Keys for the security of Houses and of folding Doors which in his Honour were called Januae 'T is said yet that his Wife was called Vista and that she instituted the holy fire committed to the care of certain Virgins called after her name Vostals In short Janus was a very wise King who govern'd his People by just Laws wherefore his Subjects plac'd him after his death in the rank of the Gods and gave him many Names because of his great Qualifications for they call'd him Deus Deorum because they esteem'd him the first of Gods on account of the good Ordinances he had made during his Reign and was sirnamed Bifrons and Quadrifrons because they took him for the World the two chiefest parts whereof are the East and the West and the other two are the South and the North. He was still called Junonius Consivus Patuleius Clusius because the Calends of every Month were consecrated both to him and Juno and for that reason as Varro says there were twelve Altars in his Temple in respect to the twelve Months of the Year Consivus à conserendo either because he was the reparator of Mankind who had been drowned in the waters of the Deluge or because he had taught Men to plant the Vine and sow Corn Patuletus because in time of War the Gates of his Temple were always open and Clusius because they were shut up in time of Peace In the Hymns sung by the Salii the day of this great Feast he was called upon by the name of Deus Dâ—oâ—um as being the most Ancient of all the Gods and by that Jane Pater because he had been a true Father to his Subjects To what we have said of the origine of Janus Jacobus Ausolus opposes some Arguments taken out of Chronology whereby he proves that Noah was dead in that time But if Wine and Vine might clear this point of controversy Pliny will assure us that under the reign of Numa Wine was very scarce in Italy and yet 't is true that Numa reigned a thousand three hundred and forty one years after Janus Dionysius Halicarnasseus affirms also that there was but a little Wine in Italy in the reign of Ascanius who reigned at Alba eight hundred eighty five years after Janus Wine is a Liquor so much sought after that if it had been known in Janus's time 't is very likely that Men had improv'd the Vines and that Wine had not been scarce in the time of Ascanius and Numa Peucer tells us that Janus is Javan the Son of Japhet and indeed the likeness of the name carries a great weight with it In fine let it be either Janus or Noah or Javan if he has planted the Vine or not Pagan Historians who dive into the most remore Antiquity agree that Janus reigned in Italy Now here is the History taken out of Dionysius Halicarnasseus and Sextus Aurelius Victor Ericteus King of Athens had a Daughter called Creusa of so extraordinary Beauty that Apollo fell in Love with her The Lady was not cruel but yielded to the passion of the God and got a great Belly by him yet she kept it so secret that few people knew she was brought to Bed Her Son whom she called Janus was likewise brought up very secretly Creusa was afterwards married to Xipheus but had no Children by him Ericteus grieved for the barenness of his Daughter begg'd continually of the Gods an Heir worthy to succeed him after his death Apollo by an Oracle pronounc'd on the Tripos of Delphi order'd him to take for his Son the first Man he should meet at his return By chance or more likely by the care of Creusa he met young Janus Ericteus adopted him and brought him up like the Heir of a King Janus being grown a Man was impatient to stay so long for the Crown of Athens and moved by his great courage went over into Italy where he reigned says Macrobius together with Cameses Native of Italy and the City of their abode was called Janiculum after the name of Janus and the Country Camesene by the name of the other King Regnum Janus obtinuit cum Camese aeque indigenâ ut Regio Camesene oppidum Janiculum vocitaretur Cato in some Fragments remaining of his Books of Origines having complain'd of the fictions and vanity of the Greeks assures us that the Scythians did populate Italy under the conduct of Janus and that this Prince govern'd his Subjects by so good and just laws that his Posterity plac'd him in the number of the Immortal Gods Plutarch favours this opinion and gives this high Encomium of Janus Whatever says he Janus was either God or King he was a wise and great Politician who temper'd the Manners of his Subjects and taught them Civility Wherefore he was esteem'd the God of Peace tho' he was never called upon but during War Janus was one of the first Kings of some Inhibitants of Italy first call'd Aborigines and then Latins He was compared to Noah because he was the first who cultivated this wild Country and there planted the Vine Wherefore they made an allusion of the name of Janus to that of Jain in the Phaenician Language and to that of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek which signifies Wine 'T is said that he received Saturn in Italy because the first Man who began there to manure and dung the ground was called Saturn and this happen'd in the same time that Janus cultivated the Vine Plutarch assures us that Janus came from Greece into Italy and for that reason he was represented with a double Face as being both Greek and Italian or because he chang'd the gross manners of the Inhabitants of Italy into a more sweet and civil policy The Romans built but three Temples and a little Chappel to Janus The first Temple was built by Romulus after he had concluded a Peace with the Sabins and there he erected a Statue of Janus with two Faces to shew that both the Roman and Sabine Nations were joined together or else to signifie that the two Kings Romulus and Tacius were but one head to govern the same Commonwealth This Temple was built in the Roman Field and Procopius says that in his time it remain'd yet in the middle of that Field over against the Capitol with a little niche of Brass and two doors like a Tabernacle wherein a Statue of Janus five foot high was set up Numa order'd that the Gates of the Temple should be shut up in time of Peace and open in time of War For the Consul appointed to command the Army being upon his departure went into this Temple attended by the Senate the chiefest of the City and his Soldiers in military dresses and open'd the Gates of the Temple This Ceremony was but seldom perform'd for this Temple continued open during the space of seven hundred and twenty four years till the time of Augustus who took possession of Egypt This Temple was shut up but three times
Allegories of this Chimaera and Bellerophon Palephates speaks thus of them Some say that Bellerophon rode upon a winged Horse which is both ridiculous and unpossible unless they could lend him all the Feathers of the swiftest Birds Others would have us also believe that Bellerophon slew the Chimaera of Amisodar a Monster which had the Fore-part of a Lion and the middle of a Goat and the hinder-parts of a Serpent Others will have it that it had only the Three Heads of these Creatures which is less credible This then is the Foundation of all these Fictions BELLEROPHON was a young Man of Corinth very beautiful and liberal who having fitted a Ship which he named Pegasus he went to coast along the Phrygian Shore where at that time reigned Amisodar near the River Xanthus along by which there arises a Mountain named by the Inhabitants Telmessus to which there is an Ascent from the Plain on two sides of it On the side next the City Xanthus there were very good Pastures but on t the side next Caria it was barren and inaccessible in the middle there was a Gulf from whence there came out at certain times Flashes of Fire and Flames and Clouds of Smoke To this Mountain is joined another named Chimaera upon which there was a Lion and at the Foot of it a great Serpent which did much harm among the Flocks which fed thereabout as well as to the Shepherds and Inhabitants round it But Fellerophon landing on these Coasts with his Ship named Pegasus because it was a good Sailer and very swift in its Course went to those Mountains and setting the Woods on Fire destroyed those Monsters which gave an Occasion to the Fable to say that Bellerophon being mounted upon Pegasus had killed the Chimaera of Amisodar BELLONA the Goddess of War the Wife Mother or Nurse of Mars some will have her to be Minerva and Pallas This false Deity was so much honoured by the Cappadocians that they built a Temple to her in the City Comana and her Priest or Sacrificer was the first Person in Honour and Dignity next to the King She is painted in Armour with a menacing or furious Countenance holding a Trumpet and a Whip in her Hand and sometimes a lighted Torch Appius Claudius who was after stricken blind for having profaned the Priesthood of Hercules built her a Temple at Rome according to the Vow he had made to her in the Battle against the Samnites This Temple was in the Circus of Flaminius near the Carmental Gate In it foreign Embassadours were admitted to audience and they hung up their Bucklers and other Arms as Appius did according to Pliny Posuit in Bellonoe aede Majorum suorum Clypeos There was near this Temple a Pillar named BELLICA from which the Consuls or Herald cast a Javelin as far as they could as if they had cast it into the Enemies Countries to declare War against them The Feast of this Goddess was kept upon the Fourth Day before the Nones of June because on that Day Appius dedicated a Temple to her The Priests of this Goddess which from her Name were called Bellonarii drew Blood from all parts of their Bodies to appease her with that Sacrifice Some thought that they had a Gift of Prophecy to foretel the great Events of War For that end they entred in a Fury and holding naked Swords in their hands they cut deep Gashes in their Arms and Thighs and with the Blood that issue out of the Wounds making a Sacrifice to Bellona not giving her any other Victims as Tibullus tells in these Verses Haec ubi Bellonae motu est agitata nec acrem Flammam non amens verbera torta timet Ipsa bipenne suos caedit violenta Lacertos Sanguineque effuso spargit inepta Daeam Statque latus praefixa veru flat saucia pectus Et canit Eventus quos Dea magna movet BELUS the Ancients do not tell us very clearly what sort of Deity Belus was Hesychius says that it was the Heaven or Jupiter and that the Sun was called Bela. St. Jerom and St. Isidore are of Opinion that Saturn was named Belus Herodian in the Life of Maximinian assures us that the People of Aquileia gave the Sun the Name of Beles Some Manuscripts and Inscriptions call him Belinus or Belenus The God Baal or Baalphegor who is mentioned in the Old Testament was the same Belus who was the Author of the Idolatry and Priesthood of the Chaldeans There was another Belus the Son of Neptune who married Isis after the Death of Apis her first Husband when Cecrops reigned at Athens Aegyptus and Danaus were his Sons and thence it comes to pass that the Fifty Daughters of Danaus were called BELIDES BEEL or BELUS says Varro is the same with Jupiter the Son of Saturn He was the first as St. Cyril tells us in Lib. 3. against Julian the Apostate who took upon himself the Name of God and set up Idolatry causing Temples to be built Altars to be made and Sacrifices to be offered in Honour of himself which his Son Ninus and Queen Semiramis much promoted BERECINTHIA the Name of a Mountain and City in Phrygia where Cybele the Mother of the Gods was most zealously worshipped and was from thence named Berecinthian BERONICE Berenice Queen of Aegypt and Wife of Ptolomaeus Euergetes her own Brother who having vowed her Hair to the Goddess Venus if her Husband returned safe from a Voyage which he made into Asia consecrated and laid up her Hair in the Temple of the Goddess to fulfil her Vow but it being not to be found the Magician Conon a little after that he might gain the Favour of the King who was angry for the loss of it perswaded him that it was put among the Stars and changed into those Seven Stars which appear in the Form of a Triangle at the Tail of the Caelestial Sign called the Lion Callimachus made a Greek Elegy upon this Subject which Catuilus has turned into Latin BEROSUS a Chaldean to whom the Athenians erected a Statue with a gilded Tongue upon the account of his excellent Eredictions BES or BESSIS the Mark or 8 Ounces part of the Assis BES for BIS which is Two Triens which are each Four in Value BESTIAE Beasts either wild or domestick Creatures which were presented at Rome in the Plays of the Amphitheatre for Shows to the People Some pleased the People with hunting of these Beasts in which they made them fight with Men or one with another Vopiscus has given us a curious Description of an hunting which the Emperor Probus made upon the Circus after his Triumph over the Germans He gave says he a great hunting where the People got an advantage by the Havock made in it He caused his Souldiers to pluck up Trees by the Roots and by covering them with Earth set them again so that the Circus seemed on a sudden to become a flourishing Wood which he filled with Ostriches Stags Wild
Peruasso Memini ut repente sic Poeta prodirem I never dipped my Lips in the Waters of the Fountain of the Horse Pegasus I do not remember that I ever slept upon Parnassus which has Two Tops that I might immediately commence Poet. The Quirinal Mount at Rome was called Caballus in the time of the Roman Emperors because of the Marble Statue of Alexander the Great taming his Horse Buccphalus set there CABIRI the great Gods of Samethrace Varro calls them Divi potentes and they are the same which the Samethraciant name the powerful Gods which are Coelum and 〈◊〉 Apollonius in the first Book of his 〈◊〉 will have these Gods to be Four in Number to which he gives these barbarous Names though forbidden to discover them AXIEROS which is Ceres AXIOKERSA which is Preserpina AXIOKERSOS which is Pluto and CASMILLUS or CAMILLUS which is Mercury Others say they were but Two JUPITER and DIONYSUS some think they were called Câ—biri from certain Mountains of Phrygia which have the same Name The Fragment of Sanconiathon quoted by Ensebius tell us that at Berith in Phoenieia they worshipped certain Gods called Cabiri from the Hebrew Word Cabir which signifies Great and powerful We are also taught from the same Fragments that the Gods Cabiri were the Sons of Jupiter and were called DIOSCURES i. e. Children of Jupiter SAMOTHRACES because they were worshipped in the Isle that bears the same Name Herodotus relates that Cambyses being in Aegypt and treating whatever the Aegyptians counted Holy with Contempt and Ralliery went into the Temple of the Cabiri and laughing at their Images burnt them The other Nations of the World imitated the Aegyptians and had their Cabiri as well as they whom they honoured in their Temples The Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius says that there were at first but Two Cabiri Jupiter and Bacchus but names others afterward viz. AXIEROS AXIOkERSA and AXIOKERSOS and Fourth named CASMILLUS which is MERCURY M. Bochart derives these Names from the Hebrew Tongue for he tells us that AXIEROS is the same with Achasi eritz that it to say the Earth is my Possession so that it can be no other but Cires AXIOKERSOS and AXIOKERSA my Possession is Death and Destruction which are undoubtedly Pluto and Proserpina as for Casmillus he was rather a Minister of the Gods Cabiri then one of them for Plutarch says that the Greeks and Romans gave that Name to a young Officer in Jupiter's Temple as the Greeks gave it to Mercury Servius will have it that in the Tuscan Language Mercury was called Casinillus as being the Minister of the Gods Strabo mentions the Opinion of some who held that there were but Three Gods Cabiri as also Three Nymphs Cabiri Cabiros tres tres Nymphas Cabiridas And 't is certain that there were at first but Three Cabiri as Tertullian asserts positively in his Book de Spectaculis Macrobius is of Opinion that the Gods which Aensas carried from Troy into Italy were these Gods Cabiri and 't is for this Reason that Virgil calls them the great Gods Dionysius Halicarnassaeus relates at large from the Credit of Callistratus the Story of these great Gods which Dandanus carried out of Arcadia into the Isle of Samethrace and from thence to Troy where he placed them with the Palladium which contained the Fate of Troy He adds that Aeneas carried them afterward into Italy Herodotus gives the Name of Cabiri to the Gods of Samothrace and says that they were the Pelasgi and Athenians together that carried them into Samethrace CACA the Sister of Cacus worshipped by the Romans in a little Chappel called after her Name where the Vestal Virgins went to offer Sacrifices CACUS the Son of Vulcan and Medusa whom the Fable represents to us with Three Heads casting Fire and Flames out of his Nostrils as Plutarch tells us Cacus according to History was the Servant of Evander a very wicked Man who committed great Robberies He attacked Hercules as he returned out of Spain and robbed him of most of his Cattel drawing them into his Cave by their Tails that his Robbery might not easily be discovered but Hercules having found it by Caius's Sister and by the lowing of the Cattel he slew the Thief and buried him in his Cave throwing it down upon him Hercules in Gratitude built an Altar to JUPITER the FINDER near the Gate called Trigemina and sacrificed a Bull to him upon it CADAVER a dead Corpse Lucian in his treatise of Mourning has made a pleasant and useful Description of the Ceremonies used about dead Persons and says After the nearest Relation has received a dead Person and closed his Eyes his next Business is to put a piece of Money into his Mouth to pay the Ferry-man of Hell who is Charon but never considers whether it be Money that is current in that Country so that in my Opinion he had better give him nothing than that he should be constrained to send it back again After this Ceremony he washes the Body of the dead Person with warm Water as if there were no Water below or that he were to assist at a Festival at his first Arrival Besides this he perfumes him crowns him with Flowers and puts him on his best Cloths either because they fear he will dye of cold by the way or that otherwise he will not be treated according to his Quality All is accompanied with Complaints and Mourning Tears and Sobs to agree with the Master of the Ceremony who orders all Matters and recites with such a mournful Voice all his former Calamities it would make them weep if they had never seen him Then some tear their Hair others beat their Breasts or scratch their Faces some rend their Cloaths and cast dust upon their Heads or fall down upon the Ground or throw themselves against the Walls So that the dead Man is the most happy of all the Company for while his Friends and Relations torment themselves he is set in some eminent Place washed cleansed perfumed and crowned as if he were to go into Company Then his Father or Mother if he had any leave the Company and go to him to embrace him with such ridiculous Lamentations as would make him burst with Laughter if he could be sensible of it There are some who at the Death of their Relations kill their Horses and Slaves to send them for their Use into the other World and burn or bury with them their most valuable Goods as if they would be useful to them Nevertheless all that these People do is neither for the Dead who can know nothing of it though they cried Ten Times as loud nor for themselves for then they might act in Silence So that if it be not done meerly for Custom sake 't is only for fear they should be thought to have no Friendship for or good Opinion of their Neighbours If he could be sensible of what they do doubtless he would say why do ye lament
