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A88705 Speculum patrum: A looking-glasse of the Fathers wherein, you may see each of them drawn, characterized, and displayed in their colours. To which are added, the characters of some of the chief philosophers, historians, grammarians, orators, and poets. By Edward Larkin, late Fellow of Kings Colledge in Cambridge, and now minister of the Word at Limesfield in Surrey. Larkin, Edward, 1623-1688. 1659 (1659) Wing L444A; ESTC R230373 42,396 106

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was a Greek Writer as well as Theophylact but when he likewise flourished it s controverted by many Authors some say be lived about 900 years after Christ others 1000. Sixtus Sinensis tells us that it must be after the 800 year in regard of those Authors he makes use of in his Works This man collected out of the Commentaries of the Fathers Expositions on the Acts the seven Canonical Epistles and all Saint Pauls which were rendred into Latine by Maximus Florentinus It s said That after this man had set out his Comments Theophylacts were not so highly valued the one being so much preferred in that way before the other and he also borrowed most of his Expositions from Chrysostome Sixtus Senensis speaking of this Writer calls him Graecum autorem valde doctum a Greek Author very learned and further he addes In explicandis divinis scripturis brevis apertus elegans in unfolding or expounding the divine Scriptures brief clear and elegant One Theodulus a Priest of Coelosyria has some Annotations on the Epistle to the Romans but they are all taken out of this Oecumenius Lanfrancus LAnfrancus an Italian by nation borne at Papia was Arch-bishop of Canterbury and in great esteem for his profound learning with our William the Conquerour he was Berengarius his great Antagonist and writ against him maintaining the errour of Transubstantiation which the said Berengarius had so stifly opposed he was one of those 113. Bishops which were convened by Pope Nicholas the second at Rome for the rooting out of that Sacramentall truth Berengarius had published It s a thing observed by the Orthodox learned that before this age of Lanfrancus the Doctrine of Augustine was universally received and followed first published by Egyppus Fulgentius his equal afterward by Fulgentius himself then by Primasius all of these being African Divines and eminent for their learning And so it continued to be maintained by Isidore Hispalensis Maximus Taurinensis and Prosper of Aquitane Nay ratified it was likewise by Council as the Aurasicane and the sixth Constantinopolitane and before that Charles the great governed the Roman Empire it was stoutly defended by Bede a Saxon and his Disciples Alcuinus Claudius Rabanus Maurus and by many other learned Doctors for the space of 500 yeers and upwards But now began men to swerve from that good and pure doctrine of Augustine and especially about that Article of the Sacrament Satan by his instruments promoting as Pareus expresseth it immanem illum Transubstantiationis errorem infinitorum aliorum fontem that huge errour of Transubstantiation the fountain of many others This Lanfrancus though he had so great an interest in the favour of the Conquerour as that he ordered all his Affaires both in Church and State yet when Rufus came to enjoy the crown he had not that influence for the Nobles of the Realme out of emulation and envy had alienated the young Kings affections from him which occasioned his sicknesse whereof he soon dyed Ranulphus relates this of him that it was his serious and frequent desire he might dye of no other disease then a Feaver or Dysenterie because in those distempers the use of speech would continue to the last breath he sate in his Archiepiscopal Chaire about nineteen yeers and dyed in the third yeer of the Raign of King Rufus Sixtus Senensis calls this man omnium suitemporis in omni literarum genere doctissimum of all men of his time the most learned in all kindes of learning and speaking of those works which he hath written he saith this of them Quod inter alia praestantis ingenii monumenta reliquit pios atque eruditos in totum psalterium commentarios That among many other monuments of his excellent wit he left behinde him pious and learned Commentaries on the whole book of Psalms He flourished when Henry the third enjoyed the imperiall diadem about the yeer of our Lord 1060. So saith Sixtus Senensis Anselmus ANselmus succeeded Lanfrancus in the Archiepiscopall See of Canterbury who for a Popish Writer was a man of great fame in the times he lived and of no mean repute for his learning even in the reformed Churches He was by birth a Burgundian and advanced from an Abbot to that eminent Ecclesiasticall dignity by William Rufus then King of England betwixt whom and this Bishop there happened afterwards hot contentions because the King had put up in his coffers some rents of Defunct Bishops which the Prelat would