Imprimatur Hic Liber cui Titulus Doubts concerning the Roman Infallibility c. May 17. 1688. Guil. Needham R.R. in Ch. P. ac D. D. Wilhelmo Archiep. Cant. a Sacris Domest DOUBTS Concerning the Roman Infallibility I. Whether the Church of Rome Believe it II. Whether Jesus Christ or his Apostles ever Recommended it III. Whether the Primitive Church Knew or Used that Way of Deciding Controversie LONDON Printed for James Adamson at the Angel and Crown in St. Paul's Church-Yard MDCLXXXVIII DOUBTS Concerning the Roman Infallibility THE Advantage of having an Infallible Judge to Determine Controversies of Religion is so Visible that those who for their Lives cannot bring themselves to believe Either that there is such a Judge on Earth or that the Church of Rome is so Qualifyed cannot yet but wish That there were one exempt from the common Frailty of Mistaking For who would not be desirous of being released from the Toyl of Examining every Point of his Faith by Scripture and Tradition when after all the Issue is uncertain Who can envy himself the Blessedness of being raised above all Apprehension and Jealousie of being Mistaken in that which concerns him above all things the Religion and Faith by which he is to be Saved When therefore we see so great a part of Christians Disputing against their own Wishes and rejecting all Pretenders to Infallibility it is a strong Presumption That the Truth of such Infallibility is not so Evident and Visible as the Advantage that flows from the Supposition of it For it is commonly more than half way towards Believing a thing to be True to have a desire that it should be so The common Objection of the Force of Prejudice against Evident Truth can have no place here for if there be any Prejudice in this Case it is For and not Against Infallibility For those of our Church who have opposed this Pretence with greatest Diligence and Success have taken care to prevent this Imputation by professing more than an ordinary Desire that it might be true The Lord Falkland a Person of great Honour as well as of Learning and Acuteness declares That if God would leave it to him Which Tenet should be True he would Chuse that Infallibility should rather than the contrary Mr. Chillingworth who thought once to have found out the Infallible Judge but lo it was a Dream makes this Solemn Profession For my part so he speaks I know I am as Willing and Desirous That the Bishop or Church of Rome should be Infallible provided I might know it as they are to be so esteemed Dr. Hammond doubts not to profess the same good Inclination Dr. Hammond's Preface to his Defence of the Lord Falkland in the Name of all Protestants If there were says he but one Wish offered to each Man among us it would certainly with a full Consent be laid out on this one Treasure the setting up of one Catholick Umpire or Days-man some Visible Infallible Decider of Controversie It is very hard that Persons so well disposed should not be able to attain to the Belief of so Easing and Commodious a Principle for besides their Good-will they wanted neither Learning nor Diligence nor Judgment to make themselve Masters of their Desire But it seems it is not given to all to Believe Infallibility and possibly the great Talents of these Persons might be no small Hindrance to their Belief Now since we still Profess to have the same Desire and Fondness of Believing Infallibility upon good Grounds with the Persons above-mentioned in Earnest Reverend Fathers of the Mission it will be some Disparagement to your Glorious Undertaking of Conversion to suffer Men so well Disposed to languish out their Lives with a Fruitless Desire of finding the Infallible Judge and at last to Dye without that Comfort For you certainly or none the Glory of our Conversion is reserved for the Proof of the Infallible Church is your peculiar Province and to do you Right you keep so close to it as seldom to suffer your Study or Understanding to pass the Bounds of this Question humbly content with this Summary Creed I Believe the Infallible Church If therefore you have any Demonstrations or Infallible Arguments or Weighty Reasons we beseech you to produce them deny not your selves the Glory of Convincing us for we long to be your Conquest But then to prevent a Needless Trouble we are obliged to let you know That the Old Arguments have been all Weighed with great Care and found Light and it will not be for your Reputation to offer us the same Bad Mony for Payment that has been refused a hundred times before You may if you please call these Demonstrations and Unanswerable Things but for our part we after the most Diligent Examination can find Nothing in them but Noise that may perhaps create Disturbance to some Weak Persons unacquainted with Sophistry but serve only for Sport to the more Understanding They are like the Clock of a Death watch a poor little Worm scarce visible that may Fright it may be Melancholy or Timorous Persons but in Truth signifie nothing Or like the Dwarf of Augustus describ'd by Suetonius That was but seventeen Pound Weight not two Foot High and of a Prodigious Voice only this Creature had some Substance