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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A42668	The history of four-footed beasts and serpents describing at large their true and lively figure, their several names, conditions, kinds, virtues ... countries of their breed, their love and hatred to mankind, and the wonderful work by Edward Topsell ; whereunto is now added, The theater of insects, or, Lesser living creatures ... by T. Muffet ...; Historie of foure-footed beasts	Topsell, Edward, 1572-1625?; Topsell, Edward, 1572-1625? Historie of serpents.; Gesner, Konrad, 1516-1565. Historia animalium Liber 1. English.; Gesner, Konrad, 1516-1565. Historia animalium Liber 5. English.; Moffett, Thomas, 1553-1604. Insectorum sive minimorum animalium theatrum. English.; Rowland, John, M.D.	1658 (1658)	Wing G624; ESTC R6249	1,956,367	1,026

of Fishermen as also huntsmen in that behalf being careful and earnest to learn and understand of them if any such were except you hold opinion that the Beaver or Otter is a Fish as many have believed and according to their belief affirmed as the bird Pupine is thought to be a fish and so accounted But that kind of Dog which followeth the fish to apprehend and take it if there be any of that disposition and property whether they do this thing for the game of hunting or for the heat of hunger as other Dogs do which rather then they will be famished for want of food covet the carcases of carrion and putrified flesh When I am fully resolved and disburthened of this doubt I will send you certificate in writing In the mean season I am not ignorant of that both Aelianus and Aetius call the Beaver Kunapotamion a water Dog or a Dog-fish I know likewise thus much more that the Beaver doth participate this property with the Dog namely that when fishes be scarce they leave the water and range up and down the land making an insatiable slaughter of young Lambs untill their paunches be replenished and when they have fed themselves full of Flesh then return they to the water from whence they came But albeit so much be granted that this Bever is a Dog yet it is to be noted that we reckon it not in the beadrow of English Dogs as we have done the rest The sea Calfe in like manner which our Countrey men for brevity sake call a Seel other more largely name a Sea Veale maketh a spoil of fishes between rocks and banks but it is not accounted in the Catalogue or number of our English Dogs notwithstanding we call it by the name of a Sea-Dog or a Sea-Calf And thus much for our Dogs of the second sort called in Latin Aucupatorii serving to take fowl either by land or water Of the delicate neat and prety kind of DOGS called the SPANIEL GENTLE or the COMFORTER in Latin Melitaeus or Fotor THere is besides those which we have already delivered another sort of Gentle Dogs in this our English soil but exempted from the order of the residue the Dogs of this kind doth Callimachus call Melitaeos of the Island Melita in the sea of Sicily which at this day is named Malta an Island indeed famous and renowned with couragious and puissant Souldiers valiantly fighting under the banner of Christ their unconquerable Captain where this kind of Dogs had their principal beginning These Dogs are little prety proper and fine and sought for to satisfie the delicateness of dainty dames and wanton womens wils instruments of folly for them to play and dally withal to trifle away the treasure of time to withdraw their mindes from more commendable exercises and to content their corrupted concupiscences with vain disport a silly shift to shun irksome idleness These puppies the smaller they be the more pleasure they provoke as more meet playfellowes for minsing mistresses to bear in their bosomes to keep company withal in their Chambers to succour with sleep in bed and nourish with meat at bord to lay in their laps and lick their lips as they ride in their Waggons and good reason it should be so for courseness with fineness hath no fellowship but featness with neatness hath neighbourhood enough That plausible proverb verified upon a Tyrant namely that he loved his Sow better then his Son may well be applyed to these kind of people who delight more in Dogs that are deprived of all possibility of reason then they do in children that be capeable of wisdom and judgement But this abuse peradventure reigneth where there hath been long lack of issue or else where barrenness is the best blossom of beauty The virtue which remaineth in the SPANIEL GENTLE otherwise called the COMFORTER NOtwithstanding many make much of those prety puppies called Spaniels Gentle yet if the question were demanded what property in them they spie which should make them so acceptable and precious in their sight I doubt their answer would be long a coining But seeing it was our intent to travail in this treatise so that the Reader might reap some benefit by his reading we will communicate unto such conjectures as are grounded upon reason And though some suppose that such Dogs are fit for no service I dare say by their leaves they be in a wrong box Among all other qualities therefore of nature which be known for some conditions are covered with continual and thick clouds that the eye of our capacities cannot pierce through them we finde that these little Dogs are good to asswage the sickness of the stomach being oftentimes thereunto applyed as a plaister preservative or born in the bosom of the diseased and weak person which effect is performed by their moderate heat Moreover the disease and sickness changeth his place and entreth though it be not precisely marked into the Dog which to be truth experience can testifie for these kinde of Dogs sometimes fall sick and sometimes die without any harme outwardly inforced which is an argument that the disease of the Gentleman or Gentlewoman or owner whatsoever entreth into the Dog by