ever have peculiar and appropiate to the Church hereupon he was twice banished out of England but at last returning upon a solemne friendly invitation from the said King he was received by the people with high acclamations and great joyes This Bishop was very much against the marriage of the Clergie which it seems was in use till his time in England and he is said to attribute the honour to the Virgin Mother as he did to our Lord her Son He fell sick at Edmondbury and and on the 28th day of Aprill in the yeer of Christ 1109. being aged 76 yeers he dyed at Canterbury whether he had been removed in the time of his sicknesse and was buried at the head of his Predecessor Lanfrancus Though afterwards he was taken up and interred in the eastern part of the said Cathedral which he had in his life-time adorned with a most sumptuous structure This man because by his notable writings he had advanced the Papal Tyranny and depressed as much on the other side the Kingly Soveraignty therefore did Pope Urban Order and Decree That he and his successors should sit at his right Foot in every General Council and thus it was proclaimed when that place was given him in the open Assembly Includamus hunc in orbe nostro tanquam alterius orbis Papam Sixtus Senensis thus describes him Anselmus vir tam divinis quam humanis disciplinis nobiliter excultus stylo mire simplici puro sed non in jocundo His life was written by his intimate friend Edinerus He wished when he was dying that he might have had a little more time here allowed him till he had perfected that most obscure Problem of the Souls Original which it seems he had in his life-time taken in hand to determine but sayes one of him Hoc tempus datum ei non est ut majus bonum in aeternitate ei daretur This time was not given him that a greater good might be given to him in Eternity Bernardus BErnardus Abbot of Claraval flourished in the time of the Schoolmen and yet is reckoned as one of the Fathers for his sanctity of life and soundness of Doctrine Chemnitius saith of him this Recentissimus est vixitque post confirmatam Episcopi Romani Tyrannidem He is the latest Father and lived after that the Tyranny of the Roman Bishop was established Yet he did much inveigh against the impiety of the Pope his Cardinals Bishops and all that Antichristian Clergy Bishop Carleton sayes Utinam tales papistas multos imo vel unum talem hodie haberemus in toto regno Pontificio qualem Bernhardum fuisse constat I would to God we had this day many such Papists nay but one such as it is manifest Bernhard was ●e solidly disputes as the foresaid Bishop further doth observe of the chief Fundamentals and Heads of Faith as of the Scriptures of the Church of Mans Misery of free Justification of Grace of New Obedience all of these against the Fables of the Trent Council And saith Carleton Is he a Papist that follows the Catholick Church and the consent of the ancient Fathers against the Jesuites and the Trent Impostors Hence it is that many Princes made use of him for decision of controversies and composing of contentions in the Church This was he which advised Count Theobald when he saw him at great expences in the building of Temples that he would rather supply the houshold of Faith and build up the living Tabernacles of the most High He died in the 64 year of his age This is Erasmus his character of him Bernhardus festivus jucundus nec segnis in movendis aeffectibus Bernhard is pleasant sweet and not slow in moving the affections And again sayes the same Author Bernhardus vir Christiane doctus sancte facundus pie festivus in cap. 1. Rom. p. 243. This is Bishop Mortons Elogie which he gives him In atro Romanae Ecclesiae nocte fere solus ●ffulsit Bernhardus qui tam doctrinae quam vitae fuae lumine in multis articulis tenebras pontificias dispulit In the dark night of the Romish Church almost onely Bernhard shined forth who as well by the light of his doct●●●e as his life hath in many Articles scattered the Popish darkness I will adde no more but that of Sixtus Senensis who saith thus of him Oratio ubique dulcis ardens ita delectat ardenter incendit ut ex suavissima lingua ejus mel lac verborum fluere ex ardentissimo ejus pectore ignitorum affectuum incendia erumpere videantur His speech every-where sweet and ardent doth so delight and fervently inflame that there do seem to flow from his most sweet tongue honey and milk of words and out of his most ardent breast fires of burning affections to break out FINIS
