Selected quad for the lemma: england_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
england_n	say_a	ship_n	vessel_n	2,979	5	10.5881	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A54621	Political arithmetick, or, A discourse concerning the extent and value of lands, people, buildings ... as the same relates to every country in general, but more particularly to the territories of His Majesty of Great Britain, and his neighbours of Holland, Zealand, and France / by Sir William Petty ...	Petty, William, Sir, 1623-1687.	1690 (1690)	Wing P1932; ESTC R17628	42,032	122

Seamen are such as have another Trade besides wherewith to maintain themselves when they are not employed at Sea and the charge of maintaining them though 72000 l. per annum I take to be little or nothing for the reasons above-mentioned and consequently an easie Tax to the people because Leavyed by and paid to themselves As we propounded that Ireland should be Taxed with Flax and England by Linnen and other Manufacture of the same I conceive that Scotland also might be Taxed as much to be paid in Herrings as Ireland in Flax Now the three Taxes viz. of Flax Linnen and Herrings and the maintainance of the triple Militia and of the Auxilliary Seamen above-mentioned do all five of them together amount to one Million of mony the raising whereof is not a Million spent but gain unto the Common-Wealth unless it can be made appear that by reason of all or any of them the Exportation of Woollen Manufactures Lead and Tin are lessened or of such Commodities as our own East and West India Trade do produce forasmuch as I conceive that the Exportation of these last mentioned Commodities is the Touch-stone whereby the Wealth of England is tryed and the Pulse wherby the Health of the Kingdom may be discerned CHAP. III. That France cannot by reason of natural and perpetual Impediments be more powerful at Sea than the English or Hollanders now are or may be POwer at Sea consists chiefly of Men able to fight at Sea and that in such Shipping as is most proper for the Seas wherein they serve and those are in these Northern Seas Ships from between three hundred to one thousand three hundred Tuns and of those such as draw much Water and have a deep Latch in the Sea in order to keep a good Wind and not to fall to Leeward a matter of vast advantage in Sea Service Wherefore it is to be examined 1. Whether the King of France hath Ports in the Northern Seas where he hath most occasion for his Fleets of War in any contests with England able to receive the Vessels above-mentioned in all Weathers both in Winter and Summer Season For if the King of France would bring to Sea an equal number of fighting Men with the English and Hollanders in small floaty Leeward Vessels he would certainly be of the weaker side For a Vessel of one thousand Tuns manned with five hundred Men fighting with five Vessels of two hundred Tuns each manned with one hundred Men apiece shall in common reason have the better offensively and defensively forasmuch as the great Ship can carry such Ordnance as can reach the small ones at a far greater distance than those can reach or at least hurt the other and can batter and sink at a distance when small ones can scarce peirce Moreover it is more difficult for Men out of a small Vessel to enter a tall Ship then for Men from a higher place to leap down into a lower nor is small shot so effectual upon a tall Ship as vice versa And as for Vessels drawing much water and consequently keeping a good Wind they can take or leave Leeward Vessels at pleasure and secure themselves from being boarded by them Moreover the windward Ship has a fairer mark at a Leeward Ship than vice versa and can place her shot upon such parts of the Leeward Vessel as upon the next Tack will be under water Now then the King of France having no Ports able to receive large windward Vessels between Dunkirk and Ushant what other Ships he can bring into those Seas will not be considerable As for the wide Ocean which his Harbours of Brest and Charente do look into it affordeth him no advantage upon an Enemy there being so great a Latitude of engaging or not even when the Parties are in sight of each other Wherefore although the King of France were immensely rich and could build what Ships he pleased both for number and quality yet if he have not Ports to receive and shelter that sort and size of Shipping which is fit for his purpose the said Riches will in this case be fruitless and a mere expence without any return or profit Some will say that other Nations cannot build so good Ships as the English I do indeed hope they cannot but because it seems too possible that they may sooner or later by Practice and Experience I shall not make use of that Argument having bound my self to shew that the impediments of France as to this purpose are natural and perpetual Ships and Guns do not fight of themselves but Men who act and manage them wherefore it is more material to shew That the King of France neither hath nor can have Men sufficient to Man a Fleet of equal strength to that of the King of England viz. The King of Englands Navy consists of about seventy thousand Tuns of Shipping which requires thirty six thousand Men to Man it these Men being supposed to be divided into eight parts I conceive that one eighth part must be persons of great Experience and Reputation in Sea Service another eighth part must be such as