to the vttermost part of the Iland Also on this side is a new Hauen made for ships in the winter time and the gate is called Rammakins Port of the said Castle On the West side you may see Vlishing a mile off and in a cleere day the Downes of Kent in England On this side within the wals is a round market place and the Senate-house of anticke building and two Gates called of the Cities to which they leade Vlishing port and Longe-ville port On the North side is an Abbey and pleasant walking and another publike House for exercise of shooting This populous City hath onely two Churches either because the people being of many sects in Religion and much occupied in trafficke scarce the third part comes to Church or else because the people being much increased by strangers comming to dwell in these parts vpon the stopping of the passage to Antwerp in the ciuill warres it is no wonder that the old Churches will not receiue them The Citizens may at pleasure drownd all the fields about them And this one and the chiefe Iland of Zealand called Walkerne containeth siue walled Cities besides Villages but the aire is reputed vnwholsome Midleburge is the chiefe place of trafficke in Zealand as Amsterdam in Holland From hence I went in a long Waggon couered with hoopes and cloth to Vlishing a long mile and paid for my passage two blankes Ten English foot companies one hundred and fifty in each company vnder the gouernment of Sir Robert Sidney kept this strong Towne for the Queene of England and vnder her pay being ingaged to her for money lent the States and the ten Captaines in course watched each third night The City is little and of a round forme but very strong It hath a narrow Sea on the West side where vpon the last confines of Zealand and the vnited Prouinces is one of the three passages whereof I formerly spake to the Maine Sea On this side is the Mountaine of the Mill where the Souldiers watch nightly and beyond the Mountaine is a damme to let in the Sea at pleasure On the South side is the Gate Waterport strongly fortified lying vpon the Inland Sea On this side towards the North the Sea flowing into the Towne maketh one Hauen and towards the East another and diuideth the City into three parts the Old the New and the Middle whereof any one being taken by the enemy yet the other are fortified for defence Beyond these Hauens or channels is a Mountaine lying ouer the City vpon which the Souldiers kept guards day and night as they did likewise vpon the Bridge diuiding the Cities and vpon other lower hils at all the gates of the City and in prayer time at the doore of the English Church This Church is on the East side and is common to the English and Dutch at diuers houres Betweene the high mountaine this Church was the Gouernours House belonging of old to the Counts of Zealand and the publike house for exercise of shooting but lesse pleasant then the like houses are in other Cities On the same East side lie two waies one to Rammakins Castle the other to Midleburge On the North side the Downes of Kent in England may easily be seene and there is the Hospitall or Gast-house for sicke people and for sicke and maimed souldiers of which a Mountaine thereby hath the name On this and the East sides are two Mils to retaine the water when the Sea ebs that the ditches round about may alwaies be filled and if need be to ouerflow the fields These ditches are commonly a pikes depth and can by no art or enemy be dried The Citizens want good water hauing no wels nor any fresh water but raine water kept in Cesternes The foresaid number of Souldiers in the Garrison was not sufficient to master the Citizens onely their couragious minds dispising death kept the Citizens in such awe as they durst not attempt to recouer their liberty by force which they hoped to obtaine by peaceable meanes and the vnited Prouinces depended vpon the opinion of the Queenes aid perhaps more then vpon the aid it selfe so as either failing they were like to be a prey to the Spaniards Since that time I heard the Garison was diminished so as it seemes the English had lesse strength to keepe it if the States changing their minds should attempt to surprise it Being inuited by my English friends I spent nothing in this City Hence I returned to Midleburge on foot vpon a paued causcy hauing on each side rich corne fields and faire pastures with many orchards and in the mid-way a Gentleman called Aldegondey famous for his wisdome hath his Castle wherein he dwelt At Midleburge I paid six stiuers for my supper and two for my bed and prouiding victuals to carry by Sea I paid for a loyne of mutton twenty foure stiuers as also for my washing seuen stiuers and staying in the Towne two daies I spent in all foure guldens and foure stiuers I tooke ship at ten in the morning and betweene the Iland Der-goese and the Inland Sea called Zurechsea I saw two Towers of Villages swallowed in the foresaid deluge and sayling by the Iland Plate and the Iland of Brill we passed certaine booyes directing to find the channell The next day in the afternoone I landed at Roterodam in Holland and paid ten stiuers for my passage Thence I passed in two houres space by boat to Delph and paid two stiuers for my passage Thence in two houres space I passed to the Hage by Waggon and paid for my passage two stiuers for which iourney one man alone may hire a Waggon for seuen stiuers At the Hage Count Maurice with his mother in law the Countesse of Orange born of the Noble Family of the Chastillons in France and the Generall States of the vnited Prouinces and Princes Ambassadours haue their residence which made me desirous to stay here a while to which purpose I hired a chamber for which for my bed sheets tableclothes towels and dressing of my meat I paid twenty fiue stiuers weekely I bought my owne meat and liuing priuatly with as much frugality as conueniently I might I spent by the weeke no more then fiue guldens and a halfe though all things were in this place extraordinarily deere My beere in one weeke came to foureteene stiuers and among other things bought I paid for a quarter of lambe thirty stiuers for a Hen seuen stiuers for a Pigeon foure stiuers for a Rabet three stiuers I remember not to haue seene a more pleasant village then this great part of the houses are fairely built of bricke though many of them in by-streetes be couered with thatch and some few are stately built of free-stone The village hath the forme of a Crosse and vpon the East side comming in from Leyden there is a most pleasant Groue with many wild walkes like a maze and neerer the houses is another very pleasant walke
Desmonds warre which possessed their Ancestors lands also the incouragement they receiued by the good successe of the Rebels and no lesse the hope of pardon vpon the worst euent And to speake truth Munster vndertakers aboue mentioned were in great part cause of this defection and of their owne fatall miseries For whereas they should haue built Castles and brought ouer Colonies of English and haue admitted no Irish Tenant but onely English these and like couenants were in no part performed by them Of whom the men of best qualitie neuer came ouer but made profit of the land others brought no more English then their owne Families and all entertained Irish seruants and tenants which were now the first to betray them If the couenants had been kept by them they of themselues might haue made two thousand able men whereas the Lord President could not find aboue two hundred of English birth among them when the Rebels first entred the Prouince Neither did these gentle Vndertakers make any resistance to the Rebels but left their dwellings and fled to walled Townes yea when there was such danger in flight as greater could not haue been in defending their owne whereof many of them had wofull experience being surprised with their wiues and children in flight Among the Mounster Rebels were the Vicount Mountgarret the Earle of Ormonds neere Kinsman and the Baron of Cahir a Butler and of the Earles Kindred Both these pretended their discontent and malice against the said Earle for cause of their reuolt But more dangerous causes were suspected and excepta Royall Force were quickly opposed to the Rebels bold attempts a generall reuolt was feared May you hold laughter or will you thinke that Carthage euer bred such a dissembling faedifragous wretch as Tyrone when you shall reade that euen in the middest of all these garboyles and whilest in his letters to the King of Spaine he magnified his victories beseeching him not to beleeue that he would seeke or take any conditions of Peace and vowing constantly to keepe his faith plighted to that King yet most impudently he ceased not to entertaine the Lord Lieutenant by letters and messages with offers of submission This hee did but not so submissiuely as before for now the Gentleman was growne higher in the instep as appeared by the insolent conditions he required Ireland being in this turbulent State many thought it could not bee restored but by the powerfull hand of Robert Earle of Essex This noble Lord had from his youth put himselfe into military actions of greatest moment so farre as the place he held in Court would permit and had of late yeeres wonne much honour in some seruices by Sea and Land so as he had full possession of a superintendencie ouer all martiall affaires and for his noble worth was generally loued and followed by the Nobility and Gentrie In which respects the Queene knew him fit for this seruice Hee had long been a deare fauourite to the Queene but had of late lien so open to his enemies as he had giuen them power to make his imbracing of militarie courses and his popular estimation so much suspected of his Soueraigne as his greatnesse was now indged to depend as much on her Maiesties feare of him as her loue to him And in this respect he might seeme to the Queene most vnfit for this seruice But surely the Earle was perswaded that his Houour could not stand without imbracing this Action and since he affected it no man durst be his riuall Besides that his enemies gladly put for ward this his designe that they might haue him at more aduantage by his absence from Court. Finally the vulgat gaue ominous acclamations to his enterprise but the wiser sort rather wished then hoped happy effects either to his priuate or the publike good in regard of the powerfull enemies hee left in Court whence all seconds were to come to him and of his owne distracted ends though enclined to the publike good yet perhaps in aiming at the speedy end of this warre and some other particulars not fully concurring with the same The Earle of Essex when he first purposed to intertaine the managing of the Irish warres aduised and obtained that two Regiments of old souldiers should be transported out of the Low-Countries into that Kingdome namely The first Regiment Sir Charles Pearcy Colonell 200 1050 Foote Captaine Richard Moryson Lieutenant Colonell 150 Sir Oliuer Lambart 150 Captaine Henrie Masterson 150 Captaine Randal Bret 150 Captaine William Turret 150 Captaine Turner 100 The second Regiment Sir Henry Dockwra Colonel and Conductor of all 200 950 Foote Captaine Iohn Chamberlin Lieutenant Colonel 150 Captaine Edmond Morgan 150 Captaine Edward Michelburne 150 Captaine Walter Floyd 150 Captaine Garret Haruy 150 These Regiments landed in Ireland before the Earles comming ouer and were then dispersed by the Earle into diuers Regiments of new men to season them and to replenish them with sufficient Officers The Earles Patent was granted with title of Lord Lieutenant and with more ample authoritie then many other Lord Deputies had formerly granted them for whereas others had power to pardon all Treasons Felonies and all offences except such treasons as touched her Maiesties person her heires c and the counterfeiting of money This exception was by the Earles importunitie left out which hee extorted with wise prouidence since the Lawyers held all Treasons to touch the Princes person And whereas other Lord Deputies had power to bestow all Offices excepting the chiefe reserued to the Queenes gift his Lordship had power to bestow some of the chiefest and to remoue all Officers not holding by Patent and to suspend such as held by Patent Besides his Lordship had power in many things which neuer had been formerly giuen to any as to make Martiall Lawes he being Lord Martiall of England and to punish the transgressors And to let the lands of Tyrone and other Rebels named to any persons whatsoeuer and to their heires Males reseruing due rents to her Maiestie To command the Ships already sent and to be sent into Ireland except the Lord Admirall were sent forth to Sea and commandement were giuen of ioyning the said ships to his Fleete And lastly to issue the Treasure according to the two establishments with liberty to alter that which was signed by the Lords in England with the aduise and consent of the Counsell of Ireland so as he exceeded not the summe of the Establishments He had an Army assigned him as great as himselfe required and such for number and strength as Ireland had neuer yet seene The establishment was signed by the Queene the foure and twenty of March being the last day after the English account of the yeere 1598. It contained first the pay of the chiefe Officers in the Army the Lord Lieutenant Generall ten pound a day The Lieutenant of the Army three pound a day The Generall of the Horse fortie shillings a day the Marshall of the Campe