the operation of heat intermingled and infected And thus have I hitherto handled Dogs of a gentle kind whom I have comprehended in a triple division Now it remaineth that I annex in due order such Dogs as be of a more homely kinde Dogs of a course kinde serving many necessary uses called in Latin Canes rustici and first of the Shepherds Dog called in Latin Canis Pastoralis THe first kinde namely the Shepherds hound is very necessary and profitable for the avoiding of harmes and inconveniences which may come to men by the means of beasts The second sort serve for succour against the snares and attempts of mischievous men Our Shepherds Dog is not huge vast and big but of an indifferent stature and growth because it hath not to deal with the bloudthirsty Wolfe sithence there be none in England which happy and fortunate benefit is to be ascribed to the puissant Prince Edgar who to the intent that the whole Countrey might be evacuated and quite cleared from Wolves charged and commanded the Welshmen who were pestered with these butcherly beasts above measure to pay him yearly tribute note the wisdom of the King three hundred Wolves Some there be which write that Ludwal Prince of Wales paid yearly to King Edgar three hundred Wolves in the name of an exaction as we have said before And that by the means hereof within the compass and term of four years none of those noisom and pestilent beasts were left in the coasts of England and Wales This Edgar wore the Crown royal and bare the Scepter imperial of this Kingdom about the year of our Lord Nine hundred fifty nine Since which time we read that no Wolf hath been seen in England bred within the bounds and borders of this Countrey marry

reins if it be given in a glyster and likewise the fat of a Dog and a Badger mingled together do loosen contracted sinews The ashes of a Badger is found to help the bleeding of the stomach and the same sod and drunk preventeth danger by the biting of a mad Dog and Brunfelsius affirmeth that if the bloud of a Badger be instilled into the horns of Cattel with salt it keepeth them from the murrain and the same dryed and beat to powder doth wonderfully help the Leprosie The brain sod with oil easeth all aches the liver taken out of water helpeth swellings in the mouth and some affirm that if one wear soles made of Badgers skins in their shooes it giveth great ease unto the Gowt The biting of this beast is venemous because it feedeth upon all venemous meats which creep upon the earth although Arnoldus be of a contrary judgement and of this beast I can report no other thing worth the noting save that the Noble family of the Taxons in Ferraria took their name from this creature Of the BEAR A Bear is called in the Hebrew Dob and plurally Dubim of the Arabians Dubbe of the Chaldeons Duba Aldub and Daboube of the Grecians Arctos of some Dasyllis because of the roughness of his hair of other Beiros and Monios signifying a solitary Bear The Latins call him Vrsur which some conjecture to be tanquam orsus signifying that it is but begun to be framed in the dams belly and perfected after the littering thereof The Italians call it Orso so also the Spaniards the French Ours the Germans Bear and Beer the Bohemians Nedwed the Polonians Vuluver and the attributes of this beast are many among Authors both Greek and Latin as Aemonian Bears armed filthy deformed cruel dreadful fierce greedy Calydonian Erymanthean bloudy heavy night ranging Lybican menacing Numidian Ossean head-long ravening rigid and terrible Bear all which serve to set forth the nature hereof as shall be afterward in particular discoursed First therefore concerning several kinds of Bears it is observed that there is in general two a greater and a lesser and these lesser are more apt to clime trees then the other neither do they ever grow to so great a stature as the other Besides there are Bears which are called Amphibia because they live both on the Land and in the Sea hunting and catching fish like an Otter or Beaver and these are white coloured In the Ocean Islands towards the North there are Bears of a great stature fierce and cruel who with their fore-feet do break up the the hardest congealed Ice on the Sea or other great Waters and draw out of those holes great abundance of fishes and so in other frozen Seas are many such like having black claws living for the most part upon the Seas except tempestuous weather drive them to the Land In the Eastern parts of India there is a beast in proportion of body very like a Bear yet indued with no other quality of that kind being neither so wild nor ravenous nor strong and it is called a Formicarian Bear for God hath so provided that whereas that Countrey is abundantly annoyed with the Emmets or Ants that beast doth so prey and feed upon them that by the strength and vertuous humor of his tongue the silly poor Inhabitans are exceedingly relieved from their grievous and dangerous numbers Bears are bred in many Countreys as in the Helvetian Alpine region where they are so strong and full of courage that they can tear in pieces both Oxen and Horses for which cause the Inhabitants study by all means to take them Likewise there are Bears in Persia which do raven beyond all measure and all other so also the Bears of Numidia which are of a more elegant form and composition then the residue Profuit ergo nihil misero quod cominus ursos Figebat Numidas Albena nudus arena And whereas Pliny affirmeth that there are no Bears in Africk he mistook that Countrey for Creet and so some say that in that Island be no Wolves Vipers or other such venemous creatures whereof the Poets give a vain reason because Jupiter was born there but we know also that there be no Bears bred in England In the Countrey of Arabia from the Promontory Dira to the South are Bears which live upon eating of flesh being of a yellowish colour which do far excel all