have used the Sea seven years and upwards half of them or 4 8 parts more must be such as have used the Sea above a twelve-month viz. two three four five or six years allowing but one quarter of the whole Complements to be such as never were at Sea at all or at most but one Voyage or upon one Expedition so that at a medium I reckon that the whole Fleet must be Men of three or four years growth one with another Fournier a late judicious Writer makeing it his business to persuade the World how considerable the King of France was or might be at Sea in the ninety second and ninety third pages of his Hydrography saith That there was one place in Britany which had furnished the King with one thousand four hundred Seamen and that perhaps the whole Sea-Coast of France might have furnished him with fifteen times as many Now supposing his whole Allegation were true yet the said number amounts but to twenty one thousand all which if the whole Trade of Shipping in France were quite and clean abandoned would not by above a third Man out a Fleet equivalent to that of the King of England And if the Trade were but barely kept alive there would not be one third par● Men enough to Man the said Fleet. But if the Shipping Trade of France be not above a quarter as great as that of England and that one third part of the same namely the Fishing Trade to the Banks of Newfoundland is not peculiar nor fixt to the French then I say that if the King of England having power to Press Men cannot under two or three months time Man his Fleet then the King of France with less than a quarter of the same help can never do it at all for in France as shall elsewhere be shewn there are not above

differ not in People a twentieth part from each other as hath appeared by the Bills of Burials and Christnings for each But the value of the Buildings in Amsterdam may well be half that of Paris by reason of the Foundations Grafts and Bridges which in Amsterdam are more numerous and chargeable than at Paris Moreover the Habitations of the poorest People in Holland and Zealand are twice or thrice as good as those of France but the People of the one to the People of the other being but as thirteen to one the value of the housing must be as about five to one The value of the Shipping of Europe being about two Millions of Tuns I suppose the English have Five Hundred Thousand the Dutch Nine Hundred Thousand the French an Hundred Thousand the Hamburgers and the Subjects of Denmark Sweden and the Town of Dansick two Hundred and Fifty Thousand and Spain Portugal Italy c. two Hundred and Fifty Thousand so as the Shipping in our case of France to that of Holland and Zealand is about one to nine which reckoned as great and small new and old one with another at 8 l. per Tun makes the worth to be as Eight Hundred Thousand Pounds to Seven Millions and two Hundred Thousand Pounds The Hollanders Capital in the East India Company is worth above Three Millions where the French as yet have little or nothing The value of the Goods exported out of France into all Parts are supposed Quadruple to what is sent to England alone and consequently in all about Five Millions but what is exported out of Holland into England is worth Three Millions and what is exported thence into all the World besides is sextuple to the same The Monies Yearly raised by the King of France as the same appears by the Book intituled The State of France Dedicated to the King Printed Anno 1669. and set forth several times by Authority is 82000000 of French Livers which is about 6½ Millions of Pounds Sterling of which summ the Author says that one fifth part was abated for non-valuers or Insolvencies so as I suppose not above Five Millions were effectually raised But whereas some say that the King of France raised Eleven Millions as the ⅕ of the effects of France I humbly affirm that all the Land and Sea Forces all the Buildings and Entertainments which we have heard by common Fame to have been set forth and made in any of these seven last Years needed not to have cost Six Millions Sterling wherefore I suppose he hath not raised more especially since there were one fifth Insolvencies when the Tax was at that pitch But Holland and Zealand paying 67 of the 100 paid by all the United Provinces and the City of Amsterdam paying 27 of the said 67 It follows that if Amsterdam hath paid 4000 l. Flemish per diem or about 1400000 l. per annum or 800000 l. Sterling that all Holland and Zealand have paid 2100000 l. per annum Now the reasons why I think they pay so much are these viz. 1. The Author of the State of the Netherlands saith so 2. Excise of Victual at Amsterdam seems above half the Original value of the same viz. Ground Corn pays 20 Stivers the Bushel or 63 Gilders the Last Beer 113 Stivers the Barrel Housing ⅙ of Rent Fruit ⅛ of what it cost other Commodities 1 7 ⅛ 1 9 1 12 Salt ad libitum all weighed Goods pay besides the Premisses a vast summ now if the expence of the People of Amsterdam at a medium and without Excise were 8 l. per annum whereas in England 't is 7 l. then if all the several Imposts above named raise it Five Pound more there being 160000 Souls in Amsterdam the summ of 800000 l. Sterling per annum will thereby be raised 3. Though the expence of each head should be 13 l. per annum 't is well known that there be few in Amsterdam who do not earn much more than the said expence 4. If Holland and Zealand pay p. an 2100000 