diet Their sheepe are very little bearing a course wooll and commonly blacke which they export not but make course cloath thereof for the poorer sort the Gentlemen and for the most part the Citizens wearing English cloath The libertie of hunting commonly reserued to Princes and absolute Lords and they haue great store of red Deare feeding in open Woods which the Princes kill by hundreds at a time and send them to their Castlas to be salted vsing them in stead of beefe for the feeding of their families They haue no fallow Deare except some wild kinds vpon the Alpes They haue great store of fresh fish in Lakes Ponds and Riuers among which the Lakes of Sweitzerland are most commended At Hamburg they catch such plentie of Sallmons as it is a common report that the seruants made couenant with their Masters not to bee fed therewith more then two meales in the weeke and from thence great plentie of Sturgeon is exported Either the cold driues away birds or else they labour not to take them for I did seldome see them ferued at the table but onely Sparrowes and some few little birds In all their Riuers I did neuer see any Swannes yet they say that at Lubeck and about priuate Castles of Gentlemen they haue some few They say that they haue some mines of Gold but surely they abound with mines of Siluer aboue all Europe and all mettals where so euer found are by a Law of the Golden Bull appropriated to the Emperour and to the Electors in their seuerall dominions Also they abound with copper and brasse where with they couer many Churches but within forty yeeres past the English haue brought them Leade which they vse to that and other purposes Also they haue great plenty of Iron and they haue Fountaines yeelding most white Salt in Cities farre within the land which Cities are commonly called Halla Austria beyond the Danow yeelds excellent Saffron and at Iudiburg in Styria growes store of Spica Celtica as the Latin Herbalists call it In the season of the yeere yellow Amber is plentifully gathered vpon the Sea coast of Prusfia and Pomerania The Germans export into forraigne parts and there sell many curious and well prised workes of manuall Art And it is worth the consideration that the Citizens of Nurnberg dwelling in a sandy and baeren soile by their industrie and more specially by their skill in these manuall Arts liue plentifully and attaine great riches while on the contrary the inhabitants of Alsatia the most fruitfull Prouince of all Germany neglecting these Arts and content to enioy the fatnesse of their soyle in slothfull rest are the poorest of all other Germans Moreouer the vpper part of Germany abounds with Woods of Firre which tree as the Lawrell is greene all Winter and it hath many Okes also vpon the Alpes and not else where and lower Germany especially towards the Baltick Sea aboundeth with Woods of Oke They conuey great store of wood from the Alpes into the lower parts by the Riuer Rheine cutting downe whole trees and when they are marked casting them one by one into the Riuer to be carried downe with the violent streame thereof or otherwise binding many together to floate downe with men standing vpon them to guide them And at many Cities and Villages they haue seruants which know the trees by the markes and gather them vp in places where they may best be sold. The Cities that are one the Sea-coast on the North side of Germany haue very great ships but more fit for taking in great burthen then for sayling or fighting which the Netherlanders more commonly fraught with their commodities then the Germans themselues neither are the German Marriners much to bee commended The German Sea in good part and the Baltick Sea altogether are free from Pyrats which is the cause that their ships are little or not at all armed onely some few that trade into Spaine carry great Ordinance but are generally made large in the ribs rather fit for burthen then fight at Sea I neuer obserued them to haue any common prayers morning or euening as our English ships haue while they bee at Sea but the Marriners of their owne accord vse continually to sing Psalmes and they are punished by the purse who sweare or so much as once name the diuell from which they abhorre And herein they deserue to be praysed aboue the Holanders in whose ships a man shall heare no mention of God or his worship The said free Cities of Germany lying on the Sea-coast are called Hansen-stetten that is free Cities because they had of old in all neighbour Kingdoms great priuiledges of buying any wares as wel of strangers as Citizens and of selling or exchanging their own wares to either sort at pleasure and to bring in or carry out all commodities by their owne shippes with like immunities equall to Citizens in all the said Dominions and no lesse preiudiciall to them then aduantageous to themselues In England they were wont to dwell together at London in the house called the Stilyard and there to enioy these liberties which long since haue laine dead the Germans seldome bringing ought in their ships into England and the English hauing now long time found it more commodious to vse their owne shipping and iustly complaining that the English had not the like priuiledges in the said free Cities for which cause the priuiledges of the Germans were laid dead in England though not fully taken away Caesar witnesseth that the Schwaben inhabiting Suenia then containing great part of Germany admitted Merchants not to buy any thing themselues but onely to sell the spoyles they got in warre But Munster a German writes that these Sueuians or schwaben are now the onely forestallers of all things sold in faires or Markets and that for this cause they are excluded from buying any thing through Germany except it bee sold in their owne Townes of trafficke In generall the Germans doe applie themselues industriously to all trafficke by land which onely the free Cities on the Sea-coast exercise somewhat coldly by sea At home the Germans among themselues spend and export an vnspeakeable quantity of Beere with great gaine which yeelds great profit to priuate Citizens and to the Princes or publike Senate in free Cities there being no Merchandize of the World that more easily findes a buyer in Germany then this For the Germans trafficke with strangers I will omit small commodities which are often sold though in lesse quantitie yet with more gaine then greater and in this place I will onely speake of the commodities of greater moment aswell those that the Country affords as those that buy in forraigne parts to be transported in their owne ships The Germans export into Italy linnen clothes corne wax fetcht from Dantzk and those parts and coyned filuer of their owne which they also exchange vncoined with some quantity of gold Into England they export boards iron course linnen clothes and of that
CONTAINING HIS TEN YEERES TRAVELL THROVGH THE TWELVE DOMJNIONS OF Germany Bohmerland Sweitzerland Netherland Denmarke Poland Jtaly Turky France England Scotland and Ireland Diuided into III Parts THE I. PART Containeth a Iournall through all the said twelue Dominions Shewing particularly the number of miles the soyle of the Country the situation of Cities the descriptions of them with all Monuments in each place worth the seeing as also the rates of hiring Coaches or Horses from place to place with each daies expences for diet horse-meate and the like THE II. PART Containeth the Rebellion of Hugh Earle of Tyrone and the appeasing thereof written also in forme of a Iournall THE III. PART Containeth a Discourse vpon seuerall Heads through all the said seuerall Dominions AT LONDON Printed by John Beale dwelling in Aldersgate street 1617. HONI SOIT QVI MAL Y PENSE WITH the Kings Maiesties full and sole Priuiledge to the Author Fynes Moryson Gent. his Executors Administrators Assignes and Deputies for 21 yeeres next ensuing to cause to be imprinted and to sell assigne and dispose to his or their best benefit this Booke and Bookes as well in the English as in the Latin tongue as well these three Parts finished as one or two Parts more thereof not yet finished but shortly to be perfected by him Sraitly forbidding any other during the said yeeres to imprint or cause to be imprinted to import vtter or sell or cause to be imported vttered or sold the said Booke or Bookes or any part thereof within any of his Maiesties Dominions vpon paine of his Maiesties high displeasure and to forfet three pounds lawfull English money for euery such Booke Bookes or any part thereof printed imported vttered or sold contrary to the meaning of this Priuiledge besides the forfeture of the said Book Books c. as more at large appeareth by his Maiesties Letters Patents dated the 29 of Aprill in the fifteenth yeere of his Maiesties raigne of England France and Ireland and of Scotland the fiftieth To the Right Honourable VVJLLJAM EARLE OF PEMBROKE Lord Chamberlaine of his Maiesties Houshold one of his Maiesties most Honourable Priuie Counsell and Knight of the most noble Order of the GARTER c. Right Honourable SInce I had the happinesse imputed to Salomons Seruants by the Queene of Sheba to stand sometimes before You an eye and eare witnes of your Noble conuersation with the worthy Earle of Deuonshire my deceased Lord and Master I euer admired your vertues and much honoured your Person And because it is a thing no lesse commendable gladly to receiue fauours from men of eminent worth then with like choice to tender respect and seruice to them I being now led by powerfull custome to seeke a Patron for this my Worke and knowing that the weakest frames need strongest supporters haue taken the boldnes most humbly to commend it to your Honours protection which vouchsafed it shall triumph vnder the safegard of that massy shield and my selfe shall not only acknowledge this high fauour with humblest thankefulnesse but with ioy imbrace this occasion to auow myselfe now by publike profession as I haue long been in priuate affection Your Honours most humble and faithfull seruant FYNES MORYSON To the Reader FOr the First Part of this Worke it containes only a briefe narration of daily iournies with the rates of Coaches or Horses hired the expences for horses and mans meat the soyle of the Country the situation of Townes and the descriptions thereof together with all things there worthy to be seene which Treatise in some obscure places is barren and vnpleasant espetially in the first beginning of the worke but in other places I hope you will iudge it more pleasant and in some delightfull inducing you fauorably to dispence with the barrennes of the former inserted only for the vse of vnexperienced Trauellers passing those waies Againe you may perhaps iudge the writing of my daily expences in my iournies to be needles vnprofitable in respect of the continuall change of prices and rates in all Kingdoms but they can neuer be more subiect to change then the affaies of Martiall and ciuill Policie In both which the oldest Histories serue vs at this day to good vse Thirdly and lastly touching the First Part of this VVorke when you read my expences in vnknowne Coynes you may iustly require the explaning of this obscurity by expression of the values in the English Coynes But I pray you to consider that the adding of these seuerall values in each daies iourny had been an Herculean labour for auoiding whereof I haue first set before the First Part a briefe