God of him Homer makes Aeneas appear very glorious among the great Heroes of his Iliads and says That the Trojans reverenc'd him as a God The younger Philostratus in his Heroicks equals him with Hector for his size and Mien but says that he surpass'd him in Virtue and good Sense and that the Trojans call'd Hector their Arm and Aeneas their Head 'T is agreed among all these Authors that Aeneas came into Italy under the Reign of Latinus the Son of Faunus but the difficulty is to know what Year he came of which Titus Livius and many others say nothing Dionysius Halicarnassaus thinks that it was in the Forty Fifth Olympaid Cassiodorus in the Twenty Fifth and Vigenere in the Twentieth insomuch that 't is difficult to determin in a matter so much contested yet there is some reason to believe that Aeneas landed in Italy in the Thirty Fourth Year of the Reign of Latinus AENEAS Secundus or Latinus Sylvius as Sextus Victor calls him or Silius and Posthumius as Messala calls him was the posthumous Son of Aeneas and Lavinia The Name of Silvius was given him because he was brought up in the Woods whither his Mother retired for fear of Ascanius her Son-in-Law He had a great Contest with Julus his Nephew the Son of Ascanius but the Aborigines favour'd in his Person the Blood of their antient Kings and advanc'd him to the Throne and pacifi'd Julus by promoting him to the chief Honours and Employments of the State The Caesars glory in their descent from him Silvius reign'd 29 Years AENEAS Tertius Silvius reign'd 31 Years AEOLUS the Son of Jupiter and Acesta or Sergesta the Daughter of Hippotas a Trajan who is thought to have liv'd at the time of the Trajan War He commanded the little Isles call'd Aeolionae and was by the Poets made King of the Winds Virgil speaks of him as such Aeneid Lib. 1. v. 6. Hic vasto rex Aeolus antro Luctantes ventos tempestotesque soner as Imperio premit ac vinclis carere frenat But the Worship of the Winds was more antient than the Reign of Aealus The Persians and Scythians ador'd them according to Strabo and Lucian and yet they never heard a word of the King of these little â—sles All the Eastern Idolaters gave Honour to the Winds before ever the Fable of Aeolus was forg'd 'T is probable that the Sicilians and Italians took occasion from the nature of these Isles to make them the Dominion of the Winds because they frequently saw storms of Smoke Wind and Fire issued out of them Diodorus Sicedus and Varro suppos'd that the Poets attributed the Government of the Winds to Aeolus because he perfectly understood the Nature of them and was the first that invented Sails for Ships Velorum usum docuit nauticae rai studiosus 〈◊〉 ignis quoque prodigiis diligenter observatis qui â—anti ingruituri essent indigenis certo praedixit Unde ventorum praeses disponsater à fabula declaratus est Servius said that there are Nine Isles in the Sicilian-Sea whereof Varro tells us Aeolus was King And from hence came the Fiction That the Winds were under his Government because he foretold Storms that should happen by observing the Vapors and Smoke which proceeded from these Isles and ehiefly from that which takes its Name from Vulcan But this learned Grammarian after he has related this Fable confesses it was founded upon Reason Pliny says That the Isle Strongyle was one of these burning and smoking Isles that the Inhabitants by its Smoke foretold the Winds Three Days before and that upon this account it was feign'd that Aeolus was Lord of the Winds Btrabo remarks out of Polybius concerning the Isle of Lippara which is the greatest of the Seven Aeolian Isles that before the South-Wind blew it was cover'd with so thick a Cloud that it hindred the near Neighbours of the sight of Sicily but before the North-Wind blew that then this great Isle vomited up clear Flame and made an exceeding great noise and roaring upon which account the King of these Isles was called the King of the Winds AEOLIAE INSULAE the Aeolian or Vulcanian Isles near the Promontory of Pelorus in Sicily where Aeolus reigns They are Seven of which the most considerable is that of Lipara from whence proceed Winds and storms of Fire and Flames together with terrible Earthquakes which occasioned the Poets to say That it was the Habitation of the Winds and the Forge of Vulcans who with his Cyclops were the Smiths of the Gods AEQUIMELIUM a great place in Rome before the Temple of the Goddess Tellus at one end of the Street call'd Execrable This place was so call'd from Saptimus Melius a Roman Knight who had a House there which was raz'd to the ground by the Sentence of the Dictator L. Quintius Cincinnatus because he aim'd at usurping the Sovereign Power by bestowing Largesses on the People L. Minutius Commissary General of the Provisions discovering the secret Intrigues of Melius gave notice of 'em to the Senate who judg'd it an Affair of so great consequence that immediately they created a Dictator call'd Cincinnatus The next day after Melius was cited to answer the Accusation but he refus'd to appear and endeavour'd to make his escape but was pursu'd and kill'd by Serviâ—ius The Dictator order'd that his House should be raz'd to the ground and that no person for the future should build-upon the place where it stood And to perpetuate the memory of this Perfidiousness of Melius and of his Punishment the place was call'd ever after Aequimelium quasi ab aquata domo Malii pro domo sua Cicero in his Oration relates the Story thus Melii regnuâ—â— appetentis domus est complanata quid aliud aquum accidisse Meliâ— P. R. judicaret Nomine ipso Aequtmelil stultitiae pirna comprobata est Titus Livius relates the Story at large Book IV. Dec. 1. AER See it after Aerarius AERA a Number stampt upon Money to signifie the current Value of it according to Lutilius it signifies also the same with Epoch i. e. A certain Time from whence to compute or begin the new Year or some particular way of reckoning Time and Years And in this last sense the word is thought to be corrupted and to come from the custom of the Spaniards who reckon'd their Years by the Reign of Augustus who for shortness sake they commonly set down thus A. E. R. A. to signifie Annus erat regni Augusti The Transcriber not understanding this sufficiently in process of time made of these Letters the word Aera in the first sense the word comes from Aes and Aera in the Plural Number from whence was made the Aera of the Feminine Gender either because in their Accompts to every particular Sum they prefix'd the Word Aera as we do now Item or because the Number of Years was mark'd down in Tables with little Brass Nails AERA MILITUM in Suetonius the Soldiers Pay because
went and acquainted the Tribunes that passing through the New-street in the night he heard a Voice more than human over the Temple of Vesta which gave the Romans notice that the Gauls were coming against Rome This Information was neglected upon account of the Person who gave it but the Event prov'd the Truth of it Hereupon Camillus thought that to appease the angry Gods he ought to acknowledge this Voice as a new Deity under the Title of The Speaking God and to build an Altar to offer Sacrifice to him ALA a Wing in the Roman Armies was made up of the Cavalry and Infantry of the Confederates and which cover'd the Body of the Roman Army as the Wings cover the Bodies of Birds There was a Right and a Left Wing both mix'd with the Cavalry and Infantry which they called Alares or Alares Copiae They were made up each of four hundred Horsemen divided into ten Squadrons and 4200 Foot Some say that Pan the Indian a Captain of Bacchus was the first Inventor of this way of drawing up an Army in Battle whence it comes to pass that the Antients have painted him with Horns on his Head because what we call Wings they called Horns ALADUS or ALADINUS SYLVIUS Eutropius calls him Romus Cassiodorus and Sextus Victor names him Aremulus Titus Livius Messala and Sabellicus call him Romulus But tho there are different Opinions about the Name of this Prince there is an universal Consent in the Abhorrence of his Tyranny and a general Agreement about his exttaordinary Death His Pride transported him so far as to equal himself with Jupiter the King of the Gods in his Age. He counterfeited the Noise of his Thunder by certain Engines but at last he perished by a Tempest and Thunder as real as his own were vain Fire from Heaven consum'd his Palace the Lake in the middle of which it was built flowed extraordinarily and contributed to the Destruction of his Family He reigned nineteen years ALAPA a Box on the Ear. Majoris Alapae mecum veneunt Phaed. I do not grant them Liberty so easily Boxes on the Ear were usually given to Slaves when they were set at Liberty ALAUDA a Lark The Poets say it was Scylla the Daughter of Nisus King of Megara whom she deliver'd into the hands of Minos King of Crete having cut off his fatal Hair which was of a purple Colour The Gods changed her into a Lark and her Father into a Hawk which continually pursues her says the Fable to punish her horrible Treason ALAUDA the Name of a Roman Legion of a French one according to Bochart the Soldiers of which carried a Lark's Tuft upon the top of their Helmets ALBA a Name given to three or four Cities of which the principal was Alba Longa so called by the Antients because it extended to a great Length in the Territory of Rome it was built by Ascanius the Son of Aeneas from whence the Inhabitants are called Albini Ascanius built it in a place where he had observ'd a white Sow thirty years after the Foundation of Lavinium which his Father had built This number of Years was signified to him by the thirty Pigs which that Sow then suckled He would have transported the Gods of Troy which Aeneas had brought with him into this new City but he found the next day they were carried to Lavinium whereupon Ascanius left them there and contented himself with settling a College of six hundred Trojans to serve them according to the Worship used in Phrygia Aegistheus was chosen to be the Chief of those Priests This City had several Kings and maintained fierce Wars against the Romans which did not cease till the famous Combat between the three Curatii on the Albins parts and the three Horatii on the Romans side The three Curatii were slain and and by their Death their Country became subject to the Romans as both Parties had agreed before the Combat Metius Suffetius was made the first Governour of it ALBINUS a Native of Adrumetum in Africk He was descended of a Noble Family which came from Rome having the Whiteness of the Europeans but a frizled Beard like those of that Country his Stature was tall and proportionably thick he was of a melancholy Temper and had a wide Mouth he was also a great Eater A certain Writer named Codrus has told incredible things of him saying That he eat at one Breakfast five hundred Figs one hundred Peaches ten Melons twenty pounds of Raisins one hundred Wood-peckers and four hundred Oysters which without doubt is rather an Hyperbole than a Truth After the Death of the Emperour Pertinax Albinus was chosen Emperour by the Troops which he commanded in Great-Britain and at the same time Severus who had just defeated Pescennius Niger was likewise chosen Emperour by the Eastern Troops Albinus fearing least he should be seiz'd in England went into France with fifty thousand Men and Severus had about as many Albinus being secure because the City of Lyons took his part gave Severus battel He had an Advantage at the first Onset and Severus himself being faln from his Horse had thoughts of giving over the Battel but at last Albinus was conquer'd and the Conquerour caus'd his Head to be cut off and sent to Rome and cast his Body into the River Rhosne ALBION or BRITANNIA England Caesar l. 5. c. 3. of the War with the Gauls gives this Description of it the interiour part of Britannia is inhabited by the Natives of the Country but on the Coasts by the Gauls which for the most part keep still their Names the Island is well peopled and their Houses much like the Gauls they have much Cattel they use Copper Money or Iron Rings by weight for want of Silver they have Mines of Tin in the middle of the Country and of Iron on the Coasts which yield no great Revenue but the Copper which they use is brought them from abroad all sorts of Wood grow there as in France except Beach and Firr the People scruple to eat Hares Geese and Hens altho they breed them up for Pleasure the Air is more temperate than in Gallia and the Cold less violent the Isle is triangular the side which is opposite to Gallia is above an hundred and twenty Leagues in length from the County of Kent which is the furthest end towards the East and where almost all the Ships from Gallia do land to the other which is Southward the Western Coast which lies overagainst Spain and Ireland contains near 180 Leagues in length Ireland is not half so big as England between them lies the Isle of Mon or Anglesea where some say there are thirty Days all Night in Winter but I found no such thing only I have observ'd by Water-Clocks that the Nights are shorter in those Parts than they are in Gallia The most civiliz'd People of England are those of the County of Kent which lies along the Coasts The inward parts of the Countrey
and punish Of all the Gods they chiefly worship Mercury and sacrifice even Men to him at certain Solemnities They think it not agreeable to the Grandieur of the Gods to paint them as Men or shut them up in Temples but they only consecrate Groves to 'em and adore such as are most solitary They are much given to Auguries and Lots which they perform with little Ceremony They cut a Branch of a certain Fruit-Tree in several pieces and having mark'd them with certain Characters cast 'em carelesly upon a white Cloth then the Priest or Master of the Family if it be a private House after he has made a Prayer to the Gods lifts up each piece three times and interprets them according to the Marks on ' em They also consult the flying and chirping of Birds and the neighing of Horses is with them a certain Presage To this end they feed white Horses in their dedicated Groves and will not suffer them to be prophan'd by the service of Men and when they have a mind to consult 'em they yoke 'em in a Chariot of their Gods and the Priest or King follows them to observe their Neighing there is no Augury to which they give more Credit They make use also of another Invention to know the Event of their Wars They take a Captive of their Enemies and match him with one of their own Party and judg of the issue of the War by the success of their Combat They count by Nights and not by Days as we do and in their Orders of State they set down on such a Night and not on such a Day because as they think the Night was first They meet in Council armed and the Priests alone have power to enjoyn silence as they have also to punish Their Punishments are different according to their Crimes they hang Traytors and Deserters on Trees the cowardly the base and the infamous they smoother in Puddles and then throw an Hurdle upon ' em Their Coat which is all the Garment they wear as I have above observed is fasten'd with a Button or Clasp the rest of their Body is naked The richest of them have their Garments not large and full as the Parthians and Sarmatians but close according to the shape of their Bodies They also clothe themselves with Furs The Womens Garments are much like the Mens save that they wear a kind of Linnen Shift with out Sleeves border'd with Crimson-Silk which leaves their Arms and Bosom naked Their Marriages nevertheless are untainted and their Chastity is not blemished by their Meetings Festivals and publick Shews They neither send nor receive Love-Letters or Billet-Douxes insomuch that Adultery is seldom found among so great a People they allow not second Marriage and a Woman takes an Husband to be united to her as one Body and one Soul 'T is an odious thing among 'em to destroy a Child in the Womb or hinder Conception every one is brought up in his own Family without any other Nurse than his own Mother There are few People that take more pleasure in entertaining Strangers 't is a Crime for any Man to shut his House against them whosoever they be When any one comes to their Houses the Master of it gives him whatever he has and when he has nothing left he will carry him to his Neighbour who receives him with the same Respect and Freedom They drink Beer for no Vines grow in their Country Their Food is very plain wild Fruits Milk curdled and Venison and they live without Dainties and Expence They have but one sort of publick Show their young Men dance naked on the points of Spears and Javelins They do not divide the Year into Four parts as other Nations The Autumn is as little known as the Fruits of it Their Funerals are without any Pomp or Magnificence they only burn the Bodies of some Persons of Quality with a particular sort of Wood putting nothing upon the Pile but their Arms and sometimes the Horse of the deceas'd without Perfumes or Garments their Graves are made of Turfs and they contemn the Costliness of our Tombs In fine they are great Drinkers and very great Gamesters insomuch that they will play away themselves after they have lost all their Goods They celebrate in old Verses of which all their History is compos'd a God born in their Land called Tuisco and his Son Man who were the first Inhabitants of the Country Caesar speaking of the Germans in his Sixth Book De Bello Gallico tells us That they have neither Priests nor Sacrifices and own no Deity but such as they see and feel the Effects of as the Sun the Moon and the Fire and that War and Hunting were their only Exercises ALEMANNIA Germany This Country says Tacitus is bounded with the Rhine Danube and Ocean except on the part next Sarmatia and Dacia where it is bounded with the Mountains on which a very warlike People inhabit The Ocean there makes great Bays and large Isles The Rhine takes it rise in the Country of the Grisons and falling from the top of the Alps discharges it self after a long course into the North-Sea inclining a little toward the West The Danube falls from Mount Abnoba and empties it self into the Euxine-Sea at six Months for the seventh is lost in the Marshes Hercules is said to have been in this Country and Ulysses himself in his long and fabulous Travels was carried by a Tempest into Germany where he built a City upon the Banks of the Rhine which is still called Aschelburg from the Greek Name which he gave it Some add that he had an Altar consecrated to him there under the Title of the Son of Laertes and that there remain to this day some Monuments of him with Greek Inscriptions in the Borders of the Grisons and Germany which I neither assert or call in question the Truth of ALETIDES antient Sacrifices which the Athenians offer'd to Icarus and Erigone in which they danced Puppets Icarus was the Son of Aebalus and Father of Erigone who having receiv'd of Bacchus a Bottle full of Wine gave it the Shepherds of Attica to drink who were very thirsty because of the Heat of their Countrey they drank of it till they lost the use of their Reason and supposing themselves to be poyson'd by that Liquor they fell upon him and killing him cast his Body into a Pit He had a little Bitch named Mara who went and pulling his Daughter Erigone by the lower part of her Garment brought her to the place where the Body of her Father was she seeing him in this condition hang'd herself for grief and many Athenian Virgins who lov'd her extraordinarily follow'd her Example The Bitch also pin'd away with Grief and Jupiter translated her to Haven under the Name of Canicula i. e. the Dog-Star Icarus was chang'd into that Sign of the Zodiac which is called Charles's Wain and Erigone into another Sign call'd Virgo The Oracle of Apollo
obtain'd the Prize at the Nemean Games in Achaia There were many Consuls of this Name who always maintain'd the Authority of the Senate against the Attempts and Violence of the Tribunes and People APPIUS CLAUDIUS surnamed the Blind when he was Censor caus'd the way to be pav'd which leads from the Gate Capena to Brundusium and which from his Name was called Via Appia He made also an Aquaeduct which brought the River Anio into Rome the Water whereof was carried up as high as Mount Aventine He understanding that the Senate was just upon the point of concluding a Peace with King Pyrrhus caused himself to be carried into the Senate where by several notable Arguments he dissuaded them from it till he had withdrawn his Troops out of Italy APRILIS the second Month of Romulus's Year which consisted only of ten Months and commenc'd with March but it is the fourth Month of Numa's Year which consisted of twelve Months beginning with January Macrobius derives the word Aprilis from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as if one should say Aphrilis i. e. One descended of Venus or Born of the Scum of the Seâ— because this Month was dedicated to Venâ—â— by Romulus There are other Authors who think this Word may more probably be deriv'd from the Verb Aperiro which signifies to open because in this Month the Flowers begin to blow and the Earth does send forth Seeds and Plants These Festivals and Solemnities were observed by the Romans during this Month. On the Calends of the Month which was the first day there was no pleading of Causes but the Roman Ladies being crowned with Myrtle and wash'd under the same Trees offer'd up a Sacrifice to Venus Ovid relates the Original of this Ceremony He tells us That one day as Venus was drying her wet Hair by the River-side the Satyrs perceiv'd her quite naked which caus'd in her so much Shame and Confusion that she cover'd her self presently with a Myrtle And this the Roman Ladies imitate by this Ceremony On the same day the Maids who are fit for Marriage sacrifice to Fortuna Virilis praying her to hide the Defects of their Body from those who have a mind to marry them as Ovid tells us Fast lib. 3. v. 150. Ut tegat hoc celetque viros Fortuna Virilis Praestat hoc parvo ture rogata facit They sacrific'd also to Venus surnam'd Verticordia to make the new-married Husbands prove faithful to their Conjugal Vow On the fifth which was the day of the Nones the Festival of Megalesia began to be solemniz'd in honour of the Mother of the Gods which lasted for eight days together See Megalesia On the sixth the Commemoration of the Dedication of the Temple of Fortuna Publica was celebrated on the Quirinal Mount which P. Sempronius vow'd and Martius Ahala dedicated ten years after appointing the Memorial of it to be observed every year On the seventh the Commemoration of the Birth of Apollo was in like manner observ'd On the eighth Games were appointed for the Victory which J. Caesar obtain'd over Juba and Scipio after the Battel of Pharsalia On the ninth and tenth the Games of Ceres were celebrated in the Circus called Cerealia which were instituted by C. Meunnius Aedilis Curulis See Cerealia On the twelfth according to the new Calendar was observ'd the great Solemnity of the Mother of the Gods and particularly of her Arrival at Rome with Processions and many Games to her Honour On the thirteeenth which was the day of the Ides a Sacrifice was offer'd to Jupiter Victor and to Liberty because on that day their two Temples were dedicated at Rome one by Q. Fabius in performance of the Vow he had made at the War against the Samnites and the other by T. Gracchus out of the pecuniary Fines of the Commonwealth On the fifteenth was kept the Festival of the Fordicides at which thirty Cows ready to calve were sacrificed See Fordicidia On the same day the Governess of the Vestal Virgins burnt the Calves which were taken out of these Cows and of the Ashes a Perfume was made wherewith the Romans perfum'd themselves on the day of the Palilia or of the Foundation of Rome On the sixteenth Augustus was surnamed Imperator On the eighteenth there was a Horse-race call'd Equiria in the Great Circus where were also to be seen Foxes running cover'd with Straw which was set on fire to divert the People The occasion of this Diversion was thus The Son of a certain Peasant in the little City of Carseoli walking about his Corn perceiv'd a Fox catch'd in a Snare he takes him and binds him about with some Straw and having set it on fire le ts him run among the Corn which he burnt all up and the Romans in revenge for this burnt the Foxes after this manner cover'd all over with Straw as Ovid informs us Fast lib. 4. v. 711. Utque luat poenas gens hac Cerealibus ardet Quoque modò segetes perdidit ipsa perit On the nineteenth or thirteenth of the Calends of May the Anniversary of the great Solemnity of the Feast of Ceres Eleusina was observ'd at which the Roman Ladies clad in white Linnen and holding Lamps in their hands sacrific'd to her a Sow with great Solemnity On the twentieth or twenty first was celebrated the Feast of Palilia or the Foundation of Rome dedicated to Pales the Patroness of Shepherds See Palilia On the same day a Sacrifice was offer'd to to the Immortal Gods for the Victory which Julius Caesar obtain'd in Spain over Pompey's Sons the News whereof was brought to Rome by a Courier the Night before the Palilia On the twenty first the Festival was kept which was call'd Vinalia Priora at which a Sacrifice of New Wine was offer'd to Venus and according to some to Jupiter of which none were permitted to drink till they had first offer'd this Sacrifice See Vinalia On the twenty seventh was the Feast call'd Robigalia from Robigus the God of Mil-dew and Hoar-frost which blast the Corn. See Robigalia On the twenty ninth the Festival in honour of Flora the Goddess of Flowers was kept which was called Floralia On the last day some Sacrifices were offer'd to Vesta upon the Palatine Mount in the Palace of Augustus AQUA Water one of the four Elements or the four Principles which concur to the Production of all Beings Thales Milesius one of the Wise Men thought Water was the Principle of all things but Heraclitus said it was Fire The Priests call'd Magi admitted the two Principles of Fire and Water and Euripides the Scholar of Anaxagoras asserted the two other Elements of Air and Earth but Pythagoras Empedocles Epicharmus and the other Philosophers affirm'd that there were four Principles viz. Air Fire Water and Earth The Egyptian Priests to signifie that all things subsist only by this Element cover'd and adorn'd a Vessel full of Water which they look'd upon as the Temple wherein their God resided and
