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A41387
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A brief English tract of logick
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Good, Thomas, 1609-1678.
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1677
(1677)
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Wing G1028; ESTC R291
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10,972
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43
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A BRIEF ENGLISH TRACT OF LOGICK Printed Anno Domini 1677. A Tract of Logick LOGICK hath it's name from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it 's an Art which teacheth to Reason and Discourse There is a twofold Logick One Natural which is nothing but natural reason or of which every man that is not an Idiot doth in some measure partake The other Artificial which is the perfection of the Natural nam Ars perficit naturam this belongeth only to Schollars According to a Threefold Act of the Understanding Logick is devided into Three parts The First treats of Simple or Single words in order to the understanding and best apprehension of Simple things The Second treats of Propositions Affirmative and Negative wherein one thing is either denied or affirmed of another these are called Voces complexae and the knowledge of them doth direct the mind in judging what is true what is fals what things may be joyned together in an Affirmative Proposition what things ought to be separated in a Negative The Third part of Logick treats of several Formes of Argumentation as of a Syllogism Eâ—â—hyment Induction Example Sorites Dilemma Violentum instructing us how to Discourse and Argue and directing the mind rightly to judge betwixt a true and fals Consequence when the Conclusion doth rightly follow from the Premisses when it doth not For the better understanding Propositions and Syllogisms see the litle Tract of a Syllogism and Breerwoods Elem. Log. c. The First part of Logick as hath been said treats of Simple words which are words of the First Notion as Homo Animal Brutum Equus or of the Second Notion commonly called words of Art known only to Schollars Of these two sorts of words the First part of Logick Treats 1 Of certain words of Art called Predicables 2 Of Common words of the first Notion called Predicaments The Predicables shew the manner how in a Proposition a Predicate is affirmed of the Subject whether Essentially or Accidentally whether Necessarily or Contingently There are Five Predicables viz. 1 Genus which we call the Common kind 2 Species which we call the Special kind 3 Differentia which we call the Difference 4 Proprium which we call Propriety 5 Accident which we English an Accident Now every Predicate in every Proposition is one of these Five As for Example Petrus est animal Animal is the Genus or the Common kind of Peter for if you ask what kind of creature Peter is I answer he is an Animal or Sensitive Creature Petrus est homo homo is the Species or the special kind of Peter Petrus est rationalis rationalis is the Differrence by which Peter is distingushed from a Beast which is unreasonable Petrus est risibilis risibilis is the Propriety of Peter for it is only Proper to a Man to laugh Petrus est albus albus is the Accident for it is Accidental to Peter to be White for he may be any other Colour That these Five Predicables may the better be understood I will set down their several Definitions Genus or the common kind is that which is Predicated of many things which do differ in special kinds as for example Animal is a Genus which is Predicated of a Man or a Beast for both are Animals and both differ in kind Species or the Special kind is that which is Predicated of things of the same kind Differing only in Number or Singular Nature as Homo which is Predicated of each particular Man Differentia or Difference is that Predicable by which one thing doth differ from another Essentially as Rationale which makes a Man differ from a Beast Proprium or the Propriety is a Predicable which belongeth to all things of the one or the same kind and only to them and alwaies as Risibilitas which belongeth to all Men and only to Men and alwaies to them for albeit no Man laughs alwaies actually yet every Man hath alwaies the power to laugh Accidens or an Accident is that which may be Absent or Present without the Destruction of the Subject wherein it is as Cold or Heat is an Accident in respect of the Water wherein it may be or not be without destruction of the Water Of Accidents there be two sorts some Separable as Cold in respect of the Water others Inseparable as Heat in respect of Fire Blackness in respect of a Crow which cannot be really Separated from Her but only in conceit for we may conceive a Crow to be without Blackness without taking any thing from Her Nature or Essence Having shewed how many things may be Predicated in a Proposition it is requisite in the next place I discourse of the Nature of things themselves All things in the World are generally reduced to two Heads Namely Substances and Accidents for whatsoever is in the World is a Substance or an Accident Magnus Aristotles trutinando cacumina rerum In duo divisit quicquid in orbe fuit A Substance is a thing which can subsist of it self as an Angel is a Substance so also is a Man a Substance a Horse a Dog briefly whatsoever things you see are Substances yea many things you cannot see are Substances as God Angels the Air the Wind are all Substances If it be said I see Colours as Whiteness in a Wall Redness in a Cloud which are not Substances but Accidents I answer When I say all things seen are Substances I mean not Colours or Figures of things but the things under those Colours as the Whiteness of a Wall is not a Substance but the Wall under that Whiteness In the Second place an Accident is a thing which cannot subsist of it self but is alwaies upheld by some Substance wherein it resides as for example Length Breadth Thickness any Colour whatsoever Vice Virtue Action Passion and divers other things are all Accidents residing in Substances as Vertue or Vice in a Man Colour in a Wall Length or Breadth in a Table Because this division may seem too general therefore Logicians use to divide things into Ten Heads and to place them in Ten Rows or Ranks which they call the Ten Predicaments wherefore the â— is Substance the 2 Quantity 3 Quality 4 Relation 5 Action 6 Passion 7 Place 8 Time 9 Scituation 10 Habit which are all intimated in these Verses Arbor Sex Servos Fervore Refrigerat Ustos Rure Cras Stabo nec Tunicatus ero A Tree Six Servants Burnt with Heat Refresht To Morrow I 'le Stand i' th' Country all Undrest In the 1 Rank which is called the Predicament of Substance are placed all Substances in the world Now there are several kinds of Substances some Incorporeal as Spirits some Corporeal which are either Simple as the Heavens the Sun the Moon and Stars as also the Four Elements as the Fire Air Earth Water or Compounded and made up of these Four Elements And these are either Inanimate and without Life as Stones Coals Silver Gold c. or Animate as having Life which