Table expressing the value of the small Coynes most commonly spent and also haue expresly particularly for each Dominion and most part of the Prouinces set downe at large how these values answer the English Coynes in a Chapter written of purpose to satisfie the most curious in this point namely the fifth Chapter of the third Booke being the last of this First Part in which Chapter also I haue briefly discoursed of the best means to exchange monies into forraigne parts Touching the VVorke in generall I wil truly say that I wrote it swiftly and yet slowly This may seeme a strange Riddle and not to racke your wit with the interpretation my selfe will expound it I wrote it swiftly in that my pen was ready and nothing curious as may appeare by the matter and stile and I wrote it slowly in respect of the long time past since I viewed these Dominions and since I tooke this worke in hand So as the VVorke may not vnfitly bee compared to a nose-gay of flowers hastily snatched in many gardens and with much leasure vet carelesly and negligently bound together The snatching is excused by the haste necessary to Trauellers desiring to see much in short time And the negligent binding in true iudgement needs no excuse affected curiositie in poore subiects being like rich imbroidery laid vpon a frize ierken so as in this case onely the trifling away of mxch time may bee imputed to my ignorance dulnes or negligence if my iust excuse be not heard in the rendering whereof I must craue your patience During the life of the worthy Earle of Deuonshire my deceased Lord I had little or no time to bestow in this kind after his deth I lost fully three yeers labor in which I abstracted the Histories of these 12 Dominiōs thorow which I passed with purpose to ioyne them to the Discourses of the seuerall Commonwealths for illustration and ornament but when the worke was done and I found the bulke there of to swel then I chose rather to suppresse them then to make my gate bigger then my Citie And for the rest of the yeers I wrote at leasure giuing like a free and vnhired workeman much time to pleasure to necessary affaires and to diuers and long distractions If you consider this and with all remember that the worke is first written in Latine
halfe long and about three quarters broad and little or nothing thicker then a French crowne They shew also foure Crosses of pure gold which they said a certaine Queene once tooke from them but presently fell lunatike neither could be cured vntill she had restored them In the open streets some Monuments are set on the walles in honour of certaine Citizens who died in a nights tumult when the Duke hoped to surprize the City I said that the Senate house is stately built in which they shew to strangers many vessels of gold and siluer of a great value and quantity for a City of that quality From Luneburg I returned to Hamburg whither I and my company might haue had a Coach for 4. Dollors But we misliking the price hired a waggon for three Lubeck shillings each person to Wentzon three miles distant from Luneburg Here the Duke of Lunebergs territory ends to whom each man paid a Lubeck shilling for tribute my selfe onely excepted who had that priuiledge because I went to study in the Vniuersities Here each man paied two Lubeck shillings for a Waggon to the Elue side being one mile and the same day by water wee passed other three miles to Hamburg not without great noy somnesse from some base people in the boat for which passage we paied each man three Lubeck shillings Let me admonish the Reader that if when we tooke boat we had onely crossed the Elue we might haue hired a Waggon from Tolspecker a Village to Hamburg being three miles for two Dollors amongst six persons Being at Hamburg and purposing to goe vp into Misen because I had not the language I compounded with a Merchant to carry mee in his Coach and beare my charges to Leipzig for tenne gold Guldens The first day hauing broke our faste at Hamburg we passed seauen miles ouer the Heath of Luneburg and lodged in a Village In our way we passed many Villages of poore base houses and some pleasant groues but all the Countrey was barren yet yeelded corne in some places though in no plenty The second day we came to a little City Corneiler through a Countrey as barren as the former and towards our iourneis end wee passed a thicke wood of a mile long The third day we went seuen miles to Magdenburg which is counted sixe and twenty miles from Hamburg and this day we passed a more fertile Countrey and more wooddy and they shewed me by the way an Hill called Bockesberg famous with many ridiculous fables of Witches yeerely meeting in that place This City of old called Parthenopolis of Venus Parthenea is now called Magdenburg that is the City of Virgins for an Inland City is very faire and the Germans speake much of the fortification because Mauricius Elector of Saxony besieged it a whole yeere with the Emperour Charles the fifth his Army yet tooke it not Howbeit I thinke that not so much to bee attributed to the strength of the City as to the distracted mind of the besieger who in the meane time sollicited the French King to ioyne with the Dutch Princes to free Germanie from the Emperours tyranny and the French Army being once on foot himselfe raised forces against the Emperour The forme of this City is like a Moone increasing the Bishopricke thereof is rich and the Margraue of Brandeburg his eldest sonne did then possesse it together with the City and territory by the title of Administrator in which sort he also held the Bishopricke of Hall and he lay then at Wormested a Castle not farre of In the market place there is a Statua erected to the Emperour Otho the Great founder of that City and Munster writes of another statua erected to Rowland which I remember not to haue seene In the Senate-house they shewed a singular picture made by one Lucas a famous Painter dead some thirty yeeres before where also is the picture of that monstrous German with all the dimensions of his body who not long before was led about the world to be shewed for a wonder This man I had not seene but in this picture I could scarce reach the crowne of his head with the point of my rapier and many of good credit told me that they had seene this mans sister halfe an ell higher then he In the Church that lies neere the market place there is a Font of great worth and a Lute painted with great Art the Cathedrall Church of Saint Maurice was built by Otho the Great very sumptuously where his wife lies buried in the yeere 948. and the inscription is that shee was daughter to Edmund King of England There they shew one of the three vessels in which our Sauiour Christ turned water into wine at Cana in Galile There be in all ten Churches but the aboue named are the fairest Hence we went foureteene miles to Leipzig being a day and a halfes iourney through fruitfull corne fields and a Countrey full of rich Villages the Merchant with whom I went bearing my charges from Hamburg I might haue hired a Coach to Leipzig for sixe persons those of Nurnburg bearing eight for 24. dollers and if a man goe thence to Luneburg he may easily light on a Coach of returne at a lesse rate so that in respect of the cheapnes of victuals in these parts no doubt I gaue the Merchant too much for my charges in this iourney Leipzig is seated in a plaine of most fruitfull corne ground and full of rich Villages in a Countrey called Misen subiect to the Elector Duke of Saxony and the Countrey lying open to the eye in a most ample prospect onely one wood can be seene in this large plaine The streets are faire the market place large and stately and such are the chiefe houses built of free stone foure roofes high there is a conuenient conduit of water in the Suburbs lying towards Prage the ditch is dry the wals of stone threaten ruine neither may the Citizens fortifie the Towne nor vse red waxe in their publike seales nor winde a Horne in their night watches as other Cities doe these and other priuiledges being taken from them in the yeere 1307. when they killed their Duke Ditzmanus in Saint Thomas Church Out of this City they haue as many Cities in Germany haue a beautifull place to bury their dead called Gods-aker vulgarly Gotts-aker where the chiefe Citizens buy places of buriall proper to their families round about the Cloisters and the common sort are buried in the midst not couered with any building Here I found this Epitaph the numerall Letters whereof shew the yeere when the party died FoeLIX qVI In DoMIno nIXVs ab orbe fVgIt And like Epitaphs are ordinarily found through Germany This Citie hath an Vniuersity and in the yeere 1480. the Students of Prage remoued hither to flie the Hussites warre but at this day the Vniuersitie is much decayed by reason that Wittteberg lieth neere hauing better conueniency for the Schollers liuing From hence I
when I had in silence and through many dangers seene Naples subiect to the King of Spaine and was now returned to Rome I presently went to the said Cardinall and after the fashion hauing kissed the hemme of his vesture I humbly desired that according to this his curtesie for which hee was much honoured in England hee would receiue mee into his protection till I might view the antiquities of Rome He being of a goodly stature and countenance with a graue looke and pleasant speech bad me rest secure so I could commaund my tongue and should abstaine from oftence Onely for his duties sake hee said that he must aduise me and for the loue of his Countrey intreate me that I would be willing to heare those instructions for religion here which I could not heare in England I submitted my selfe to these conditions and when after due reuerence made I would haue gone away the English Gentlemen and Priests there present ouertooke me in the next roome Among these was an Englishman a Priest of Calabria who in my iourney from Naples hither had been my consort by the way at the table and euen in bed whom I had often heard talking with the Italians of English affaires but more modestly and honestly then any man would expect of a Priest He taking my selfe and one Master Warmington an English Gentleman by the hands with an aftonished looke did congratulate with me that I who had bin his companion at bed and boord and whom he had taken rather for any countriman was now become an English man All the rest commended my iudgement in comming to the Cardinall and inquiring after my lodging promised to be my guides in Rome and for Countries sake to doe me a good offices and so after mutuall salutations I went from them I well knew that such guides would be very troublesome to me for they according to the manner disputing of Religion I must either seeme to consent by silence or maintaine arguments ful of danger in that place besides that to gratifie them for their courtesie I must needes haue runne into extraordinary expences Therefore hauing told them my lodging I presently changed it and tooke a chamber in a vitling house in the Market-place close vnder the Popes Pallace where I thought they or any else would least seeke mee and so being free from that burthen and yet secure in the Cardinals promised protection I began boldly yet with as much hast as I possibly could make to view the Antiquities of Rome The description of Rome drawne rudely but so as may serue the Reader to vnderstand the situation of the Monuments I. Il Borgo II. Trasteuere III. l'Isola IIII. The Gate del popolo V. The gate Pinciana VI. The gate Salara VII The gate Pia. VIII The gate di San ' Lorenzo IX g. Maggiore X. g. di S. Gionanni XI g. Latina XII g. di S. Sebastiano XIII g. di S. Paolo XIV g. di Ripa XV g. di S. Pancratio XVI g. Settimiana XVII g. di S. Spirito XVIII g. Fornac XIX g. la portusa XX. g. di Belucdere XXI g. di S. Angelo XXII Monte Capitalino XXIII M. Palatino XXIIII M. Auentino XXV M. Coelio XXVI M. Esquilino XXVII M. Viminale XXVIII M. Quirinale XXIX M. Vaticano XXX M. Ianiculo XXXI M. Pincio XXXII M. Citorio XXXIII M. Iordano XXXIIII M. Testaceo XXXV The bridge di S. Angelo XXXVI b. Vaticano XXXVII b. Sisto XXXVIII b. di quatro Capi. XXXIX b. di S. Maria. XL. b. di S. Bartolomco XLI b. Sublicio A. The Church of S. Giouanni Lateran ' B. C. of S. Pietro C. C. of S. Maria Maggiore D. C. of S. Croce in Hierosolyma Q. The Pallace of the Pope 3. Beluedere 4. Castel ' di S. Angelo 5. l'obelisco di Ginlio Cesare 6. The sepulcher di Cestio 7. Circus Maximus 8. The