoone or metall and it is as greatfoly to thinke it is consumed to nothyng for it is a general rule that that whiche is once a thing can not by chaunging become nothyng wherefore it followeth that the water on the stoone as also on the earth is for the moste part drawen vp when the stoone or earth is dried Exhalations are as smokes that be hoat and drie whiche because they be thinne lygther then vapors passe the lowest and midle region of the ayre and are caried vp euen to the highest region where for the excessiue heat by nearenes of the fier they are kindled and cause many kinde of impressions They ar also sometimes viscose ▪ that is to say clāmy by reason wherof thei cleuing together not being dispersed are after diuerse soortes set on fier and appeare somtims like Dragōs somtim like Goats somtime like cādels somtime like speares By y t which is spokē of vapors exhalations it is euidēt y t out of y e fier the ayer no matter wherof meteores shold consist can be drawē because of their subtiltie thinnes For al exhalatiō is by making a grosser body more thinne but y e fier we mean y e elemētal fier not the fire of the kitchē chimney is so subtil thin y t it cannot be made thinner likewise the ayre is so thin y t if it be made thinner it is chāged into fire as the fire if it wer made thicker wold becom aire so the aire being made grosser wold be turned into water Wherfor to cōclude this part y e great quantitie of matter that causeth these meteores is takē out of y e earth and the water As for y e aire the fire they ar mixed with this matter as with al other things but not so abundauntly that they may be sayd the material cause of any Meteore though without them none can be generated The efficient cause of all Meteores is that cause whiche maketh them euen they are not to nyghe to the direct beames nor to farre of from them there is a moderate heate drawyng out great aboundaunce of matter so that in those contries many Meteores of many sortes as generated as in the farre North partes are few but watrie impressions Also in Autumne Sprynge are oftener Meteores séen then in Sommer and Wynter except it be in such places where the Sommer and Wynter are of the temper of Spryng and Autūne Let this be sufficient for the efficient causes of impressions as well first and principall as second and particular Concerning the formall and finall cause we haue litle to saye because the one is so secret that it is knowen of no mā y e other so euidēt y t it is playne to all men The essentiall forme of all substaunces Gods wisdome comprehendeth the vniuersall chiefe and last end of all thinges is the glory of God Mydle endes if they may be so called of these impressions are manifold profites to Gods creatures to make the earth fruitfull to purge the ayre to sett forth his power to threathen his vengeaunce to punyshe the worlde to moue to repentaunce all the which are referde to one end of Gods eternall glory euer to be praysed Amen ¶ Of the places in whiche they are generated THe places in whiche Meteors are caused be either the ayre or the earth in y e aire be generated rayne hayle snow dew blasing starres thonder lightning c. In the earth be welles springs earthquakes metalls minerals c. made and as it were in their mothers belly begotten fashioned But for the better vnderstanding hereof such as haue not tasted y e principles of Philosophie must cōsider y e ther be iiij elemēts Earth water Ayre Fire one cōpassing another round about sauing y t the waters by Gods cōmaundement ar gathered into one place y t the land might apeare The highest is y e spere of the fire which toucheth the hollownes of the Moones heauen the next is the ayre whiche is in the hallownes of the fyer the ayre within his hollownes comprehendeth the water and the earth whiche bothe make but one Spheare or Globe or as the commen sort may vnderstande it one Bal. So eche elemēt is w cin another as y e skales of a perle ar on aboue another or to vse a grosse similitude as y e pieles of an oniō ar one w c in āother after y e same sort frō y e highest heuē to y e earth y t is lowest one part y t is greater compasseth roūd about another that is lesser But for this present purpose it is to be knowen y t the ayer is diuided into thre regions y e hyghest the midle and the lowest The hyghest because it is next to the region of y e fier is exceading hoate the lowest beinge next the earth and the waters is temperat and by repercussion or striking back of the sunne beames waxeth hoate and by absence of them is made colde being subiect to Wynter and Sommer The midle region of y e ayre is always exceading