other Bears both in activity or swiftness and in quantity of body Among the Roxolani and Lituanians are Bears which being tamed are presents for Princes Aristotle in his wonders reporteth that there are white Bears in Misia which being eagerly hunted do send forth such a breath that putrifieth immediately the flesh of the Dogs and whatsoever other beast cometh within the favour thereof it maketh the flesh of them not fit to be eaten but if either men or dogs approach or come nigh them they vomit forth such abundance of phlegm that either the hunters are thereby choked or blinded Thracia also breedeth white Bears and the King of Aethiopia in his Hebrew Epistle which he wrote to the Bishop of Rome affirmeth that there are Bears in his Countrey In Muscovia are Bears both of a Snow white yellow and dusky colour and it hath been seen that the Noble womens Chariots drawn by six Horses have been covered with the skins of white Bears from the pastern to the head and as all other creatures do bring forth some white and some black so also do Bears who in general do breed and bring forth their young in all cold Countreys some of a dusky and some of a brown black colour A Bear is of a most venereous and lustful disposition for night and day the females with most ardent inflamed desires do provoke the males to copulation and for this cause at that time they are most fierce and angry Philippus Cosseus of Constance did most confidently tell me that in the Mountains of Savoy a Bear carryed a young maid into his den by violence where in venereous manner he had the carnal use of her body and while he kept her in his den he daily went forth and brought her home the best Apples and other fruits he could get presenting them unto her for her meat in very amorous sort but always when he went to forrage he rouled a huge great stone upon the mouth of his den that the Virgin should not escape away at length her parents with long search found their little Daughter in the Bears den who delivered her from that savage and beastual captivity The time of their copulation is in the beginning of Winter although sometime in Summer but such young ones seldom live yet most commonly in February or January The manner of their copulation is like to a mans the male moving himself upon the belly of the female which lyeth on the earth flat upon the back and either embraceth

Some Dogs there be which will not suffer fiery coles to I le scattered about the hearth but with their pawes will rake up the burning coles musing and studying first with themselves how it might conveniently be done And if so be that the coles cast too great a heat then will they bury them in ashes and so remove them forward to a fit place with their noses Other Dogs be there which execute the office of a Farmer in the night time For when his Master goeth to bed to take his natural sleep And when A hundred bars of brasse and iron bolts Make all things safe from starts and from revolts When Janus keeps the gate with Argus eye That dangers none approach no mischief nie As Virgil vaunteth in his Verses Then if his Master biddeth him goe abroad he lingereth not but rangeth over all his lands thereabout more diligently I wys then any Farmer himself And if he finde any thing there that is strange and pertaining to other persons besides his Master whether it be man woman or beast he driveth them out of the ground not medling with any thing that do belong to the possession and use of his Master But how much faithfulness so much diversity there is in their natures For there be some which bark only with free and open throat but will not bite some which do both bark and bite and some which bite bitterly before they bark The first are not greatly to be feared because they themselves are fearful and fearful Dogs as the Proverb importeth bark most vehemently The second are dangerous it is wisdom to take heed of them because they sound as it were an Alarum of an afterclap and these Dogs must not be over much moved or provoked for then they take on outragiously as if they were mad watching to set the print of their teeth in the flesh And these kinde of Dogs are fierce and eager by nature The third are deadly for they fly upon a man without utterance of voyce snatch at him and catch him by the throat and most cruelly bite out collops of flesh Fear these kinde of Curs if thou be wise and circumspect about thine one safety for they be stout and stubborn Dogs and set upon a man at a suddain unawares By these signes and tokens by these notes and arguments our men discern the towardly Cur from the couragious Dog the bold from the fearful the butcherly from the gentle and tractable Moreover they conjecture that a Whelp of an ill kinde is not worth keeping and that no Dog can serve the sundry uses of men so aptly and conveniently as this sort of whom we have so largely written already For if any be disposed to draw the above named services into a Table what man more clearly and with more vehemency of voyce giveth warning either of a wastful Beast or of a spoyling theef then this who by his barking as good as a burning Beacon foresheweth hazards at hand What manner of Beast stronger What servant to his Master more loving What companion more trusty What Watchman more vigilent What revenger more constant What Messenger more speedy What Water-bearer more painful Finally what Pack-horse more patient And thus much concerning English Dogs first of the gentle kinde secondly of the courser kinde Now it remaineth that we deliver unto you the Dogs of a Mungrel or Currish kinde and then will we perform our task Containing CVRS of the Mungrel and Kascal sort and first of all the DOG called in Latine Admonitor and of us in English Wappe or Warner OF such Dogs as keep not their kinde of such as are mingled out of sundry sorts not imitating the conditions of some one certain spice because