reality For the Elements are only to be divided by Reason and not by actual Operation D. What Difference is there between Principles and Elements C. The Difference is twofold First The Elements proceed out of others before them and out of one another But Principles proceed neither from others nor from themselves but out of themselves produce all Natural things Secondly The Elements are of the same Genus with those things of which they are Elements But Principles cannot be of the same Genus with those things of which they are Principles Wherefore in regard that Elements are Bodies it is apparent that those things of which they are Elements are Bodies but the Principles of Bodies are Incorporeal D. How many Elements are there C. Four Fire Air Water and Earth which frequently by Hippocrates are call'd Hot Moist Cold and Dry. D. By what Arguments are the Elements prov'd to be four C. Chiefly by three First because they are the first four Elements liable to the sense of Feeling and so many real Agreements of Tangible Qualities Next because the four Elements concur to the forming of mix'd Bodies Lastly Because all mixt Bodies are dissolv'd back into the four Elements D. I would have thee demonstrate how Human Bodies are compos'd of these four Elements C. It is the general Assent of all that our Bodies are compos'd of Organic Members in the first place then those Organic Members are perfected out of a Composure of similar parts which similar parts deduce their Original from the Seed and Maternal Bloud both proceeding from a mixture of Humors which mixture arises from the Meat and Drink put into the Body the product of which whether the Flesh of Land-Creatures or of Fish whether Fruit-Trees or Herbs and Flowers is only the promiscuous concourse and mixture of the Elements Seeing then our Nourishment proceeds from the Elements from our Nourishment the Humors from the Humors the Similar Parts from the Similar Parts the Organic Members from the Organic parts of Human Body it is manifest that the same is compos'd according to the method of Nature out of the four Elements Moreover that Human Bodies consist of those first Elements is plain from their last Dissolution for that when a man dies all things return from whence they came Thus the innate heat dissipates and flies away to the Element of Fire His Breath returns partly to the Fire partly to the Air. The flowing Humor becomes Water again The more solid thick and firm parts when once the Moisture is exhausted dry up and moulder to dust This the most admired Hippocrates first gave us to understand where he declares that when Man expires every thing separates to its proper Nature and returns to those Elements of which it was at first compos'd The Moist to the Moist the Dry to the Dry the Hot to the Hot and Cold to the Cold. D. Tell us more plainly how human Body is generated out of the four Elements The Body of Man is not compos'd of the Bodies of the Elements alone but of their conjoyn'd Qualities nor these neither pure but intermixt and temper'd according as they act of suffer among themselves D. Repeat the Qualities of the several Elements C. Fire is hot in the Extream remisly dry Air moist in Extremity remisly hot Earth cold in the Extream remisly moist The Earth dry in the Extream remisly cold So that the first four Qualities are Heat Cold Moysture and Drought Of which the Elements are the first Subjects and out of their Mixture and Temperament our Bodies are compos'd which while the Mixture and Temperament remain equal and just are in perfect Health but when that Mixture and Temperament fails or is alter'd by some Accident the Body becomes distemper'd D. What is Mixture C. Mixture is the Union of Alter'd things apt to be mixt D. How is Mixture made either according to the Qualities or the Forms or in the whole C. Qualities are alter'd Forms united the whole Elements mixt with the whole D. Shew me more distinctly the Reason of Mixture C. Alteration precedes Mixture or rather the Conflict of contrary Qualities precede the acting and suffering of the Touch for all Physical Agents act by the Touch. And therefore all Elements that concur to constitute a mixt Body touch one another in the first place then act one upon another by their Repugnancy and Contrariety and so by their mutual acting and suffering divide themselves into the smallest parts imaginable make way and enter every where and this is call'd Mixture in the whole D. Then you say Substances are mixt with Substances C. Why not D. Because no Mixture is made without Repugnancy but Substance is not repugnant to Substance C. Substance is not repugnant to Substance of it self as it is Substance but in respect of its Qualities So Fire in its whole Form and Substance does not resist Fire but one in its Quality Fire being hot and Water cold Alteration is not a mutation or change of Forms but Qualities The Elements through their mutual Contests are alter'd in their Contests are alter'd in their Qualities and are temper'd by their being broken