strong armour against hereticks This Father was wont to say when he spake of our Saviours death and passion that his Love was crucified Ireneus gives us an account of his Martyrdome and sets down the very words he should utter a little before his sufferings which were to this effect or sense Inasmuch as I am the wheat of God I am to be ground with the teeth of beasts that I may be found pure bread or fine manchet His Epistles were printed at Oxford 1644. Polycarpus POlycarpus whose name signifieth much fruit was the Disciple of St. Iohn the Apostle ordained by him Bishop of the Church of Smyrna he went to Rome in the reign of Antonius Pius Anicetus being Prelate at that time there where he reduced to the true faith those which were bewitched by the hereticks Marcion and Valentinus It happened that wicked Marcion there meetting him thus spake to him Knowest thou us O Polycarpus To whom forthwith this grave and holy man most disdainingly answered I know thee to be the first-born of the Devil This godly Professor was in the dayes of Antoninus the Philosopher and Lucius Verus Roman Emperors tied to a stake in the midst of the Amphitheater and there devoured by the mercilesse flames as Volaterrane and Eusebius have written but others yet say that he could not burn the Lord from Heaven restraining the natural violence of the fire by a miracle and thereupon they slew him with the sword at Smyrna in the year of our Lord 167. In this mans time Egesippus the Iew was converted to the Christian Faith who afterward wrote in five books the History of the Church from Christ to his own time This Polycarpus writ an Epistle to the Philippians so saith Ierome and another to great Dionysius the Areopagite so Suidas Socrates in his Ecclesiastical History tels us That this man did communicate with Anicetus the Roman Bishop though he differed in opinion from him about the celebration of Easter Ireneus commends that Epistle of his to the Philippians in his third book against heresies saying That it is so full furnished to this that out of it all those which have any care of their salvation may know the character of faith and the doctrine of truth Eusebius recites the Prayer which this holy and devout man did conceive and utter immediately before he was martyred it begins thus O Father of thy beloved and blessed Son Iesus Christ by whom we have knowledge of thee Ireneus gives this eminent Saint this following commendation Hic docuit semper quae ab Apostolis didicerat Ecclesiae tradidit quae sola sunt vera This man alwayes taught that which he had learnt of the Apostles and delivered to the Church those things which are only true 'T is Dalleus his Blogy of him Quo viro post Apostolos quorum familiaris fuit vix ullus apud Christianos unquam fuit sanctior ant divinior Then which man after the Apostles whose familiar companion he was there was scarce any one among the Christians more holy and divine Eusebius gives us an account of his martyrdom by an Epistle of the Church of Smyrna inserted in his History wherein we have many remarkable passages one is a Voice speaking to Polycarpe from Heaven and saying thus O Polycarpe be of courage and play the man even then when he was standing before the Judgement-seat Another is the stout Reply which he made the Proconsul when he tempted him to deny the Lord Jesus which was much to this effect Fourscore and five years have I served him neither hath he ever offended me and how can I revile my King who hath hitherto kept me A third is that when his body was burning it seemed to the senses of them that beheld it to send forth a sweet and fragrant smell as of Frankincense or such like odoriferous perfume Justine Martyr IUstine Martyr fiourished in the reign of Antonius Pius and so was contemporary with Polycarpe Eusebius in his Ecclesiastical history speaking of him saith that this man was famous in the Christian Doctrine a little after the times of the Apostles He was the son of Priscas Bacchus born at Flavia a new City of Syria Palestina so he himself tels us in one of his Apologies It s said that the Emperour upon his reading of this mans Apologies which he had dedicated to him wherein he pleaded the righteous cause of poor distressed and calamitous Christians that he gave order for the ceasing of the persecution Tertullian and Suidas doe speak great matters in the honour and praise of this Champion He wrote against the Heretick Marcion whose venome it seems had spread it self farre and wide in his dayes He was a notable Philosopher and in his Dialogue with Trypho he saith that he had been an Auditor of all the Sects of them of Stoicks Peripateticks Pythagoreans and Platonicks Ierome tels us in his Catalogue of Ecclesiastical Writers that he did habitu Philosophico incedere walk in the guise and habit of a Philosopher He was beheaded at Rome saith Eusebius in the reign of Lucius Verus but according to Epiphanius it was before even in the time of Adrian His death whensoever it was was promoted and procured by the malice and revenge of Crescens an ungodly Philosopher who being worsted by him in his excellent disputations never left till his malignancy had brought to passe this pious Martyrs destruction whence you have this or the like passage from his own mouth in his Apologie relating to his persecutor Crescens I look for no other thing then this that I be betrayed by some one of them called Philosophers or knockt in the head by Crescens