tho' but very little But the Evidences for the Infallibility hitherto produced will not turn the Scale against a Feather Now to give you some Comfort for your Unsuccesful Practice upon Minds so well disposed I will make bold to lay before you some Instances of your Brethren and Companions of the same Misfortune The Doctors of the Stage whom Scurrilous Men call Mountebanks proclaim themselves Infallible in their Way they make Liberal Offers of Infallible Medicines of never-failing Remedies or Certain and Never-erring Operations Yet a great part of the World and reputed the Wisest pass by these great Dispensers of Health these Confident Ensurers of Life and Longevity and depend upon such Modest Physitians as declare themselves Fallible and do not Dissemble their Diffidence of the success of their Applications Yet these Patients have as strong a Desire of Ease and Health as any of their Neighbours and would give all the World for a really Infallible Operator There are other Men Bold enough to Pretend That they have the Secret of making Gold. This they affirm with so much Assurance that the Church of Rome cannot shew more in her Claim of Infallibility Nay they have their Demonstrations their Probable Reasons their certain Grounds And at last for an Irresistible Inducement to believe they have their Revelations too Now as well as Men love Gold there are not many that will Believe the Pretence or be perswaded to send their Baser Metals to undergo the Improvement of this Golden Transubstantiation I am loth to impute this general Infidelity either in regard of the Infallible Judge or of the Infallible Operators wholly to the want of competent Proof on the
required but Orthodox Faith and the Truth of Apostolick Doctrine And it is strange in all the Disputes between Cyril and Theodoret there is not the least Word about the Infallible Definition of the Ephesin Synod which had decided the Matter under Dispute And it is no small Prejudice against the Infallible Way Cyril Ep. ad Euopt that Cyril tells his Adversary That he ought to Argue out of the Scriptures only There was never Council occasioned more Dispute than that of Chalcedon the World was a long while divided about it But those who declare their Adherence to it never pretend it to have been Infallible but on the contrary Ep. Anatol. ad Leon. Ep. Episcop Europ ad Leon Episc Isaur ad eund vid. Tom. 5. Conc. Ed. Labb Profess their Approbation of it Because it had Asserted the True Faith not that the Faith must be true because asserted by it because it had defined nothing New or Strange against the Rectitude of the Faith because it had added nothing to the Faith or altered nothing in the Constitutions of former Councils or explained any thing Incongruously but followed the Scripture and the Nicene Council Ep. Syriae 2. ibid. And the Bishops of Syria declare their Opinion not only of this but of all the other received General Councils That they Decree them to be True Councils because they have Asserted and Ratified this Faith by the Holy Seriptures What shall we call this but a Protestant Rule of Faith when a Council is to be known to be True or False from its Doctrine and not the Doctrine from the Infallibility of the Judge And Maximus it seems Collat. S. Maximi cum Theodos Ep. Caesar Ed. Sirm. p. 161 162. had no other Means of discerning True from Erroneous Councils but the Doctrine they defined For says he If the Emperor's Summons or Commands give Authority to Synods and not the True Faith receive the Synods that have been assembled against the Word Consubstantial And having reckoned up many Heretical Councils concludes But they were all condemned for the Impiety of their Erroneous Opinions confirmed by them And then The Rule of the Church acknowledges those for true Synods which the Orthodoxness of their Opinions doth Recommend And Theodosius Answers It is so as thou affirmest It is Orthodoxness of Belief gives Credit and Confirmation to Synods I might pursue the same Observation through several other General Councils which a considerable part of the Church believed to have actually mistaken but to which none for some Ages ascribed the Prerogative of Infallibility but those in which I have instanced being the Principal for Reputation and Authority it is needless to observe the same thing of those that followed And the Fathers taking the Liberty of Judging Conciliary Definitions by the Rule of Faith the Holy Scriptures do plainly overthrow all Pretence of an Unaccountable Infallible Way of Defining presumed to be above all Examination and Review because above all possibility of Mistaking Now as the Church was Ignorant of the Infallible Judge during the conjunction of East and West and the Opportunity of General Councils so the Greek Church after it was broken off from the West was altogether unacquainted with this Infallible Way and when the Church of Rome began to assume to it self the Quality of Infallible the Eastern Church Protested against it And while they follow the Patriarch Photius they can never Resolve their Faith into any Human or Ecclesiastical Authority for he has prevented all such Pretences