Church of S. Stefano rotondo 9. Trofei di Mario 10. lacolonna di Traiano 11. la colonna d' Antonio 12. The Church of S. Maria srpra la Minerua 13. C. di S. Maria rotonda 14. The Market-place Nanona 15. C. di S. Maria della consolatione 16. The Market place di Fiori 17. C. de la Trinita 18. C. di S. Rocco 19. The Bath of Dioclesian 20. le sette sale 21. The Arch of Constantine 22. The Arch of Vespasian 23. The Arch of Septimius Seuerus 24. The Theater of Marcellus 25. The Pallace of the Cardinall di Farnese Rome being situated on the East side of Tiber may further bee distinguished into three parts seated on the West side of Tiber whereof the first is called I I l Borgo and it containeth the Popes Pallace compassed with high walles by Pope Nicholas the fifth and the Garden thereof which of the faire prospect is called Beluedere and the Librarie and the Church of Saint Peter In vaticano and the field or Market-place lying before the Church and the strong Castle Saint Angelo all which were compassed with walles by Pope Leo the fourth and for a time this part was of him called Leonina but now it is called Il Borgo The second part is called II Trasteuere that is beyond the Tiber and was called of old I anicolo of the Mountaine included therein and also was called the Citie of the men of Rauenna of the Souldiers which Augustus kept at Raucnna against Anthony and after placed them here And because the aire is vnwholesome as the winde is that blowes heere from the South it is onely inhabited by Artisans and poore people And at this day it is compassed with walles which seeme ancient saue that it lies open towards the Tiber and Rome and it is adorned with Churches and buildings but much seuered one from the other The third part is called III l' Isola that is an Iland of Tiber which of old was called Licaonia of the Temple of Iupiter of Licaonta When Tarquinius the proud was of old banished from Rome the people abhorring to conuert the goods of such a wicked man to priuate vses did make his ground a field for training of souldiers and called it Campus Martius and the Senate commanded the great store of his corne chaffe and straw to bee cast into the Tyber of which matter growing together they say this Iland first came After a Temple was built in this Iland to Esculapius brought hither from Epidaurus in the shape of a Serpent and the Ile being consecrated to him was then made in the forme of the ship that brought that serpent whereof there is a monument in the Garden of Saint Bartholmew namely a stone in the forme of a ship with a Serpent grauen vpon it It is a quarter of a mile in length and some fiftie paces in bredth and it is full of stately Churches and houses If you draw a line from the East-side of the Mountaine Capitolino XXII to the Gate del popolo IIII lying towards the North and from the said Mountaine draw aline to the furthest part of the Bridge vpon the West side of
to Healing my deare Sister Faith Mussendines house being situate neere the South banke of Humber in the Countie of Lincolne In which place and my deare sister Iane Alingtons house neere adioyning whilest I passed an idle yeere I had a pleasing opportunitie to gather into some order out of confused and torne writings the particular obseruations of my former Trauels to bee after more delibrately digested at leasure After this yeere spent in Countrey solace the hopes of preferment drew me into Ireland Of which iourney being to write in another manner then I haue formerly done of other Countries namely rather as a Souldier then as a Traueler as one abiding in Campes more then in Cities as one lodging in Tents more then in Innes to my former briefe discourse of the iourneys through England and Scotland I haue of purpose added there out of my ordinary course the like of Ireland onely for trauellers instruction I am now to treate of the famous and most dangerous Rebellion of Hugh Earle of Tyrone calling himselfe The Oneale a fatall name to the chiefe of the sept or Family of the Oneales and this I will doe according to the course of the former Part namely in this place not writing Historically but making only a Iournall or bare narration of daily accidents and for the rest referring the discourse of Ireland for all particulars to the seuerall heads wherein each point is ioyntly handled through all the Dominions of which I haue written Onely in this place for the better vnderstanding of that which I principally purpose to write I must craue leaue to fetch some short re membrances by the way of preface higher then the time of my owne being in Ireland in the Lord Mountioy his Gouernement About the yeere 1169 not to speake of the kind of subiection which the Irish are written to haue acknowledged to Gurguntius and some Brittan Kings Henry the 2 being himself distracted with French affaires gaue the Earle of Strangbow leaue by letters Patents to aide Dermot Morrogh King of Lemster against the King of Meath And this Earle marrying Eua the daughter of Dermot was at his death made by him heire of his Kingdome Shortly after King Henrie himselfe landed at Waterford and whilst he abode in Ireland first Dermott Mac Carthy King of Corcke and the South part of Mounster and Dunewald Obzian King of Limrick and the North part of Mounster then Orwark King of Meath and Roderick King of Connaght by singular priuiledge ouer the rest called the King of Ireland and the aboue named King of Lemster yet liuing did yeeld themselues vassals vnto King Henrie who for the time was saluted Lord of Ireland the title of King being first assumed by acte of Parliament to King Henrie the eight many yeeres after In the said Henrie the seconds raigne Sir Iohn de Courcy with foure hundred voluntary English souldiers sent ouer did in fiue battailes subdue Vlster and stretcht the bounds of the English pale as farre as Dunluce in the most Northerne parts of Vlster About 1204 Iohn Courcy of English bloud Earle of Vlster and Connaght did rebel and was subdued by Hugh Lacy. About 1210 the Lacies of English bloud rebelling were subdued by King Iohn who after some three moneths stay returned backe into England where the Lacies found friends to be restored to their Earledome of Vlster About 1291 O-Hanlon some Vlster Lords troubling the peace were suppressed by the English Colonies From 1315 to 1318 the Scots made great combustions in Ireland to whom many Irish families ioyned themselues and both were subdued by the English Colonies In the yeere 1339 generall warre was betweene the English Colonies and the Irish in which infinite number of the Irish perished Hitherto Ireland was gouerned by a Lord Iustice who held the place sometimes for few yeeres sometimes for many In the yeere 1340 Iohn Darcy an Englishman was made Iustice for life and the next yeere did exercise the place by his owne Deputy which neither before nor after I find to haue been granted to any but some few of the Royall bloud About the yeere 1341 the English-Irish or English Colonies being degenerated first began to be enemies to the English and themselues calling a Parliament wrote to the King that they would not indure the insolencies of his Ministers yet most of the Iustices hitherto were of the English-Irish or English borne in Ireland About the yeere 1361 Leonel Duke of Clarence was made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and sometimes left his Deputy to gouerne it This Duke being Earle of Vlster and Lord of Connaglit by the right of his wife came ouer with an Army of some 1500 by pole and quieted the borders of the English Pale in low Lemster Hereformed the English-Irish growne barberous by imbracing the tyrannicall Lawes of the Irish most profitable to them which caused them likewise to take Irish names and to vie their language and apparrell To which purpose good Lawes were made in Parliament and great reformation followed aswell therein as in the power of the English for the leuen yeeres of his Lieutenancy and after till the fatall warres of Turke and Lancaster Houses And hitherto most of the Iustices were English-Irish About the yeere 1400 Richard the second in the eighteenth yeere of his Raigne came with an Army of foure thousand men at Armes and thirtie thousand Archen fully to subdue the Irish but pacified by their submissions and no act of moment otherwise done he returned with his Army into England After to reuenge the death of the Earle of March his Lieutenant he came againe with a like Army but was soddenly recalled by the arriuall of Henry the 4 in England During the said Kings Raigne Ireland was gouerned by his Lord Lieutenunts sent from England and in the Raignes of Hen. the 4 and Hen. the 5 by Iustices for the most part chosen of the English-Irish only the Lord Scroope for 8 yeres was Deputy to Thomas the second son to Hen. the 4 who was L. Lieutenant of Ireland This I write out of the Annals of Ireland printed by Camden In which from the first Conquest of Ireland to the following warres betweene the Houses of Yorke and Lancaster in England I find small or no mention of the Oneals greatnesse among the Irish Lords And I find very rare mention of any seditions in Vlster especially among the Northerne Irish so as that Prouince from the first Conquest to these ciuill English warres doth thereby seeme to haue beene one of the most peaceable and most subiect to the English Neither reade I therein of great forces or summes of mony lent out of England into Ireland except voluntaries and the cursary iourneys of King Iohn and King Richard the second but rather that for the most part all seditions as well betweene the English-Irish and the meere Irish as between the English-Irish themselues were pacified by the forces and expences of the same Kingdome During the
said ciuill warre betweene Yorke and Lancaster for England most of the Noble Families were wasted and some destroied whereupon the English Irish which hitherto had valiantly maintained their Conquest now began to repaire into England partly to beare out the factions partly to inherit the Lands of their Kinsmen of whom they were discended And the meere Irish boldly rushed into the possessions which the other had left void in Ireland And from that time vnder the gouernement of English Liefetenants and Deputies seditions and murthers grew more frequent the authority of the English Kings became lesse esteemed of the Irish then in formertimes and the English Pale had sometimes larger sometimes straighter limits according to the diuers successes of the Irish affaires at diuers times After the appeasing of the said bloody warre I finde some 1000 men sent ouer by Henry the seuenth to suppresse Perkin Warbeck an English Rebell and 500 men sent by Henry the eight to suppresse the Geraldines of English race rebelling against him Otherwise the said Annals mention no great or generall rebellion in Ireland especially such by which either much blood of the English was spilt or much of our treasure exhausted till the happy raigne of Queene Elizabeth For in this onely age Religion rather then Liberty first began to be made the cloake of ambition and the Roman Locusts to maintaine the Popes vsurped power breathed euery where fier and sword and not onely made strong combinations against those of the reformed religion in all Kingdomes but were not ashamed to proclaime and promise Heauen for a reward to such cut throates as should lay violent hands on the sacred persons of such Princes as opposed their tyranny Amongst which this famous Queene being of greatest power and most happy in successe against them they not only lest nothing vnattempted against her sacred person and her Crowne of England but whither incouraged by the blind zeale of the ignorant Irish to Popery or animated by an old Prophesie He that will England winne Must with Ireland first beginne Did also raise two strong and dangerous rebellions in Ireland the one of the Earle of Desmond the other of the Earle of Tyrone not to speake of the troubles made by Shane Oneale the easie setling whereof shall be onely mentioned in the treating of Tyrones Ancestors How beit the wonted generall peace seemes to haue continued till after the 19. yeere of the Queenes raigne being 1577 at which time the Lords of Conuaght and Ororke for their particular made a composition for their lands with Sir Nicholas Malby Gouernour of that Prouince wherein they were content to yeeld vnto the Queen so large a rent and such seruices both of labourers