but only in som coūtries thē not very large these wyndes oftētimes haue another maner of generatiō And that is on this maner It must néedes be cōfessed y e w tin the globe of the earth be wōderful great holes caues or dōgeōs in which whē ayer abondeth as it may by diuerse causes this ayer y t cannot abide to be pined in findeth a litle hole in or about those countries as it weare a mouth to break out of by this meanes bloweth vehemētly yet y e force vehemens extendeth not far but as y e wynde that cōmeth forth of bellowes neare the comming foorthe is stronge but farre of is not perceiued So this particular wynd in y e countrye where it breaketh forth is very violēt strong in somuch y t it ouerthroweth both trées houses yet in other countries not very farre distant no part of that boisteous blast is felt Wherfore this wynde differeth frō the generall wyndes both in qualities substaunce or matter for the matter of them is an Exhalation and the qualities suche as the nature of the Exhalation is very ayery but not ayere in deade but of this particular wynde the matter and substaunce is moste commonly ayer There is yet a thyrde kynde of wynde whiche is but a softe gentle and coole mouing of the ayre and commeth from no certaine place as the generall wynd doth yea it is felt in the shadowe vnder trees when in the whote lyght and shining of the sunne it is not perceiued It commeth whisking sodenly very pleasaunt in the heate of the sommer and ceaseth by and by This properly is no wynde ▪ but a mouing of the ayre by som occasion As for the generall wyndes thei blowe out of diuerse quarters of the ayre nowe East nowe West nowe South nowe North or els inclininge to one of the same quarters Amonge whiche the East wynde followyng the nature of the fyre is whote and drie the South wynde expressing the qualitie of the ayre is whote and moyste the Westerne blast agreing with y e waters propertie is colde and moyst The Northe that neuer was warmed with the heat of the sunne being cold and drye partaketh the conditions of the earth The midle wyndes haue midle mixed qualities after y e nature of those fowre principall wyndes more or lesse as they encline toward them more or lesse Generally the profit of all wyndes by the wonderfull wysdome of the eternall God is wonderfull great vnto his creatures For besydes y t these wyndes alter the weather some of them bryngyng rayne some drynes some frost and snowe whiche all are necessary ther is yet an vniuersall comoditie that ryseth by the only mouyng of the ayre Which were it not continually styred as it is would soone putrifie and beyng putryfied would be a deadly infection to all y t hath breath vpon the earth Wherfore this wynde whose sounde we heare and knowe not from whence it cōmeth nor whether it goeth for who can affirme from whence it was raysed or where it is layde downe as al other creaturs besyde doth teach vs the wonderfull and wyse prouidence of God that we maye worthely crie out with the Psalmist saye O Lorde howe manyfolde are thy wordes in wysdome hast thou made them all c. Let this be sufficient to haue shewed the generation of the wyndes ¶ Of earthquakes AN earthquake is a shaking of y e earth whiche is caused by meanes of wynde and Exhalations that be enclosed with in the caues of the earth and can fynde no passage to breake foorthe or els so narrowe a waye that it can not be soone enoughe delyuered Wherefore with great force and violēce it breaketh out and one whyle shaketh the earth another whyle rendeth and cleaueth the same sometyme it casteth vp the earth a great heyght into the ayre and some tyme it causeth y e same to synke a great depth downe swallowyng both cyties and townes yea and also mightie great moūtaignes leauing in the place wher they stoode nothyng but great holes of an vnknowen depthe or els great lakes of waters ¶ Of diuerse kindes of earthquakes DYuerse authors wryte dyuerselye of the kindes of earthquakes some makyng more and some lesse but we shall be content at this tyme to comprehende them in fowre sortes The first kynde is when the earth is shaken laterally to one syde whiche is when the whole force of the wynde dryueth to one place and there is no other contrary motion to let it This wynde if it be not great