they resemble no notable shape nor exercise any worthy property of the true perfect and gentable kinde it is not necessary that I write any more of them but to banish them as unprofitable implements out of the bounds of my Book unprofitable I say for any use that is commendable except to entertain strangers with barking in the day time giving warning to them of the House that such and such be newly come where-upon we call them admonishing Dogs because in that point they perform their Office Of the DOG called TVRNESPIT in Latine Veravers 〈…〉 r. THere is comprehended under the Curs of the coursest kinde a certain Dog in Kitchin-service excellent For when any meat is to be roasted they go into a wheel which they turning round about with the weight of their bodies so diligently look to their business that no dridge nor scullion can do the feat more cunningly Whom the popular sort hereupon call Turn-spits being the last of all those which we have first mentioned Of the DOG called the DANCER in Latine Saltator or Tympanista THere be also Dogs among us of a Mungrel kinde which are taught and exercised to dance in measure at the Musical sound of an instrument as at the just stroke of the Drum at the sweet accent of the Cittern and tuned strings of the harmonious Harp shewing many pretty tricks by the gesture of their bodies as to stand bolt upright to lye flat upon the ground to turn round as a ring holding their tails in their teeth to beg for their meat and sundry such properties which they learn of their Vagabundical Masters whose instrument they are to gather gain withall in the City Countrey Town and Village As some which cary old Apes on their shoulders in coloured Jackets to move men to laughter for a little lucre Of other DOGS a short conclusion wonderfully ingendred within the coast of this Countrey OF these there be three sorts the first bred of a Bitch and a Wolf called in Latine Lyciscus the secoud of a Bitch and a Fox in Latine Lacaena the third of a Bear and a Bandog Vicanus Of the first we have none naturally bred within the borders of England The reason is for the want of Wolves without whom no such Dog can be ingendred Again it is delivered unto thee in this discourse how and by what means by whose benefit and within what circuit of time this Countrey was clearly discharged of ravening Wolves and none at all left no not the least number or to the beginning of a number which is an Vnarie Of the second sort we are not utterly void of some because this our English soil is not free from Foxes for indeed we are not without a multitude of them insomuch as divers keep foster and feed them in their houses among their Hounds and Dogs either for some malady of minde or for some sickness of body which peradventure the savour of that subtill Beast would either mitigate or expell The third which is bred of a Bear and a Bandog we want not here in England A strange and wonderful effect that cruel enemies should enter into the work of copulation and bring forth so savage a Cur. Undoubtedly it is even so as we have reported for

mean the greater Linces of the cruelty of this Beast Martiall made this distichon Matutinarum non ultima praeda ferarum Savus Oryx constat qui mihi morte canum It is reported of this Beast that it liveth in perpetual thirst never drinking by reason that there is no water in those places where it is bred and that there is in it a certain bladder of liquor whereof whosoever tasteth shall never need to drink This Beast liveth in the Wilderness and notwithstanding his magnanimous and unresistible strength wrath and cruelty yet is he easily taken by snares and devices of men for God which hath armed them to take Elephants and tame Lions hath likewise indued them with knowledge from above to tame and destroy all other noisome Beasts Concerning the picture of this Beast and the lively visage of his exterior or outward parts I cannot express it because neither my own sight nor the writings of any credible Author doth give me sufficient direction to deliver the shape thereof unto the world and succeeding Ages upon my credit and therefore the Reader must pardon me herein I do not also read of the use of the flesh or any other parts of this Beast but only of the horns as is already expressed whereunto I may adde the relation of Strabo who affirmeth the Aethiopian Silli do use the horns of these Beasts in wars instead of swords and spears for incredible is the hardness and sharpness of them which caused Juvenal to write thus Et Getulus Oryx hebeti lautissima ferro Caeditur For although of the own length they are not able to match a pike yet are they fit to be put upon the tops of pikes as well as any other artificial thing made of steel or iron and thus I will conclude the story of this Beast The SCYTHIAN WOLF Of the OTTER THere is no doubt but this Beast is of the kinde of Beavers because it liveth both on the water and on the land and the outward form of the parts beareth a similitude of that Beast The Italians do vulgarly call this Beast Lodra and the Latines besides Lutra Fluviatilis Canicula a Dog of the Waters and some call them Cats of the Waters the Italians besides Lodra call it also Lodria and Loutra the French Vne Loutre or Vng Loutre the Savoyans Vne Leure the Spaniards Nutria and the Illyrians Widra the Graecians Lytra because it sheareth asunder the roots of the trees in the banks of the Rivers Some of the Graecians call it Enhydris although properly that be a Snake living in the waters called by Theodorus and Hermolaus Lutris Albertus calleth it Luter and Anadrz for Enhydris Also Boatus by Silvaticus and the Graecians call filthy and thick waters Lutrai for which cause when their Noble ancient Women went to bathe themselves in water they were bound about with skins called Oan Loutrida that is a Sheeps skin used to the water The French men call the dung of an Otter