by that strong Protestation he makes in his Epistle to the Bishop of Aquileia Photii Ep. ad Ep. Aquil. in Auct Biblioth Patr. per Combef p. 535. where in answer to the Authority of the Fathers touching the Procession of the Holy Ghost he saith What should I descend so low as to speak concerning the number of those that affirm this thing though the whole Creation should do it with onc Voice none surely would leave the Instruction and Doctrine of the Creator to hearken to the Voice of the Creature contradicting him that made it To conclude I cannot avoid suspecting the Roman Infallibility when I consider not only That no other Church pretends to it but that no Heresie or Sect of Christians ever claimed it These did seldom come behind the Church in Assuming and Pretence and commonly presumed more upon their Authority and what they wanted in Truth and Proof they made up with Arrogance and the Positive Way There is no other Principle into which Faith is used to be resolved but they endeavour to make their own Scripture Tradition Miracles Revelation all these they boldly challenged but this Assurance of Infallibility we never find them to have usurped I am loath to ascribe it to their Modesty it is more likely they had no Example to provoke them and they were not so Fortunate as to find out the Way themselves to so bold a Pretence unless we may imagine that they had a better Opinion of their Way than to think it stood in need of so Miserable a Subterfuge So that the Impudence of this Pretence is peculiar to the Church of Rome and may serve as a more proper Note to distinguish it than any of those laid down by Bellarmine But this is no note of Honour but a Brand for as the Church of Rome corrupted it self beyond all others in Doctrine and Worship the Divine Judgment delivered her up to a Reprobate Sense that renders her incapable of Discerning or Reforming her Errours this Presumption That she is not subject to Mistake hanging perpetually like a Veil over her Eyes FINIS Books Printed for James Adamson at the Angel and Crown in S. Paul's Church-Yard I. A Treatise of the Celibacy of the Clergy wherein its Rise and Progress are Historically considered In Quarto II. A Treatise proving Scripture to be the Rule of Faith writ by Reginald Peacock Bishop of Chichester before the Reformation about the Year 1450. In Quarto III. Several Captious Queries concerning the English Reformation first proposed by Dean Manby an Irish Convert in Latin And afterwards by T. W. in English Briefly and fully Answered by the late reverend and learned Dr. Clagett Preacher to the Honourable Society of Grays-Inn and Chaplain in Ordinary to His Majesty IV. Two Discourses of Purgatory and Prayers for the Dead In Quarto V. The Present State of the Controversie between the Church of England and the Church of Rome Or an Account of the Books written on both Sides in a Letter to a Friend In Quarto VI. Mr. Chillingworth's Book called The Religion of Protestants a safe Way to Salvation made more generally useful by omitting Personal Contests but inserting whatsoever concerns the common Cause of Protestants or defends the Church of England with an exact Table of Contents and an Addition of some genuine Pieces of Mr. Chillingworth's never before printed viz. against the Infallibility of the Roman Church Transubstantiation Tradition c. And an Account of what moved the Author to turn Papist with his Confutation of the said Motives In Quarto VII Clementis epistolae duae ad Corinthos interpretibus Patricio Juneo Gothifredo Vandelino Joh. Bapt. Cotelerio recensuit notarum spicilegium adjecit Paulus Colomesius bibliothecae Lambethanae curator accedit Tho. Brunonici Windsoriensis dissertatio de Therapeutis Philonis His subnexae sunt epistolae aliquot singulares vel nunc primum editae vel non ita facile obviae In Quarto VIII The Travel of Monsieur de Thevenot into the Levant in Three Part viz. 1. Into Turky 2. Persia 3. The East Indies In Folio
which is to some an Infallible Judge they methinks should not be afraid to declare the whole Truth for they surely could not mistrust their own Infallibility and as little could they Question the Acquiescence and Submission of all good Catholicks yet these had Scruples and could not speak out for they had received a Caution from Rome whence their Spirit of Defining came That they should by no means Meddle with that Controversie that depended between Catholicks which might occasion a Schism How For a General Council to determine a Controversie between Catholicks would it be to expose the Church to the Danger of Schism Where then is their Belief of Infallibility Where is their Resignation to the Decrees of the Church Or to what Purpose is Infallibility given if it cannot be Exercised for fear of Offence and giving occasion to Schism We are told That the only Remedy against Heresie and Schism is the Determination of the Church and we are pressed to forsake our Religion because the Council of Trent has condemned it whereas in Confidence between Pope and Council we find that their Catholicks would leave them for that very Reason which they use to Convert us i. e. If they