to worke vpon occasion of fortifying and of horse and foote to serue vpon occasion of war as it seems the Popish combinations had not yet wrought in them any alienation of mind from their wonted awe and reuerence of the Crowne of England Touching the rebellion of Gerald Earle of Desmond Iohn Gerald the sonne of Thomas whose Progenitors of English race had long behaued themselues valiantly in subduing the Irish had Kildare giuen him by King Edward the second with title of an Earle And this Family of the Fitz Geralds or Geraldens as they are now called long flourished not onely keeping Ireland in obedience to the King but infesting the sea coasts of the Welsh not yet vnited to the Crowne of England and neuer raised armes against England till Thomas Fitz Gerald the sonne of Gerald Fitz Gerald Earle of Kildare and Lord Deputy of Ireland vnder King Henry the eight whom the King had called into England and there brought in question for his ill Gouernement hearing by light and falle rumour that his father was executed rashly tooke Armes against the King inuiting the Emperor Charles the fifth to inuade Ireland which he in the meane time wasted with fire and sword This Thomas and fiue of his Vncles were shortly after hanged the father being before dead of griefe But Queene Marie restored this Family to honour and lands though they neuer after recouered their former dignity Of these Geralds most of the greatest Lords in Mounster are descended though for diuers causes many of them haue taken other Sirnames and particularly the Earles of Desmond Maurice Fitz-thomas a Geraldine was first created Earle of Desmond by Edward the third Of whose posteritie many excelled in wealth vertue and honourable reputation farre extending their power But Iames inuaded his Nephewes inheritance by force and imposed heauy exactions on all depending vpon him whose sonne Thomas following his fathers steps was by the Lord Deputie beheaded in the yeere 1467 his sonnes were restored and the Earledome remained in his posterity till Gerald Earle of Desmond in the yeere 1578 rebelled against Queene Elizabeth To whose aide certaine bands of Italians and Spaniards sent by Pope Gregory the twelfth and Philip King of Spaine landed at Smerwic who besieged by the Lord Arthur Grey then Lord Deputy in a Fort they had built and called the Fort del ore shortly after yeelded themselues in the yeere 1583 and were put to the sword as the necessitie of that State and their manner of inuading the land was then said to require And the Earle of Desmond flying into the Woods was there in a cottage killed and his head cut off being as they say betrayed by his owne followers wherein the Vlster men challenge an honour of faithfulnesse to their Lords aboue those of Mounster for in the following warres none of them could be induced by feare or reward to lay hands on their reuerenced Oneale Thus with an Army of sixe thousand men whereof some fourethousand were newly sent ouer at diuers times this Rebellion of Desmond in Mounster was soone appeased The Earledome of Desmond was by authoritie of Parliament adiudged to the Crowne and made a County with Sheriffes appointed yeerely to be chosen by the Lord Deputie Vpon the attainter of the said Earle of Desmond and his confederats all the lands falling to the Crowne were in Acres of English measure about 574628 Acres Hereof great part was restored to the offenders as to Patrick Condon his Countrey to the White Knight his Countrey to some of the Geraldines and to other their confederats no small portions The rest was diuided into Seigniories granted by letters patents to certaine English Knights and Esquires which vpon this gift and the conditions whereunto they were tied had the common name of Vndertakers In Kerry and Desmond by patent to Sir William Harbert to Charol Harbert to Sir Valentine Browne to Sir Edward Denny besides an vncertaine portion to George Stone and Iohn Chapman and their heites were granted 30560 Acres with yeerely rents fiue hundred foure and twentie pound sixe shillings eight pence sterling In Limerick by Patent to Sir Henrie Billinsley to William Carter to Edmund Mannering to William Trenchard to Sr. George Bourcher to Sr. George Thornton to Richard
among them Religion was made the cloake of Treason to admit no English Shiriffes in their Countries and to defend their libertie and rights against the English In the Moneth of August 1592 the Earle of Tyrone by his letters to the Lords in England iustified himselfe against the complaint of Sir Tyrlogh Lynnogh apparantly shewing that his sonne Con Oneale did not disturbe the Commissioners sitting in Monaghan but that they hauing one hundred Foote for their guard were afraid of two Horsemen which they discouered He wrote further that he had brought Odonnel into the State who since his aboue-mentioned escape out of prison had stood vpon his defence and that he would perswade him to loyalty and in case hee were obstinate would serue against him as an enemy And further craftily intreated the Lords that he might haue the Marshalls loue that they being neighbours might concurre the better for her Maiesties seruice and that their Lordships would approue of his match with the Marshals sister for whose content he did the rather desire his loue In the beginning of the yeere 1593 or about this time a Northerne Lord Mac Guire began to declare himselfe discontent and to stand vpon his defence vpon the execution of Mac Mahowne and the ielousies then conceiued by the Northerne Lords against the English This Mac Guire Chiestaine of Fermannagh auowed that he had giuen three hundred Cowes to free his Countrey from a Shiriffe during the Lord Deputies Gouernment and that not withstanding one Captaine Willis was made Shiriffe of Fermannagh hauing for his guard one hundred men and leading about some one hundred women and boyes all which liued on the spoile of the Countrey Hence this barberous Lord taking his aduantage set vpon them and droue them into a Church where he would haue put them all to the sword if the Earle of Tyrone had not interposed his authoritie and made composition for their liues with condition that they should depart the Countrey Whereupon the Lord Deputy Sir William Fitz Williams sent the Queenes forces into Fermannagh wonne Mac Guires Castle of Exiskillen and proclaimed him Traytor And the Irish auow that the Lord Deputy there let fall threatning speeches in publike against the Earle of Tyrone calling him Traytor These speeches comming to the Earles hearing he euer after pretended that they were the first cause that moued him to misdoubt his safetie and to stand vpon his defence now first combining himselfe with Odonnell and the other Lords of the North to defend their Honours Estates and Liberties When Tyrone first began to plot his Rebellion he said to haue vsed two notable practises First his men being altogether rude in the vse of Armes he offered the State to serue the Queene against Tyrlogh Lynogh with sixe hundred men of his owne and so obtained sixe Captaines to traine them called by our men Butter Captaines as liuing vpon Cesse and by this meanes and his owne men in pay which he daily changed putting new vntrained men in the roome of others he trained all his men to perfect vse of their Armes Secondly pretending to build a faire house which our State thinkes a tye of ciuilitie he got license to transport to Dungannon a great quantitie of Lead to couer the Battlements of his house but ere long imployed the same only to make bullets for the warre But I returne to my purpose Sir Henrie Bagnoll Marshall of Ireland had formerly exhibited to the State diuers articles of treason practised by the Earle of Tyrone who now would not come to the State without a protection To these articles the Earle answered by letters saying that the Marshall accused him vpon enuy and by suborned witnesses and that he together with the Lord Deputy apparantly sought his ouerthrow Further complaining that the Marshall detained from him his sisters portion whom hee had married and that according to his former complaint he vsurped iurisdiction ouer all Vlster and in particular exercised it ouer him Yet these articles of treason against the Earle were beleeued in England till he offered by his letters to stand to his triall either in England or Ireland And accordingly he answered to the said Articles before the Lord Deputy and Councell at Dundalke in such sort as they who had written into England against him now to the contrary wrote that hee had sufficiently answered them Whereupon the Lords of England wrote to the Earle of Tyrone in the moneth of August of the following yeere that they approued his answeres and that in their opinion he had wrong to be so charged and that publikely before Iudges and especially that his answeres were for a time concealed Further they commended him for the token of loyalty he had giuen in dealing with Mac Guire to submit himselfe exhorting him to persist in his good course and charging him the rather for auoiding his enemies slaunder not to medle with compounding of Controuersies in Ulster out of Tirone without the Lord Deputies speciall warrant At the same time their Lordships wrote to the Lord Deputy taxing him and the Marshall that they had vsed the Earle against Law and equitie and that hee the Lord Deputy was not indifferent to the Earle who offered to come ouer into England to iustifie himselfe Thus was the Earle cleared in shew but whether through feare of his enemies or the guiltines of his conscience he shewed himselfe euer after to be diffident of his owne safety In the beginning of the yeere 1594 Mac Guire brake into open Rebellion he entered with forces into Connaght where the Burkes and Orwarke in Letrim commonly called Orwarkes Countrey for disobediences to the State had been prosecuted by Sir Richard Bingham Gouernour of that Prouince This foretunner of the greater conspirators shortly after seconded by Mac Mahowne was perswaded to enter Connaught by Gauranus a Priest whom the Pope forsooth had made Primate of all Ireland and was incouraged thereunto by his ominating of good successe But by the valour of Sir Richard Bingham the Gouernour Mac Guire was repelled with slaughter of many of his men among whom this pretended Primate was killed Against this Mac Guire the Earle of Tyrone serued with the Queenes forces and valiantly fighting was wounded in the thigh yet this Earle prouiding for his securitie about this time imprisoned the aboue mentioned sonnes of Shane Oneale who had escaped out of Dublin Castle and if they had been there kept would haue been a sure pledge of his obedience neither would he restore them to libertie though he were required so to doe but still couering his treacherous heart with ostentation of a feare conceiued of his enemies he ceased not daily to complaine of the Lord Deputies and Marshals enuy against him and of wrongs done him by the Garrison souldiers Thus the fier of this dangerous Rebellion is now kindled by the aboue named causes to which may be added the hatred of the conquered against the Conquerors the difference of Religion