Espranite de loutres the steps of an Otter Leise Marches the whelps of an Otter Cheaux by which word they call also the whelps of Wolves Foxes and Badgers Although they be a kinde of Beaver as we have said already yet they never go into the Sea and they abound almost in all Nations where there are Rivers or Fish-pools as namely in Italy France Germany Helvetia England and Scandinavia Likewise in all Sarmatia in the Bay of Borysthenes They are most plentiful in Italy where the River Padus is joyned to the Sea Also they abound in Noples Their outward form is most like unto a Beaver saving in their tail for the tail of a Beaver is fish but the tail of an Otter is flesh They are less then Beavers some compare them unto a Cat and some unto a Fox but I cannot consent unto the Fox They are bigger then a Cat and longer but lesser then a Fox and therefore in my opinion they are well called Dogs of the water They exceed in length for in Swetia and all the Northern Rivers they are three times so long as a Beaver They have a rough skin and the hair of it very soft and neat like the hair of a Beaver but different in this that it is shorter and unequal also of colour like a Ches-nut or brownish but the Beavers is white or ash-colour It hath very sharp teeth and is a very biting Beast likewise short legs and his feet and tail like a Dogs which caused Bellonius to write that if his tail were off he were in all parts like a Beaver differing in nothing but his habitation For the Beaver goeth both to the Salt waters and to the fresh but the Otter never to the salt For in the hunting of fish it must often put his nose above the water to take breath it is of a wonderful swiftness and nimbleness in taking his prey and filleth his den so full of fishes that he corrupteth the air or men that take him in his den and likewise infecteth himself with a pestilent and noisome savour whereupon as the Latines say of a stinking fellow He smels like a Goat so the Germans say of the same He smels like an Otter In the Winter time he comes out of the caves and waters to hunt upon the land where finding no other food he eateth fruits and the bark of trees Bellonius writeth thus of him he keepeth in pools and quiet aters rivers terrifying the flocks of fish and driving them to the bank-sides in great number to the holes and creeks of the earth where he taketh them more copiously and more easie but if he want prey in the waters then doth he leap upon the land and eat upon green herbs he will swim two miles together against the stream putting himself to great labour in his hunger that so when his belly is full the current of the stream may carry him down again to his designed lodging The females nourish many whelps together at their udders until they be almost as big as themselves for whom the hunters search as for the dams among the leaves and boughs which the over-flowings of waters in the Winter time have gathered together and laid on heaps It is a sharp biting Beast hurtful both to men and dogs never ceasing or loosing hold after he hath laid his mouth upon them until he make the bones to crack betwixt his teeth whereupon it was well said by Olaus Mag. Lutrae mordaces quadrato ore Otters are most accomplished biters It is a very crafty and subtil Beast yet it is sometimes tamed and used in the Northern parts of the world especially in Scandinavia to drive the fishes into the Fisher-mens nets for so great is the sagacity and sense of smelling in this Beast that he can directly winde the fishes in the waters a mile or two off and therefore the Fishers make great advantage of them yet do they forbear his use because he

in the said manner The dung of Mice or of a Weasel being anoynted upon the head is an excellent remedy for the falling off of the hair on the head or any other part of mans body and doth also cure the disease called by some the Foxes evil The biting of a Weasel is reported by some to be very venemous and in his ravening or madnesse not to be lesse hurtfull then the bitings of mad Dogs For Weasels and Foxes are very often mad But Arnoldus is of a contrary opinion and affirmeth that the Weasel doth more hurt by his biting then by any venom he can put forth Others also do affirm that there is venom in Weasels for this cause that in all kinde of Weasels when they are angry the force of their smell is so rank and strong The best way to drive away Mice is by scattering the powder of Weasels or Cats dung up and down the savour whereof Mice cannot abide but the same being made into some certain kinde of bread will smell more strongly That the bites of a Weasel are venemous and deadly there is an example written by Aristides of a certain man who being bitten by a Weasel and ready to die gave a great sigh and said that if he had died by a Lyon or Panther it would never have grieved him but to die by the biting of such an ignoble beast it grieved him worse then his death The biting of a Weasel doth bring very quick and grievous pain which is only known by the colour being dusky or blewish and it is cured by Onions and Garlick either applyed outward or taken in drink so that the party drink sweet wine thereon Unripe Figs also mingled with the flour of the grain called Orobos doth much profit the same Treacle in like manner being applyed in the manner of a plaister speedily cureth them Garlick being mingled with Fig-tree leaves and Cinamon and so beaten together are very well applyed to the said bites It cometh also to passe that sometimes the Weasel biteth some Cattell which presently killeth them except there be some instant remedy The remedy for it is this to rub the wounded place with a piece of a Weasels skin well dryed untill it waxe hot and in the mean time give the best Treacle to drink in the manner of an antidote The Weasel usually biteth Cowes dugs which when they are swollen if they be rubbed with a Weasels