durst Condemn their Opinions as they have done ours It is said indeed That this Article of the Immaculate Conception is not of Faith and therefore needs not to be decided and if it were the Decision of the Church may not be Infallibly True because the Promise of Infallible Assistance extends only to Matters of Faith. I should be better content with this Answer if I could be satisfy'd once What is of Faith and what is not How comes Invocation of Saints Worshipping of Images and Purgatory to be of Faith and this not It cannot be said Because the Church has determin'd those Points and not this For before I enquired Why the Church would not determine this and it was given me for a Reason That it was not of Faith. Or is it because it does not seem to be of so great moment in it self This cannot be pretended for Matters of less Moment have been declared to be of Faith For Instance The Perpetual Virginity of the Blessed Virgin is an Article in it self of less Moment than this of the Immaculate Conception for he that denies that the Mother of our Lord always continued a Virgin makes her less Perfect in the Opinion of some but not Criminal in the Judgment of any For if she had enjoy'd the Liberty of Wedlock she had not sinned But he that affirms her to be Conceived in Sin if she knew no Sin is a False and Blasphemous Accuser and does her real Dishonour Yet Helvidius and some others that denyed her Perpetual Virginity are Hereticks the Dominicans that charge her with Original Sin and that Unjustly according to the Opinion of the major part of the Council of Trent if we may believe Pallavicini and of the present Roman Church are still Good Catholicks and the Question must not be Infallibly Decided against them for fear of Schism But one of the greatest Hindrances of our Belief of Infallibility is to see That those who affirm that such a Priviledge belongs to their Church cannot agree where to place it Some are for the Pope some for a General Council some for the Church Diffusive now if but one of these Competitors be Infallible of three Parties into which the Roman Church is divided upon this Question there are two against him and as very Hereticks as we If all the three be Infallible then all the Roman Church is in a Dangerous Error for of this Trinity of Infallible Judges no Party believes but one to the Exclusion of the other two Nor can they Reproach us with rejecting all the three for we allow the Church Diffusive to be Infallible in a Sense that is That there shall be always Persons professing the Substance of the Christian Faith only we do not make these Infallible Judges nor resolve our Faith into this Pious Opinion as into a first Principle But we need not insist upon this for the Romanists themselves confess That the Church Diffusive can be no Judge and that no Controversie in Religion was ever yet Decided by it Now while the Romanists are Disagreed about their Infallible Judge how can we believe that they have any For surely If God had appointed such a Judge he had rendred him so Conspicuous and Remarkable that every one who was not wilfully Blind must have Discerned him else there could be no Use of him and instead of Ending Controversie he would Serve only to Increase it by becoming himself the Subject of a New Dispute For what Use I pray of an Infallible Judge that lies incognito or what benefit from that Infallibility that is Distracted between many and Endless Competitions The Wisdom of God is not wont to confer so great a Gift to so little purpose and those who concern the Divine Wisdom in this Question by saying That God had not made sufficient Provision for his Church if he had not made it Infallible do not consider That while they Disagree about this Infallibility they overthrow their own Argument and betray the Divine Wisdom after they had interested it in their Disputes When they pretend to be all agreed in this That they Blieve the Pope and a General Council in conjunction to make up one Infallible Compound we have great Reason to suspect That what they say is not True and that they do not believe it themselves for several have lived and dyed in their Communion who publickly taught That a Pope and General Council concurring may err in the Faith and were never Censur'd for this Doctrine Besides it is as reasonable to believe that two Cyphers joyned may make up a Summ as that two Fallible Parties can make up one Infallible in Conjunction Or if these Parties are Infallible apart they do but mock us when they talk of their Conjunction But that they do not Believe their own Pretence seems to me plain Because they take no Care to be always provided of this Infallible Compound How can they believe a Pope and Council united to be the only Infallible Judge and yet use no Means to bring them together once in a hundred Years The Council of Constance when it had Decreed Councils to be Infallible took Care to Act according to their Pretence and therefore ordered Councils to be frequent and provided against all those Impediments which the Jealousie of the Roman Court might oppose to their Design But that Men should believe that Infallibility of Judgment belongs to a certain Conjunction of Parties and yet to be content they should never meet and to let Ages pass without the least Benefit of this Infallibility that was in their Power is such a Riddle that overcomes my Weak Faith so Rank a Pretence as would turn the Stomach of a Pharisee But if they pretend That the State of the World and Circumstances of Princes will