seuenteenth of April sent his reasons of not comming First iustifying his relaps into disloialty by the truce not obserued to him and because restitution was not made him of preyes taken from him which was promised Then excusing his not meeting because his pledges by the truce being from three moneths to three moneths to be changed were still detained yea his pledges the second time put in were kept together with the first And saying that he durst not come to the Lord Generall because many promises by him made being not kept he knew it was much against his honourable mind and so could not be perswaded but that the Lord Generall was ouerruled by the Lord Deputy so as he could not make good his promises without the Lord Deputies consent who shewed malice to him and was no doubt the cause of all the breaches of such promises as had beene made vnto him Againe in regard he heard that the Lord Bourgh was to come ouer Lord Deputy who was altogether vnknowne to him he protested to feare that the acts of the Lord Generall with him would not be made good wishing that rather the Lord Generall might be continued in his command for then he would be confident of a good conclusion Finally he desired a meeting neere Dundalke the sixe and twenty of Aprill but this appointment for the day being against the last finall resolution and for the place against her Maiesties directions there was no more speech of this treaty In the meane time Sir William Russell Lord Deputy by the managing of those and like affaires finding himselfe not duly countenanced out of England in the place he sustained had made earnest suit to be called home and accordingly about the end of May he was reuoked and the Lord Bourgh so he himselfe writes others write Burke and Camden writes Borough came ouer Lord Deputy The ill successe of the treaties and small progresse of the warres together with this vnexpected change of the Lord Deputy comming with supreme authority as well in martiall as ciuill causes brake the heart of Sir Iohn Norryes Lord Generall a leader as worthy and famous as England bred in our age Of late according to vulgar speech he had displeased the Earle of Essex then a great fauourite in Court and by his merites possessed of the superintendency in all martiall affaires For Sir Iohn Norryes had imbraced the action of Brest Fort in Britany and the warres in those parts when the Earle himself had purpose to entertaine them and preuailed against the Earle by vndertaking them with lesse forces then the Earle desired for the same And it was thought that the Earle had preferred the Lord Bourgh of purpose to discontent him in regard the said Lord Bourgh had had a priuate quarrell with the said Generall in England and that besides the superiour command of this Lord though otherwise most worthy yet of lesse experience in the warres then the Generall had could not but be vnsupportable to him esteemed one of the greatest Captaines of his time and yet hauing inferiour command of the Presidentship of Mounster in the same Kingdome Certainely vpon the arriuall of this new Lord Deputy presently Generall Norryes was commanded to his gouernement of Mounster and not to stirre thence without leaue When he came thither this griefe so wrought vpon his high spirit as it apparantly brake his braue and formerly vndaunted heart for without sickenes or any publike signe of griefe he suddenly died in the imbrace of his deere brother Sir Thomas Norreys his vicepresident within some two moneths of his comming into Mounster The Lord Bourgh at his entry into the place of Lord Deputy found all the North in Rebellion except seuen Castles with their Townes or Villages all but one lying towards the sea namely Newry Knockfergus Carlingford Greene-Castle Armagh Dondrom and Olderfleet And all Connaght was likewise in Rebellion together with the Earle of Ormonds nephewes the Butlers in Mounster In this moneth of May Ororke was sent into England by the King of Scots and there executed This Ororke seemes to haue beene expelled his Countrey when Sir Richard Bingham was Gouernour of Connaght but those of his name and the chiefe of them vsurping the Countrey of Letrym still continued Rebels Tyrone hitherto with all subtilty and a thousand sleights abusing the State when he saw any danger hanging ouer him by fained countenance and false words pretended humblest submission and hearty sorrow for his villanies but as soone as opportunity of pursuing him was omitted or the forces were of necessity to be drawne from his Countrey with the terror of them all his loyalty vanished yea he failed not to mingle secretly the greatest Counsels of mischiefe with his humblest submissions And these courses had beene nourished by the sloth of our Leaders the frugality of some of our counsellers and the Queenes inbred lenity yet of all other he had most abused the late Lord Generals loue to him and his credulity which specially grew out of his loue Now of this new Lord Deputy by letters hee requested a truce or cessation which it seemed good to the Lord Deputy to grant for a moneth in regard of the conueniency of her Maiesties present affaires not any way to gratifie the Rebell for he had no purpose to entertaine more speech of his submission or to slacke the pursuit of him and his confederates to which he was wholly bent He saw the lamentable effects which these cessations together with protections had hitherto produced and among other euils did specially resolue to auoid them Therefore assoone as the moneth of truce was expired the Lord Deputy aswell by his first actions to giue luster and ominous presage to his gouernement as because he iudged it best for the seruice to strike at the head presently drew the Forces towards Tyrone The Irish in a fastnes neere Armagh so they call straight passages in woods where to the natural strength of the place is added the art of interlacing the low bowes and casting the bodies of trees acrosse the way opposed the passage of the English who made their way with their swords and found that the Irish resolutely assaulted would easily giue ground Then the Lord Deputy assaulted the Fort of Blackewater formerly built by the English vpon the passage to Dungannon whence the Eurle at his first entering into rebellion had by force expelled the English as carefully as he would haue driuen poyson from his heart This Fort he soon wonne and repayring the same put a company of English souldiers into it to guard it But 〈◊〉 the Lord Deputy with the whole army were rendering thanks to God for this good succesle the 〈◊〉 shewed themselues out of the thicke woods neere adioyning on the North-side of the Fort so as the prayers were interrupted by calling to armes The English entered 〈◊〉 and preuayled against them driuing them to styeinto the thickest of their dens In this conflict were killed Francis Vaughan
two thousand men were imbarked for that Prouince and two thousand more should be readie within twentie daies at the Sea-side to come where his Lordship should direct them Touching the exception aboue mentioned which his Lordship had taken that part of the Officers for the Companies sent into Mounster were left to the Lord Presidents disposall and all the rest were bestowed in England their Lordships professed that as in all circumstances of honour and contentment they desired to respect his Lordship so they praied him to consider that it stood with the reputation of a Counsel of State to conferre some such imploiments and keepe men of quality at Court to be vpon all occasions vsed in her Maiesties seruice wherein notwithstanding they had preferred few or none who had not his Lordships letters of recommendations to that Board and now referred them all to bee continued or cassed at his pleasure Lastly whereas their Lordships were informed that some were apprehended in Ireland for coining of the new mixed monies they signified her Maiesties pleasure that those men should be executed the rather to preuent the great inconuenience might arise in maintaining the exchange for such counterfet monies and otherwise The fourth of September his Lordship wrote from Trym to Sir Robert Cecyll the following letter SIR at my comming into these parts I found them not so distempered as I was borne in hand I should so as I make no doubt at all but if the Spaniards doe not come I shall be able to giue her Maiesty a good accompt of my charge here and I am not out of hope but rather of opinion since they haue staied so long that they will not come this Winter though I desire not to leade you into that conceit nor omit not my selfe to prouide for the worst may happen and therefore haue sent Master Marshall towards Leax with almost a thousand foot and some horse both to be neere the Lord President of Mounster for what may fall out that way and to prosecute Tyrrell in the meane while who with some two hundred Rogues is gotten thither and with the remaine of the Moores Connors and their followers whom I could not cut off the last yeere are altogether drawne to be aboue foure hundred For Connaght I haue appointed Sir Oliuer Lambert with as many Companies as I can spare him vntill I may vnderstand her Maiesties further pleasure because I know him to be very actiue and find a necessity to imploy some forces that way so long as the brute of the Spaniards comming doth continue especially now that Odonnell doth make his residence in that Prouince about Sligo and might otherwise doe what hee lift without impeachment For my selfe I thinke it fittest to stay hereabouts a while for from hence I may aptly draw towards Mounster or Connaght as need requires or fall backe towards the North so soone as we can gather any certainty of the Spaniards not comming And if we may be supplied with the 1000 shot so earnestly desired by our former letters and without which our foundation will be in a manner ouerthrowne to strengthen the English Companies here I assure you growne exceeding weak otherwise I would not put her Maiesty to that charge I make no doubt but we shall be able to doe her Maiesty that seruice there this Winter those shot being landed at Carlingford or the Newry with the victuals munition and other meanes desired that the Spaniards shall not from thenceforth be able to get footing to doe vs any great annoyance especially if it would please you to procure for an addition to the rest two hundred shot to be sent for the supplying of Sir Arthur Chichester at Carickfergus for from that place we haue discouered such an entrance into the heart of Tyrone as in all likelihood will soon ruine that Arch-Traytor if Sir Arthur may be enabled with meanes as from me he shall not want what I can yeeld him I haue here inclosed sent a note that you may see how the garrisons are planted North-wards and who it is that commands in each of them in the absence only of Sir Francis Stafford for he hath the chiefe command ouer them as the best meane to make them ioine vpon all occasions of the seruice The ninth of September his Lordship receiued aduertisement from the Lord President that the two thousand men embarked in England for Mounster were arriued part in Corkharbour part at Waterford of which companies some were left by the Lords of her Maiesties Counsell in their directions to his disposall but he left them to his Lordships pleasure knowing the duety he ought to his Generall And whereas the Lords of the Counsell in the same letters gaue directions that the foot Companies of the Lord President and Earle of Thomond being each 150 should be increased each to two hundred the Lord President auowed that it was obtained by the said Earle ioyning him for countenance of the sute altogether without his priuity which he praied his Lordship to beleeue for since his Lordship had promised that fauour to him vpon the first occasion he protested that he neuer had any thought to make so needlesse a request in England Therewith hee sent his Lordship the list of the said Companies newly arriued being one thousand foure hundred vnder foureteen Captaines named in England one hundred for the increase of the Lord Presidents and Earle of Thomonds foot Companies and fiue hundred which hee the Lord President by vertue of the Lords letters the Lord Deputy pleasing to giue his admission assigned to fiue Captaines being in all two thousand foot His Lordship hauing disposed the forces as is aboue mentioned and written from Trym to the Lord President desiring him to meet him vpon the borders of Lemster meaning Kilkenny as the fittest place for that meeting tooke his iourney thitherward and arriuing at Kilkenny the thirteenth of September the same night receiued aduertisement from the Lord President that the Spaniards were met at Sea bearing for Ireland and therein as he was informed for Mounster so that he craued pardon that hee came not to meete his Lordship whose pleasure hee conceiued to bee that in this case hee should not be absent from those parts where the enemies discent was expected and he further prayed his Lordship so to fashion his affaires in Lemster and the North as the forces he meant to bring might be in readinesse withall protesting that he staied only for a second direction which if he receiued he would come without delay to his Lordship The next day his Lordship wrote the following letter to Sir Robert Cecyll her Maiesties Secretarie SIr hauing left the Northerne borders as well guarded as in prouidence I could the command wherof I left to Sir Ioh. Barkeley and hauing sent Sir Oliuer Lambert into Counaght to settle those parts Sir Rich. Wingfeild the Marshal into Leax to prosecute Tirrel with his adherence I wrote to the President of Mounster to meete me