skin they are instantly healed Of the WOLF A Wolf is called in Hebrew Zeeb as it is said in Gen. 49. and among the Chaldeans Deeba and Deba among the Arabians Dib The female is called Zebah a she-Wolf and the masculine Zeebim but in Ezek. 22. it is called Zebeth that is to say a Wolf Alsebha saith And. Bellun is a common name for all Four-footed beasts which do set on men killing and tearing them in pieces devouring them with their teeth and clawes as a Lyon a Wolf a Tiger and such like whereon they are said to have the behaviour of Alsebha that is wilde beasts which are fierce and cruel From hence happily cometh it that not only Albertus but also some ignorant Writers do attribute unto a Wolf many things which Aristotle hath uttered concerning a Lyon Oppianus among the other kinde of Wolves hath demonstrated one which is bred in Cilicia And also he doth write that it is called in the mountains of Taurus and Amanus Chryseon that is to say Aureum but I conjecture that in those places it was called after the language of the Hebrewes or Syrians which do call Sahab or Schab aurum and Seeb Lupum for a Wolf or Dahab or Debah for Aurum They also do call Deeb or Deeba for a Wolf Dib othertherwise Dijb is an Arabian or Saracenican word Also the translation of this word in the book of medicines is divers as Adib Adep Adbip and Aldip but I have preferred the last translation which also Bellunensis doth use Aldip Alambat doth signifie a mad or furious Wolf The Wolf which Oppianus doth call Aureum as I have said even now doth seem to agree to this kinde both by signification of the name Aurum and also by the nature because it doth go under a Dog close to the earth to eschew the heat of the Summer which Oppianus doth write doth seek his food out of hollow places as a Hyena or Dabh doth out of graves where the dead men are buryed The golden coloured Wolf is also more rough and hairy then the residue even as the Hyena is said to be rough and maned And also these Wolves necks in India are maned but it differeth according to the nation and colour where there are any Wolves at all Lycos a Wolf among the Grecians and Lugos and Lucania and Lycos among some of the Arabican Writers is borrowed from them as Munster hath noted in his Lexicon of three languages In Italy it is called Lupo In French Loup in Spain Lobo in Germany Vulff in England Wolf In Illyria Vulk as it were by a transposition of the letters of the Greek word Now because both men women Cities places Mountains Villages and many artificiall instruments have their names from the Latine and Greek words of this beast it is not vain or idle to touch both them and the derivation of them before we proceed to the naturall story of this beast Lupus as some say in Latine is Quasi Leopos Lyon-footed because that it resembleth a Lyon in his feet and therefore Isidorus writeth that nothing liveth that it presseth or treadeth upon in wrath Other derive it from Lukes the light because in the twilight of the evening or morning it devoureth his prey avoiding both extreme light as the noon day and also extreme darknesse as the night The Grecians do also call them Nycterinoi canes dogs of the night Lupa and lupula were the names of noble devouring Harlots and from thenceforth cometh Lupanar for the stewes It is doubtfull whether the nurse of Romulus and Remus were a Harlot or she-wolf I rather think it was a Harlot then a Wolf that nursed those children For we read of the wife of Fostulus which was called Laurentia after she had played the whore with certain Shepherds was called Lupa In all Nations there are some mens names derived from Wolves therefore we read of Lupus a Roman Poet Lupus Servatus a Priest or Elder of Lupus de Oliveto a Spanish Monk of Fulvus Lupinus a Roman and the Germans have Vulf Vulfe Hart Vulfegang The Grecians have Lycambes of whom it is reported he had a daughter called Neobole which he promised in marriage to Archilochus the Poet yet afterwards he repented and would not perform his promise for which cause the Poet wrote against him many bitter Verses and therefore Lycambes when he came to knowledge of them dyed for grief Lycaon was a common name among the Grecians for many men as Lycaon Gnotius an excellent maker

of edged tools Lycaon the brother of Nestor another the son of Priamus slain by Achilles But the famous and notorious among all was Lycaon the King of Arcadia the son of Titan and the earth whose Daughter Calisto was deflowred by Jupiter and by Juno turned into a Bear whom afterwards Juno pitying placed for a sign in heaven and of whom Virgil made this Verse Pleiadas Hyadas claramque Lycaonis Arcton There was another Lycaon the son of Pelasgus which built the City Lycosui in the Mountain Lyceus this man called Jupiter Lyceus upon a time sacrificed an Infant upon his Altar after which sacrifice he was presently turned into a Wolf There was another Lycaon after him who did likewise sacrifice another childe and it was said that he remained ten years a Wolf and afterwards became a man again whereof the reason was given that during the time he remained a beast he never tasted of mans flesh but if he had tasted thereof he should have remained a beast for ever I might adde hereunto Lycophron Lycastus Lycimnius Lycinus Lycomedes Lycurgus Lycus and of womens names Lyca Lyce Lycaste Lycoris Lycias and many such others besides the names of people as Irpinia of Mountains and places as Lycabetus Lyceus Lycerna Lycaonia Lycaspus Lyceum Aristotles School Of flouds and Rivers as Lycus Lycormas Of Plants as Wolfbane Lupum salictarium Lupinus Lycantheum Lycophrix Lycophone Lycopsis Lycoscitalion and many such others whereof I have only desired to give the Reader a taste following the same method that we have observed in other beasts And thus much shall suffice to have spoken of the names of this beast The Countreyes breeding Wolves are