Falisci near the Road which goes to Naples there rises a Fountain in which are found the Bones of Serpents Lizards and other venemous Beasts There are also some Fountains whose Water is soure such is that of Lyncostis that of Velino in Italy and that of Theano in the Terra Laboris which have a Virtue to dissolve Stones in the Bladder There are also some Fountains whose Water seems as if it were mixt with Wine such is that of Paphlagonia wherewith a Man may make himself drunk In the City of Equicoli which is in Italy and in the Country of the Medulli in the Alps there are Warers which make the Throat swell In Arcadia there is a City very well known call'd Clitor near which there is a Cavern from whence a Spring rises which makes those who drink of it hate Wine because in this Fountain Melampus having first offer'd Sacrifice purified the Daughters of Pretus to cure them of their Folly and by this means de did in effect restore them to their right Wits again In the Isle of Chio there is a Spring which makes them mad who inconsiderately drink of it At Suza the Capital City of Persia there is a Fountain whose Water makes the Teeth fall out AQUA LUSTRALIS Lustral Water The Antients did not make use of all sorts of Water indifferently for their Lustral Water wherewith they purified themselves at their Sacrifices The Romans commonly sent to fetch it from the Fountain Juturna near the River Numicius as the Athenians sent to that Fountain which they call'd Calirrhoe the Trezenians to the Fountain of Hippocrene and the Persians to the River Choaspes They always made use of Running Water which was clear such as that of rapid Rivers or of the Sea which they bless'd after their manner Hospimanus and Pontanus think that the Antients us'd only that Water which was perfectly pure without any Mixture to make their Lustral which Opinion they ground on that passage in the sixth Book of the Aeneids ver 229. Idem ter socios purâ circumtulit undâ Spargens rore levi Yet Du Choul speaking of this Lustral Water says That they took the Ashes of the Wood which was made use of for burning the Victim or of some pieces of Cedar of Hysop and Cumin which they threw into the Fire when they were about to extinguish it and of these Ashes made their Lustral or Holy Water which they plac'd at the Entrance into their Temples in great Vessels and wherewith they purifi'd themselves when they enter'd into them They had also little Vessels or Holy-Water Pots wherein they put some of the Water and with it they sprinkled those who were present with a kind of Brush not unlike that now used in the Church of Rome Ovid has also told us of the Water of Mercury which was near the Porta Capena wherewith Merchants sprinkled themselves thinking thereby to blot out the Sins of Injustice and Fraud which they had committed in their Trading The Antients when any Person was dying were wont out of a superstitious Fancy to throw out all the Water in that House where he was and the neighbouring because they thought that the Angel of Death or Satan who appear'd to all Dying Persons would wash his Sword wherewith he had kill'd the Deceas'd in that Water AQUAEDUCTUS an Aquaeduct a Structure made of Stone standing upon an uneven Ground which was to preserve the Level of the Water and to convey it through a Canal from one place to another The Romans were very magnificent in their Aquaeducts which were sometimes an hundred thousand geometrical paces long The precise time when Aquaeducts first began to be made at Rome is not certainly known Pliny informs us that Ancus Martius the King was the first who began to bring Water from a Fountain call'd Aufeia which was afterwards call'd from his Name Aqua Martia Frontinus who liv'd under the Emperour Nerva and has wrote a long Treatise upon this Subject attributes the first Aquaeduct to Appius Claudius Censor together with M. Plautius Venox who in the year 441 under the Consulship of M. Valerius and P. Decius built a subterraneous Water-passage of strong Stones vaulted at top the rais'd Arches were of Brick or very hard Stone and were call'd Substructiones opera arcuata aerii fornices camerati arcus which are mentioned by Cassiodorus The Height of the Aquaeduct of Aqua Martia which Q. Martius built was level with the Top of the Viminal Mount and that of Aqua Appia was rais'd an hundred feet above the Ground Some have reckon'd up fourteen Aquaeducts which convey'd Water to Rome that were of admirable Structure but Frontinus who was the the grand Over-seer of these Waters under the Emperour Nerva says there were but nine Aquaeducts in his time at Rome The first was that which convey'd the Aqua Appia so call'd from Appius Claudius Censor who gather'd Water together from many places in the Territory of Freseati about seven or eight Miles from Rome and from thence convey'd it through Canals and Arches into the City the Current of this Water from its Spring-head as far as to the Sabini near the Forta Tergemina was eleven thousand one hundred and ninety paces long it was divided at Rome near the Mons Testaccus into twenty Castles or Repositories called Castella and afterwards distributed by many Pipes into several Quarters of the City The second was that of the Water of the old Tiverone call'd Anio Vetus begun by the Censor M. Curius Dentatus in the year 481 under the Consulship of Septimius Carbilius and L. Papyrius for the building whereof he employ'd all the Spoils he had got from King Pyrrhus and at last finished by Fulvius Flaccus the grand Overseer of the Waters The Canal began about twenty miles from Rome above Tivoli its Course was forty two thousand two hundred eighty seven paces This Water serv'd only to wash withal to water Gardens and for Drink for Beasts The third Aquaeduct was that of the Aqua Martia made by the Industry of Martius surnamed Rex which was begun by Ancus Martius the King This Water came from the Fountain call'd Piconia which is in the utmost part of the Mountains of Peligni its Course extended to sixty one thousand seven hundred and ten paces through subterraneous Channels and Arches equal to Mount Viminalis It entred into the City by the Porta Esquilina and having furnish'd two Mountains of Rome the Viminal and Quirinal it emptied it self into fifty one Cisterns for the Convenience of many Parts of the City for this Water was the clearest and best to drink This Aquaeduct was built in the year 609. under the Consulship of Sulpitius Galba and Aurelius Cotta The fourth Aquaeduct was that of the Water called Tepula which the Censors Cn. Servilius Scipio and L. Cassius Longinus convey'd from the Territory of Frescati to the Capitol being twelve thousand paces long This Spring had no certain Source but only some little Veins
because it advanc'd but very slowly Such were the first Essays of this kind of Engine but Polydus the Thessalian improv'd them to the highest Perfection at the Siege which King Amyntas laid to Byzantium who invented also many other sorts of them which might be made use of with very much ease Athenaeus in his Book of Machines says that Goras the Carthaginian was the Inventor of the basis of this Engine and he adds that this Architect did not hang the Ram up in it as Vitruvius explains it but that it was born up by many Men who thrust it forward He says also that some others suppos'd it to run upon Wheels besides Turnebus had reason to think that Vitruvius took from Athenaeus the greatest part of what he relates here of Warlike Engines though Casaubon holds that Athenaeus liv'd a long time after Vitruvius and grounds his Opinion upon the relation of Trebellius Pollio who says that the Emperor Galienus caus'd many Cities to be fortified by Byzantine Architects whereof one was called Cleodamas and the other Athenaeus Vossius follows the Opinion of Turnebus because Athenaeus's Book is dedicated to Marcellus who liv'd before Vitruvius 4. Catapulta a Warlike Engine which the Ancients us'd for casting the larger sort of Darts and Spears upon their Enemies Some hold that the Catapulta was invented by the Syrians 5. Corvus Eversor the demolishing Crow which was also called the Crane It does not appear by the Descriptions we find in the Ancients of the Engine called the Crow that it could be of any use for demolishing J. Pollux and Polybius speak of an Engine which is called the Crane and another called the Crow but both the one and the other were made for hooking in drawing too and taking away by Force for the Crane of Pollux was us'd on the Theatre for raising Weights and the Crow of Polybius was employ'd for grapling the Ships of the Enemies in a Fight 6. Sambucus or Sambuca This Engine is so call'd from a Greek Word which signifies a Triangular Instrument of Musick made in the Form of a Harp for this was a Triangle composed of Strings that made one of its Sides and of the Body of an Engine which made the other Two The Warlike Engine of this Name was the same with that which we now call a Portable-Bridge When this Bridge of the Sambuca was laid down it was supported by Ropes and thus the Besiegers made use of it for passing over from their Turrets of Wood unto the Walls of the Besieg'd 7. Scorpiones were the larger sort of Balista's which the Ancients made use of for attacking and defending Walls they were Engines made up of unequal Circles and were called Scorpions either upon the account of the effect they produc'd which was to wound with little Arrows like a Scorpion which wounds with a small Sting or else upon the account of the Figure of their Bow which represented two Arms bending backwards like the Feet of a Scorpion After this manner Ammianus Marcellinus describes the Scorpion which he supposes to resemble a Balista rather than a Catapulâ—a for he says that the Scorpion was made for throwing Stones by the help of a Wooden Beam which he calls Stylus and which was join'd in the Ropes that were fasten'd to the two bended wooden Beams which are like those that are us'd in the Engine for sawing after such a manner that the Stylus being drawn back by 4 Men and after that let go it throws out the Stone which was in one of the Slings fasten'd to the end of the Stylus 8. Helepolis was a Turret which destroy'd Cities King Dâ—â—etrius who was called Polioctetes upon account of his resolute Attacks for taking of Cities caus'd Epimachus an Architect to build an Helopolis against the Rhodians It was 125 Foot high and 40 Foot broad cover'd with Hair-Stuff and Hides lately flead off Diognetus rendered this design of it ineffectually against Rhodes and freed the City He brought the Helopolis into the City and set it up in a publick Place with this Inscription Diognetus made this Present to the People of the Spoils of their Enemies 9. Testudo a Tortoise is an Engine which the Ancients made use for undermining and battering of Places It was a Fence made of Wood that run upon Wheels which serv'd to cover the Souldiers when they were at work Facere Testudinem was a kind of scaling us'd among the Ancients which was done by the Souldiers when they stood close together and cover'd themselves with their Bucklers for so they made a kind of Ladder for their Companions by which they might climb up upon the Walls The Invention of this Testudo is attributed to Artemon the Son of Clazomenes 10. Malleoli or Pyroboli according to Nonnus and Vegetius were Engines set on Fire by a mixture of combuslible Matter wherewith they were besmear'd and which being clos'd at the end according to the Description of Ammianus Marcellinus were shot cut of a Bow to set on Fire any military Engines or Ships on which they lighted Caesar in his Commentaries says that the Gâ—â—s fir'd the Camp of Q. Cicero by throwing into it with Slings such Balls of Earth as were kindled before they were thrown Armisalii a sort of Dancers in Armour who danc'd the Dance called Pyrricha which is perform'd with Arms by keeping time while they strike their Swords and Javelins against their Bucklers Arquites Archers who shot Arrows out of a Bow Ars an Art is a Collection of Precepts Rules Inventions and Experiments which being observ'd give success to our undertakings in any Affairs and render them useful and pleasant In this Sense Art is divided into two Branches whereof one comprehends the Liberal and the other the Mechanick Arts. The Liberal Arts are the Sciences such as Poetry Musick Painting Philosophy Mathematicks Architecture Civil and Military Physick Geometry Arithmetick c. The Mechanical Arts are those which require more the Labour of the Hand and the Body than of the Mine Thetzes says that in the time of Noah a certain Aegyptian call'd Vulcan found out Fire and invented those Arts in which Fire is employed and that the Greek Poets having been Educated in Aegypt transported them into Greece and attributed the whole Glory of these Arts to their own Nation 'T is certain that Noah was the first Inventor of all Arts as well as of the cultivating of the Vine yet it cannot reasonably be deny'd but that during the Sixteen Ages which pass'd between the Creation of the World and the Deluge Men had invented many Arts and Sciences which Noah could not be ignorant of having liv'd Six Hundred Years before the Deluge these therefore he restor'd after the Deluge or else invented some of these Arts a new Artemisia was the Wife of Mausolus King of Caria When he was dead and his Body burnt and reduc'd to Ashes Artemisia mix'd these Ashes with sweet-scented Waters and drank them up because she thought she
Understanding The Gaules mention'd by Caesar in his Commentaries regarded more the Fabulous History of Mercury than the Nature of the Star that goes under that Name From the same Principle it was that the ancient Representations of Mercury had neither Arms nor Legs to give us to understand if we may believe Plutarch in this Case that the Wit and Wisdom of the Mind alone can compass all things without the help of the Senses and the Members of the Body Propterea Mercurios seniores sine manibus sine pedibus fingunt hoc obscuras quasi per Aenigma inducentes haud quaquam à senibus requiri ut corporis ministeria obeant dummodo oratio sit efficax facunda ASTRAEA the Daughter of Jupiter and Themis the Guardian of Justice The Poets have feign'd that she descended on Earth in the Golden Age but when Men in succeeding times became corrupt and perfidious this Divine Woman re-ascended into Heaven and was plac'd in the Zodiack in the Sign Virgo ASTRAGALUS a Greek Word and a Term of Architecture is a little Round Monlaing wherewith the top and bottom of Pillars are adorn'd which is made in the form of a Ring or Bracelet Sometimes it is cut in the Shape of little Beads from whence it has the name of a Chapter ASTROLABIUM an Astrolabe is a Mathematical Instrument that is flat after the manner of a Sphere describ'd upon a Plain It serves chiefly at Sea for observing the height of the Pole and of the Stars it hangs upon a Ring and hath an Alhidade or moveable Rule furnish'd with little Pins which shews the heights upon the Circle which are on its sides being divided into 360 Degrees There is a hole within its Limb wherein divers Plates are on which are mark'd the Azimuths and other Circles for making various Observations and that at the top which is pierc'd through and is therefore call'd Aranea serves to make many Observations on the Stars ASTROLOGIA Astrology a Conjectural Science which teaches us to judge of the Effects and Influences of the Stars and which pretends to foretell all sorts of Events It is a very vain and uncertain Science ASTRONOMIA Astronomy which treats of the Nature of the Heavens and the Stars The Aethiopians as 't is said were the first who discover'd this Science because their Air is very clear and they have not such change of Seasons as we have Besides that this Nation is very subtil and surpasses all others in Wit and Knowledge Afterwards they improv'd this Science with great Application of Mind for they measur'd the Course of each Star and distinguish'd the Year into Months and Seasons regulating the Year by the Course of the Sun and the Months by the Motion of Moon Moreover they divided the Heaven into 12 Parts and represented each Constellation by the Figure of some Animal from whence proceeds the Diversity of their Religion and Gods for those who more particularly observ'd the Proprieties of the Ram ador'd it and so on of all the rest The Chaldeans were above all others addicted to this Science insomuch that they would be esteemed the Inventors of it As for the Greeks they learn'd it from Orpheus who gave them the first Light into it though but obscurely and under the Veil of many Mysteries and Ceremonies For the Harp upon which he celebrated the Orgia i. e. the Bacchanalia and plaid Hymns and Songs was compos'd of Seven Strings which represent the Seven Planets upon which Account the Greeks plac'd it in the Heavens after his Death and have called a Constellation by its Name And therefore he is painted sitting upon a Harp encompass'd with an infinite number of Animals which are a Representation of the Celestial Fires In the time of Atreus and Thyostes the Greeks were arriv'd to great Knowledge in Astronomy and the People of Argos having decreed that their Empire should be given to him who was most skilful in it Thyestes discover'd to them the Proprieties of the Ram from whence some took occasion to say that he had a Ram or God Atreus observ'd the Course of the Sun to be contrary to that of the Primum Mibile which caus'd him to be preferr'd before his Rival The same Judgment is to be given of Rellerophon for 't is not believ'd that he ever had a winged Horse but only that his Mind soaring up into Heaven made many nice Observations about the Stars The same is to be said of Phryxus the Son of Athamas who is said to have gon through the Air upon a Golden Ram. Dadalus and his Son were likewise very learned in Astrology for one of them confounding himself in this Science perhaps gave Occasion to the Fable Also Pasiphâ—e hearing her Father discourse of the Celestial Bull and the other Stars fell in Love with his Doctrine which occasion to the Poets to say that she was enamour'd with a Bull. There are some who have divided this Science and assigned to each Astronomer his different part Some have observ'd the Course of the Moon and others the Motion of the Sun or of some other Planets with their different Influences Thus it was with Phaeton and Endymion whereof the former left us this Art imperfect by his untimely Death and the latter perform'd his Part so well that he is said to have lain with the Moon and enjoyed her Love From hence it is that the Poets make Aeneas to be descended of Venus Minos of Jupiter Ascalaphus of Mars Autolycus of Mercury because they were born under these Planets and because they always retained something of that Planet which was ascendant at their Birth therefore Minos was a King Aeneas was a beautiful Man Ascalaphus was valiant and Autolycus theivish Neither must we imagine that ever Jupiter did chain up Saturn or throw him down head-long into Hell as ignorant People believed but the former part of the Fable was feign'd upon the account of his slow and sluggish Motion and the vast distance of the Aether in which he moves from this Earth was taken for the Abyss of Hell All that the Poets say of the Adultery of Mars and Venus and the manner of discovering it is taken from Astrology for the frequent conjunction of these 2 Planets gave occasion to these Fictions Lycurgus the great Lawgiver of the Lacodemonians fram'd his Common-wealth upon this Model of the Stars and forbad his Citizens to march out to Battel before the full Moon because then its Body is more vigorous The Arcadians are the only People who would not entertain Astronomy because they were such Pools as to think that they were born before the Moon ASYLUM 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a place of Safety where none durst seize a Criminal that flies to it Some pretend that the first Asylum of Greece was that which was design'd by the Oracle of Jupiter Dedonaeus mention'd by Pausanias who assures us that the Athenians obey'd the Oracle and granted their Lives to all those who fled for