l. then all the Provinces together must pay about 3000000 l. less than which summ per annum perhaps is not sufficient to have maintained the Naval War with England 72000 Land Forces besides all other the ordinary Charges of their Government whereof the Church is there apart To conclude it seems from the Premisses that all France doth not raise above thrice as much from the publick charge as Holland and Zealand alone do 5. Interest of Money in France is 7 l. per cent but in Holland scarce half so much 6. The Countries of Holland and Zealand consisting as it were of Islands guarded with the Sea Shipping and Marshes is defensible at one fourth of the charge that a plain open Country is and where the seat of War may be both Winter and Summer whereas in the others little can be done but in the Summer only 7. But above all the particulars hitherto considered that of superlucration ought chiefly to be taken in for if a Prince have never so many Subjects and his Country be never so good yet if either through sloth or extravagant expences or Oppression and Injustice whatever is gained shall be spent as fast as gotten that State must be accounted poor wherefore let it be considered how much or how many times rather Holland and Zealand are now above what they were 100 years ago which we must also do of France Now if France hath scarce doubled its Wealth and Power and that the other have decupled theirs I shall give the preference to the latter even although the 9 10 increased by the one should not exceed the one half gained by the other because one has a store for Nine Years the other but for one To conclude upon the whole it seems that though France be in People to Holland and Zealand as 13 to 1 and in quantity of good Land as 80 to one yet is not 13 times richer and stronger much less 80 times nor much above thrice which was to be proved Having thus dispatched the two first Branches of the first Principal conclusion it follows to shew that this difference of Improvement in Wealth and Strength arises from the Situation Trade and Policy of the places respectively and in particular from Conveniencies for Shipping and Water Carriage Many Writing on this Subject do so magnifie the Hollanders as if they were more and all other Nations less than Men as to the matters of Trade and Policy making them Angels and others Fools Brutes and Sots as to those particulars whereas I take the Foundation of their atchievements to lie originally in the Situation of the Country whereby they do things inimitable by others and have advantages whereof others are incapable First The Soil of Holland and Zealand is low Land Rich and Fertile whereby it is able to feed many Men and so as that Men may live near each other for their mutual

Millions will do it supposing that Roots Fruits Fowl and Fish and the ordinary profit of Lead Tin Iron-Mines and Woods would piece up any defect that may be feared As to the second I say that the Land and Housing in Ireland and the High-Lands of Scotland at the present Market rates are not worth Thirteen Millions of Money nor would the actual charge of making the Transplantation proposed amount to four Millions more So then the Question will be whether the benefit expected from this transplantation will exceed Seventeen Millions To which I say that the advantage will probably be near four times the last mentioned summ or about Sixty nine Millions Three Hundred thousand Pounds For if the Rent of all England and Wales and the Low-Lands of Scotland be about Nine Millions per annum and if the fifth part of the People be superadded unto the present Inhabitants of those Countries then the Rent will amount unto Ten Millions 8000 l. and the number of Years purchase will rise from seventeen and ½ to a Fifth part more which is twenty one So as the Land which is now worth but Nine Millions per annum at seventeen ½ Years purchase making 157 Millions and ½ will then be worth Ten Millions Eight Hundred thousand Pounds at Twenty one Years purchase viz. Two Hundred Twenty Six Millions and Eight Hundred thousand Pounds that is Sixty nine Millions and Three Hundred thousand Pounds more than it was before And if any Prince willing to inlarge his Territories will give any thing more than Six ½ Millions or half the present value for the said relinquished Land which are estimated to be worth Thirteen Millions then the whole profit will be above Seventy Five Millions and Eight Hundred 600 l. Above four times the loss as the same was above computed But if any Man shall object that it will be dangerous unto England that Ireland should be in the Hands of any other Nation I answer in short that that Nation whoever shall purchase it being divided by means of the said purchase shall not be more able to annoy England than now in its united condition Nor is Ireland nearer England than France and Flanders Now if any Man shall desire a more clear explanation how and by what means the Rents of Lands shall rise by this closer cohabitation of People above described I answer that the advantage will arise in transplanting about Eighteen Hundred thousand People from the poor and miserable Trade of Husbandry to more beneficial Handicrafts For when the superaddition is made a very little addition of Husbandry to the same Lands will produce a fifth part more of Food and consequently the additional hands earning but 40 s. per annum as they may very well do nay to 8 l. per