shaketh the earth that it trembleth as a man that hath a fyt of an agewe and dothe no more harme but if it be great and violent it louseth the foundations of all bydinges be they neuer so stronge and ouerthroweth whole cyties but specially y t great buildynges and not onely buyldinges but some tyme also casteth downe greate hylles ihat couer and ouerwhelme all the valley vnder them Many noble and great cities haue béen ouerthrowen by this kynde of earthquake It is wrytten that twelue of the mooste bewtifull cyties and moste sumptuous buildyngs in all Asia were ouerthrowne and vtterly destroyed with any earthquake Howe often Antiochia yea within short tyme was destroyed they whiche haue redde the histories can testifie Howe terrible was the earthquake that shooke Constantinople a whole yeare together that the Emperour all the people were faine to dwell abroade in the fieldes vnder tentes pauilions for feare their houses would fall on their heade it is recorded in Chronicles worthy to be remēbred The seconde kynde is when y e earth with great violence is lifted vp so that the buyldinges are lyke to falle and by and by synketh downe agayne this is when all the force of the wyndes stryueth to get vpwarde after the nature of gonpouder and fyndyng some waye to be delyuered out of bondage the earth that was hoysed vp returneth to his old place The third kynde is a gapinge rendyng or cleauing of the earth when the earth synketh downe and swalloweth vp cities and townes with castels and towers hylles and rockes ryuers and floodes so that they be neuer seen again Yea the Sea in some places hath béen dronke vp so that mē myght haue gone ouer on foote vntyll the tyme of tyde or flood returning couered the place with waters againe But in the lande where this earthquake swalloweth vp any cytie or countrie there apeareth nothing in the place thereof but a marueylous wyde and deape goulf or hole Aristotle maketh mention of diuers places and regions that were ouerthrouwen with this kynde of earthquake The fourth kynde is when greate mountaynes ar cast vp out of the earth er els when some part of the lande synketh downe and in steade thereof aryse ryuers lakes or fyers breakyng out w c smoke and ashes It causeth also ouerflowyngs of the sea when the

must néedes be blynde Eutropius sheweth that the same day in whiche Marcus Tullius Cicero was borne a certeine virgine of Rome ryding into Apulia was striken with lightening so that all her garmentes beinge taken from her without any rendinge she laye starke naked the lasing of her brest being vndone her hose garters vntied yea her bracelettes collers and rynges being also loosed from her Lykewyse her horse laye dead with his bridle and girtes vntied The places of them that are burnt with lightning are colder then the reste of their bodies other because the greater heat draweth away the lesser or els because that by the great violence the vitall heate is quyghte extinguished in that place The sea Calfe is neuer hurt with lyghtening wherfore the Emperoures tentes were wonte to be couered with their skinnes The Baye trees and boxe trees are neuer or seldom strykē with lyghtning The cause of these may be the hardnes of their skinne which hath so fewe pore holes that the Exhalation can not enter into them The eagle also among fowles is not stryken with lightening wherfore the Poetes fayne that the Eagle carieth Iupiters armur whiche is lightnyng The reason may be the thicknes and drienes of her fethers whiche wyll not be kindled with so swift a fyre ¶ Of storme wyndes A Storme wynde is a thycke Exhalatiō violently moued out of a cloude without inflammation or burning The matter of this storme is all one with y e matter of lightening that hath béen spoken of namely it is an Exhalation very whot and drye and also grosse and thycke so that it wyll easely be set on fyre but thē it hath another name other effectes The forme or maner of the generation is suche When abondance of that kynde of Exhalation is gathered together within a cloude whiche nedes wyl haue one waye out or other it breaketh the cloude causeth thonder as it hath béen tought before but if the matter be very thicke and the cloude somewhat thynne then doth it not rēde the cloude but fallynge downe beareth the cloude before it and so is caried as an arrowe out of a bowe It doth alwayes goe before a great soden showere for when the cloude is broken the water muste néedes fall