ruled by turns 50 at a time and after by Nine Magistrates of whom the Chief was called ARCHON This Government did not continue above 460 Years and their Commonwealth or somewhat like it being often interrupted by Tyrants who assumed an absolute Authority This City anciently so great is now reduced to a small Castle and a few Fishermens Huts but the Ruins of it gives us a sufficient Proof of its Antiquity Varro gives this Account of the Original of the word Athens An Olive Tree says he growing up out of the Earth on a sudden in a certain Place and a Spring of Water rising in another these Prodigies astonished the King who sent to Apollo at Delphos to know the Signification of them and what he should do The Oracle answered that the Olive Tree signifyed Minerva and the Water Neptune and it belonged to them to see from which of those two Gods they would name their City Hereupon Cecrops assembled all his Citizens as well Men as Women for the Women at that time had a Voice in their Councils When then they came to vote all the Men were for Neptune and all the Women for Minerva and because there was one Woman more Minerva carried it and the City was named Athens which is taken from that of Minerva whom the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Neptune being incensed at it depopulated the Country of the Athenians with his Waves and to appease him says the same Author the Women suffered 3 sore Punishments First that from that time they should never have a Voice in their Councils the 2d that none of their Children should bear their Name and lastly that they should not be called Athenians but Atticks Varro gives us also an historical and not fabulous Reason of the Name of Athens and tells us that there happened so great a Difference between Neptune and Minerva about it that Apollo durst not be an Arbitrator between them but left the Decision of it to Men as Jupiter did that of the three Goddesses to Paris and adds that Minerva carried it by the number of Votes ATHENIENSES the Athenians a People of Attica whose chief City was Athens very civilized and polited by Learning and being brought up in the Poverty of Philosophy were such Enemies to Luxury that they reformed even Strangers who came among them so far were they from suffering themselves to be corrupted by them They particularly honoured the Goddess Minerva to whom they built a Temple where certain Virgins kept Celestial Fire near the Image of the Goddess and their Money as also their Banners bore her Image They also gave a special Worship to Ceres appointing a Feast to her during which time the Women were not allowed to marry and abstained from eating lying upon the Ground Nine whole Days They put Malefactors to Death by making them drink the juice of Hemlock We read in the Discourse of Philostratus Of the Nativity of Minerva That the Rhodians wanting fire for the Sacrifices the Goddess left them and went to the City of Athens to which she gave her Name The Inhabitants having a fine and polished Mind gave her a particular Worship building her a Temple in their Castle under the name of Parthenos which signifies a Virgin where they set her Image of Gold and Ivory made by the Hands of Phidias 39 Foot high who engraved on her Shield or Buckler the Battel of the Amazons with the Athenians as also that of the Giants with the Gods and upon her Slippers the Fight between the Centaurs and Lapithae The Athenians says Elian wore Purple Garments having their Hairs tyed with Ribbons of Gold and Silver adorned with golden Grashoppers Thucydides in the beginning of his History calls the Athenians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say Wearers of Grashoppers and the reason he gives for it is this He says 't was to distinguish Free-men from Slaves Lucian tells us the same thing Tretzes teaches us that the Grashoppers which the Athenians wore were to shew that they were great Speakers and very prolix in their Discourse ATHLETAE Wrestlers or Combatants courageous and strong Men who addicted themselves to bodily Exercises as running fighting and others of like Natures among the Greeks and Romans and for whom the Ancients appointed Prizes These Athletae were in great esteem among the Greeks but were infamous at Rome for some time Ulpian the Lawyer freed them from the Marks of Infamy This is the way by which they were matched in the Plays of the Cirque They took an Earthen Pot into which they put certain Balls about the bigness of a Bean on which was set an A or a B or some other Letter and always two Letters alike Then the Champions come forth one after another and made their Prayer to Jupiter before they drew and then put their Hands into the Pot but the Herald of the Plays stretching out of his Rod hindered them from reading their Tickets till they were all drawn Presently one of the Judges or some other Person took every ones Ball and joined them together who had the same Letters If the Number of the Athletae were odd he that had the single Letter was to fight with the Conqueror which was no small Advantage because he came fresh to the Combate with him who was weary Their Food was Barly Bread which was the Reason they were called Hordearii i. e. Barly-eaters and also another sort of Bread called Coliphia of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Membra and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Robusta because it made their Bodies strong and robust Some fed them with soft Cheese and Dromeus was the first who fed them with Meat according to the Testimony of Pausanias in his Eliaca who gives us the History of Four famous Athletae of extraordinary Strength of whom the first was POLYDAMAS the Thessalian who in his Youth encountred and slew a Lion of a vast Bigness which harboured in Mount Olympus and infested the whole Country round about Another time he took a fierce Bull by the hinder part and pulled off both his Feet and with one hand he stopped a Chariot in its full Course The 2d was Milo of Crotona who knocked down a Bull with a Blow of his Fist after he had carried him a long way upon his Back The third was THEAGENES the Thasian who took a Brazen Image off its pedestal and carried it a great way The 4th was EUTHIMUS a Native of Locris in Italy who fought against an evil Spirit which very much disturbed the Inhabitants of Themessa and conquered him insomuch that he married the Damosel who was carrying to be sacrificed to it and freed the Country from that mischievous Daemon ATHOS Mount Athos situate between Macedonia and Thrace Xerxes cut a way through it to make a Passage for his Army when he went into Greece Lucian relates that the Architect Dinocrates who was in the Army of Alexander offered him to cut Mount Athos into the Shape of a
Boars Bulls and Wild-Goats All these Beasts were left to the People and every one catched what he pleased Another Day he gave an hunting of an Hundred Lions upon the Amphitheatre which being let out made a Noise like Thunder with their terrible roarings In the same Place an Hundred Lybian Leopards and as many Syrian and an Hundred Lions and Three Hundred Bears were presented fighting together Men entred the Combate with fierce Beasts The Fencers and Slaves fought artificially with Lions and Leopards and often conquered and slew them Criminals also who were condemned were exposed to Beasts without any Arms to defend themselves and often they were bound and the People were pleased to see them torn in pieces and devoured by those hungry Creatures This was the most usual Punishment which the Pagan Emperors inflicted upon the first Christians whom they ordered to be given to the Beasts damnati 〈◊〉 Bestias Some Freemen also to give proof of their Skill and Courage would fight with Beasts Women themselves according to the Relation of Suetonius would dare to divert the Emperor and People by engaging with the most cruel Beasts Lastly These Creatures were made to fight one with another Lions with Bears Rhinoceros's with Elephants which would shew much Activity and Cunning in so great a Body BIAS of Priene a Philosopher and one of the Seven wise Men of Greece The City where he lived being taken he fled and would not carry any of his Goods with him His Fellow Citizens asked him why he did not take his Goods with him he replyed All that is mine I have with me meaning his Wisdom and Mind BIBLIOTHECA a Library a Room filled with Books The Kings of the Race of Attalus being Lovers of Sciences and Learning built a Library at Pergamus King Piolemy did the like at Alexandria Plutarch writes that the Kings of Pergamtu's Library contained Two Hundred Thousand Volumes but was much inferior to that of the Kings of Egypt which Aulus Gellius assures us had Seven Hundred Thousand and Gallen tells us that the Kings of Egypt were so very zealous to increase the number of the Books of their Library that they would give any price for the Books which were brought them which gave an Occasion of forging abundance of Books and attributing them to such Authors as did not compose them that they might put a greater value upon them This Library was burnt by the Romans in the first War which they made in Egypt Aulus Gellius says that it was set on Fire through mere carelessness and that not by the Roman Soldiers but by their Auxiliary Troops which he may be thought to speak that he might free his own Nation from the imputation of so barbarous an action since the Persians as illiterate as they were thought spared the Library of Athens when Xerxes had taken that City and set it on fire The Roman Emperors erected diverse Libraries at Rome with great expence and much magnificence and Augustus caused a beautiful and spacious Gallery to be made in Apollo's Temple that he might put therein a Library of Greek and Latin Books BIBLIS The Daughter of Miletus and the Nymph Cyane who being fallen in Love with her Brother Caunus and finding no way to enjoy him hanged herself Ovid in his Metamorphoses says that the Gods changed her into a Fountain which bears the same Name BIGAE a Chariot for Racing drawn by two Horses a-breast BIGATI NUMMI Pieces of Money stamped with the Figure of a Charior drawn with Two Horses a-breast BISSEXTUS the Odd day which is inserted in the Kalendar every fourth Year that the Year may equal the Course of the Sun This Intercalation or Interposition was found out by Julius Caesar who having observed that the Sun finished its course in Three Hundred Sixty Five Days and about Six Hours added one whole day every Fourth Year that he might take in these Hours and this Day he inserted next the 23. Day of February which at that time was the last Month of the Year among the Romans It was called BISSEXTUS because the Sixth of the Calends of March was then twice counted bis sexto Calendas Martias and that Year had 366 Days BITO and CLEOBIS the Sons of Argia the Priestess of Juno When their Mother was going to the Temple of that Goddess in a Chariot drawn with Oxen and the Oxen moved too slow these Brethren drew their Mothers Chariot to the Temple of Juno and their Mother when she had sacrificed to the Goddess begged a Reward for her Children who voluntarily submitted their Necks to the Yoke This was granted for when they had feasted plentifully upon the Sacrifice they lay down to sleep and were both found dead together without Pain and had the Honour of that Action BITUMEN a black Juice which will grow hard by putting into Vinegar yet will swim upon Water It cannot be cut with Iron nor Brass nor will it mix with Menstruous Blood The People of the Country assure us that Bitumen runs together on helps and is driven by the Winds or drawn to the Shore where it is dried both by the heat of the Sun and the Exhalations of the Earth and then they cut it as they do Stone or Wood. There was such an Abundance of it at Babylon says Vitruvius that they used it for Morter to build their Walls BOCCHYRIS King of Aegypt He was so just in his Judgments that according to Diodorus the Aegyptians made use of his Name as a mark of just and upright Judgment 'T is said that in his time which was in the Days of Romulus and Remus the Founders of Rome a Lamb spoke BOEDROMIA Feasts which the Athenians celebrated every Year in Honour of Apollo for the Victory which Theseus gained over the Amazons From it Apollo had the name of Boedromius BONA DEA the good Goddess named by the Ancients Fatua or Senta This Deity was had in great Veneration by the Roman Ladies She was Dryas the Wife of Faunus of an exemplary Chastity They sacrificed to her in the Night in a little Chappel into which it was not permitted to Men to enter or be present at her Sacrifices whence it is that Cicero imputes it to Clodius as a Crime that he had entred into this Chappel in a Disguise and by his Presence had polluted the Mysteries of the good Goddess This Sacrifice was kept Yearly in the House of the High-Priest and that by his Wife with the Virgins consecrated to the Good Goddess By her some understand the Earth and 't is for that reason that she is sacrificed to by the People because nothing is so dear to them as the Fruits of the Earth This is no just Ground why the Romans might not understand by this Deity an ancient Queen of Italy named Fauna for most of the Heathen Gods had a double Relation in this kind and this was the Occasion of it It is certain that in the primitive Times all their Worship terminated
Cloud in her Place by whom he had a Son named Imbrus and surnamed Centaurus of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say pricking a Slave Mr. Abbot Feuretiere relates this Story otherwise A King of Thessaly says he having sent some Horse-men to seek his Bulls that were gone astray they that saw them on Horse-back it being a Thing new and extraordinary at that Time thought them to be made up of a double Nature a Man and an Horse which was the Original of the Fable of the Centaurs and Hippocentaurs CENTENARIA COENA a Feast wherein the whole Expences could be no more ' than an Hundred Asses which was a Piece of Roman Money See As. CENTESIMA USURA The Hundredth Penny One per Cent. CENTONARII it was a Military Trade and they were such as provided Tents and other Equipage for War called by the Romans Centones or else those whose Business it was to quench the Fires which the Enemies Engines kindled in the Camp Vigetius in his Fourth Book speaking of an Engine used in the Camp to make a close Gallery or Fortification says that for fear it should be set on Fire they covered it on the Out-side with raw or fresh Hides or Centones i. e. certain old Stuffs fit to resist Fire and Arrows For Julius Caesar in the Third Book of his Commentaries of the Civil War says that the Soldiers used these Centones to defend themselves from their Enemies Darts The Colleges of the Centonarii were often joined with the Dendrophori and the Masters of the Timber-works and the other Engines of War called Fabri as may be seen by an Inscription of a Decurion of that College AUR. QUINTIANUS DEC COLL. FAB CENT That is to say Aurelius Quintianus Decurion of the College at the Masters of the Engines and Centonaries CENTUM a Numeral Word a square Number made up of Ten multiplied by it self This is the Number which begins the Third Column of the Arabian Characters set in an Arithmetical Order 100. CENTUM-VIRI may be called the Court of 100 Judges which were Roman Magistrates chosen to decide the Differences among the People to which the Praetor sent them as to the highest Court made up of the most learned Men in the Laws They were elected out of 35 Tribes of the People Three out of each which makes up the Number of 105 and although at length the Number was increased to 180 yet they still kept the Name always of the Court of 100 Judges and their Judgments were called Centumviralia Judicia These Magistrates continued a long time in the Commonwealth as also under the Emperors Vespasian Domitian and Trajan Under the last of these they were divided into Four Chambers each having 45 Judges CENTURIA a Century a Part of a Thing divided or ranked by Hundreds The People of Rome were at first divided into Three Tribes and these Tribes into 30 Curiae but Servius Tullius contrived the Institution of a Cense i. e. a numbering of the Citizens of Rome with an Account of their Age Children Slaves and Estates as also in what Part of the City they dwelt and the Trade they followed The first Cense was made in the Campus Martius where were numbred 80000 Men able to bear Arms as Livy tells us and Fabius Pictor an ancient Historian tell us or 84700 according to Dionysius Halicarnassaeus This Roll coming into the Hands of Servius he divided all his People into Six Classes each containing several Centuries or Hundreds of Men with different Arms and Liveries according to the Proportion of their Estates The first Class was made up of 80 Centuries or Companies of which 40 were appointed to guard the City consisting of Men of 45 Years and upwards and the other 40 were of young Men from 16 to 45 Years old who bore Arms. Their Arms were all alike viz. the Head-piece the Back and Breast-plates a Buckler a Javelin a Lance and a Sword These were called Classici in the Army and were more honourable than those which were said to be infra Classem as we learn from Aulus Gellius They were to have 100000 As's in Estate which make about 1000 Crowns of French Money Asconius Pedianus makes their Estate to amount to 2500 Crowns The Second Third and Fourth Classis were made up each of them of 20 Centuries of which Ten were more aged Men and Ten of the younger sort Their Arms were different from the first Classis for they carried a large Target instead of a Buckler a Pike and Javelin The Estate of those of the Second Classis was to be 700 Crowns a Year of the Third 500 and of the Fourth 200. The Fifth Classis contained 30 Centuries which had for their Arms Slings and Stones to throw out of them and Three of them were Carpenters and other Artificers necessary for an Army They were to have 125 Crowns Estate The Sixth was a Century made up of the Rabble or such as were exempted from Service in War and all Charges of the Republick They were called Proletarii because they were of no other use to the Republick but to stock it with Children They were also named Capite Censi because they gave their Names only to the Censor CENTURIATA COMITIA Those Comitiae or Assemblies of the People of Rome by Centuries where every one gave his Vote in his Century These sorts of Assemblies were first instituted by Servius Tullius who divided as is above said the People into Six Classes and each Classis into Centuries These Assemblies had a great Share in ordering of all State Affairs for they were summoned together to make great Officers to approve any new Law to proclaim War against any People and to implead any Citizen of Rome after his Death They also chose the Consuls Praetors Censors and sometimes the Proconsuls and Chief Priests Livy tells us that P. Cornelius Scipio was sent Proconsul into Spain by one of these Assemblies It belonged to the Consuls only to summon them together by the Authority of the Senate who allowed or forbad them as they pleased and the Dictator and Chief Priest had no Power to do it in the Absence of the Consuls but only by Commission These Assemblies were held without the City of Rome in the Campus Martius and one Part of the People were armed during their Meeting for fear of any sudden Invasion and a Standard was set up on the Capitol which was not taken down till they had ended When the Senate had ordered this Assembly the Consuls appointed it to meet after Three free Fairs or Markets which made 27 Days that such as had any Right of Voting might have sufficient Notice This they called edicere comitia in trinundinum This Appointment was published by Bills set up in all the great Towns or in the great Streets of Rome on the Three Market days next following In them the Matters to be treated of were set down and the lesser Officers were forbidden in the
history of that time as an extraordinary thing A. M. 3657. R. 356. M. VETURIUS L. TITINUS P. MENENIUS PACILLUS CN GENUTIUS L. ATTILIUS The Tribunes of the people watched their opportunity so well that they got all the Military Tribunes chosen from among the Plebeians except only Veturius The plague raged both in Town and Country They had recourse to the books of the Sibyls and celebrated the first Lectis terâ—â—â—â—â— by an order of the Duum viri This Religious ceremony is explained under the word Lectisternium A. M. 3658. R. 357. L. VALERIUS POTITUS M. VALERIUS MAXIMUS M. FURIUS CAMILLUS The interest of the Senate was so great that all the Military Tribunes were taken out of the Patrician Order The Waters of the Albanian Lake grew so extraordinary high and there being no visible cause of it its overflowing was taken for a prodigy An Augur of Veii intimated to the Senate that there was no other way for the Romans to take Veii but the making a passage for this Water thereupon the Senate sent to consult the Oracle of Delphi A. M. 3659. R. 558. L. JULIUS JULUS L. FURIUS MEDULLINUS L. SERGIUS FIDENAS AULUS POSTHUMIUS REGELLENSIS P. CORNELIUS MALUGINENSIS A. MANLIUS The Tarquin plundered the Campania of Rome Posthumiâ— and Julus routed them and retook the spoils The Volsci besieged Anxur and the Aequi Lavicâ—â— A. M. 3660. R. 559. P. LICINIUS CALVUS P. TITINIUS P. MENENIUS CN GENUTIUS L. ATTILIUS Titinius and Genutius fell into an Ambuscado laid by the Falisci and suffered a great loss by it The Soldiers incamped before Veii chose M. Furius Camillus Dictator and his election was approved of by the Senate Camillus marched immediately to relieve Titinius whom the Enemies kept besieged and after he had defeated them he returned to the Siege of Veii and when he saw that the Town could hold no longer he sent to the Senate to know what he should do with so rich a place and the Senate ordered that it should be plundered not only by the Soldiers but also by all the Inhabitants of Rome that would go thither Camillus made a triumphant Entry after the taking of Veii and for the immortal memory of his atchievements he marked out the Temple of Juno the Queen on mount Aventinus This Jâ—â— was Patroness of the Veientes and after the taking of Veii the Romans having entered into her Temple and asked the Goddess if she was willing to go to Rome her Statue made a sign that she was consenting to it Camillus dedicated also the Temple of mother Matuta whom Plutarch calls Lucothoea A. M. 3661. R. 360. P. CORNELIUS COSSUS P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO M. VALERIUS MAXIMUS C. FABIUS AMBUSTUS L. FURIUS MEDULLINUS Q. SERVILIUS The popular Tribune Siccinius represented to the people that Rome was scituated in a barren and unwholsom territory that the Country of the Veii was fruitful and pleasant the air wholesom and a convenient dwelling place for every thing and advised them to go and settle themselves there some other Tribunes proposed that the Roman people should divide themselves in two parts that one part of them should remain at Rome and the other should go to inhabit Veii but Camillus opposed both proposals as dishonourable to that City A. M. 3662. R. 361. M. FURIUS CAMILLUS M. FURIUS MEDULLINUS C. AEMILIUS L. VALERIUS PUBLICOLA SP. POSTHUMIUS P. CORNELIUS Camillus went to plunder the Fields of the Falisci and got a great booty in their Camp which he refused to deliver to the Soldiers This unusual practice they bore with out of the great respect they had for him but they abhorred his severe virtue tho they admired it says Livy Camillus afterwards besieged Faleria and during this siege a School-master who had under his care the Children of the most considerable Families of the Inhabitants brought all these innocent creatures to the Camp of the Romans Camillus struck with horror at this base perfidiousness clapt the Master in Irons and sent him back again the children whipping him along the way This act of generosity mov'd so sensibly the Inhabitants of Faleria that they surrendered themselves to the Romans and willingly submitted to so generous Enemies The Senate sent a Golden Cup to the Temple of Delphi to return thanks to Apollo for the good advice he had given him to make a free passage for the waters of the Albanian Lake This Present with the Ambassador who carried it was taken by the Pyrates of Lipari but Timasitus their commander being informed that the Ambassador was a Roman he let him go free with the Presents that were conscrated to Apollo CONSVLS A. M. 3663. R. 362. L. LUCRETIUS FLAVUS SERVIUS SULPITITUS CAMERINUS The Tribunes of the people renewed the proposal made two years before of inhabiting Veii but the Senate opposed it and distributed the lands of the Veientes to the people A. M. 3664. R. 363. L. VALERIUS POTITUS M. MANLIUS afterwards called CAPITOLINUS A great Drought occasioned a contagious distemper in Rome of which a great many people died MILITARY TRIBVNES A. M. 3665. R. 364. L. LUCRETIUS SERVIUS SULPITIUS M. AEMILIUS L. FURIUS MEDULLINUS AGRIPPA FURIUS C. AEMILIUS M. Seditius a Plebeian head a voice which he thought to come from Heaven that gave warning to the Romans of the coming of the Gauls into Italy The Senate neglected this advice as a Dream but the event justified that it was not a meer fancy for the Gauls entered Italy and besieged Rome A. M. 3666. R. 365. The three Sons of FABIUS AMBUSTUS P. SULPITIUS LONGUS Q. SERVILIUS P. SERVILIUS MALUGINENSIS The Tribunes went out to meet the Gauls but they were vanquished for out of too much confidence in their valour they passed the River Allin and incamped at the Bank of it There was a great slaughter and those who escaped caused such a consternation in Rome that all the inhabitants left the City except some Officers and Soldiers who got into the Capitol and some Senators whose great age had rendered them unfit for fighting but whose great courage did not permit them to run away These continued in their Houses and dressed themselves in their Robes of State The Gauls furiously pursued the Romans and came to Rome the same day that the Battle was fought says Livy or three days after according to Plutarch They found the Town open and without Inhabitants they got into it set it on fire in several places and killed those venerable old men whom they had took at first for the Domestick Gods of the Romans They besieged the Capitol and as they were scaling the Wall in the night the Geese that were fed in the Temple of Jano made so great a noise that M. Manlius being awakned by it ran to the Rampart and repulsed the Gauls The besieged being in want of every thing were forced to capitulate upon condition of paying to the Gauls a thousand pound weight of Gold or two thousand according to Pliny and whilst they were weighing the Gold in