no Philosopher indeed but only a proud self-conceited boaster and so he goes on in that Apology This Father records of himself that he was prevailed withall and won to imbrace the Christian Faith through the cruelties of heathen Tyrants against the Saints of Christ and their couragious patience under them We meet with a worthy character given this man in the Bibliotheca of Photius which is as followeth or much to that sense Est vir ille ad Philosophiae tum nostrae tum potissimum profanae summum evectus fastigium multiplicisque eruditionis historiarum copia circumfluens That man is an eminent proficient both in our Christian Philosophy and also in prophane and overflowing with abundance of various learning and histories Pareus saith this of his works quod ejusdem scripta etiamnum cum fructu leguntur That his writings are now read with benefit Epiphanius cals him Virum sanctum Dei amantem a holy man and a lover of God Tatianus in his book against the Gentiles stiles him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 most admirable Yet this man though he did apologize for Christianity had his errors In his Dialogue with Trypho he shews himself an Abetter of the opinion of the Chiliasts and the barbarous Gentiles he did entitle to salvation A thenagoras A Thenagoras a
Nice this man brake off his compliance with that Hereticall party and from thence forward joyned himself in fellowship and society with the Orthodox Nay he is conceived by some Authors to have been the compilers of the Nicene Creed He wrote in ten books an Ecclesiasticall History from Christs time to the yeer 325. Ierome saith of him quod pulchre contexuerit Historiam Ecclesiasticam Basil calls him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Worthy of credence and Chemnitius comparing this authors History with that of Nicephorus he saith Major est gravitas in illius historia quam in Nicephori There is much more gravity in his History then in that of Nicephorus Besides this work he writ also a Panagyrick of the life of Great Constantine which comprehendeth Acts done in the Church for the space of thirty yeers together with the Lawes and Edicts that the Emperour had made relating to the Christian faith He refuted the Ethnicks and Jewes in his Books of Preparation for and Demonstration of the Gospell he left behinde him a Chronology from Abrahams birth to the 326. yeer of our Lord which doth in all contain 2347. yeers He condemned that pestilent fellow Arius with his own hand in the Nicene Councell and yet further to cleer him from all suspicion of favouring that wicked Heresie and Heretick Socrates hath written an Apology in his behalf which you will meet in his history He died about the yeer of Christ 340. He was called Pamphilus from the affection and singular love he did bear to Pamphilus the Martyr with whom he was most familiar and intimate Bibliander gives him this Character Eusebius inter Graecos Theologos Antesignanus Eusebius among the Greek Divines the principall Causabon calls him virum longe doctissimum in omni literarum genere exercitatissimum A most learned man and most exercised in all kinde of literature T is Ludovicus Vives his description of him Vir fuit immensa lectione proinde summa eruditione He was a man of immense reading and for that cause of very great erudition Scaliger commends him in one respect and in another disparages him as appears by these words of his Quo speaking of this Eusebius nullus Ecclesiasticorum veterum plura ad Historiam contulit Christianismi Then whom none of the Ancient Ecclesiastick writers hath contributed more to the History of Christianisme There is his commendation Nullus plura errata in scriptis suis re liquit Nullius plures hallucinationes extant No man hath left more faults in his writings No man hath extant more errours There 's his disparagement The Arrians having unjustly procured the deposition of Eustatius the Bishop of Antiochia they desired that his Office might be supplied by this Eusebius but he refusing it the Emperour Constantine so far commended his modesty therein that he said of him He deserved to be made Bishop of the whole world Ierome observing in this mans Commentaries on the Prophet Esay that he swerved from his purpose and promise whilst in many places he imitated Origens Allegories He said this of him Ita separata consociat ut mirer cum nova sermonis fabrica in unum corpus lapidem ferumque conjungere He so unites things which are separate that I wonder he doth in his new Fabrick and Structure of speech joyn together into one body Stone and Iron Athanasius AThanasius worthy to be immortall in his fame as his name importeth was born at Alexandria and consecrated Bishop of that City in the room of Alexander deceased this honour was conferred on him in the yeere 325. at which time the Churches of God were most grievously infested and distracted with the Heresie of Arius so that this holy man saw he was to sail in a very stormie and