for the most part these that follow The inhabitants of Crete were wont to say that there was neither Wolves Bears nor Vipers could be bred in their Island because Jupiter was born there yet there is in a City called Lycastus so named for the multitude of Wolves that were abiding therein It is likewise affirmed of Sardinia and Olympus a Mountain of Macedonia that there come no Wolves in them The Wolves of Egypt are lesser then the Wolves of Greece for they exceed not the quantity of Foxes Africa likewise breedeth small Wolves they abound in Arabia Swevia Rhetia Athesis and the Earldome of Tyrol in Muscovia especially that part that bordereth upon Lituania The Wolves of Scanzia by reason of extremity of cold in those parts are blinde and lose their eyes There are no Wolves bred in Lombardy beyond the Alpes and if any chance to come into that Countrey presently they ring their Bells and arm themselves against them never giving over till they have killed him or drove him out of the Countrey In Norway there are three kinde of Wolves and in Scandinavia the Wolves fight with Elks. It is reported that there are Wolves in Italy who when they look upon a man cause him to be silent that he cannot speak The French men call those Wolves which have eaten of the flesh of men Encharnes Among the Crotoniatae in Meotis and divers other parts of the world Wolves do abound there are some few in France but none at all in England except such as are kept in the Tower of London to be seen by the Prince and people brought out of other Countreys where there fell out a rare accident namely a Mastive Dog was limed to a she-Wolf and she thereby conceived and brought forth six or seven young Whelps which was in the year of our Lord 1605. or thereabouts There are divers kindes of Wolves in the world whereof Oppianus in his admonition to Shepherds maketh mention of five the first is a swift Wolf and runneth fast called therefore Toxeuter that is Sagittarius a shooter The second kinde are called Harpages and these are the greatest raveners to whom our Saviour Christ in the Gospel compareth false Prophets when he saith Take heed of false Prophets which come unto you in Sheeps clothing but are inwardly Lyce Harpages ravening Wolves and these excell in this kinde The third kinde is called Lupus aureus a golden Wolf by reason of his colour then they make mention of two other kindes called Acmonae and one of them peculiarly Ictinus The first which is swift hath a greater head then other Wolves and likewise greater legs fitted to run white spots on the belly round members his colour betwixt red and yellow he is very bold howleth fearfully having fiery-flaming eyes and continually wagging his head The second kinde hath a greater and larger body then this being swifter then all other betimes in the morning he being very hungry goeth abroad to hunt his prey the sides and tail are of a silver colour he inhabiteth in the Mountains except in the Winter time wherein he descendeth to the gates of Cities or Towns and boldly without fear killeth both Goats and Sheep yet by stealth and secretly The third kinde inhabiteth the white Rocks of Taurua and Silicia or the the tops of the hill Amanus and such other sharp and inaccessible places being worthily for beauty preferred before the others because of his golden resplendent hairs and therefore my Author saith Non Lupus sed Lupo praestantior fera That he is not a Wolf but some wilde beast excelling a Wolf He is exceeding strong especially being able with his mouth and teeth to bite asunder not only stones but Brasse and Iron He feareth the Dog star and heat of Summer rejoycing more in cold then in warm weather therefore in the Dog dayes he hideth himself in some pit or gaping of the earth untill that Sunny heat be abated The fourth and fifth kindes are called by one common name Acmone now Acmon signifieth an Eagle or else an Instrument with a short neck and it may be that these are so called in resemblance of the ravening Eagle or else because their bodies are like to that instrument for they have short necks broad shoulders rough legs and feet and small snowts and little eyes herein they differ one kinde from the other because that one of them hath a back of a silver colour and a white belly and the lower part of the feet black and this is Ictinus canus a gray Kite-wolf the other is black having alesser body his hair standing continually upright and liveth by hunting of Hares Now generally all Authors do make some two some three some four and some five kindes of Wolves all which is needlesse for me to prosecute and therefore I will content my self with the only naming of such differences as are observed in them and already expressed except the Thus and the sea-Wolf of whom there shall be something said particularly in the end of this History Olaus Magnus writeth in his History of the Northern Regions that in the Mountains called D●ffrini which do divide the Kingdomes of Swetia and Norway there are great flocks or heards of Wolves of white colour whereof some wander in the Mountains and some in the vallies They