in the Consuls Triumph A. M. 3748. R. 447. L. SULPITIUS AGERIO or SAVERIO P. SEMPRONIUS SOPHUS The Peace was concluded with the Samnites The Aequi made some motions but at last they disbanded their Armies so soon as they heard that the Consuls were marching against them C. Flavius Son to Cneus Flavius a freed man was raised to the dignity of Aedilis Curulis notwithstanding the oppositions of the Patricians Flavius to be revenged of them published the Civil Law which the Senate and the Patricians had always kept very secret among themselves He did also put out the Fasti and Calendars that every one might know the Feriae or Holidays and dedicated the Temple of Concord This encreased the mortification of the Patricians who had then nothing left secret Q. Fabius Censor endeavouring to hinder the Mob from having any share in the elections of Magistrates divided the common people in four Tribes which he called the Tribes of the Town The Senate was so pleased with it that they granted Fabius the sirname of Maximus which he had not been able to obtain by a great many victories he had got over the Samnites Tuscans and Umbians A. M. 3749. R. 448. L. GENUTIUS AVENTINUS SERVIUS CORNELIUS LENTULUS A Colony of four thousand men was sent to Sora and another of six thousand to Albana The freedom of the City was granted to the Arpinates They sent a small body of Forces into Umbria to repress certain Forragers who retired into a deep Den that had two ways to get in the Roman Forces filled up both ways with wood and then set it on Fire and smothered two thousand of these Forragers in the Den. A. M. 3750. R. 449. M. LIVIUS DEUTER C. AEMILIUS The Aequi not being able to suffer the yoke of the Romans attacked the Colony of Albana whereupon C. Junius Bubulcus was created Dictator to punish them and in eight days time he suppressed them He came back to Rome where he dedicated the Temple of Salus which he had vowed during his Consulship The Marsi rebelled and M. Valerius Maximus was made Dictator who defeated them and reduced them to the Roman subjection Some record in this place M. VALERIUS CORVINUS MAXIMUS and P. SEMPRONIUS SOPHUS but Livy doth not mention ' em A. M. 3752. R. 451. M. VALERIUS CORVINUS MAXIMUS Q. APULLIUS PANSA They created four Pontiffs and five Augurs out of the body of the People So that the people shared all dignities of the Common-wealth with the Patricians having besides the Populary Tribunes over and above their share Valerius propos'd the Law of appealing to the People from the Sentences of the Senate when a Citizen was condemned to be whipt or dye A. M. 3753. R. 452. M. IULVIUS â—OETUS T. MANLIUS TORQUATUS The Consul Manlius fell off his Horse and broke his Neck and M. Valerius Maximus succeeded him Rome was much pressed with famine but was relieved by the care of Fabius Maximus then Commissioner for the Provisions Two Tribes were added to the former viz. the Anniana and Tarentina A. M. 3754. R. 453. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO FULVIUS CENTUMALUS The Romans sent some Forces to the assistance of the Lucani against the Samnites whom they defeated near Boviana A. M. 3755. R. 454. Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS P. DECIUS MUS The Samnites lost a Battle in which three thousand two hundred of them were taken Prisoners and four thousand four hundred kill'd A. M. 3756. R. 455. L. VOLUMNIUS FLAMMA APPIUS CLAUDIUS The Consuls got a great victory over the Samnites They killed seven thousand of the Enemies and took two thousand Prisoners A Colony was sent to Minturna that lies at the mouth of the River called then Liris or Clanius and now Garillan A. M. 3757. R. 456. Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS P. DECIUS MUS The Tuscans the Samnites and the Umbrians leagued together and made War against the Roman people The 2 Armies being in view of one another a Wolf that pursued a Hind passed in the sight of both Armies the Souldiers gave a great shout and frighted those creatures so much that the Wolf retired on the Romans side and the Hind on the side of the Samnites who killed her The Generals of the Roman Army improved this accident as a good omen and encouraged their Souldiers thereby They told them that the Wolf was an Animal consecrated to Mars whom they adored as one of their first Gods Then they recollected the Fable of the Wolf of Romulus the Hind said they is consecrated to Diana and the Samnites have doubtless provoked that Goddess by killing a creature that is under her protection The Armies engaged with an extream fury the Wing commanded by Decius not being able to resist the strength of the Enemies yielded every where when Decius devoted himself to the Infernal Gods as his Father had done before and flung himself into the thickest Batallions of the Enemies and yet Fabius had much ado to get the best of the day There was at Rome a quarrel betwixt Women which was like to bring on a great disorder Virginia Aulus Virginius his Daughter and Volumnius his Wife being about to perform her devotion in the Chappel of the Patrician Chastity which stood in the Oxe Market near the Temple of Hercules the Patrician Ladies would not admit her tho she was of a Patrician Family because they said she had degenerated in marrying a Plebeian Virginia would not submit this contest to the decision of the people but she built a Chappel in the long Street which she devoted to the Plebeian Chastity A. M. 3758. R. 457. LUCIUS POSTHUMIUS ATTILIUS REGULUS Posthumius fell sick the Samnites attacked the Camp of the Consul Attilius and being favoured by a thick fog made a great slaughter of his men Posthumius having recovered his health went into Tuscany and there routed the Tuscans in two several encounters took many Towns and then made a triumphal Entry A. M. 3759. R. 458. L. PAPYRIUS CURSOR SPURIUS CARVILIUS The Samnites raised an Army more numerous and powerful than before They assembled all their Forces together near Aquilonia and made a retrenchment in the midst of their Camp with boards and hurdles of rods wall'd together cover'd with linnen cloaths and armed them with rich and fine arms Papyrius engag'd them and killed three and thirty thousand three hundred of them upon the spot and made three thousand eight hundred prisoners The Consuls triumphed The nineteenth Lustram was solemnized and the account of the Citizens being taken amounted to two hundred sixty two thousand three hundred and twenty two heads of Families The Romans being afflicted with the Plague sent an Embassy to Epidaurus with rich presents for Aesculapius in order if possible to bring him to Rome A. M. 3760. R. 459. Q. FABIUS GURGES DECIUS JUNIUS BRUTUS SCEVA Fabius fought the Samnites so imprudently that it was almost agreed upon to recall him but Fabius Maximus his Father to prevent that disgrace offered himself to serve as his Sons Lieutenant The
by some Thracian Soldiers between Smirna and Elaea and as they were bringing him to Aristonicus he designing to be killed put a Soldiers eye out with a Switch he had in his hand whereupon the Soldier killed him so died Crassus the only Roman Consul who was ever taken alive in War A. M. 3922. R. 621. APPIUS or C. CLAUDIUS PULCHER M. PERPENNA This last Consul had order to revenge the affront that Aristonicus had put on the Roman people He besieged him in Stratonica and took him Prisoner having forced him to surrender for want of Provisions The Consul preserved his life that he might adorn his Triumph but he was strangled in prison by order of the Senate A. M. 3923. R. 622. C. SEMPRONIUS TUDITANUS M. AQUILIUS NEPUS Aquilius made an end of the War in Asia by poisoning the Waters Scipio Nasica Aemilianus was found dead in his Bed and by marks that appeared upon his Body it was plain that he had been strangled his own Wife and Cornelia the Gracchi's Mother were suspected of having committed that crime A. M. 3924. R. 623. CN OCTAVIUS NEPOS T. ANNIUS LUSCUS A. M. 3925. R. 624. L. CASSIUS LONGUS L. CORNELIUS CINNA Jonathas Brother to Judas Machabaeus renewed the league with the Romans A. M. 3926. R. 625. L. AEMILIUS LEPIDUS L. AURELIUS ORESTES One of the slaves that manured the ground in Sicily named Eunus a Syrian born not being able to bear the misfortune of his condition played at first the Enthusiast as being inspired by the Goddess of Syria and said that he was sent from the Gods to free the Slaves and to get credit among the people he had in his mouth a Nut full of Brimstone and setting it dexterously on fire he blew out Flames to the great amazement of the vulgar Two thousand Slaves and others oppressed with misery joyned him and with their help he broke open the Prisons and unfettered the Slaves crying out every where Liberty By these means he was in few days at the head of threescore thousand men and got ground on the Romans Perpenna being sent against them took them by Famine and all the Prisoners were nailed to the cross A. M. 3927. R. 626. M. PLAUTIUS HIPSAEUS M. FULVIUS FLACCUS A Slave called Athenoin a Sicilian born and a Shepherd killed his Master and got out of Prison as many Slaves as he could and put himself at the head of them taking upon him the quality of King and Liberator of the Slaves Aquilius was ordered to punish him and made use of the same means that had so well succeeded with Perpenna he had the like good success except only that Atheneon was not taken alive because the Soldiers being too eager to seize him tore him in pieces Fulvius perswaded the Italians to beg the Freedom of Roman Citizens but the Senate prevented it A. M. 3928. R. 627. C. CASSIUS LONGINUS C. SEXTIUS CALVINUS The Allobroges Haedui and Averni made war against the Marsitians ancient Confederates of the Romans Sextius who was sent to assist them destroyed the Allobroges and their Allies after a war of three years standing Eutropius reckons this year to be the 627 ab urbe condita A. M. 3929. R. 628. Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS Q. QUINTIUS FLAMINIUS Carthage was rebuilt two and twenty years after its ruine Metellus laid siege before Cantobricum in Spain and as he was ready to storm it the besieged laid the Children of Rethogenes a Spanish Prince who was on the Romans side on the breach Metellus moved to compassion by the prayers of Rethogenes rais'd the siege and retired A. M. 3930. R. 629. CN DOMITIUS C. FANNIUS STRABO Gracchu Tribune of the people got Commission for rebuilding Carthage and cast a line about it in seventy days and called her Junonia Sextius built a Town in Gallia Narbonensis near a spring of mineral waters which was called Aqua Sextiae A. M. 3931. R. 630. L. OPIMIUS Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS Opimius revoked all Orders decreed by Gracchus and particularly the re-peopling of Carthage giving out that it was not the will of the Gods who had declared their mind about the same by a Prodigy for a Wolf had pluckt out the stakes that were driven into the ground to draw the line about it Gracchus maintained that that prodigy was false and forged and while they were arguing upon that point a Lictor spoke so insolently that he was kill'd by Gracchus's Faction The Consul and the Senate made a great noise for the death of this wretched man thinking thereby to raise the people but on the contrary they expressed their indignation that the Senate should make such a disturbance for the death of an insolent Lictor who had made no scruple to knock down Tiberius Gracchus Tribune of the people an inviolable Magistrate even in the Temple of Jupiter Afterwards a sedition broke out in Rome raised by the faction of Gracchus and that of the Senate Opimius promis'd to give for the Head of Gracchus its weight in Gold and the same was brought to him and was found seventeen pounds eight ounces weight Then Opimius built a Temple to the Goddess Concerrd A. M. 3932. R. 631. P. MANLIUS NEPOS C. PAPYRIUS CARBO A. M. 3933. R. 632. L. CAECILIUS METELLUS CALVUS L. AURELIUS COTTA A. M. 3934. R. 633. M. PORTIUS CATO Q. MARTIUS REX C. Cato Grandson to Cato the Great was fined for having converted several things in Macedonia to his own use which belonged to the Republick A Colony was sent to Narbona A. M. 3935. R. 634. P. CAECILIUS METELLUS Q. MUCIUS'SCAEVOLA This last Consul triumphed over Dalmatia A. M. 3936. R. 635. C. LICINIUS GETA Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS EBURNUS A. M. 3937. R. 636. M. CAECILIUS METELLUS M. AEMILIUS SCAURUS All Arts serving only for diversion were banished Rome except playing upon the Roman Flutes Singers and Dice players A. M. 3938. R. 637. M. ACILLIUS BALBUS C. PORTIUS CATO A. M. 3939. R. 638. C. CAECILIUS METELLUS CN PAPIRIUS CARBO Massinissa King of Numidia being dead his Son Micipsa succeeded him alone after the death of his Brothers Mastanabal and Gulossa Micipsa had two Sons Adherbal and Hiempsal and his Brother Mastanabal had left a Son called Jugurtha by a Concubine whom the esteem and love that the Numidians had for him rendered suspicious to Micipsa but to get himself sure of him he adopted him and made him an equal sharer with his own Children A while after this Adoption Micipsa died and left his Kingdom to his two Sons and to Jugurtha who was so cruel as to cause Hiempsal to be murthered in the Town of Thirmida Adherbal took up Arms to revenge his Brothers death but was beaten he had recourse to the Romans but Jugartha sent them Ambassadours loaded with Gold and Silver and thereby won them over to his interest A. M. 3940. R. 639. C. LIVIUS DRUSUS L. or C. CALPURNIUS PISO L. Opimius was sent to divide the Kingdom of Numidia The lowest Numidia which is bounded by the Sea
Temple to the Goddess Health having escap'd the danger that he had run at the coming of Vitellius DOMUS This word is commonly taken for all sorts of Houses either Magnificent or Ordinary but 't is often taken by Writers to intimate a fine House of some great Lord or Palaces of Princes as it appears by these Verses of Virgil speaking of the Palace of Dido At Domus Interior regali splendida luxu These great Houses were built with much Magnificence and were of a vast extent for they had many Courts Apartments Wings Cabinets Bagnio's Stoves and a great many fine Halls either to sit at Table or to transact matters of consequence Before these great Houses there was a large place or Porch where Clients and Persons giving attendance to great Men waited till it was day light to be admitted to make their Court 'T is to be supposed that this Porch was covered for the conveniency of Persons who were sometimes waiting very long before they were admitted There was a second part to these Houses called Cavum-Aedium or Cavaedium it was a great large Court inclosed with Rows of Houses The third part was cal'ed Atrium interius i. e. in general the whole inside of the House Virgil has took this word in Vitruvius's sense when he said Apparet Domus intus atria longa patescunt for 't is plain that Virgil means by the word Atria all that may be seen in the inside of a House when the Doors are opened There was a Porter waiting at the Atrium called Servus Atriensis Within this place there were many figures for the Romans who passionately loved Glory and Praises raised every where Trophies and Statues to leave Eternal Monuments of their great actions to posterity not only in the Provinces which they subdued to the Empire but also in publick places and their own palaces at Rome There were painted or engraven Battles Axes bundles of Rods and the other badges of the Offices that their Ancestors or themselves had possessed and Statues of Wax or Metal representing their Fathers in Basso relievo were set up in Niches of precious Wood or rare Marble The days of their solemn Feasts or their Triumphal Pomp these Niches were opened and the Figures crowned with Festoons and Garlands and carried about the Town When some persons of the Family died these Statues accompanied the Funeral Parade wherefore Pliny says that the whole Family was there present from the first to the last Besides there were great Galleries in these Houses adorned with Pillars and other works of Architecture and great Halls Closets for Conversation and Painting Libraries and Gardens neatly kept These Halls were built after the Corinthian or Aegyptian order The first Halls had but a row of Pillars set upon a Pedestal or on the Pavement and supported nothing but their Architrave and cornish of Joyners Work or Stud over which was the Ceiling in form of a Vault but the last Halls had Architraves upon Pillars and on the Architraves of the Ceilings made of pieces joined together which make an open'd Terras turning round about These Houses had many apartments some for men and others for women some for Dining-rooms called Triclinia others for Bed-chambers named Dormitoria and some others to lodge Strangers to whom they were obliged to be Hospitable Ancient Rome was so large that there were eight and forty thousand Houses standing by themselves being so many Insula and these Houses were very convenient because they had a light on every side and doors on the Streets and not exposed to the accidents of fire But this must be understood of Rome that was re-built by Nero after he had reduced it himself as 't is thought into ashes The Greeks built after another manner than the Romans for they had no Porch but from the first door they entred into a narrow passage on one side of it there were Stables and on the other there was the Porters Lodge at the end of this passage there was another door to enter into a Gallery supported with Pillars and this Gallery had Piazza's on three sides Within the Greek's houses there were great Halls for the Mistresses of the Family and their Servant Maids to Spin in in the Entry both on the right and left hand there were Chambers one was called Thalamus and the other Antithalamus Round about the Piazza's there were Dining-rooms Chambers and Wardrobes To this part of the House was joyned another part which was bigger and had very large Galleries with four Piazza's of the same heighth The finest Entries and most magnificent Doors were at this part of the House There were four great square Halls so large and spacious that they would easily hold four Tables with three Seats in form of Beds and leave room enough for the Servants and Gamesters They entertain'd in these Halls for 't was not the custom for women to sit amongst men On the right and the left of these Buildings there were small apartments and very convenient rooms to receive the chance Guests for among the Greeks wealthy and magnificent men kept apartments with all their conveniencies to receive persons who came far off to lodge at their Houses The custom was that after they had given them an entertainment the first day only they sent them afterwards every day some Present that they received from the Country as Chickens Eggs Pulse and Fruits and so the Travellers were lodged as they had been at their own House and might live in these apartments privately and in all liberty These apartments were paved with Mosaick or inlaid Work Pliny tells us that the Pavements that were painted and wrought with art come from the Greeks who called them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 These Pavements were in fashion at Rome during the time of Sylla who got one made at Praeneste in the Temple of Fortune This Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies only a Pavement of Stones but the Greeks meant by that word those Pavements made of small Stones of several colours inlaid into the Cement representing different Figures by the variety of their colours and order This Pavement was not only used for paving the Courts of Houses and the Halls but also in Chambers and wainscoting the Walls and these kind of Pavements were called Musaea Musia and Musiva because ingenious works were ascribed to the Muses and that the Muses and Sciences were thereby represented The word Mosaick is derived from the Latin word Musivum but not from Moses nor the Jews Here we must explain two difficulties viz. whether the Romans had formerly Chimneys and Privies in their Houses 'T is certain that in former ages men had Chimneys in their Kitchins but 't is doubtful whether they had any in their Chambers for their Chambers were warmed only by some Pipes that conveyed a warm vapour from a Fire made of a kind of Coals that burn without making any Smoak called by Suetonius Miseni Carbones Yet we read several things which seem