tempestuous sea which made him desirous at the beginning to decline that high advancement whereunto he was preferred His life was not unlike unto a Comedy his five banishments being fitly resembled to the five Acts thereof the chief cause of his troubles say some was Eusebius the then Bishop of Nicomedia a principal member of the Arian faction For when Arius condemned by the Nicene Council had made his appeal to great Constantine with promise never to disturb the Churches peace again and thereupon was licensed to return unto his charge at Alexandria where he was a Priest This Athanasius did refuse to admit him thereto and wrote unto the Emperour an account of his refusal which was to this effect Nempe quod semel damnatum haereseos ab ecclesia non fas esset recipere absque legitima cognitione ecclesiae that it was not lawful to receive an heretick condemned by the censure of the Church without the cognizance of the Church especially when there appeared no outward symptomes of repentance and amendment from him Now this reply from Athanasius gave the Emperour great discontent so that he most sharply menaced the holy Bishop if he did persist in his denial and now Eusebius thinking this opportunity very lucky to his designe he so farr improves it that good Athanasius is most strangely traduced many scandalous matters laid unto his charge as if he imposed intolerable burdens on the Churches of Egypt and as though he practised treason against the life of his soveraign but at length being by a Warrant fetcht to Constantinople he so wiped off all these foule aspersions that he returned with apparent testimonies of a spotless innocence Caesar himself dismissing him not without honour and applause But yet his enemies bearing towards him implacable malice and not satisfied with this publike tryal of his Christian sincerity do not give over their furious chace but further accuse him of other misdemeanours as witchcraft and murder but the Judge appointed to hear his cause acquitted him of all those calumnies and once again the Emperour commends his integrity and exhorts him to vigilancy in his episcopal function But yet at length these Arians prevailing through their importunate slanders procured his exise to Trevers in France where he hid his head for the space of two years and four months with the Bishop Maximinus neither did his sufferings end with the death of Constantine but his two sonnes swaying the Scepter after him he was much persecuted through the influence his enemies had upon Constantius of whom they effected that he was three times banished first to Rome then into the remote corners of the east and lastly into the deserts of Lybia Thus indeed was this excellent Prelate tossed to and fro finding no rest for his peaceable feet no not in those halcyon dayes of the good Emperour Constantine much less in the raign of Constantius who being also removed by death Iulian the Apostate succeeds in the empire one which at first favoured both the person and cause of Athanasius restoring to him his liberty and attendance on his office but in the end he persecuting the truth was likewise stirred up to thunder out a banishment against him however God brought him peaceably
to his haven in the dayes of the good Emperours Iovian and Valentinian who were an Asylum or refuge not to him onely but likewise to all the persecuted people of God This godly Father lived to the seventh year of Valentinian and then rested in the Lord anno Christi 371. This was a familiar speech of his Verberari Christianorum propium est flagellare autem Christianos Pilati Caiphae officia sunt It s proper for Christians to be beaten but to scourge them is the office of Caiphas Pilate he was Bishop of Alexandria forty six years of whose most excellent endowments Gregorie Naziane is the Trumpeter who speaks thus of him in his funeral oration Athanasium laudare idem esse ac virtutem ipsam laudare to commend Athanasius is to praise vertue it self Indeed no Doctour of the Church ever endured so sharp disputes and so bitter afflictions for the truth as he Photius the Arch-bishop of Constantinople writing to his brother Tarasius concerning the works of this pious Father he thus expresses him Athanasius in sermonibus ubique locutione clarus est brevis simplex acutus tamen altus argumentationibus omnino vehemens in his tanta ubertas ut admirabilis sit Athanasius in his Sermons is clear in epxression and short and plain yet acute and high in his arguments altogether vehement and in these so great fertility that it is admirable Theodoret calls propugnaculum veritatis the fortress of truth Nazianzen lumen ecclesiae the light of the Church Epiphaneus latrem rectae fidei the Father of the Orthodox Faith Others orbis oraculum the Oracle of the world Bishop Andrews of Winchester stiles him Athanasius the Great great in many respects but especially great for the Creed he compiled His writings against Apollinarius do excel for grace and