and pierc'd taking away the Repugnancy they are easily united But from the Union of the Forms of every Element one Form of a mixt Body arises Of Temperaments D. What is a Temperament C. A Temperament is a proportion of the four chief Elementary Qualities proper for the true exercise of the Natural Functions Avicen defines a Temperament to be a Quality arising from the Elements proportionably mixt Galen calls it the Beginning of Natural Functions and Faculties Averrhoes the Form of a mixt Body But this last Definition does not please me because the form of a mixt Body is a Substance but Temperament is an Accident in the Order of Qualities D. Think you a Mixture of the first Qualities may be made without a Mixture of the Elements C. By no means For tho in this Temperament differs from Mixture that the latter is made proper to the Elements the former to the Qualities yet are they so conjoyn'd that neither Mixture can be made without the aid of Efficient Qualities nor Temperament without the substance of all the Elements So that Temperament is a kind of Harmony of the four principal Qualities proceeding from the Mixture of all the Elements D. How many are the Differences of Temperaments in general C. Nine One Temperate eight without Temperature of which four are simple Hot Cold Moist Dry and as many compounded as Hot and Moist Hot and Dry Cold and Moist and Cold and Dry. D. What is that which is said to be Temperate C. That which the Greeks call well-temper'd which is as it were the Rule and Measure of all Temperaments D. Of how many kinds is it C. Twofold The one Temper'd absolutely and to weight the other to Justice in several Genus's D. What call ye Temperament absolute and to weight C. That in which there is an even and equal Portion
of Elements mixt together no more of hot then moist no more of cold then dry This Galen believes to be rather imaginary then real or if at any time it happen to be yet that it lasts but a very short time D. What call ye Temper'd to Justice in several kinds C. That which does not contain an exact evenness of Contraries but such a decent Mediocrity as its Nature requires and best agrees with the Genus or Species So that the equality of the Mixture is not to be measur'd by Arithmetical but Geometrical Proportion For Justice gives to every thing its due according to Dignity D. What are the simple Temperaments without Temper C. Such Temperatures wherein one of the four Qualities exceeds as either Heat Cold Moisture or Drought D. Which are the Compounded C. In which there is an Excess of two Qualities as a Temperature hot and moist in which the Heat exceeds the Cold and Moisture Driness Cold and dry which has more of Cold then Heat and more of dry then moist D. Thou hast in vain distinguish'd the Temperaments into Simple and Compound when there is no simple Temperaments but all are compounded C. That I deny D. I prove it thus A Simple Temperament is that wherein one only Element prevails as Hot in whose Temperament Fire prevails Cold in which Fire overcomes But every Element has two Qualities for Fire is hot and dry Water cold and moist Therefore there is no simple Temperament C. That is call'd a Simple Temperament wherein one Quality prevails not one Element D. Against thy Answer I thus argue Seeing that Quality is an Accident it cannot subsist by it self without a Subject And therefore if any Quality of an Esement prove superior of necessity he Element to which it belongs must tprevail C. Altho every Element have two Qualities there is but one which is predominant from which the Temperament derives its name But therefore is it call'd a Temperament hot or cold because the Heat prevails over the contrary Cold or the Cold over the contrary Heat with an equality of moist and dry And it it call'd a moist and dry Temper because the moist is more powerful then the dry or the dry then the moist with an Equality of hot and cold Of the Parts D. Thus much for the Elements and Temperaments now let us come to the Parts What is a Part C. The Word Part in a large sense signifies whatever makes up the whole frame of Human Body for whatever compleats and perfects the whole is call'd a Part as Galen testifies In this large and extended signification Hippocrates uses the Word when he calls the Humors and Spirits Parts But by Fernelius a Part is properly described to be a Body cohering to the whole conjoyn'd by Life common to both and provided for such a Use or Function By which Definition Humors and Spirits are excluded out of the number of Parts because they never stay or cohere but are carry'd with a swift motion through the Veins and Arteries D. What is the Division of Parts C. The Division of Parts is manifold but the chief Division is into such as contain and such as are contained D. Which are the containing parts C. The solid parts which are upheld by themselves D. How are they divided C. Into Similar and Dissimilar D. What are Similar Parts C. Similar Parts so call'd as being of the same Nature are such as consist of