Presidents of the Games ordered that he should be whipp'd off the Stage and being all over bloody he was forced to cross the Scene taking up the Ornaments of his Harp which fell down under the lashes EVERGETES i. e. well doing or Benefactor The Greeks called by that name Men who had done some considerable Kindness to their Country Wherefore so many Kings were proud of the Epithet Evergetes 'T is no wonder then if the Greeks who were naturally inclined either to Flattery or Satyr according to the good or bad usage they had received were used to bestow this Title upon their Kings Demosthenes says that being deceived by the counterfeited Vertue of Philip of Macedonia they called him Benefactor Antigonus Sirnamed the Tutor and Giver was by consent of all the Greeks called Evergetes The Emperor Julian says that the Titles of Saviour and Benefactor of the Country were formerly bestowed upon the River Nile because of the Fertility that its overflowing brings every year to Aegypt And at the birth of Osiris a voice was heard says Plutarch proclaiming that the great and well-doing King Osiris was born Wherefore the Elogy of Evergetes flattering the Ambition of Princes became afterwards a Sirname affected by a great many of them to distinguish them from those who were called by their Name The Kings of Syria have very much affected this Epithet as we see in their Medals Alexander Eupator Evergetes Demetrius Philometor Evergetes Philippus Evergetes Mithridates King of Pontus the Father of Mithridates the Great Sirnamed Eupator is also called Evergetes in Strabo and Appian The Kings of the Parthians have followed their Example as it appears by the Medal of Arxanes where he is named King of Kings Just Evergetes and Philthellenes or Lover of the Greeks After the Romans had subdued Greece the Greeks gave the same Titles to the Roman Emperors And Philo the Jew in imitation of them gives the Titles of Saviour and Evergetes to the Emperors Augustus and Caligula The Romans bestowed the same Titles upon Vespasian at his return from Judaea and upon Constantine after he had obtain'd the Victory over Maxentius the Tyrant EUMELUS An excellent Musician of Elis who was admired by all the Spectators at the Pythian Games and proclaimed Victorious tho' he was ill-cloathed and had but an old fashioned Harp EUMINIDES The Furies of Hell Daughters to Acheron and Nox or to Pluto and Proserpina respected by the Ancient Heathens as Executors of the Vengeance of the Gods against wicked Men. They were represented with Heads dressed with Serpents having Fire in their Eyes and a fierce Countenance holding in their Hands burning Torches They had a Temple at Cesyna a Town of Achaia See Erinnys and Furiae EUMOLPIDES The Priests of the Goddess Ceres and Eleusina a City of Attica They were called Eumolpides from Eumolper their Ancestor This Eumolpes Nephew to the King of Thrace was ordained Pontiff to celebrate the mysteries of Ceres by Ericteun King of Athens and Eleusina and became so powerful by this Priesthood that he made War against the Prince who had bestowed it upon him They were both killed in this War and their Children made a Peace on condition that the dignity of Priesthood should remain for ever to the posterity of Eumolpes and the Royalty to Ericteus's Off-spring The sacred Rites in honour of Ceres were accounted so Holy that they were called by way of pre-eminence Mysteries and were kept so secret that scarce any account of them has reached us EUNUS A Slave born in Syria who not being able to bear any longer the misfortune of his condition played at first the Enthusiast and pretended to be inspired by the Goddess of Syria and sent by the Gods to procure Liberty to the Slaves And to get credit among the People he put in his mouth a Nut full of Brimstone and set it cunningly on fire and blew softly through the same and thus cast Fire out of his Mouth to the great amazement of the People Two thousand Slaves and other simple Men pressed with Misery and drawn in by his juggling Tricks join'd themselves to him and in a short time he was at the head of fifty thousand Men and defeated the Roman Praetors but Perpenna reduced them by hunger and all those who escaped death were nailed upon the cross EVOHE An Epithet given to Bacchus in the celebration of his Mysteries this word signifies Merry Companion and Good Son Jupiter gave him this Epithet for a Reward because he help'd him to defeat the Giants EURIPUS A narrow Sea between Eubaea and Boeotia that ebbs and flows seven times in four and twenty hours Aristotle is said to have drowned himself in this Sea because he could not find out the cause of its ebbing and flowing so often The Canals of Water which surrounded the Circle at Rome where the Sea-fights were represented were also called Uripes EUROPA The Daughter of Agenor King of Phoenicia whom Jupiter ravished for the sake of her Beauty for being one day come down with some other Virgins to divert herself on the Sea-shore Jupiter came and play'd about her in the shape of a Bull that was so fair and handsom that she had a mind to get upon his back seeing he was so mild that he let her stroke him But so soon as he had got this fair Lady upon his back he run into the Sea and swam towards Greece The poor Lady asham'd took hold with her hand on one of his Horns to keep herself fast and with the other hand she made fast her Veil that was tossed up by the wind and turned her Head toward the shore where she saw the other Virgins stretching out their arms to her The Sea immediately grows calm the Winds kept in their breath a thousand Cupids came fluttering about her without dipping their Wings in the water but only their Toes Some of them carried in their Hands the Wedding Torch the others sung the Hymen-Song and were followed by the Sea-Gods the Nereides half naked riding upon Dolphins and waited on by the Tritons who were playing about Neptune and Amphitrites march'd before representing the Father and the Mother of the Bride Venus was carried by two Tritons in a Sea-shell and was spreading Flowers upon this fair Virgin This Spectacle lasted from the shore of Phaenicia till Creta where as soon as Jupiter was landed he took again his former shape and holding his Mistriss by the Hand he led her into the Dictean Cave Some are of opinion that she gave her name to this part of the World that we call Europa but others say that this name came from Europus who was one of the first Kings that reigned there EURUS A Wind called by the Greeks Apeliotes blowing from the Equinoxial East The Roman Mariners call it Subsolanus and is represented black all over having a flaming Sun upon the Head because the Ethiopians who inhabit towards the rising Sun are black Cartari in his Images of the Gods EURYDICE The
the Camp of the Gauls to shew them that they wanted no Provisions Just by this place of Assembly was the Court called Hostilia where the Senate assembled very often Over against this Court was the Rostra Rostrorum which was a Pulpit set up and adorned with stems or forefronts of Ships taken from the Antiates At the Entry of the place or as Tacitus says near the Temple of Saturn was a Pillar called Milliarium aureum from whence they took the distance and measures of the Italian Miles There was also a Gallery like a Bridge of Marble built by the Emperor Caligula to go from Mount Palatinus to the Capitol through the Forum Romanum This Gallery was supported by fourscore huge Pillars of white Marble FORUM JULII CAESARIS was much finer than the Forum Romanum He contrived the design thereof being yet a private man and began to set men at work about it when he was Pro-consul of the Gauls The adorning of this place cost him above a hundred thousand great Sesterces which is five hundred sixty two thousand five hundred pounds of our Money This place was behind the Temples of Peace and Faustina FORUM AUGUSTI was above the Forum Romanum In the middle of this Forum Augustus built the Temple of Mars by the Title of BISULTOR i. e. Twice Revenger because he had helped him to revenge himself on the murderers of his adoptive Father and to subdue the Parthians He built a double Gallery round about it and set up on one side the Statues of all the Latin Kings since Aeneas and on the other side he erected all the Statues of the Kings and Emperors of Rome from its foundation to his time FORUM Nervae was began by Domitian and finished by Nerva It was also named Forum transitorium because it was a passage to go to the other Fori Alexander the Emperor set up three Statues of the height and bigness of Colosses both on Foot and Horse-back in honour of the Emperors his Ancestors and erected brazen Pillars whereon were engraved their Atchievements FORUM Trajani exceeded all the former and the Gods themselves says Ammianus Marcellinus gazed upon it as one of the wonders of the World and were amazed at it seeing nothing but Heaven it self finer and nothing else that came so near to it Singularem sub omni coelo structuram etiam Numinum assensione mirabilem Apollodorus a skilful Architect built it by Trajan's Order In the middle of this place was a Pillar a hundred and twenty eight foot high and Men ascend to it by one hundred eighty five Steps which were enlightned with forty five Windows Round about this Pillar were ingraven the Atchievements of this Emperor and the Victories he had obtained over the Daci 'T is the general opinion that the Senate consecrated this Pillar to him while he was at War against the Parthians and that he never saw it himself but dying of a bloody-flux at Seleucia a City in Syria his Ashes were brought to Rome and set up in a golden Pilaster on the top of the Pillar which is adorned with several representations of Horses and military Standards gilded over with these words written upon them EX MANUBIIS This Forum was scituated between that of Nerva and the Capitol FRIGIDARIUM A place in the Baths to cool the People FRONTINUS An Historian who was Overseer of the Waters and Aqueducts in the time of the Emperor Nerva FRUMENTATORES FRUMENTARIJ Those who bought Corn in the Provinces both for Cities or Armies or received and gathered the Corn that some Provinces furnish'd the Commonwealth with These words signifie also Purveyors for the Armies who destributed a certain quantity of Corn every day to each Soldier in the like manner as the Ammunition Bread is now destributed in the Armies to the Soldiers FUGALIA Feasts instituted in remembrance of the Liberty restored to the Commonwealth after the Kings were expell'd out of Rome These Feasts were kept in February the same day that King Tarquinius â—uperbus fled away to Porsenna FULGUR Lightning a gross and sulphurous Exhalation set on fire by the clashing of the Clouds together and coming out with violence makes a great noise and has extraordinary effects on the Earth The Pagans have always armed their Gods with a Thunder-bolt and specially Jupiter and tell us that Vulcan and Cyclops forged the Thunderbolts in the Caves of Mount Aetna where they placed his Forge The Egyptians in their Hieroglyphicks took Thunder for a power which no Creature is able to resist Wherefore Apelles drew Alexander in the Temple of Diana of Ephesus holding a Thunderbolt in his hand to shew the extent of his power which no Creature was able to withstand The opinion of the Heathens was that Jupiter never struck neither Men nor inanimate Creatures with his Thunderbolt but to punish their Crimes and Men struck therewith were deprived of Sepulture and were buried only in the same place where they were found dead according to the Law of Numa as Festus relates Sei fulmine occisus est ei justa nulla fieri operteto They covered only their Corps with Earth at the same place where they had been struck with the Thunderbolt as Artemiderus tells us It was not allowed to Sacrifice to the Gods with Wine of a Vineyard touch'd with Thunderbolt and the places that were struck with it were fatal and unfortunate till they were purified with Sacrifices and then these places became famous by an Altar that was erected there And those men who were employed to purifie Trees smitten with Thunderbolt are called by Festus Strufertarii Men making a Sacrifice with dough baked upon Ashes An old table of brass found at Rome makes good what I say These are the words mentioned on that Table IIII. ID DEC Fratres Arval In Luco Deae Diae Via Campana Apud Lap. V. Convener Per. C. Porc. Priscum Mag. Et Ibi. Immolav Quòd ab Ictu Fulminis Arbores Luci Sacri D. D. Attactae Arduerint Earumque Adolefactarum Et in eo Luco Sacro Aliae Sint Rep ositae The Tenth day of December the Fratres Arvalis assembled at the Grove of Juno on the great Road of Campania five miles from Rome by the order of C. Portius Priscus Magnus and there sacrificed because some Trees of the holy Grove dedicated to the Goddess were struck with Thunderbolt c. The Romans distinguished two kinds of Thunderbolts those of the day which they ascribed to Jupiter and those of the night which were in the power of the God Summanus Dium-fulgur says Festus Appellabant diurnum quod putabant Jovis ut nocturnum Summani There was yet fulgur provorsum which was heard betwixt day and night and was ascribed both to Jupiter and Summanus together The Thunder was made use of to take the Augurs about things that were to come Some Thunders were called by the Romans Vana and Bruta which signified nothing at all and made more noise than did harm the others Fatidica which
July his Effigies should be carried in State at the muster of the Equestrian Order GERMANIA Germany Some Writers say that the word of Germany is but of late and comes from those Men who went first into the Gauls and were called Tungri or Germani says Tacitus or from the German word Gaar-Mannen which signifies Germany V. Alemannia GERMANI The Germans See Alemanni GERYON King of Spain represented by Poets with three Bodies because he reigned over three Kingdoms and had fed some Oxen he loved very much having a Dog with three Heads and a Dragon with seven to look after them Hercules by the Command of Earisteus slew him and delivered his Body to be devoured by his own Oxen as Diomedes was before eaten by his own Horses GIGANTES The Giants the Sons of the Earth begot according to the Fable of the Blood that came out of the Genital parts of Goelus that Saturn cut off for the Earth to be revenged of Jupiter who had struck down the Titans brought forth Monsters of a prodigious shape to attack him and drive him out of Heaven To this purpose they met in Thessalia in the Fields called Phlegraei and there heaping up Mountains upon Mountains they scaled and battered Heaven with great pieces of Rocks Among others there was Enceladus Briareus and Egcon with a hundred Hands flinging Rocks which they took out of the Sea against Jupiter yet a certain Typhaeus was very famous exceeding all these Monsters in bigness and strength for he reached with his Head to the top of Heaven and could extend his Hands from one end of the World to the other he was half Man and half Serpent and blew Fire and Flame out of his Mouth in a dreadful manner and frighted so much the Gods who were come to the relief of Jupiter that they fled away into Egypt and transform'd themselves into several kinds of Trees or disguised themselves under the form of several Beasts But Jupiter pursued them so vigorously with his Thunderbolts that he came off with Honour and crushed them under the weight of Mountains shutting them up therein and punishing them in Hell with several Torments This is the Fable here is the true Story The Fable of the Giants who heaped up Mountains one upon another to raise themselves to Heaven there to fight the Gods is most commonly applied to those Men who after the Flood built the Tower of Babel But holy Scripture speaks of the Giants a long time before the Deluge Gen. c. 6. There were Giants on the Earth in those days And in another place 't is spoken of the prodigious stature of the Giants or rather of those Men whom the Scripture calls Giants even after the Flood For the Israelites having seen some of them described them thus All the People whom we saw in the land are Men of great Stature and there we saw Giants the Sons of Anak which are of the Race of the Giants and we appeared to them like Grashoppers and so we were in comparison of them And to shew us the extraordinary height and shape of the Giants Moses tells us in Deuteronomy that an Iron Bed of these Giants was nine Cubits long and four Cubits broad according to the natural length of a Man's Cubit which is a Foot and a half Only Og King of Bashan remained of the Race of the Giants his Bedsted was of Iron it is in Rabbah of the Children of Ammon being nine Cubits long and four Cubits broad according to a Mans Cubit According to this description that the Scripture gives us of these Giants they might be about fourteen foot high Solinus relates that tho the common opinion is that the Stature of a Man can't be above seven foot high and that Hercules did not exceed it yet in the Reign of Augustus Pusio and Secundilla were more than ten foot high and in the Emperor Claudius's time the Corps of Gabbara was brought from Arabia and was near ten foot high and that the Corps of Orestes being found after his death was seven Cubits long The Giants before the Deluge were begotten by the Children of God and Daughters of Men and the Hebrew Text makes use of the word Nephilim to express the Giants which comes from Nephal i. e. to fall The Giants after the Deluge are also called by the same name because of their likeness to the former however they are called by a particular name which may be observed in the Books of Numbers and Deuteronomy where they are called the Sons of Enacim Palastine was their Country The learned Bochart observes that from the Hebrew word Enacim or Anacim the Greeks have formed their words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which originally signified Men of Gigantick Stature Pausanias relates that the Body of the Hero Asterius the Son of Anax who was the Son of the Earth was found in the Isle Asteria near Miletum and that his Corps was ten Cubits in length This Stature of ten Cubits agrees with that mentioned in the Scripture The word Anax is the same with Enac or Anac for it is well known that the change of Vowels is frequent even in the same Tongue In fine if Anac or Enac was the Son of the Earth it was common to call the Giants the Children of the Earth And Ovid tells us that they were so called because they came out of the Earth moistened with the blood of their Fathers whom a just revenge had destroyed The Septuagints Translation has given the name of Giant to Nimrod who first reigned at Babylon The Hebrew Text signifies only Potens venator Gibbor Tsaid but the same word Gibbarim is used to signifie the Giants called also Nephilim Wherefore the Scripture says that Nimrod was the first Giant because he was at the head of the rebellion of the Giants after the Deluge who were combined together for the building of the Tower of Babel The Greeks have sometimes called the Giants by the name of Titans which shews that they had this History and the Fables contained in it from the Scripture and out of Palestine for the word Tit signifies dirt in Hebrew and they tell us that the Giants were formed out of the Dirt or Earth Wherefore these three words Titanes Gigantes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 have the same signification and signifie the Children of the Earth Diodorns Siculus unfolding the Theology of those who Inhabit the Coasts of the Atlantick Sea says that according to their opinion the Titans were the Children of Uranus and Titaea who gave them her Name and called herself the Earth Gommune Titanum nomen à Titaeâ matre usurpabant Titaea autem post mortem in Deos relata Telluris nomen accipit These Giants were Children of Heaven and Earth and their name of Titans came either from the Earth or Dirt called by the Hebrews Tit. And these Giants being born before the Deluge the Pagans who had but an imperfect knowledge of their History did not know their true Geneology wherefore