permit such Assemblies but seldom they fall foul upon the Wisdom of God that should leave the Infallibility of the Church at the Discretion of Temporal Princes and make the very Being of the Infallible Judge to depend upon the Disposition of these either to Peace or War. If it be said that such frequent Assemblies will be very inconvenient to the Church Universal they must be answered That the Subsisting of an Infallible Judge is such an Advantage to the Church as will abundantly satisfie for all the Inconvenience that can be pretended Besides who does not see that all this is meer Shift for in Rome there are commonly more Prelates attending upon that Court than have made up several of the General Councils which are accounted Infallible Yet after all this Church that boasts so much of her Infallibility and makes that the Ground of her Dominion over the Faith of all Christians when she may easily contrive that that Judge which she pretends to be Infallible should be also a standing one and perpetual is content to commit either to the Inquisition which was never pretended to be exempt from Error or to Episcopal Vicars who are generally no great Divines the Power of Declaring Heresie and of Condemning to the Fire Men by them Adjudged to be Hereticks when all the while these very Judges are no less subject to Heresie than the Poor Creatures on whom they pronounce their Sentence And though a General Council once in an Age or two might correct the Errors of these Decrees yet can they restore the Souls which they have slain or raise again the Bodies which these Mistaken Judges had reduced to Ashes The more we consider this Pretence of Joyning Pope and Council to make up an Infallible Judge the more our Suspicions do increase not only that those who set up this Judge against us do not Believe him Infallible themselves but that the very Parties set up are not satisfyed of the Goodness of their own Title For if they were convinced That the only Means of having the Christian Faith without Danger of Mistake was by their joynt Instruction they would surely have better Inclination one for the other than has appeared for these last Ages and would be desirous of more frequent Meeting But who does not know how the Popes stand affected to a Council since for some Ages they have taken Care to Express their Good Will by a yearly Excommunication of all those who shall presume to Appeal to it which the Council of Basil declares to be Heresie But let the Sorbon and the Abettors of that Council look to this Tender Point It cannot be unknown to any that Reads with what Difficulty the Council of Trent so much Magnifyed after its Dissolution was Obtained or rather Extorted What Instances the Emperor used what Importunity and Threats and that could obtain nothing during one whole Pontificat and yet no very short one All Prinees of that Communion joyned in the same Request but to little Purpose Paul the Third shifted it off as long as he could with Delays and Excuses and Affected Exceptions and all the Tricks of a Resolved Aversion till at last absolute Necessity did Extort it from him If God had appointed that Infallibility should be the Issue of this Conjunction in all likelihood he had Prepared the Parties with Kinder Dispositions towards one another For when he ordered the Preservation of all Animal Kinds by the Conjunction of Male and Female he inspired them with a Mutual Good-liking but the Antipathy which Popes have for Councils makes it very Improbable that their Agreement should be the only Certain Infallible Means of Preserving the Truth of the Christian Religion But besides the Unwillingness of these Parties to come together to be Infallible the great Distrust they have one of another when Met begets in us a farther Suspicion that they themselves are not fully persuaded of this Infallibility at least that they have not the full Assurance of Divine Faith about it Two Kings at an Interview or two Opposite Generals in Time of War cannot be more Jealous or more Scrupulously Cautious about the Condition of the Place or the Number of Attendants If there must be a Council the Pope would be best content to have it within his own Dominion or where he can Command Possibly such Assemblies may be most Infallible within S. Peter's Patrimony though the Poor Apostles were forced to meet in an Enemy's Country But what matters it where they Meet if the Pope and they are Infallibly assisted A Simple Man would expect That two Tallies should not Agree more exactly when joyned together than these two Pieces of Infallibility when they come to confer Notes but the Councils of Constance and Basil and Pisa will Inform us That there may be a Disagreement and that too if either Side is to be believed about Matters of Faith. These Old