ornament as also those Epistles of his wherein he doth excuse his banishment Possevinus saith of him Athanasius fuit tanquam columna ecclesiae adversus omnes haereticos Athanasius was as as it were the pillar of the Church against all hereticks And another calls him haeraeticorum Malleum The beetle of Hereticks as one which knockt them at head by his solid and substantiall reasonings When Iulian the Emperour had by his Imperiall Edict banisht him from Alexandria he comforted his people and friends whom he found lamenting his condition Bono animo estoto filioli Nubecula est brevi evanescet Be of good courage my sons it s but a little cloud and will vanish instantly Sixtus Senensis tells us That Gregorie a Divine did set forth the life of this Father in an excellent Oration Hilarius Pictaviensis HIlarius Pictaviencis Episcopus Bishop of Poicttiers did shine most brightly in the Reigns of these following Emperours Constantius Iulian Iovinian Valens and Valentinian He was an eloquent Preacher and a notable Disputant he did by his solid writings establish the disperst Churches of Illyria France and Italy We reade that he was banished with many other Orthodox Bishops by the power and Policie of the Arians of whom he was a mighty opposer and Antagonist but at length prevailing with the Emperour Constantius for his return he came back to his Charge at Poictiers in the yeer 360. Where he found all grievously distracted and miserably afflicted with the Arians leaven so that like a good and skilfull Chirurgion he laboured to binde up the wounds and to heal the distempers He wrote twelve books of the Trinity wherein as Ierom observes in an Epistle of his Ad Romanum Oratorem quod Duodecim Quintiliani libros stylo imitatus est numero That he imitated the twelve books of Quintilian both in style and also in number And in that worke of his he confuted the blasphemous doctrine of the Hereticke Arius Ierome tells us that he died in the yeer of Christ 372. when Valerian was Emperour and he bestowes on him this worthy Character Hillarius Gallicano attollitur cothurno Eloquentiae Latinae Rhodanus Hilary is lifted up with his Gallican buskins the Rhine of Latine eloquence And elsewhere the same Father stiles him Latinae Sermonis tubam The Trumpet of the Latine tongue Some say he wrote on the whole book of Psalms which work of his is extant in Spain being a great reader and studier of Origen he is said to make use of Heliodorus a Priest who was better skild in the Greek tongue then himself Hence some do impute his misinterpretation of the Psalms whilst in some places he leaves the Grammatical sense and turns it into one that is Allegoricall and Anagogicall meerly to his ignorance in the Hebrew language Sixtus Senensis Speaking of that work of his and of that on St. Matthew he gives us this account of the style of them Stylus absque ulla artis affectatione pressus interdum subobscurus ob id a simplicium fratrum lectione procul est His style short without any artificiall affectation sometimes dark and obscure and for that very reason not to be understood or read by unskilfull and illiterate men T is a commendation which Erasmus gives him In Hilario grandi materiae parem grandiloquentiam atque ut ita dicam cothurnum admiramur This Bishop took such great paines to purge the Churches of France of the Arian Heresie and so far prevailed by his unwearied labours that Ierom resembles him to Deucalion who both saw the flood of waters overflowing Thessalie and the abating of them also Even so this Hilarius saw in his time both the growth and the decay of Arianisme in France One Fortunatianus a successour of his wrote his life in Hexameter verse being Bishop of Poictiers in the yeer 570. Didymus Alexandrinus VVAs an excellent Grammarian and for his eminency in that Art was elected Governour of the School of Alexandria Ierome so highly extols him in his 65 Epistle that he saith there Se quod nescivit didicisse a Didymo quod sciebat illo docente non perdidisse That he learnt what he knew not of Didymus and that he preserved what he knew by his instruction Nicephorus doth seem to eclipse him with a report of some errours that he should seem to adhere and cleave to But Socrates in his History giveth him this credit That he was a chief Maintainer and Patron of the Nicene Faith And Zozomene informs us Arianis in Aegypto nihil fuisse integri quamdiu Didymus in ea floruerit That Arius had no hold at all in Egypt so long as Didymus flourished there This man was a great acquaintance and an intimate familiar of Ieromes insomuch that that Father was greatly delighted with his society He tells us this of him That although he was blinde from his younger dayes yet he proved an excellent Geometrician which chiefly requires the Instrument of sight to the wonder of the whole World He wrote a heavenly Book de Spiritu Sancto of the Holy Ghost which the said Ierome translated into the Latine Tongue and is now mingled with his Works