plebis majoris partis dedicaret It was not lawful to dedicate a Temple or an Altar without the consent of the Senate or Tribunes of the people LEX PAPIRIA The Papirian Law Ne quis injussu plebis aedes terram aram aliamâ—â— rem ullam consecraret It was not allowed any to consecrate Temples any piece of Ground and Altars without the consent of the people LEX HORTENSIA The Hortensian Law required that the Fairs which were at first kept on Holy-days should for the future be held on Working-days where in the Praetor administred Justice by pronouncing these three words do dico addico This Law was made by Q. Hortensius Dictator in the year of Rome cccclxviii LEX PUBLICIA The Publician Law made by Publicius Tribun of the people Ne quibus nisi ditioribus cerei Saturnalibus mittorentur That Wax Tapers were not to be sent to any but those that were rich at the time of the Saturnalia It was a custom to make several Presents at this Feast and particularly of Wax Tapers to intimate that Saturn had brought Men from Darkness to Light that is from an obscure and savage to a polite and learned Life LEX CORNELIA The Cornelian Law made by the Consul P. Cornelius Dolabella after the death of Julius Caesar in the year of Rome dccx Ut Eidus Julii quibus Caesar interfectus in Senatu est Urbis natales haberentur That they should celebrate the day of Rome s Original on the Ides of July when Caesar was slain LEX LICINIA The Licinian Law concerning those Plays called Ludi Apollinares instituted in honour of Apollo determined the day on which they should be represented there being no fixed day before appointed for that purpose P. Licinius Praetor urbanus legem ferre ad populum jussus ut hi ludi perpetuùm in statam diem voverentur LEX ROSCIA The Roscian and Julian Law of which L. Roscius Otho Tribune of the people was Author according to Florus in the year of Rome dclxxxvi Ut in Theatro Equitibus Romanis qui H. S. quadringenta possident quatuordecim spectandi gradus adsignarentur exceptis iis qui ludicram artom exercuerant quique sive suo sive fortunae vitio rem decoxissent That the Roman Knights who were worth 400000 Sesterces i. e. about 3333 l. Sterling should have fourteen Steps of the Theater allowed them to see the Plays except those who were turned Buffoons and wasted all their Fortune by their Debaucheries This is what Tacitus says Ami. l. 15. c. 5. the Emperour separated the Roman Knights from the people in the Circus and gave them Seats that were neares to the Senators For before this they assisted at this Shew confusedly for the Roscian Law regulated no more than what regarded the Seats in the Theater LEX CINCIA The Cincian Law made for restraining the Avarice of the Orators who exacted large Sums of Money for their pleadings The Calpurnian Law against the Bribery of Magistrates and that which bore the name of Julius Caesar was made against the Avarice and Intriges of those who made private Suit for Offices in the Commonwealth LEX PAPIA The Papian Poppean Law made by Augustus in his old Age to incourage Men to Marry by imposing a Penalty upon Batchelours and thereby to increase the Rvenues of the Commonwealth LEX AGRARIA The Agrarian Law made concerning the distribution of Lands taken from the Enemies This Law proved to be the Seed of great Divisions in the Roman Empire in the time of the Republick See Agraria LEX JULIA A Law made by Augustus against Adultery It was the first that appointed a punishment and publick Process to be made against those who seduced Wives and Debauched Maidens and Widows of Quality Not that Adultery was not punished before Augustus his time but there was no process made against it and there was no stated Punishment assigned for it But the Julian Law which Augustus himself had the misfortune to see put in execution in his own Family in the person of his own Children required nothing but banishment for this sin of Adultery but the Penalty was afterwards increased by the constitutions of the succeeding Emperors who punished Adultery with death LEX SUMPTUARIA A Sumptuary Law made by Cornelius Sulla the Dictator in the Year of Rome DCLXXIII whereby the expences of Feasts and Funerals were regulated and those condemned to pay a certain pecuniary mulct who transgressed the injunction of that Law LEX PAPIA The Papian Law concerning the Vestal Virgins who looked after the Sacred Fire in the Temple of the Goddess Vesta she who let it go out was whipped by the Soveraign Pontiff and if she suffered her self to be Debauched she was buried alive in Campus Sceleratus without the Gate called Portacollina See Vestalis LEX PEPETUNDARUM or DE REPETUNDIS The Law of Bribery or publick Extortion LEX AELIA The Elian Law made concerning the Augurs by Q. Aelius Paetus the Consul in the year of Rome dlxxxvii LEX FUSIA The Fusian Law made concerning the time of holding the Assemblies which ought not to be held but upon those days called Dii Comitiales LEX VALERIA SEMPRONIA The Valerian and Sempronian Law made concerning those who had a right to Vote in the Roman Assemblies C. Valerius Tappo Tribute of the people was the Author of it in the year of Rome icxvi LEX VILLIA The Villian Law of which L. Villius Tribune of the people was Author and whereby the Age of Persons that were to enter upon Offices in the Republick was regulated 'T was also called LEX ANNALIS LEX CORNELIA The Cornelian Law which prescribed the Qualifications Persons ought to have that enter upon Offices in the Commonwealth LEX HIRCIA The Hircian Law which allowed of none to hold Offices in the Republick but such as had sided with Caesar against Pompey LEX VISELLIA The Visellian Law which allowed the Sons of Freedmen the right of becoming Magistrates LEX POMPEIA CLAUDIA The Pompeian and Claudian Law which required that those who put in for Offices in the Commonwealth should be always present LEX RHODIA The Law of Rhodes relating to traffick by Sea this Law required that if it happened a Ship laden with Merchandize that belonged to several Merchants in order to avoid Shipwrack threw the Goods of some of them overboard and that those of the other were saved an estimate should be made of all the Merchandize and that the loss and damage should be sustained by every one of them in proportion to the Effects he had on board this was made by the Rhodians and was found to be so just that it was received by all the Nations that came after them LIBATIO A Libation being a Ceremony practised in the Sacrifices of the Pagans wherein the Priest poured down some Wine Milk and other Liquors in honour of the Deity to whom he Sacrificed after he had first tasted a little of it LIBATIONES Libations of Wine and other Liquors frequently made
is represented like a young Nymph full of Vigour and Strength and he would have her to be Mercury's Daughter who invented this sort of Exercise in Arcadia PALAMEDES the Son of Nauplius King of the Isle of Eubaea and an irreconcilable Enemy to Vlysses be added Four Letters to the Greek Alphabet 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 He also invented Weights and Measures He appointed the Watch-word to be given in Armies and the Way to form a Battallion according to the Flying of Cranes which for that Reason were called Palamedes his Birds They make him to be a great Astrologer he having regulated the Years according to the Course of the Sun and the Months according to that of the Moon He was stoned to Death by the Grecians being falsly accused of holding intelligence with Priamus by Vlysses PALATINUS Mount Palatine one of the Seven Hills of Rome and so called either from the Palantes who came and dwelt there with Evander or from Palantia Latinus his Wife or from Pales the Goddess of Shepherds The King's Palace stood upon this Mountain and from hence King's Courts came to be called Palatia Romulus was brought up on this Mount PALES the Goddess of Shepherds who was beloved of Apollo There was a Feast celebrated in Honour of Apollo April 20 or 21 by offering Sacrifices and making great Fires of Straw of Hâ—y which were kindled with great Rejoycings and by Sound of Drums and Trumpets the Country People leaped over these Fires and purified their Cattle therewith in order to keep them from the Mange and other Distempers See Palilia PALILIA they were Feasts and Publick Rejoycings made as well in the City as Country April 20th in Honour of Pales the Goddess of Flocks to intreat her to make them fruitful and preserve them from the usual Diseases Fires were kindled both in City and Country such as are at this Day used in Popish Territories on St. John's Eve And the same were made with Bean-straw Horse-blood and Calves-Ashes which Calf they took out of the Cow's Belly that they sacrificed on the Day of the Fordicidia at what time the Chief of the Vestal Virgins burnt those Calves and gathering the Ashes very carefully up they reserved the same for a Perfume on the Day of the Palilia that so the People and their Cattle might be purified therewith 'T was to her that they went to fetch those Ashes which afterwards they threw into the Fire as Ovid tells us Fast L. 4. V. 731. I pete virgineâ populus suffimen ab arâ Vesta dabit Vestae numine purus eris Sanguis equi suffimen erit vitulique favilla Tertia res durae culmen in ane fabae The People danced about the Fire and purified themselves thus In the Country they lighted a great Fire in the Morning made of the Branches of Olive Pine and Lawrel and threw some Brimstone upon it then went to fetch their Cattle which they drove round it and drew in the Smell that came therefrom This Ceremony Ovid describes at large Pastor oves saturas ad prima crepuscula lustret Vda priùs spargat virgaque verrat humum Frondibus fixis decorentur ovilia ramis Et tegat ornatas longa corona fores Caerulei fiant puro de sulfure fumi Tactaque sumanti sulfure balet ovis Vre mares oleas tedamque herbasque Sabinas Et crepet in mediis laurus adusta focis They afterwards offered Sacrifice to the Goddess which consisted of Milk boiled Wine and Millet the same being accompanied with Vows and Prayers for the Fruitfulness and Preservation of their Flocks then they fell to eat and divert themselves leaping over the Fire which they had kindled with Straw or Bean-straw These Feasts were also performed in Honour of Rome's Original which was on that Day founded by Romulus PALICI they were Gods famous in Sicily Diodorus Siculus says the Temple of these Deities was much reverenced and very ancient In it there were two very deep Basons of boiling and sulphurous Water which were always full without ever running over In this Temple it was that they took the most solemn Oaths and Perjuries were there presently punished with some terrible Punishment Some lost their Eye-sight insomuch that those Oaths determined the most intricate Causes This Temple was also used as an Asylum for such Slaves as were opprest by their Masters the Masters not daring to break the Oath they took there that they would use them more kindly Silius Italicus in a Line and an half has exprest all that Diodorus says Et qui praesenti domitant perjura Palici Pectora supplicio Macrobius observes very well that the River Symetus being in Sicily the Temple of the Palici was there also according to Virgil Symetia circum Flumina pinguis ubi placabilis ara Palici He adds that the first Poet that mentioned it was Esquilus a Sicilian he relates a Fable out of him concerning a Nymph whom Jupiter had ravished and who for fear of Juno hid her self in the Earth At the Time of her Delivery she brought forth Two Brothers which were called Palici 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as being such as had entred into the Earth and came out again The Word Palici comes from the Hebrew Palichin that signifies venerabiles colendi and from Pelach colere venerari And Esquilus himself seems to intimate as much by this Sentence Summus Palicos Jupiter venerabiles voluit vocari Hesychius says that the Father of these two Brothers was Adranus which Name comes from the Hebrew Adir which is one of God's Eulogies signifying Glorious and Illustrious The Two Basons where the Oaths were taken were called Delli and from whence Divine Vengeance broke out upon the Perjured as Macrobius says and Callias after him but this is an Arabick Word and in all likelihood was Phoenician for Dalla in Arabick signifies as much as indicare perhaps it might come from the Hebrew Daal i. e. haurire for Aristotle assures us that he who swore writ his Oath upon a Note which he threw into the Water the Note swam upon the Surface If he swore what was true otherwise it disappeared Ovid gives a natural Description enough of these two Lakes in his Met. Lib. 5. V. 405. Perque lacus altos olentia sulphure fertur Stagna Palicorum ruptâ ferventia terrâ PALILIA see next after Pales PALINURUS a Companion of Aeneas who being overcome with Sleep fell with his Helm over-board into the Sea and being carried as far as Port Velino the Inhabitants rifled him and cast him to the Sea again But a little after they were afflicted with a severe Plague which made them go and consult the Oracle of Apollo who answered that they must appease the Ghost of Palinurus in Pursuance of which Advice they consecrated a Grove to him and erected a Tomb for him upon the next Promontory which obtained the Name of Palinurus PALLA a sort of Garment long in Vse both by Men and Women which the Kings and ancient
Brother of Attalus under the Conduct of the Consul Licinius Crassus of whom Orosus speaks and in this War Pylaemenes who then reigned assisting the Romans against Aristonicus was dispossest of his Kingdom by Mithridates and Nicomedes Authors do not well agree concerning the Re-establishing of Pylaemenes upon his Throne and the End of the Kingdom of Paphlagonia Paulus and Rufus say the Kingdom was given him after Mithridates had been conquered and expelled and that after his Death it was reduced into a Province Strabo an Author worthy of Credit and that lived near that time relates that Dejotarus a Son of one Castor Philadelphus was the last King of Paphlagonia and it appears by one of Cicero's Orations that this Castor was a Grandson of one Dejotarus whose Cause he pleaded against the unjust Usurpations of Castor who had dispossest his Grandfather Dejotarus of the Tretrarchy of Gatatia Justin seems to differ from all these Authors for he says that Nicomedes and Mithridates setting forth their Pretensions to Capadocia before the Senate and the Senate discerning the Artifice of those Kings who under false Pretences had seized upon Kingdoms that of Right did not belong to them took away Capadocia from Mithridates and Paphlagonia from Nicomedes from whence forwards Paphlagonia had no Kings And this Strabo says also PYRACMON one of Vulcan's Smiths who is always at the Anvil to forge the Iron and this his Name does imply for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek signifies Fire and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an Anvil PYRAMIS is an heap of Square Stones always rising up in a taper manner like a Flame whence comes the Name for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek signifies Fire There are some Pyramids of a vast height and Pliny speaks of one for the Building of which 32000 Men were imploy'd for Twenty Years He says it took up Eight Acres of Ground This Author informs us that the Kings of Egypt who put themselves to such great Expence did it for no other End than to keep the People from Idleness and thereby to prevent the Insurrections that otherwise might have happened See Obeliscus PYRAMUS a Babylonian who was passionately in Love with Thysbe these Two Lovers having appointed a Meeting under a Mulberry-Tree Thysbe came thither first and was set upon by a Lion from whom she made her Escape but happening to let her Vail drop the Beast tore and bloodied it Pyramus coming and finding the Vail of his Mistress bloody thought she had been devoured and so in despair killed himself Thysbe returning and finding her Lover dead fell also upon the same Sword Ovid. L. 4. Metam describes their Love and says that their Death made the Mulberries change Colour and turn Red from White which Colour they bore before PYRRHICHA a kind of Dance invented by Pyrrhus which was performed with Arms wherewith they struck certain Shields by the Cadency and Sound of Musical Instruments PYTHAGORAS a Philosopher who intermixed some Tables Allegories or Enigmatical Expressions with his Works wherein he imitated Numa Pompilius the Second King of Rome He was indeed both a King and Philosopher and was so very much addicted to the Doctrine which Pythagoras published to the World that many who were gâ—osly ignorant of the Series of Time took him for one of Pythagoras his Disciples but Dionysius of Hallicarnassus has refuted this Error and shewed that Numa lived Four Generations before Pythagoras having reigned in the 16th Olympiad whereas Pythagoras did not teach in Italy till after the â—iftieth In order to let you know the Doctrine and Life of Pythagoras I 'll give you what Lucian says upon this Occasion in his Dialogue of the Sects or Sale Philosophers Jupiter Let these Seats be put in order and clean every â—lace as long as there is an Obligation to make Things ready for the Sects that so they may come and shew themselves Mercury See here are Buyers enough we must not let them cool With whom shall we begin Jupit. With the Italian Sect Let that venerable Old Man with long Hairscome down Merc. Hoâ— Pythagoras come down and walk round about the Place that you may shew your self to the People Jupit. Make Proclamation Merc. Here is a Coelestial and Divine Life who will buy it Who has a mind to be more than a Man Who is he that would know the Harmony of the Universe and rise again after his Death Merchant Here are great Promises indeed and the Person looks with a good Aspect but what does he chiefly know Merc. Arithmetick Astronomy Geometry Musick Magick and the Knowledge of Prodigies you have an accomplish'd Prophet here Merchant May one ask him a Question Merc. Why not Merchant Where were you born Pythagoras At Samos Merchant Where did you study Pythag. In Egypt amongst the Wise Men of that Country Merchant If I become a Chapman what will you teach me Pythag. I 'll teach you nothing but I 'll cause you to call to mind again what you did formerly know Merchant How is that Pythag. By purifying your Soul and cleansing it from all its Dregs Merchant Suppose it be already purified how will you instruct me Pythag. By Silence You shall continue Five Years without speaking Merchant Go and teach Craesus his Son I 'll continue to be a Man and not become a Statue But yet what will you perform after so long Silence Pythag. I 'll teach you Geometry and Musick Merchant It s very pleasant indeed a Man must be a Fidler before he is a Philosopher And what will you teach me after that Pythag. Arithmetick Merchant I understand that already Pythag. How do you reckon Merchant One Two Three Four Pythag. You are mistaken for what you take to be 4 is 10 that is 1 2 3 4 make 10. A perfect Triangle and the Number we swear by Merchant By the Great God Four I never heard any Thing so strange and so divine as this Pythag. After this you shall know that there are Four Elements Earth Water Air and Fire and know also their Form Qualities and Motion Merchant How Have the Air and Fire any Form Pythag. Yes and visible enough for if they had no Form they could not move Then you shall know that God is Number and Harmony Merchant You tell us strange Things Pythag. Again you are another Thing than you appear to be and there are several Men in you Merchant What say you that I am not the same Person that speaks to you Pythag. You are the same now but you have been another formerly and will pass again into other Persons by a perpetual Revolution Merchant I shall then at this rate be immortal But enough of these Things What do you live upon Pythag. I eat nothing that has Life in it but every thing else except Beans Merchant Why will not you eat Beans Pythag. Because they have something that is divine in them 1st They resemble the Privy Parts which you may easily observe if you will take a
of Hostilius Ancus Martius Valerius Publicola L. Crassus the Orator Hortensius Catiline Julius Caesar and Seneca The Eleventh Division was called Circus Maximus and besides the Great Circus took in all the Valley which lay between Mount Aventine and the Tiber as far as the Gate called Ripa and Salinae on one side and on the other the Herb-Market and the Foot of the Capitol the Temple of Piety and Columna Lactaria whither they carried their Bastard Children besides these it had 8 Streets that Place called Argiletum where there were some Booksellers Shops 4 Temples 30 Aediculae and the Sink of a great Kennel that ran into the Tiber. The Twelfth Division which was called Piscina Publica reached from the greater Circus along Mount Aventine as far as Caracalla's Baths and was 12000 Feet in Circumference and contained 12 Streets This Publica Piscina was in the City between Mount Celius and Celiolus where the Boys of Rome went to learn to swim it was a large Receptacle of Water at the Foot of Mount Aventine into which the Appian Water was conveyed wherein they watered and washed their Horses There were some Temples and inconsiderable Groves in this Part. The Thirteenth Division was called Aventinus and in Circumference contained 163 Feet and 30 Streets with the same Officers as the other Divisions had The chief Places which it included were Clivus Publici by which they went up to Mount Aventine and began at the Forum Oviarium and reached to the Temple of Juno Regina Scalae Gemoniae to which they tied Malefactors from whence they were thrust down into the Tiber the End of the Armilustrium The Doliolum on Mount Testaceus Remuria or the particular Place where Remus took his Augury by the Flight of Birds and where he was buried The Fourteenth Division was called Trans-Tiberim and beginning at the Janiculum contained the Vatican the Isle of the Tiber and that which they called Navalia it was 3489 Feet in circuit and had 28 Streets The City of Rome in general contained these following Things 700 Temples or Aediculae under the Names of Templum Aedes Fanum Delubrum Sacellum Aedicula a great Number of Altars only comprized under these Words Ara and Altare The Differences of these Words will be found in their respective Alphabetical Order Three Senaculum's which were the Places where the Senate met the first was in the Temple of Concord the second near the Gate called Capena and the third in the Temple of Bellona Several Courts under the Word Curiae the Chief whereof were the Hostilia Julia Pompeia c. where the Senate sometimes met 21 Basilicae which were stately Edifices whereof I have spoken in their proper order 12 or 15 Nympheae from the Word Nymphaea which were Halls to marry in 1780 Great Mens Houses comprized under the Word Domus and a vast Number of private Houses under the Word Insulae 144 Jakes or Privies which wer free for every Body to use An Hospital in the Island of the Tiber where the Temple of Esculapius stood called Nosocomium as also an Hospital where superannuated and inferior Soldiers who had served in the Army were taken care of they called it Taberna meritoria 22 famous Portico's to shelter People from the Rain divers Arsenals where they laid up Arms and Warlike Machines called Armamentaria 29 publick Libraries 5 Colleges and Publick Schools for the Breeding up of Youth 254 Hand-mills and 327 Granaries where they had Magazines of Corn in order to supply the Peoples Wants at reasonable Rates in the time of Scarcity 39 Brass Colossus's and 51 of Marble 6 great Obelisks and 42 lesser ones with divers Pyramids Several fine Gardens and 32 Sacred Groves 23 Water-Pools for Horses to drink of whitening of Linnen and quenching Fires 14 Aqueducts 105 Fountains 1352 Lakes or Pools of standing Water brought from several Springs 17 great open Places comprized under the Word Forum 117 publick Baths and 909 private ones RELIQUIAE the Relicks were the Ashes and Bones of the Dead that remain'd after the Burning of their Bodies and which the Ancients kept very religiously in Urns and afterwards laid them up in Tombs REMURIA the Place where Remus took his Augury from the Flight of Birds and where he was buried REMUS the Son of Rbea Silvia and Romulus his Brother they were Twins and ordered by the Command of their Uncle Amulius Silvius to be thrown into the Tiber but they were taken up and saved by Faustulus who was Numitor's Shepherd who carried them to his Wife by whom they were carefully nursed Some said that while the Cradle was upon the Brink of the River a She-Wolf brought thither by the Crying of the Infants gave them suck Others have been of Opinion that the Wantonness of Laurentia Fastulus his Wife gave Occasion to this Fable because such Women were called She-Wolves Authors vary in their Opinions concerning the Death of Remus some saying that Romulus slew his Brother because he ridiculed him upon the Account of the Fortifications he had made to his new City while others will have him to have been killed by the Soldiery but be it as it will 't is certain Remus cemented the Walls of Rome with his own Blood REPETUNDARUM CRIMEN or DE REPETUNDIS Bribes taken by the Magistrates from the Allies and Subjects of the Romans as also from the Citizens this Crime was not at first made Capital but became afterwards to be so as may be seen by the Example of Verres RETIARII Gladiators who fought with a Trident in one Hand and a Net in the other wherein they endeavoured to entangle their Adversary RADAMANTHUS was feigned by the Poets to be the Judge of departed Souls in Hell as Virgil says Cnossius bic Rhadamanthus babet durissima regna Cástigatque auditque dolos cogitque fateri c. Strabo tells us that Homer understanding that Radamanthus an ancient King of Creet had formerly made very good Laws in his Country wherein sometime after he had been imitated by Minos he took occasion to make them the Judges of all Mankind in a Place where they all met i. e. in the other World and called them Jupiter's Sons because that they in order to give a greater Sanction to their Laws gave out that they were dictated by Jupiter Plato with admirable Dexterity unfolds unto us the Truths concealed under these Poetical Fictions when he makes Jupiter to say that he was weary of the Complaints made him concerning the unrighteous Sentences pronounced upon Earth which he would remedy by concealing from Men the Time of their Death and passing no Sentence upon them till after their decease and that even by departed Souls themselves that so neither Favour nor false Witnesses Relations nor Interests might take place any more as they did whilst they were alive That he entrusted three of his Sons with the said Judicial Office giving Rhadamanthus Power over the Asiaticks Eacus over the Europeans and for Minos he was to terminate any