annum at some other Trade the Superlucration will be above Three Millions and Six Hundred thousand Pounds per annum which at Twenty Years purchase is Seventy Millions Moreover as the Inhabitants of Cities and Towns spend more Commodities and make greater consumptions than those who live in wild thin peopled Countries So when England shall be thicker peopled in the manner before described the very same People shall then spend more than when they lived more sordidly and inurbanely and further asunder and more out of the sight observation and emulation of each other every Man desiring to put on better Apparel when he appears in Company than when he has no occasion to be seen I further add that the charge of the Government Civil Military and Ecclesiastical would be more cheap safe and effectual in this condition of closer co-habitation than otherwise as not only reason but the example of the United Provinces doth demonstrate But to let this whole digression pass for a mere Dream I suppose 't will serve to prove that in case the King of Englands Territories should be a little less than those of the King of France that forasmuch as neither of them are over-peopled that the difference is not material to the Question in hand wherefore supposing the King of France's advantages to be little or nothing in this point of Territory we come next to examine and compare the number of Subjects which each of these Monarchs doth govern The Book called the State of France maketh that Kingdom to consist of Twenty Seven thousand Parishes and another Book written by a substantial Author who professedly inquires into the State of the Church and Church-men of France sets it down as an extraordinary case that a Parish in France should have Six Hundred Souls wherefore I suppose that the said Author who hath so well examined the matter is not of opinion that every Parish one with another hath above Five Hundred by which reckoning the whole People of France are about Thirteen Millions and a half Now the People of England Scotland and Ireland with the Islands adjoyning by computation from the numbers of Parishes which commonly have more People in Protestant Churches than in Popish Countries as also from the Hearth-money Pole-money and Excise do amount to about Nine Millions and ½ There are in New England about 16000 Men mustered in Arms about 24000 able to bear Arms and consequently about 150000 in all And I see no reason why in all this and the other Plantations of Asia Africa and America there should not be half a Million in all But this last I leave to every Mans conjecture and conse quently I suppose that the King of England hath about Ten Millions of Subjects ubivis Terrarum Orbis and the King of France about Thirteen and a ½ as aforesaid Although it be very material to know the number of Subjects belonging to each Prince yet when the Question is concerning their Wealth and Strength It is also material to examin how many of them do get more than they spend and how many less In order whereunto it is to be considered that in the King of Englands Dominions there are not Twenty thousand Church-men But in France as the aforementioned Author of theirs doth aver who sets down the particular number of each Religious Order there are about Two Hundred and Seventy thousand viz. Two Hundred and Fifty thousand more than we thinkare necessary that is to say Two Hundred and Fifty Thousand withdrawn out of the World Now the said number of adult and able bodied Persons are equivalent to about double the same number of the promiscuous Mass of Mankind And the same Author says that the same Religious Persons do spend one with another about 18 d. per diem which is triple even to what a labouring Man requires Wherefore the said Two Hundred and Fifty thousand Church-men living as they do makes the King of France's Thirteen Millions and a half to be less than Thirteen Now if Ten Men can defend themselves as well in Islands as Thirteen can upon the Continent then the said Ten being not concerned to increase their Territory by the Invasion of

others are as effectual as the Thirteen in point of Strength also wherefore that there are more Superlucrators in the English than the French Dominions we say as followeth There be in England Scotland Ireland and the Kings other Territories above Forty Thousand Seamen in France not above a quarter so many but one Seaman earneth as much as three common Husbandmen wherefore this difference in Seamen addeth to the account of the King of England's Subjects is an advantage equivalent to Sixty Thousand Husbandmen There are in England Scotland and Ireland and all other the King of England's Territories Six Hundred thousand Tun of Shipping worth about four Millions and a ½ of Money and the annual charge of maintaining the Shipping of England by new Buildings and Reparations is about ½ part of the same summ which is the Wages of one Hundred and Fifty thousand Husbandmen but is not the Wages of above ⅓ part of so many Artisans as are employed upon Shipping of all sorts viz. Shiprights Calkers Ioyners Carvers Painters Block-makers Rope-makers Mast-makers Smiths of several sorts Flag-makers Compass-makers Brewers Bakers and all other sort of Victuallers all sorts of Tradesmen relating to Guns and Gunners stores Wherefore there being four times more of these Artisans in England c. than in France they further add to the account of the King of England's Subjects