Jarrs made the Popes who are the Standing Part of the Infallible Compound very jealous of the other which is but Occasional And therefore when the Council of Trent sate the Popes that directed it thought they could never have Security enough of its Good-behaviour For first They would by no Means allow it the Title of Representing the Universal Church lest it should pretend to Engross the Infallibility as others had done then it was ordered That nothing should be Proposed for Debate in it but by the Popes Legates Then the Summ of all Debates were to be sent to Rome and nothing to be Concluded without new Direction And as if all this were not Sufficient Care was taken that Italian Prelates should be sent thither in such Numbers as might carry it against all the rest and if any Accession of Bishops came from France or other Places beyond the Mountains new Levies were made in Rome and sent immediately to Trent to observe the Motions of those Strangers These Italians it may be have a nearer Capacity of being Infallible and if Infallibility depend upon the Agreement of Pope and Council it cannot be denyed for I think it is more possible for them both to Mistake by Consent than for a Synod composed of such as these to have any Difference with him that Sends and Pays them But if the Popes had been of Opinion That all Private Opinions and Engagements were to be Over-ruled by the Infallible Spirit of Councils and that whatsoever they might have Promised for the Wages of Unrighteousness like Balam they could not pronounce otherwise than as God moved them Surely their Holinesses would have learned to be Wiser by the Example of Balack than to have wasted their Treasure to engage Men of Uncertain Suffrage and at last to receive a Curse perhaps instead of a Blessing This Way of Procuring an Infallible Sentence is enough to destroy all the Credit and Authority of it For the Oracles of Old quickly Sunk in their Reputation when the Gods and their Officers condescended to accept of Pensions Now as the too
wary Conduct of the Roman Church towards her own Members seems to confess a distrust of her own Infallibility so the Unreasonable Confidence which she uses towards us begets in us a just Suspicion that she is in the wrong and is not altogether Insensible of it For it is a sign of a very bad Cause when those concern'd to Defend it are unwilling to enter into its Merits and instead of that only bluster and stand upon their Privilege instead of Maintaining it by Law and Reason declare that they are to give Law and not to submit to any and that whatsoever they say that must be Reason This is an Extravagancy in which no Authority upon Earth can bear a Man out For if a Professor when he is press'd by some Untoward Objections against some Opinion he has deliver'd should think fit to answer only with his Brow or else to deliver it again as his positive Judgment out of the Chair declaring That it belonged to him to dictate in that place I am apt to believe that his Beard though never so venerable would scarce be able to preserve him from the Contempt and Derision of his own Disciples Or if a Judge question'd for an Unjust Sentence should instead of Law or Equity produce only his Commission to justifie his Act I am afraid whatever became of his Person his Reputation would be in some danger Especially if all were of Judge * Rustworth's Coll. T. 1. P. 506. Dodridg's mind That it is no more fit for a Judge to decline to give an Account of his Doings than for a Christian of his Faith. Now this is the Case between Us and the Church of Rome We charge Them of Corrupting the Faith of Establishing Superstition and Insufferable Tyranny We produce our Evidence and alledge Scripture and Primitive Antiquity to make out Our Charge On the other side She takes upon her and stands upon her Privilege She defines and proves it with a Curse which is a Spiritual kind of Hectoring and We are Hereticks convict because we are not satisfied with these Demonstrations For my own part I think they are to blame that do not like this Proceeding in an Enemy for the nearest thing to an Acknowledgment that the Roman Cause is Indefensible is this desperate way of maintaining it the less of Argument Men have the more Positive they grow and endeavour to make up their want of Reason by the Boldness and Peremptoriness of their Affirmation And though some may ascribe the Infallibility-shift to the Confidence of the Church of Rome I shall rather impute it to her Desperation And we are the more confirmed in this Suspicion that the Roman Church was brought to this Shift by Distress rather than Choice when we consider the time and the Occasion upon which we find her openly to have declared her self Infallible When the Eastern Church quarrell'd with those of the West about some Points of Doctrin as well as Ecclesiastical Observances among other things they urge That the Catholick Church was on their Side For of the five Patriarchs which Govern'd the Church whom they usually compar'd to the five Senses there were four for the Eastern Opinions And if two to one be accounted odds it will be intolerable Presumption for one to