one equal Substance every way like to its self in which as being smallest to the Sence the Dissolution of the Body consists for which reason they are sometimes call'd Simple and Primary and sometimes sensible Elements as appearing most simple to the Senses D. How are Similar Parts divided C. Into Spermatic and Sanguine D. What are the Spermatick Parts C. Such as consist of Seed D. How many are the Similar Spermatic Parts C. Nine Bones Muscles Ligaments Fibres Membranes Nerves Veins Arteries and Skin D. But I say Nerves Veins Arteries and Skin are Dissimilar Parts for Galen Hippoc. and Plat. Of the Vse of the Parts assert that the Nerves are Marrowy within Membrany without that the body of the Veins and Nerves are interwoven with Membranes and several Fibres and that the Skin consists of Nerves Veins and Arteries and therefore they ought not to be numbred among the similar Parts C. I answer There are two sorts of Similar Parts for some are really Similars as Bones Muscles Ligaments Fibres Membranes other only in the judgment of Sence and so Nerves Veins Arteries and Skin shall be Similar Parts because upon the first view their substance seems to be of the same kind D. Which are the Sanguinary Parts C. Which have their Original from the Blood as Flesh and Fat D. Which are the Dissimilar Parts C. The Dissimilar Parts are such as are not compos'd of parts of the same Nature but of several differing in Species They are otherwise call'd Organic as being the Instruments of which the Faculties and Functions of the Mind make use D. How are the Organic Parts divided C. Into Animal Vital and Natural and every one of these into Principal and Assistant D. What d' you call the Animal Vital and Natural Parts C. The Instruments of the Animal Vital and Natural Functions D. What d' ye call the Principal part C. That part which governs the rest D. Which are the Assisting parts C. Those which are subservient to the Principal and derive their Original from it for the most part D. Which is the principal Organ of the Animal Function C. The Brain for it is the common Original of all the Animal Functions as well sensitive as moving the Seat of the Animal Spirit and the beginning of the Nerves D. How many are the Organs assisting the Brain in the exercise of the Animal Function C. Twofold for some conveigh the Animal Faculty to sense and motion others operate of which sort are all the proper Organs of every Sense exterior and voluntary motion D. Which are the Organs that conveigh the Faculty of sense and motion C. The sensitive and moving Nerves D. Which are the proper Organs of every Sense C. The Eyes of seeing the Ears of hearing the Nose of smelling the Tongue of taste and the Skin of feeling D. which are the proper Organs of voluntary motion C. The Muscles D. Which is the principal Organ of the Vital Functions C. The Heart for it is the fountain of Vital Faculty and Spirit the principal Seat of native Heat and the Original of the Arteries D. Which are the Organs subservient to the Heart C. They are twofold the Organs of Respiration and of the Pulses D. Which are the Organs of Respiration C. They are of three sorts some for conveighance others for reception others for motion The Organs that conveigh the Air the Wind-pipe and rough Artery The Lungs receive the Air down in and prepare it for the Heart The moving Organs are sixty five Muscles dilating and contracting the
Breast for the Air is not drawn nor the Vapors excluded without the motion of the Breast D. Which are the Instruments for the Pulses C. The Arteries D. Which is the principal Organ of the Natural Functions C. The Liver for it is the Original of the natural Faculty and of all the Veins and the first Instrument of the generation of Blood D. How many sorts of Organs are subservient to the natural Faculty C. Two sorts for some are appropriated for nourishment others appointed for generation D. Which are the assisting Organs of nourishment C. They are of three sorts some for preparation some for purgation and some for distribution of the Nourishment D. Which are for preparation of the Nourishment C. The Mouth and Stomach prepare the Nourishment the one by Mastication the other by Concoction D. Which serve for Purgation C. They are of two sorts for it is the Office of some to purge the Chylus for the Excrements of the Chylus are sent forth from the Belly but the Bladder of the Gall the Spleen the Kidneys and Bladder are the Organs appointed to purge the Bloud for they receive and separate from the Bloud those excrementitious Humors begot in the Chylous matter at the time that it turns to Bloud D. Which serve for the Distribution of the Nourishment C. The Veins D. Thou hast reck'nd up all the Organs serving to Nourishment now give me an accompt of the Organs of Generation C. The Organs of Generation some are common both to Male and Female some proper to each Sex D. which are common to both Sexes C. Testicles and Spermatick Vessels as well preparing as conveighing the Seed D. Which Proper C. The Yard