the equivalent of Eighty Thousand Husbandmen more The Sea-line of England Scotland and Ireland and the adjacent Islands is about Three thousand Eight hundred Miles according to which length and the whole content of Acres the said Land would be an Oblong or Parallelogram Figure of Three thousand Eight hundred Miles long and about Twenty four Miles broad and consequently every part of England Scotland and Ireland is one with another but Twelve Miles from the Sea Whereas France containing but about one Thousand Miles of Sea line is by the like method or computation about Sixty Five Miles from the Sea side and considering the paucity of Ports in comparison of what are in the King of England's Dominions as good as Seventy Miles distant from a Port Upon which grounds it is clear that England can be supplied with all gross and bulkey commodities of Foreign growth and Manufacture at far cheaper rates than France can be viz. at about 4 s. per cent cheaper the Land carriage for the difference of the distance between England and France from a Port being so much or near thereabouts Now to what advantage this conveniency amounteth upon the Importation and Exportation of Bulkey Commodities cannot be less than the Labour of one Million of People c. meaning by bulkey Commodities all sorts of Timber Plank and Staves for Cask all Iron Lead Stones Bricks and Tyles for building all Corn Salt and Drinks all Flesh and Fish and indeed all other Commodities wherein the gain and loss of 4 s. per Cent. is considerable where note that the like Wines are sold in the inner parts of France for four or Five Pound a Tun which near the Ports yield 7 l. Moreover upon this Principal the decay of Timber in England is no very formidable thing as the Rebuilding of London and of the Ships wasted by the Dutch War do clearly manifest Nor can there be any want of Corn or other necessary Provisions in England unless the Weather hath been universally unseasonable for the growth of the same which seldom or never happens for the same causes which make Dearth in one place do often cause plenty in another wet Weather being propitious to Highlands which drowneth the Low It is observed that the poor of France have generally less Wages than in England and yet their Victuals are generally dearer there which being so there may be more superlucration in England than in France Lastly I offer it to the consideration of all those who have travelled through England and France Whether the Plebeians of England for they constitute the Bulk of any Nation do not spend a sixth part more than the Plebeians of France And if so it is necessary that they must first get it and consequently that Ten Millions of the King of England's Subjects are equivalent to Twelve of the King of France and upon the whole matter to the Thirteen Millions at which the French Nation was estimated It will here be objected that the splendor and magnificencies of the King of France appearing greater than those of England that the Wealth of France must be proportionably greater than that of England but that doth not follow forasmuch as the apparent greatness of the King doth depend upon the Quota pars of the Peoples Wealth which he levyeth from them for supposing of the People to be equally Rich if one of the Sovereigns levy a fifth part and another a fifteenth the one seems actually thrice as Rich as the other whereas potentially they are but equal Having thus discoursed of the Territory People Superlucration and Defencibleness of both Dominions and in some measure of their Trade so far as we had occasion to mention Ships Shipping and nearness to Ports we come next to inlarge a little further upon the Trade of each Some have estimated that there are not above Three hundred Millions of People in the whole World Whether that be so or no is not very material to be known but I have fair grounds to conjecture and would be glad to know it more certainly that there are not above Eighty Millions with whom the English and Dutch have Commerce no Europeans that I know of Trading directly nor indirectly where they do not so as the whole Commercial World or World of Trade consisteth of about Eighty Millions of Souls as aforesaid And I further estimate that the value of all Commodities yearly exchanged amongst them doth not exceed the value of Forty Five Millions Now the Wealth of every Nation consisting chiefly in the share which they have in the Foreign Trade with the whole Commercial World rather than in the Domestick Trade of ordinary Meat Drink and Cloaths c. which bringing in little Gold Silver Iewels and other Universal Wealth we are to consider whether the Subjects of the King of England Head for Head have not a greater share than those of France To which purpose it hath been considered that the Manufactures of Wool yearly exported out of England into several parts of the World viz. All sorts of Cloth Serges Stuffs Cottons Bayes Sayes Frize perpetuan●s as also Stockings Caps Rugs c. Exported out of England Scotland and Ireland do amount unto Five Millions per annum The value of Lead Tynn and Coals to be Five hundred thousand pounds The value of all Cloaths Houshold-stuff c. carried into America Two hundred thousand pounds The value of Silver and Gold taken from the Spaniards Sixty thousand pounds The value of Sugar Indico Tobacco Cotton and Caccao brought from the Southward parts of America Six hundred thousand pounds The