downe Also it is so grosse and so thicke that it darkeneth the ayre and maketh all the lowest region of the ayre to be in manner as a darke smokye cloude It causeth tempeste in the Sea and wonderfull great daunger to them that beare sayle whome if it ouertake it bryngeth to vtter destruction So soden it is that it can not be resisted wyth sodeyn helpe So violent it is that feble force canne not withstande it Finally it is so troublesome wyth thonder lyghtnynge rayne and blaste besydes these darkenesse and colde that it woulde make menne at so neare a pynche to bée at their wyttes endes yf they weare not accustomed to suche tumultuous tempest Wherfore it weare profitable to declare the signes that go before it to the ende menne myght beware of it But they are so commen to other tempestes that either they are knowen well enoughe or els beynge neuer so well knowen in a seldome calamytie they woulde lytle bée feared The Sea shyppes subiecte to more danger haue more helpe if it bée vsed in tyme but no sygnes foreknowen can profit the dweller of the lande to kéepe his house from ruine except it weare to saue his lyfe from the fall of this mansion The soden violence of this tempest to hym is more seldom tymes but more incurable when it commeth then to the Maryner who hathe some ayde to looke for by his comming the other if he escape with his lyfe may comforte hym selfe that he was neare a greate daunger cast with hym selfe to builde vp his house agayne ¶ Of whyrle wyndes A Whirlewinde is a wynde breaking out of a cloude rowling or wynding round about ouerthrowying that which standeth neare it and that whiche commeth befor it carying it with him a loft in the ayre It differeth from a storme wynde in thre pointes First in the matter whiche is lesse in quantitie and of thinner substaunce Secondly in the mouing whiche is circulare wyndyng about where as the storme bloweth a slope and sydelonges Also a whyrlewynde in the mouinge diuideth not it selfe abroade and bloweth dyrectly as the storme doth And thirdly in the maner of the generatiō for a storme doth alwayes come out of one cloude but a whyrlewynde some tyme is caused by meanes of twoo contrary wyndes that méete together In lyke maner as we see in the streates of cyties where the wynde is beaten back from two walles méetinge in the myddest of the streate there is made a lytle whyrlewynde which whiskynge round about taketh vp the dust or strawes and bloweth it about after the very similitude of the great feareful whirle wynde The reason of the going about is this that when the walles beat back the wynde from them whiche aboundeth in that place and those wyndes whē they méete by reason of equal force on bothe sydes can neyther dryue one y e other back agayn nor yet passe through one y e other it must néedes be that they must bothe séeke a waye on the syde at once and consequently be caried round about the one as it were pursuing the other vntyll there be space enough in the ayre y e they may be parted asonder The matter of a whyrlewynde is not muche differing from the matter of storme and lyghtening that is an Exhalation whote and drye breakyng out of a cloude in diuerse partes of it which causeth the blowyng about ▪ also it is caused as it hath béen sayde by twoo or more wyndes blowyng from diuerse places whiche may be of particular causes y t hath béen sheweth before in the chapter of wyndes This tempest is noysome to man and beaste Sea and lande thyngs lyuing and life lacking For it wyl take vp bothe men and beastes stoones and cloddes of earth whiche when it hath borne a great waye wyll not be so curtues as to sette them downe agayne but neglygently letteth them fall from a great heyght or els violently throweth them downe to the earth It breaketh trees wyndyng them about and pulling them vp by the rootes It turneth about a shippe and brooseth it in peaces w c other mischiefes beside ¶ Of the fyred whirle wynde SOmetyme a whirlewynde is sett on fyre within the cloude and then breakyng foorthe flyeth rounde lyke a great cartewhyle terrible to beholde burnynge and ouerthrowynge all drye thinges that it commeth neare as houses woodes corne grasse and whatsoeuer els standeth in the waye It differeth not from a whirlewind sauing that it is kindled set on fyre so apearing els the generation of both is called one ¶ Of Circles THe Circle called Halon is a garland of diuerse collours that is séen about the sunne the Moone