time collected out of the Lord Presidents letters The setling of peace in the yeere 1600. was interrupted by the allarum of a Spanish inuasion generally giuen in the beginning of this yeere 1601. And in the moneth of Aprill the Mounster Rebels which fledde the last yeere into Connaght and Vlster attempted againe to returne into Mounster hauing beene strengthened by Tyrone but the Lord President sent Captaine Flower with one thousand foote to the confines and these forces of Mounster on the one side and Sir Iohn Barkeley with the Connaght Forces on the other side so persued them as the same moneth they were forced to breake and returne into Vlster Florence mac Carty notwithstanding his protection had procured the sending of the said Rebels out of the North and besides many rebellious practices about this time laded a Barke with hides which should bring him munition from forraigne parts The Lord President ceased not to lay continuall plots to apprehend the ticulary Earle of Desmond hauing often driuen him out of his lurking dennes in which seruice the Lord Barry hauing a Company in her Maiesties pay did noble endeuours at last the Lord President vnderstanding that he lurked in the white Knights Countrey his Lordship did so exasperate him with feare of his owne danger as in the moneth of May he tooke him prisoner and brought him to Corke where hee was condemed for treason to intitle the Queene in his lands and for a time kept prisoner there In the moneth of Iune the Lord President receiued this gracious letter from the Queene written with her owne hand MY faithfull George If euer more seruice of worth were performed in shorter space then you haue done we are deceiued among many eye wituesses we haue receiued the fruit thereof and bid you faithfully credit that what so wit courage or care may do we truly find they haue all been throughly acted in all your charge And for the same beleeue that it shall neither be vnremembred nor vnrewarded and in meane while beleeue my helpe nor prayers shall neuer faile you Your Soueraigne that best regards you E. R. In the beginning of Iuly the Lord President aduertised the Lord Deputy that according to his directions hee would presently send into Connaght 1000 foot and fifty horse of the Mounster list though vpon good and fresh intelligences the arriuall of Spaniards was daily expected in that Prouince and the forces remaining with him were not sufficient to guard Kinsale Waterford Yoghall Killmalloch Lymricke and Cork the last whereof according to his Lordships directions he would haue care specially to strengthen That he had giuen the chiefe leader of the said forces Sir Fran. Barkely direction to return to him vpon his letter if her Maiesties seruice in his opinion should require it praying the Lord Deputy to allow of this direction since hee meant not to recall them but vpon sudden reuolt of the Prouincials or arriuall of Spaniards That the Prisoner vsurping the title of Earle of Desmond and many other euidences made manifest that the rebels of Vlster and especially the Spaniards did most relie vpon the helpe of the said prisoner Florence mac Carty which Florence though protected had assured them of his best aide and had preuailed in a Councell held in Vlster that the Spaniards should land at or neere Cork And that hereupon he the Lord President had apprehended Florence and sent him together with the said Earle Prisoner into England where they were safe in the Tower which being in time knowne to the Spaniards might perhaps diuert their inuasion of Ireland And no doubt the laying hand on these two Archrebels much aduanced her Maiesties seruice in the following inuasion whereby the Lord President deseruedly wonne great reputation Thus much I haue briefly noted to the time aboue mentioned when the Lord Deputy wrote to the Lord President to meet him on the confines of Mounster They meeting as I said at Laughlin rode together to Kilkenny where the twenty day of September they sate in Counsell with the Earle of Ormond and the rest of the Counsel with purpose so soone as they had resolued of the meetest course for the present seruice to returne to their seuerall places of charge But the same day newes came by post for Postes were newly established for the same purpose that a Spanish Fleet was discouered neere the old head of Kinsale whereupon they determined to stay there all the next day to haue more certain aduertisement therof The three twentith day another Post came from Sir Charles Willmot aduertising the Spanish Fleete to be come into the harbour of Kinsale and it was agreed in Counsell that the Lord President should returne to Corke and the Lord Deputy for countenancing of the seruice in Mounster should draw to Clommell and gather such forces as hee could presently to draw to Kinsale nothing doubting but that this forwardnesse howsoeuer otherwise the Army neither for numbers of men nor sufficiency of prouision was fit to vndertake such a taske would both couer their many defects from being spied by the Country and for a while at the least stop the currant of that generall defection of the Irish which was vehemently feared This was resolued in Counsell after the Lord President had giuen them comfort to find victuals and munition at Corke for at first they were not so much troubled to draw the forces thither as suddenly to bring victuals and munition thither for them But when they vnderstood that his Lordship had fed the souldiers all Summer by cesse and preserued her Maiesties store of victuals which they thought to be wasted they were exceeding ioyfull of this newes and not without iust desert highly commended the Lord Presidents prouident wisdome in the said most important seruice to the State The same day they wrote these letters to the Lords in England IT may please your Lordships The Spanish Fleete so long expected by the Rebels here is now in the harbour of Kinsale or Corke as it may appeare vnto your Lordships for a certainty by the copies of these inclosed letters from Sir Charles Wilmott and the Maior of Corke which is as much newes as we haue yet receiued so as we can not iudge whether this be the whole Fleete set out of Spaine or whether part thereof is comming after to them or bound for any other harbour onely we haue some reason to thinke the weather falling out of late exceeding stormy and tempestious that all the ships could very hardly keepe together and the report was the whole number were at least seuentie We are now to be earnest sutors to your Lordships to supply vs with all things needefull for so weighty an action and so speedily as possibly it may be The two thousand foote already as we conceiue at Chester we now desire may presently be lent to Waterford and neither to Carlingford nor Dublin as I the Deputie thought fittest in my last dispatch when I meant
theirs doubled I am the bolder to pronounce it in his name that euer hath protected my righteous cause in which I blesse them all And putting you in the first place I end scribling in hast Your louing Soueraigne E. R. The same day his Lordship receiued letters from the Lords in England signifying that renne shippes of warre set sayle from Rochester with the first wind after the eight of October last to attend the Coast of Mounster wherein were sent two thousand foot for the Army in Mounster vnder Captaines appointed That two thousand more were then leuied to bee sent to the Army by the way of Bristow and Barstable which were left to his Lordship to bee disposed in supplies or Companies as hee thought fit That one thousand foote more were sent to supplie Loughfoyle Garrison That two hundred horse were sent to his Lordship for the Army and fifty horse to Loughfoyle That they had sent his Lordship besides the former twenty last of powder thirty last more That they had sent large prouisions of victuals And that they greatly commended the Lord Presidents prouidence that he had made his souldiers former ly liue of their pay in money and so preserued the former store of victuals in Mounster for this time without which the Army could not haue kept the field till the new prouisions ariued The last part of their L PS letter followeth in these words Hereunto we must adde this as that whereof our selues haue been a good while both hearers and obseruers That no Prince can apprehend with better acceptation your Lordships proceeding in that Kingdome then her Maiestie doth in so much as she vsed often this speech that she would not wish her Army there nor the safetie of her people in better hands then in yours In whom and so in other Principall Officers of her State and Army as she doth obserue that all difficulties are well entertained with alacritie and resolution so we must let your Lordship know that when her Maiestie had read a priuate letter of yours to mee the principall Secretarie written from kilkenny with your owne hand assoone as you had heard the newes of a forraigne enemie it pleased her Maiestie to cause it bee read to vs all as being written in a stile wherein shee discerned both the strong powers of your owne minde in promising to your selfe all happy successe against such an enemie and the liuely affections you beare to her person for which you desire to bee made a Sacrifice wherein although you haue not deceiued her former expectation yet her Maiestie would haue you know that shee doth not doubt but you shall liue to doe her many more seruices after you haue made the Prouince of Mounster serue for a Sepulcher to these new Conquerours Of the foure thousand men which now her Maiestie sendeth into Mounster wee send onely two thousand vnder Captaines the rest wee leaue to conductors to be vsed as you shall please when they arriue and to displace any whom wee doe send if you thinke them not sufficient Now therefore till wee heare further from you wee haue no more to say but that wee account our selues all in one ship with you that wee will all concurre to aduance by our Ministerie whatsoeuer her Maiestie shall resolue to doe for you all of vs hauing one ende and one desire to inable you as her Maiesties principall instrument to free that Kingdome from the malicious attempts of forraine power and to redeeme it out of the in ward misery by intestine rebellion The fifth of Nouember foure barkes with munition and victuals that were sent from Dublin arriued in Kinsale harbor and vpon certaine intelligence that Tyrone was comming vp with a great Army to ioyne with the Spaniard it was resolued by the Counsell of States and the Colonels of Councell at warre that the next day the Camp should be fortified against Tyrone on the North side furthest from the towneward and that the next day following the Lord President with two Regiments of foote consisting of two thousand one hundred men in Lyst and with three hundred twentie fiue horse should draw to the borders of the Prouince to stop or at least hinder Tyrones passage To which purpose the Lord Barry and the Lord Bourke with the forces of the Countrie had direction to attend the Lord President The sixth day the Campe was accordingly fortified and the seuenth in the morning the Lord President with the said horse and foote left the Campe at which time it was concluded by both Counsels that wee could attempt nothing against the towne vntill either the Lord President returned or the new Forces and prouisions promised from England arriued it being iudged a great worke for vs in the meane time to continue our lying before the Towne since the Spaniards in the Towne were more in number then we who besieged them The same seuenth day his Lordship and the Counsell here wrote to the Lords in England this following letter IT may please your Lordships The first and second of this present moneth we receiued her Maiesties and your Lordships most comfortable letters of the fourth and sixth of the last and for the speciall care it pleaseth you to take of vs doe yeeld as we haue iust cause our most humble and heartiest thankes protesting that we will labour to deserue the same and the continuance which it pleaseth your Lordships to promise thereof with the vttermost of our endeuours and seruices euen to the sacrificing of our liues And in the meane time humbly pray your Lordships both to accept in good part and fauourably to report vnto her Maiestie what hitherto we haue been able to performe though nothing to that we did affect if our meanes had answered our desires or that little we expected to come fome Dublin which we sent for vpon the Spaniards first landing here had by a more fauourable wind arriued sooner as we hoped Wee beseech your Lordships giue vs leaue to referre you for your information in that point to the Iournall which herewithall we send for thereby wee conceiue will best appeare both what wee haue done and were enabled to doe since the returne of Master Marshall and other Officers and Commanders sent of purpose into the Pale and the parts Northwards to draw the forces thereabouts the more speedily hither to vs and to hasten hither such other prouisions as 〈…〉 here we should haue need off And with your Lordships fauour license vs to adde that wee can hardly proceede any further till our supplies of men and munitions come for we finde it a worke of great difficulty and assured losse of men and expence of al prouisions of warre to vndertake with these meanes we haue to force so many men out of any place although it were not greatly otherwise fortified but by the bodies of men onely whereas this Towne of Kinsale hath a good wall and many strong Castles in it Wee doe looke howerly for Tyrone esteemed to