are also of two sorts some having Life and no Sense as Grass Plants c. others having Life and Sense which again are of two sorts some having Life Sense and Reason as all Men others having Life only and Sence as Birds Beasts Worms Serpents and Fishes All these sorts of Creatures are Substances The Second Predicament is Quantity In this Rank are placed all Quantities whether they be Multitudes as Numbers or Magnitudes as Length Breadth Thickness Now Logicians call Length Linea Breadth Superficies or Out-Side Thickness Corpus Of Length or Lines there be Two sorts some Straight others Crooked A Straight Line is that which lies directly betwixt Two Points Of Crooked Lines there be many sorts but the chiefest is a Circle or Round Line drawn Round about a little Point in the middle which we call the Centre The Third Predicament is of Quality In this Predicament are placed all Qualities whereof there are Four kinds 1 Habit 2 Natural Abilities 3 Sensible Qualities 4 Figures or Forms 1 An Habit is a Quality gotten by Industry and Labour as the Habit of Discourseing Well the Habit of Writing Well of Harping Dancing or the Habit of Justice Fortitude Temperance c. All Virtues or Vices of the Minde are Habits 2 Natural Power or Ability is a Quality Naturally Implanted in us not purchased by our Paines or Labour as the power to Walk Speak See or Laugh 3 Sensible Qualities is whatsoever we See as all Colours whatsoever we Hear as all Sounds whatsoever we Tast as all Sapours whatsoever we Touch as Heat Cold Roughness Smoothness Softness Hardness 4 Figure or Form is the outward Fashion of things as the Figure of a Man in his Body or Face the Figure of a Table which is Square or Quadrangulate the Figure of a Ring which is Round the Figure of a Bowl or Globe which is also Round and of this Figure is the World which is also Round wherein the Earth is placed as a Center Encircled by the Heavens and in Comparison of them it 's not bigger then yonder Center in respect of that Circle Of Relation In this Predicament or Rank are put all Relations whatsoever as the Relation betwixt Father and Son Master and Servant Tutor and Schollar A Relation is a mutual respect betwixt things which we call Relative and Correllative as Similitude or Likeness is a Relation betwixt Two things that are like Every Relative has his Correllative as every Father hath a Son or Daughter every Master a Servant No Relative is before his Correllative as the Father as he is a Father is not before or Elder then his Eldest Son or Daughter for before he had that Child he was not a Father Of Action In this Predicament or Rank are all Actions as Judging Playing Leaping Runing c. Passion Here we place all Passion or Suffering as to be Beaten Pulled or Burnt c. Of Place As the Place of Men is the Earth the Place of Fishes is the Water the Place of Birds the Air. Of Time As to Morrow to Day Yesterâ—day c Of Scituation Wherein are all Postures as Sitting Standing Lying and Kneeling Of Habit. As to be Apparrelled with Gown Cloak Breeches c. CAP. II. HAving ended the Predicaments which are Ranks of things in the next place we will speak of Causes Opposition and Motion which we will make our Post Predicaments or things belonging to the Predicaments There is but one thing without Cause and that is God For he being the Cause of things was not made or caused by any thing A Cause is that of which or by which or for which a thing is made There are Four Causes of things the Material the Formal the Efficient and Final which are in Latine thus Named Materia Forma Efficiens Finis The Matter is the Cause out of which a thing is made as the Matter of an House is Timber and Stone the Form is the very Fashioning and Joyning together of the Matter the Efficient is the Carpenter the Final cause is Habitation for an House is made to dwell in Thus the Material Cause or Matter of a Man is his Body which is made of the Four Elements Earth Water Air Fire the Form is his Soul the Prime Efficient Cause of a Man is God though the Second Cause be his Parents the End or Final Cause is Gods Glory for God made Man for his own Glory CAP. III. OF things in the World some do agree the one with the other some do dis-agree are opposite one to the other as Heat and Cold Black and White which are contrary Light and Darkness Seeing and Blindness Blindness is the Absence or Privation of Seeing Now there is a double Privation of Seeing the one in part which is Privation only of the Act of Seeing as when you Sleep you do not absolutely See the other is whole or total viz a Privation of Act Power and Possibility Such a Privation of sight is in a Blind Man who neither actually Sees neither can he See If it be demanded whether or no a Stone be Blind I answer It neither Seeth nor yet is Blind for albeit there is an Absence of fight in a Stone yet there is no Privation because that Privation is an Absence of a thing which ought to be in but Sight ought not to be in a Stone therefore it wants it not CAP. IV. MOtion or Mutation which are in Latine called Motus is nothing but a change of things one thing from another Now things may suffer a change either in Nature or Substance or else in Accident or Quantity Quality or Place Hence Logicians make mention of Six kinds of Motions or change Generation Corruption Augmentation Diminution Alteration Local Motion Generation is a Motion or change from not being to being as when that which was not a Man is now made a Man Corruption is a change from being to not being as when a Man dies he changes his being and becomes Dust and Earth Augmentation is a change from a lesser to a greater Quantity as when a Man grows bigger and bigger Diminution is a change from greater to lesser Qauntity as when a Man goes lesser and lesser Alteration is a change from one Quality to another as when Water is changed from hot to cold Local Motion is a change from one Place to another as when a Man goes from his Chamber to the Hall from Oxford to Londan In every one of those Motions there are Two bounds the First where the Motion begins which we call terminus a quo the other where the Motion ends which we call terminus ad quem as if you go from Oxford to London the Terminus a quo is Oxford the Terminus ad quem is London An Example of fall Syllogisms 1. HE that saith Socrates is a living Creature saith true He that saith Socrates is an Ass saith He is a living Creatute Ergo He that saith Socrates is an Ass saith true 2. Every reasonable Creature