to the Male the Womb to the Female Of the Humors D. Having thus reck'nd up the parts containing now for the parts contain'd Which then are the Parts contain'd C. The fluid parts which are supported by the help of others such as are the Humors and Spirits D. How many Humors are contain'd in the Body C. Besides the Primogeneous Humor or that which comes naturally of it self there are two other adventitious that is to say the Alimentary and Excrementitious D. What d' ye mean by the Primogenious Humor C. A certain Oily substance bred in the more solid parts of the Body from their first Original being the Basis and Seat of Spirit and innate Heat and is therefore call'd by the name of Radical Moisture D. Which d' ye call the Alimentary humors C. The Juices of the solid parts appointed for nourishment which derive their original from a commixture of the four Elements D. Which the Excrementitious C. The superfluous moisture in the Body useful to Nature D. How are the Alimentary humors distinguished C. Into Primary and Secondary D. Which are accompted the Primary C. Those which are distributed by the Chylus in the Liver by the Power of its natural inbred heat through the Veins to the several parts of the Body for their Nourishment D. How many Primary Humors are there C. Four Bloud Choler Melancholy and Flegm Which are all mix'd together in the Veins This mixture of the four Humors is call'd the Sanguinary Mass by reason that the Bloud has the greatest share in it D. What is to be understood by the Word Blood C. The Word Blood is sometimes taken in a diffusive Sence for the whole Mass of the Bloud but properly it signifies the more pure and enlivening part of it D. What is the Temperature of the Bloud C. The Bloud generally taken for the whole Mass of Bloud is well temper'd in regard the temperature arises from an equal mixture of the future contrary humors together with a just proportion and decent Harmony of the same but being consider'd in it self as pure and limpid it is hot and moist and somthing of the nature of Air Nor is it differenc'd from the rest of the humors by reason of this peculiar temper only but also by its Consistency Colour Taste and Use D. What is the Consistency of the Bloud what its Colour Taste and Use C. The Bloud is of a consistency so thin that while it is kept within the bounds of Nature it appears neither thicker nor thinner of a red Colour and sweet Taste It nourishes chiefly the musculous parts while it hai the predominancy and makes men fleshy lively handsom good disposition'd and cheerful D. In what Ages is the Bloud most prevalent C. In Children Youth and Young men thus Galen affirms That Boys Young men and Striplings between both enjoy most of the sanguine Humor as in whom the first Principles of Life are yet most vigorous D. When does it most abound in the Body C. The Bloud is most plentiful in the Spring because then the Frosts are dissolv'd and the Waters are let loose according to the Opinion of Hippocrates D. What is Choler C. Alimentary Choler is the more thin part of the Sanguinary Mass partaking of the Nature of Fire in Temperament hot and dry of a pale or yellow Colour bitter in Taste and causes men to be lean tough active rash and hasty nourishing those parts which are most akin to its Nature wherein it differs from the excrementitious D. What is the excrementitious Choler C. That which is sent to the Bladder or Bagg of the Gall to hasten the expulsion of the Excrements and to cleanse the Guts of any slimy matter sticking to them D. In what sort of persons is Choler most predominant C. Yellow Choler abounds most in those who are in the Prime of their Age as Galen avers D. When does it most abound C. Choler abounds most in the Summer as Hippocrates declares as also in a dry season of the Air for that drought renders the hands more Choleric in quality as Galen delivers his judgment D. What is Melancholy C. Alimentary Melancholy is the thicker part of the Sanguinary Mass of the nature of the Earth in temper cold and dry of a black colour sowr in taste and renders men sad thoughtful morose severe and constant it nourishes the most solid and dry parts of the Body as the Bones where it differs from the excrementitious D. Which is the excrementitious Melancholy C. That which is carried to the Milt where it is separated from the more useful Juice that affords it nourishment and so poured out into the Stomach to excite the Appetite and to strengthen the Faculty which retains the meat there during Concoction D. What sort of People are most subject to Melancholy C. Black Melancholy is most exuberant in the declining Age of Men by the Authority of Galen D. When does it most abound in the Body C. Black Melancholy abounds most in the Autumnal Season as Hippocrates relates D. What is Flegm C. Alimentary Flegm is the more liquid part of the sanguinary Mass of the nature of Water in temper cold and moist of a white colour and sweet Taste or rather without any savour It makes men sloathful sleepy dull fat white and