fury of storms and showers The place and Countrey where they are helpeth much and is very available to their generation There is no Countrey almost but there are many Spiders in it For in the Countrey about Arrha which is in Arabia foelix there is an infinite number of them to be found and all the Island of Candie swarmeth with Phalangies Strabo saith that in Ethiopia there be a great number of Phalangies found of an exceeding bignesse although as Pliny saith in his eight Book and 58 chapter there are neither Wolfs Foxes Bears nor no hurtful creature in it and yet we all know that in the Isle of Wight a member of England the contrary is to be found for although there were never dwelling in it Foxes Bears nor Wolfs yet there be Spiders enow The Kingdom of Ireland never saw Spiders and in England no Phalangies will live long nor yet in the Isle of Mon and neer unto the City of Grenoble in that part of France which lyeth next Italy Gaudentius Merula saith there is an old Tower or Gastle standing wherein as yet never any Spider hath been seen nor yet any other venomous creeping creature but rather if any be brought thither from some other place they forthwith die Our Spiders in England are not so venomous as in other parts of the world and I have seen a mad man eat many of them without either death or deaths harm or any other manifest accident or alteration to ensue And although I will not deny but that many of our Spiders being swallowed down may do much hurt yet notwithstanding we cannot chuse but confesse that their biting is poysonlesse as being without venom procuring not the least touch of hurt at all to any one whatsoever and on the contrary the biting of a Phalangie is deadly We see the harmlesse Spiders almost in every place they climb up into the Courts of mighty Kings to be as it were myrrors and glasses of vertue and to teach them honest prowesse and valiancy They go into the lodgings shops and Ware-houses of poor men to commend unto them contentment patience labour tolerance industry poverty and frugality They are also to be found in rich mens chambers to admonish them of their duties If you enter into your Orchard they are busie in clothing every Tree if into the Garden you shall finde them amongst Roses if you travail into the field you shall have them at their work in hedges both at home and abroad whithersoever you bend your course you cannot chuse but meet with them lest perhaps you might imagine or else complain and finde some faults that the Schoolmistresse and perfect president of all vertue and diligence were in any place absent Who would not therefore be touched yea and possessed with an extream wonder at these vertues and faculties which we daily see and behold with our eyes Philes hath briefly and compendiously described their nature properties inclinations wit and invention in his Greek verses which being turned into Latine sound to this effect Araneis natura per quam industria est Vincens puellarum manus argutias Nam ventris humores supervaoaneos Ceu fila nent textoris absque pectine Et implicantes orbium volumina Adversa sublegunt iis subtegmina Sed liciis hinc densioribus plagas In aëre appendunt nec unde conspicor Sejuncta cùm sit omnis a medio basis Quae fulciat mirabilem operis fabricam Et staminum fallit ligamen lumina Subtilitatis sub dio discrimine Firmatur autem densitas subtegminis Raras in ambientis oras aëris Muscis culicibus id genus volantibus Intensa nectens fraudulenter retia Quod incidit jejuna pascit hoc famem Vitamque degit haud quietis indigam Suspensa centro cassibusque providens Ne fila rumpat orbiumque dissuat Nexus retortos flaminis vis irruens Which may be Englished thus Industrious nature Spiders have Excelling Virgins hands of skill Superfluous humors of bellies save And into webs they weave them still And that without all Weavers combes Their folding orbes inrolled are And underneath their woofs as tombes Are spread the worthy work to bear And hang their threads in air above By plagues unseen to the eye of man Without foundation you may prove All their buildings firmly stand Nor yet clear light to the eyes most bright Can see the coupling of their thread The thinnesse of the woof in sight On pins of air are surest spread On Gnats and silly winged Flies Which guilefully in nets they take They feed their fill when they espy And yet their life much rest doth make They labour too and do provide Gainst windes and things that break their twails That bands from tacklings may not slide When greater strength doth them assail And although Minerva hath nick-named the Spider calling her malepert shamelesse and sawcie Martiall wandring straying and gadding Claudianus rash presumptuous and adventurous Politianus hanging and thick Juvenal dry Propertius rotten Virgil light and Plautus unprofitable and good for nothing yet it is clear that they were made to serve and stead us to many excellent uses so that you may plainly gather and perceive that this is rather an amplification then any positive or measured truth concerning the fond Epithets vile badges and liveries which these rehearsed Authors have unworthily bestowed on them as by that which followeth may plainly be seen The Spider put into a linnen clowt and hung upon the left arm is an excellent medicine to expel a Quotidian Ague as Trallianus saith and yet it will be more effectual if many Spiders be boyled with Oyl of Bay to the consistence of a liniment to anoynt the wrists and the temples a little before the fit for by this means the Feaver will be absolutely cured or will seldom return again Kiranides A Spider tempered and wrought up with Milt-wast or Ceterach and so spred upon a cloth to be applyed to the temples cureth the fits of a Tertian Feaver Dioscorides The Spider that is called a Wolf being put into a quill and so hanged about the neck performeth the same effect as Pliny reporteth The domestical Spider which spinneth and weaveth a thin a white or a thick web being inclosed in a piece of leather or a Nut-shel and so hanged about the neck or worn about the arm driveth away the fits of a Quartain Feaver as both Dioscorides and Fernelus have thought For the pain in the ears Take three live Spiders boyl them with Oyl upon the fire then distil or drop a little of this Oyl into the pained ear for it is very excellent as witnesseth Marcellus Empiricus Pliny steepeth them in Vinegar and Oyl of Roses and so to be stamped together and a little thereof to be dropped into the pained ear with a little Saffron and without doubt saith he the pain will be mitigated and the same affirmeth Dioscorides Or else strain out the juyce of Spiders mixing it with the juyce of