oppose four For so Michael Cerularius urges not intending to confer any Infallibility upon those four Patriarchs but from a Majority pleading a Presumption of Right Pope Leo opposes to this the Dignity of St. Peter and the Privilege which the Roman Church had of being Infallible though she stood alone This appears by the Letters of Michael Patriarch of Constantinople and Peter of Antioch and Leo the Ninth's Reply to their Objections and it is no wonder the Pope took Sanctuary in such a Pretence when Authority did commonly bear down Reason And the Roman Church was too great to depend upon the sole Merit of the Cause and such Reasons as were common to her with every private Christian in the World. But this Pretence of Infallibility was yet rather Insinuated than Defined till Gregory VII condemn'd and depos'd by several German and Italian Councils was forc'd to lift up his See beyond all Human measure and to declare positively That his Church could never Err. About an Hundred and fifty Years after this the Schoolmen invented the Term Infallibility to express this Unaccountable Privilege Mr. Cressy calls it an Unfortunate Word and 〈◊〉 is indeed For never any had harder usage than this It is forced to stand against Scripture and Tradition against Authority and Reason and Sense This poor Infallibility must hide all Faults must cover every Defect and vouch every Absurdity and justifie even Transubstantiation I have insisted I fear too long upon the grounds we may have to suspect that the Church of Rome does not really believe her own Infallibility What conceit she may have of her self or how she may stand in the Opinion of her Adherents is to us of no great Importance since we do not conceive our selves concluded either by her fond Fancies of her own Excellence or the extravagant Applauses of her Flatterers only we would desire she would not press us too vehemently to this Belief while she is under such flagrant Suspicion of Deriding it within her self If she do really believe this we envy her not the Paradise of such a Conceit but rather pity her Disease and the disorder of her Imagination for so it is And something not unlike her case we have in the Character of the Church of Laodicea Because thou hast said I am Rich and encreased with Goods and have need of nothing and knowest not that thou art Wretched and Miserable and Poor and Blind and Naked anoint thine Eyes with Eye-salve that thou mayest see But be the Roman Pretence never so sincere we have further grounds of Suspicion that really there is no such thing For I. Christ himself the Author of our Faith though he was Infallible because he was God yet did not think fit to use this way of Authority or meer Defining to introduce his Doctrin nor to recommend it to his Disciples as a Principle for trying Doctrâ—â—â— when he was gone to Heaven The way therefore which our Saviour took was to Prove and to Convince by Arguments proper and conclusive When he was question'd he appeal'd to the Scriptures Search the Scriptures for they testifie of me If I bear witness of my self my witness is not true And therefore produces the Testimony of John the Baptist of his Father at his Baptism of the Miracles that he did The same Works which I do they bear witness of me that the Father hath sent me If ye do not believe me believe the Works But above all he alledges the Scripture in Vindication of his Person and his Doctrin When he was blamed for Healing on the Sabbath he justifies himself from the Law that permitted Beasts to be relieved on that day and by an Argument a fortiori he
Passage I am apt to believe that this Apostle might have sav'd himself the labour of coming down from Heaven to be his own Commentator I must confess that in reading this Epistle I have often wondred how St. Paul should come to omit one Argument which according to the Men of the Infallible way must have been worth all the rest And that is the Determination of this Question by the Council of Jerusalem for all are agreed and the Notation of years which we find in the First and Second Chapters makes it clear that this Epistle was written after that Council yet in all this long Vindication of the Liberty of the Gentile Christians it is not once urg'd And I cannot conceive any reason of this Omission unless it be that having in the very beginning laid aside all Human Authority and Respect of Persons he might not think it proper afterwards to alledge the Apostolical Decree But if this had been the only Infallible way of Deciding Controversie this Omission cannot be excused Now because some have endeavoured to prove the Infallibility of Councils from the Example of that of the Apostles I proceed briefly to shew That they did not proceed in the way of Infallibility though they were really Infallible because they were Inspired Persons but all their Proceeding was according to Allegation and Proof and the Conclusion is made to depend upon these Premisses and not their Infallibility in pronouncing it Whereas in the New Way the Conclusion is Certain because some Men declare it though the Reasons alledged may be good for nothing The summ of that Synodical