tuo nutu spirant flamina nutriunt nubila germinant semina crescunt gramina Tuam Majestatem perborrescunt aves coelo meantes ferae montibus errantes serpentes solo latentes belluae ponto natantes At ego referendis laudibus tuis exilis ingenio adhibendis Sacrificiis tenuis patrimonio Nec mihi vocis ubertas ad dicenda quae de tuâ Majestate sentio sufficit nec ora mille linguaeque totidem vel indefessi sermonis aeternaseries Ergo quod solum potest religiosus quidem sed pâ—â—per alioqum efficere curabo divinos tuos vultus numenque sanctissimum intra pectoris mei secreta conditum porpetuò custodiens imaginabor These Prayers were usually made standing sometimes with a low and sometimes with a loud Voice unless it were at the Sacrifices of the Dead when they were performed sitting Multis dum precibus Jovem salutat Stans summos resupinus usque in ungues Mart. L. 12. Epigr. 78. And Virgil L. 9. Aeneid Luco tum fortè parentis Pilumni Turnus sacratá valle sedebat There was a kind of an Oration made with the Prayers for the Prosperity of the Emperor and Government as Apuleius L. 11. of his Golden Ass informs us After says he the Procession was come back to the Temple of the Goddess Isis one of the Priests called Grammateus standing up before the Door of the Quire brought together all the Pastophori and getting up to a high Place like a Pulpit took his Book and read several Orations aloud and made Prayers for the Emperor Senate Roman Knights and People adding some Things by way of Instruction in Religion Tunc ex iis quem cuncti Grammateum vocabant pro foâ—ibus assistens coetu Pastophorum quod sacro-sancti Collegii nomen est velut in concionem vocato indidem de sublimi suggestu de libro de litteris faustâ voce praefatus Principi magno Senatuique Equiti totique populo nauticis navibus c. These Ceremonies being ended the chief Sacrificer being set down and the rest of them standing the Magistrates or private Persons who offered Sacrifice came before him and presented him with the first Fruits and Victime and made sometimes a short Discourse or kind of Complement as we find Homer makes Vlysses do when he presented the High Priest Chryses with Iphigenia Agamemnon's Daughter to be sacrificed I come to you said he in Agamemnon my Master's Name who gives his Daughter a Sacrifice to Apollo whose Displeasure the Greeks have but too much felt in order to appease him These Words being over he delivered her into his Hands and Chryses received her We have also such another Speech in Lucian which he makes Phalaris his Embassador deliver to the Priests at Delphi as he made them a Present from him of a brasen Bull that for Workmanship was a Master-piece As every one came to present his Offering he went to wash his Hands in a Place appointed in the Temple for that Purpose that he might the better crepare himself for the Sacrifice he was to make and to thank the Gods for being pleased to accept of the Victims Lastly When the Offering was made the Priest that officiated perfumed the Victims with Incense and sprinkled them with Lustral Water and having washed his Hands and got up again to the Altar he prayed to the God whom he presented the Sacrifice to with a loud Voice that he would accept of those Offerings and be pleased with the Victims he went to sacrifice to him for the publick Good and for such and such Things in particular Thus the Priest Chryses in Homer L. 1. Iliad when he had received Iphigenia and the other Sacrifices lift up his Hands to Heaven and made loud Prayers to Apollo earnestly beseeching him to pardon the Greeks and accept of his Petitions In the close of the Offertory and Prayer made by the Priests to the Gods he came down the Steps of the Altar and from the Hand of one of his Assistants received the Sacred Paste called Mola salsa that was made of Barley or Wheat Flour mixed with Salt and Water which he threw upon the Head of the Victim sprinkling a little Wine upon it and this was called Immolatio quasi molae illatio being as it were the Diffusion of this Paste Mola salsa says Festus vocatur far tostum sale sparsum quòd eo molito hostiae aspergantur Virgil has exprest this Ceremony in several parts of his Poem one of which take from Aeneid 2. Jamque dies infanda aderat mihi sacra parari Et salsaefruges circam tempora vittae Upon which Servius says that the Priest scattered little bits of this Paste upon the Head of the Victim the Altars where the Sacred Fire burnt and Knives as by way of Consecration The Priest having scattered the Crumbs of this salted Paste upon the Head of the Victim which made the first part of the Consecration he took some Wine in a Vessel called Simpulum which was a kind of a Cruel and having tasted it himself first and then made his Assistants do the same to shew that they partaked of the Sacrifice he poured it between the Horns of the Victim pronouncing these Words of Consecration Mactus hoc vino inferio esto that is Let this Victim be improved and honoured by this Wine that it may be the more pleasing to the Gods I have explained the Word Mactus elsewhere which you may see This done they pulled off the Hair from between the Horns of the Victim and threw them into the Fire as Virgil says Et summas carpens media inter cornua setas Ignibus imponit sacris He then commanded the Sacrificer who asked him Agon ' Shall I strike To knock down the Victim with a great Blow on the Head with a Hammer or Ax and presently another of the Assistants named Popa thrust a Knife into his Throat while another received the Blood of the Animal that gushed out wherewith the Priest sprinkled the Altar Supponunt alii cultroâ— tepidumque cruorem Suscipiunt pateris Virg. When the Victim was slain they flead him if the same were not a Burnt-offering which was burnt Skin and all They took the Flesh off of the Head and then adorning it with Garlands and Flowers fasten'd it to the Pillars of the Temples as well as the Skins as Ensigns of Religion which they carried about in Procession in some publick Calamity and this we learn from that Passage in Cicero against Piso Ecquid recordaris cùm omni totius provinciae pecore compulso pellium nomine omnem quaestum illum domesticum paeternumque renovasti And again from this other in Festus Pellom habere Hercules fingitur ut homines cultûs antiqui admoneantur Lugentes quoque diebus luctûs in pellibus sunt Not but that the Priests oftentimes wore the Skins of the Victims and that others went to sleep upon them in the Temples of Aescuâ—â—pius and Faunus that they might receive favourable Responses
cum tibicine chordas Obliquas nec non gentilia tympana secum Vexit They were much in use at the Dances and Feasts of Bacchus and Cybele as appears by these Verses of Carulius Cybeles Phrygiae ad nemori Deae Vbi cymbalum sonat ubi tympana reboant Herodian speaking of Heliogabalus says he often had a Frolick to make Persons play upon Flutes and beat Drums in his Presence as if he were celebrating the Bacchanalia TYPHON one of the Gyants that fought against the Gods and was buried alive under the Mountains Apollonius in his Argonauticon says that Typhon was defeated near Mount Nyssa and afterwards thrown down Headlong into the Waters of the Lake Serbonis which is between Egypt and Palestine Plutarch in the Life of Mark Antony tells us the Egyptians said that the Vapours of the Lake Serbonis were caused by the Breath of Typhon Homer makes his Death to have happened in Arimis that is according to Strabo in Syria which the Scriptures and prophane Authors call Aramea from Aram. V. U Is the 20th Letter in the Alphabet and fifth Vowel There is also a Consonant V which is thus distinguished by Grammarians V. V is often changed into O as in this Word volt put for vult The V is also a Numeral Letter signifying five and when it has a Tittle above it five thousand VACUNA this Goddess was worshipped by Plough-men and her Feast celebrated in Winter VADARI ALIQUEM 't is a Law-Term signifying to oblige a Person to give Security that promises he shall on a certain Day appear in Court If he fails his Surety has actionem vadimonii deserti against him i. e. an Action for leaving his Bail VATICANUS the Vatican one of the small Hills of Rome near the Tiber adjoining to the Janiculum where the Pope's Palace is it was thus called from the Responses and Oracles called in Latin Vaticinia which the Romans received here according to Varro There was also a Deity so named in the same Place who was believed to be the Author of the first Speech of Children which was Va from whence comes the Word Vatican and among the Latins Vagire to cry like an Infant VE-JOVIS a hurtful Deity to whom the Romans erected Temples and offered Sacrifices that he might do them no Mischief He was pictured with a Bow and Arrow in his Hand ready to let it flie VELABRUM was a Place full of Tradesmens Shops and especially of Oil-men it was divided into two parts by the Fish-Market and stood near to the Tuscan Division VENILIA a Nymph and the Mother of Faunus she was also reputed to be Neptune's Wife otherwise called Salacia Venilia says Varro is the Water that washes the Shoar and Salacia that which returns into the Bottom of the Sea VENTUS the Wind is nothing else but a Flux of Air agitated by an unequal and violent Motion which is done says Vitruvius when the Heat working upon the Moisture by its Action produces a great Quantity of new Air that violently drives on the other Those who were the Worshippers of the Wind in all likelihood believed they worshipped the Air in the Agitation thereof from whence it is the Persians worshipped the Stars and Earth Water Fire and Winds Herodotus tells us that the Grecians being in a Consternation because of Xerxes his formidable Army that came to fall upon them the Oracle of Delphos commanded them to offer Sacrifice to the Winds from whom they were to expect their greatest Relief Aeneas sacrificed to the Winds Pecudem Zephyris felicibus albam Augustus erected a Temple for the Wind Circius of the Gauls because they were incommoded therewith and had their Houses blow'd down by it The Poets made Aeolus to be King of the Winds and Servius says they were Nine Islands in the Sicilian Sea of which Aeolus according Varro was King from whence they feigned he had the Winds under his Dominion because he foretold the Storms that should happen by observing the Vapours and Steams that arose from those Islands and especially from that called after Vulcan's Name Vt Varro dixit Rex fuit infularum ex quarum nebulis fumo Vulcaniae insulae praedicens ventura flabra ventorum ab imperitis visus est ventos suâ potestate retinere Pliny says that Strongylus was one of those burnt and smoaking Islands and that the Inhabitants from the Fumes thereof predicted what Winds should follow three Days before and that for this Reason they feigned Aeolus was Master of the Winds E cujus fumo quinam flaturi sint venti in triduum praedicere incolae traduntur unde ventos Aeolo paruisse existimatum Nevertheless 't is certain the Worshipping of the Winds is ancienter than Aeolus his Reign whom they pretend to have lived in the Time of the Trojan War The Persians who according to Strabo and Herodotus worshipped the Winds never heard of the King of these little Islands and 't was not to him they addrest their Worship As much may be said in respect to the Scythians of whom Lucian in his Toxaris says that they swore by the Wind and Sword per ventum acinacem When Solomon in his Proverbs says there were Men so mad as to adore the Winds he little thought of Aeolus in the Matter All those Eastern Idolaters worshipped the Winds before the Fable of Aeolus was invented And so we have Reason to believe that as the Worshipping of the Winds as well as that of other parts of Nature passed from the East to the West so the Grecians Sicilians and Italians took occasion from the Nature of those Islands to make them to be the Kingdom of the Winds because they often found Whirl-winds Vapours Winds and Fire to proceed from thence Strabo relates unto us the Observations of Polybius upon the Isle of Lipara which is the greatest of Aeolus his Seven Islands viz. that when the South Wind blew it was covered with so thick a Cloud that those who were but a little way off could not see Sicily but when the North Wind blew the Island sent forth purer Flames and made a greater Noise and Concussion and this gave occasion to say that the King of these Islands was King of the Winds Hesiod openly declares for the Doctrine of Physiology when he gives us the Genealogy of the Winds and makes them to be the Children of Astraeus and Aurora for this is plainly to make those Winds to proceed from the Stars and Aurora or the Horizon or rather from the Stars and Vapours that are always in the Horizon in a very great quantity in order to form Aurora and the Winds therein We know 't is the Opinion of Naturalists and Astrologers that the Stars have a great Influence in the Generation of the Winds He says a little farther that except those three Winds that are useful to Mankind all the rest were the Children of Typhon the famous Gyant whom victorious Jupiter Thunder-struck and buried under the Mountains thro' which he
Things and the Reason why they should say that Vulcan at his Birth was thrown down from Heaven to the Earth and made a Cripple by the Fall was because the Thunder never falls directly Servius adds that the Reason why the Poets say that Vulcan fell in the Isle of Lesbos was because it thundered often in that Island Lastly the same Author says that as to their Poets Fiction in respect to Vulcan's marrying of Venus 't was because the getting of Children proceeded from Heat only And this is confirmed by St. Augustine L. 7. de Civ Dei C. 16. Now we are to speak of the Fable of Mars and Venus being taken in Adultery and wrapped up in invisible Nets by Vulcan who at the Intercession of Neptune set them free according to Homer in his Odysses Varro gives us the Etymology of the Word Vulcan ab ignis majori vi ac violentiâ Vulcanus dictus The Greek Name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 succendi Tzetzes will have it to have been the Name of an Egyptian that found out the Use of Fire in Noah's Time and afterwards invented the Art of Smithing the Greeks having attributed to him what they had learned of the Egyptians Bochart derives the Name of Vulcan from the Hebrew Words Af esto Pater ignis and that with great likelihood of Truth since Vulcan is reckoned to be of the Number of those who made up the ancient Dynasties of the Gods or Kings of Egypt The Egyptians according to Elian consecrated Lions to him And Servius says it was a Custom after the Gaining of a Victory to gather the Arms of the Enemy together and to make a Sacrifice of them to Vulcan in the Field of Battle X. X Is a double Letter in the Latin Tongue and the 21th in the Alphabet being equivalent to cs as Ducs put for Ducs whence ducis in the Genitive and so it is with gs as Rex for Regs whence comes Regis in the Genitive Case The X is sometime put with the C as vicxit junexit and sometimes with the S as Cappadoxs St. Isidore says it was not in use before Augustus his Time and Victorinus affirms Nigidius would never make use of it XAIPE a Greek Word used in Epitaphs signifying as much as Salve Good-morrow XANTHUS a River of Troy Lucian in a Dialogue of the Sea-Gods introduces this River speaking to the Sea thus Xanthus Mother of Rivers receive me into thy Bosom to quench the Flame that devours me Sea Poor Xanthus who has abused thee in this manner Xant Vulcan because I defended the poor Trojans from the Fury of Achilles who slew them upon my Banks for the Multitude of the dead Bodies having caused me to overflow I could not swallow them wherewith Vulcan growing angry he vomited so many Flames upon me as dryed up all the Plants growing upon my Banks and killed all my Fish and I had much ado to escape in the Condition you see me Sea But why would you meddle with Achilles Xant Would you have me betray the People that revered me Sea And would you on your part have Vulcan forsake the Son of a Goddess he is in Love with XENIA Presents made by the Greeks to their Guests for the Renewal of Friendship and a Token of Hospitality for such of the Grecians as were rich and magnificent had Apartments to spare furnished with all Conveniencies wherein they received those who came from afar to lodge with them The Custom was that when they had treated them the first Day only they afterwards every Day sent them some Presents of such Things as were brought them from the Country as Pullets Eggs Herbs and Fruits and hence it was that the Painters who represented those Things which every one sent to their Guests called them Xenia and that we give the Name of Xenodochîum to an Hospital that entertains Pilgrims and Strangers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Best it was also used in ancient Epitaphs in respect to the Dead XYSTOS it was a large and spacious Portico among the Greeks wherein the Wrestlers practised in Winter-time XYSTUS it signified among the Romans an open Walking-place where People entertained one another Y. Y Is the 22th Letter in the Alphabet and the Sixth Vowel used in Words derived from the Greek 't is the Vpsilón of the Grecians which is one of the Three Vowels that they call common We make use of the Letter Y very often in the End of Words in the English Tongue though we have lost the Sound of it and pronounce it always like an I and have also passed the same Pronunciation into the Latin which in some measure must be allowed of because of Custom though it would by no means be received into the Greek Tongue where the Vpsilon should always be pronounced like our Vowel V according to the Opinion both of ancient and modern Grammarians Z. Z Is the 23d and last Letter in the Alphabet and a double one among the Latins as wen as the Z of the Greeks Its Pronunciation is much more soft than the X which makes Quintilian call it mollissimum and suavissimum Nevertheless this Pronunciation was not always the same as it is this Day to which we allow it but Half that of an S. Moreover it had something in it of the D but such as sounded very smoothly as Mezentius was pronounced as if it had been Medsentius c. The Z had also an Affinity with the G as Capella says Z said he à Graecis venit licet etiam ipsi primò G Graecâ utebantur ZENOBIA Queen of Palmyra and a Princess who perfectly understood the Oriental Tongues and the Greek and Latin in their Purity Trebellius Poliio said she was the handsomest and bravest of Women She made all the East tremble beat the Lieutenants of the Emperor Gallienus and maintained a vigorous War against the Romans wherein the Emperor Aurelian after many Battles vanquished and carried her in Triumph to Rome In Consequence to that famous Victory Aurelian built a Temple at Rome dedicated to the Sun and enriched with the Spoils of the Palmyrenians and the Statues of the Sun and Bacchus which were brought from Palmyra thither as Herodotus assures us ZEPHYRUS the Wind which blows from the Cardinal Point of the Horizon in the West It 's also called Favonius and some confound it with Africus which blows from the Winter west because of the Nearness thereof Virgil makes them sacrifice a white Beast to the Wind Zephyrus Pecudem Zephyris felicibus albam Hesiod makes him to be the Son of Astraea and Aurora Astraeo verò Aurora Ventis peperit violentos celerem Zephyrum Boreamque rapidum Notum in amore cum Deo Dea congressa What Homer says by way of Fable concerning Boreas Virgil relates as a true Story of Zephyrus in speaking concerning Mares Ore omnes versae in Zephyrum stant rapibus altis Exceptantque leves auras saepè sine ullis Conjugiis