Action was this First S. Peter represented to them How the Holy Ghost had already Determined that Question by falling upon Cornelius and other Persons Uncircumcised then Paul and Barnabas declared What Wonders that God had wrought among the Gentiles by them And lastly S. James shews out of the Prophets How the Conversion of the Gentiles was foretold and concludes Wherefore my Sentence is Then it pleased the Apostles and Elders to send certain Persons with an account of this whole Matter to the Churches concerned and a Letter with this Expression among others It seemed Good to the Holy Ghost and to us Which does not import as if whatsoever they agreed to declare must therefore be the Truth and to be received without asking farther Questions though what they did Decree was certainly Truth and Right but only suggests the former Decision of the Holy Ghost in the Case of Cornelius and some other declared by Barnabas and Paul for then it seemed Good to the Holy Ghost to receive the Gentiles without Circumcision But in the Assembly of Jerusalem we have not the least Intimation of any Declaration of the Spirit either by Miracle or Revelation But the Holy Ghost having before visibly declared upon the Point to that in all likelihood the Expression must allude But whatever the Apostles thought of the way of Infallibility it is plain The Believers were not yet well instructed concerning it for this Definition could not end the Controversie And in the beginning of the next Chapter We find S. Paul Circumcising Timothy whose Father was a Greek Because of the Jews that were in those Quarters and how little Use was made of it in ending the same Controversie in the Church of Galatia I have observed already But further yet S. Paul in his Epistle to the Romans teaches another Method of Belief than the Advocates for Infallibility for some time would impose upon the World for he utterly disallows this way of making the Faith of God to depend upon the Belief or Unbelief of Men as if that were to be the Standard of Truth and Error For what if some did not Believe shall their Vnbelief make the Faith of God of none Effect God forbid Yea let God be True and every Man a Lyar as it is written c. This is an Answer to such Objections as were Suggested against the Christian Faith from the Unbelief of the Jews For when our Saviour appeared they had the Visible Church and all Ecclesiastical Authority the Priesthood the Sanadrim the Scribes and Pharisees and the Renowned Doctors were theirs the Religious Sects the Outward Purity the Opus operatum and Supererogation were on their Side Now if these must prescribe to our Belief we Christians have lost our Cause for the High Priest and the Elders assembled i. e. The Pope and Council of that Time condemned Christ for a Blasphemer But S. Paul would no more submit to such Definitions than we Protestants to those of the Council of Trent but enters his Protestation against all such as by any Act of Men would Prescribe against the Truth of God and gives Reason and Scripture for his Proceeding God must be Pure but all Men may be Lyars and so fairly takes his leave of all Infallible Men. And so far is he from Affecting that Brerogative himself which he denies to others that he appeals to the Scriptures as his Vouchers and does not desire to be believed upon the Authority of his Place but by the Method he uses of proving what he advances he sets a Fair Precedent to all other Teachers and which Origen upon this Place understands to be his Design For if a Person so Great and so Qualifyed as S. Paul did not think the Authority of his Saying any thing to be sufficient unless he prove it out of the Law and the Prophets how much more should we the least of Gods Ministers observe the same Rule And Lastly S. Peter from whom some of the Competitors for Infallibility derive their Title advises all Christians To be ready always to give an answer to every one that asketh them a Reason of the Hope that is in them Now all Interpreters of this Place both Antient and Modern that I have seen are very much out if this Reason be no other than the Infallibility of S. Peter or of the Church Now this Answer I Believe because the Church Believes is surely the Easiest of any and all other Answers would be Impertinent if this alone were the Infallible Reason The School-Men have upon some Occasions thought fit to ground their Rational Way upon this Passage and Valued their Usefulness and Service to the Church on this Account But for God's sake What Use can there be of these Fallible Reasons in a Church that is Infallible in her Conclusions and holds not her self obliged to render any other Reason for them but a Curse And indeed I cannot see any Occasion of giving any Reason since her Disciples do Profess that they have no Assurance but that in these she may be Mistaken Now if the Apostles did not think fit to use this Way of Infallibility it seems something incongruous for the Church in Succeeding Ages to pretend to it for as the Gifts of the Spirit grew less methinks the Way of Teaching should rather be less than more Magisterial unless some new Paraclet to supply the Defect