confident assurance shortly to haue new supplies of all things Adding that he preserued his strength to be able to front vs in a breach which their hearts not failing they had hands and brests to stop against trebble our forces though he would giue the Viceroy that right that his men were passing good yet spent and tired with a Winters siege obstinately continued beyond his expectation but with such caution and so good guard as he hauing watched all aduantages could neuer make a salley without losse to his part wherein hee acknowledged himselfe much deceiued that grounding vpon some errour in our approches he had promised himselfe the defeate of one thousand men at least and at one blow but said he when we meete in the breach I am confident vpon good reasons to lay fiue hundred of your best men on the earth which losse will make a great hole in your Armie that hath already suffered such extremity Lastly he concluded that the King his Master sent him to assist the two Counts O Neale and O Donnel and he presuming on their promises to ioyne their forces with his within few daies had first long expected them in vaine and sustained the Viceroyes Army and at last had seene them drawne to the greatest head they could make lodged neere Kinsale reinforced with Companies of Spaniards euery hower promising him reliefe and at last broken with a handfull of men and blowne asunder into diuers parts of the World O Donnell into Spaine O Neale into the furthest North so as now finding no such Counts in rerum Natura to vse his very words with whom he was commanded to ioine he had moued this accord the rather to disingage the King his Master from assisting a people so weake as he must beare all the burthen of the war and so perfidious as perhaps in requitall of his fauour they might at last bee wonne to betray him Relation of this conference being made to the Lord Deputy and Counsell they considered that the treasure that Don Iean brought was at first but one hundred thousand Ducates whereof the greatest part could not but be spent in paying his souldiers 4 moneths and other occasions of expence for which and other good reasons they concluded not to stand vpō the first article especially since many strong reasons made the agreement as it was honorable so to seeme very profitable to the State of England namely that our Army was wasted tired with the winters siege That it was dangerous to attempt a breach defended with so many able men That if wee should lodge in the breach yet they hauing many strong Castles in the Towne so much time might be spent ere we could carry it as our Fleete for want of victuals might bee forced to leaue vs. That at this time our Army was onely prouided for sixe dayes That we had not munition or Artillerie to make any more then one batterie in one place at once fiue of our pieces being crased That vpon any disaster befalling vs the Irish were like to reuolt That besides the taking of Kinsale the other places held by the Spaniards as Baltymore Custle hauen and Beare-hauen would haue made a long and dangerous warre with infinite charge to the State of England they being strongly fortified and well stored with all prouisions of warre and our Army being so tired as it could not attempt them without being first refreshed and then being supplied with all necessaries to the vnsupportable charge of our Sate must haue been carried by Sea to those places vnaccessable by land Lastly that in this time the King of Spaine could not but send them powerfull seconds being thus farre ingaged in his Honour Besides that by this long warre wee should bee hindred from prosecution of the Rebels who were now so broken as in short time they must needes be brought to absolute subiection After many goings to and fro certaine Articles were agreed vpon the second of Ianuary towards the end of the yeere 1601 according to the English who end and begin the yeere at our Lady day in Lent but the Articles beare date the twelfth of Ianuarie 1602 after the new stile and according to the Spanish manner to begin the yeere the first day of the same moneth The Lord Deputy gaue me the said Articles in English to be faire written that the coppy thereof being signed by both the Generals might be sent into England And likewise his Lordship commanded me to translate the same Articles into the Lattin and Italian tongues that two coppies of each being signed by the Generals one of each might remaine with the Lord Deputy and the others be sent to the King of Spaine These Articles follow word by word in English as they were signed by the Lord Deputy and the Spanish Generall Mountioy IN the Towne of Kinsale in the Kingdome of Ireland the twelfth of the moneth of Ianuary 1602 betweene the noble Lords the Lord Mountioy Lord Deputy and Generall in the Kingdome of Ireland for her Maiesty the Queene of England and Don Iean de l'Aguyla Captaine and Campe-Master Generall and Gouernour of the Army of his Maiesty the King of Spaine the said Lord Deputy being encamped and besieging the said Towne and the said Don Iean within it for iust respects and to auoide shedding of blood these conditions following were made betweene the said Lords Generals and their Campes with the Articles which follow 1 First that the said Don Iean de l'Aguyla shall quit the places which he holds in this Kingdome as well of the Towne of Kinsale as those which are held by the souldiers vnder his command in Caste-Hauen Baltimore and the Castle at Beere-Hauen and other parts to the said Lord Deputy or to whom he shall appoint giuing him safe transportation and sufficient for the said people of ships and victuals with the which the said Don Iean with them may goe for Spaine if he can at one time if not in two shippings 2 Item that the souldiers at this present being vnder the command of Don Iean in this Kingdome shall not beare Armes against her Maiesty the Queene of England wheresoeuer supplies shall come from Spaine till the said souldiers bee vnshipped in some of the Ports of Spaine being dispatched assoone as may be by the Lord Deputy as he promiseth vpon his faith and honour 3 For the accomplishment whereof the Lord Deputy offereth to giue free pasport to the said Don Iean and his Army as well Spaniards as other Nations whatsoeuer that are vnder his command and that hee may depart with all the things hee hath Armes Munition Money Ensignes displaied Artillery and other whatsoeuer prouisions of warre and any kind of stuffe as well that which is in Castle-Hauen as Kinsale and other parts 4 Item That they shall haue ships and victuals sufficient for their money according and at the prices which here they vse to giue that all the people and the said things may be
and victuals as her Maiestie thought fit prouisionally to send though for lacke of aduertisement wee could not make any other particular iudgement what were too much or too little Only this we know that if that body of Spanish forces which are now in that Kingdome shall not be defeated before the like body of an army or a greater arriue her Maiesty shall be put to such a warre in the end as howsoeuer this State may vndergo the excessiue charges of continuall leauies and transportation which you wil well consider to be of intolerable burthen to this Kingdome all circumstances considered yet such will be the extreme difficulties to maintaine such an Army in that Realme where it must fight against forraigne Armies and an vniuersall rebellion and in a climate full of contagion and in a Kingdome vtterly wasted as we do wel foresee that it wil draw with it more pernicious consequents then euer this State was subiect to For whosoeuer shall now behold the beginning of this malitious designe of the King of Spaine must well conclude although he hath now begun his action vpon a false ground to find a powerfull party in that Kingdome at his first discent wherin he hath bin in some measure deceiued yet seeing he is now so deepely ingaged and so well findeth his errour that he will value his honour at too high a rate to suffer such a worke to dissolue in the first foundation In consideration whereof her Maiesty like a prouident Prince resolueth presently to send a strong Fleet to his owne coast to preuent his new reinforcement not doubting if such a disaster should happen that these forces should remaine so long vnremoued by you in Ireland which we cannot beleeue that her Maiesties Fleet shall yet be in great possibilitie to defeate the new supplies by the way for which purpose her Maiestie perceiuing how dangerous a thing it is for the Fleete in Ireland to lie off at Sea in this Winter weather which they must doe if it be intended that they shall hinder a descent and how superfluous a thing it is to maintaine such a Fleet only to lie in Harbours her Maiestie is pleased to reuoke the greatest part of her Royall ships hither and to adde to them a great proportion and send them all to the Coast of Spaine leauing still such a competent number of ships there as may sufficiently blocke vp the Harbour and giue securitie and countenance to transportation To which end we haue written a letter in her Maiesties name to reuoke Sir Richard Leuison and to leaue Sir Amias Preston with the charge of those ships contained in this note to whom we haue giuen directions in all things to apply himselfe to those courses which you shall thinke most expedient for that seruice You shall also vnderstand that we haue now directed Sir Henrie Dockwra to send eight hundred men by pole to Knockfergus to Sir Arthur Chichester and commanded him to make them vp one thousand and so with all speede the said Sir Arthur himselfe to march vp with a thousand of the best men to your reinforcement in Mounster And thus hauing for the present little else to write vnto you till we heare further we doe conclude with our best wishes vnto you of all happy and speedy successe And so remaine c. at the Court at whitehall the foure und twentieth of December 1601. The same eleuenth day of Ianuary his Lordship receiued other letters from the Lords dated the seuen and twentieth of December signifying that whereas his Lordship had often moued on the behalfe of the Captaines that they might receiue their full pay without deduction of the souldiers apparrell which they themselues would prouide now her Maiestie was pleased to condescend thereunto I remember not whether his Lordship had moued this since or before the new mixed coyne was curtant but sure this was great aduantage to her Maiestie at this time hauing paied siluer for the apparrell and being to make the full pay in mixed money The same eleuenth day of Ianuary his Lordship receiued from the Lords in England letters dated the fiue and twentieth of Nouember signifying that a proportion of victuals was prouided at Plimoth for which he should send foure Merchants ships of the Queenes Fleere at Kinsaile And requiring to bee aduertised vpon what termes the Spaniards had yeelded which were then sent ouer for England that they might be disposed accordingly By the old date of this letter and another aboue mentioned of the two and twentieth of Nouember receiued all on the eleuenth of Ianuary it may appeare how necessarie it is to haue the Magazins in Ireland well stored and how dangerous it is that the Army should depend on sudden prouisions The same day his Lordship receiued letters from the Lords in England that her Maiestie had made a leauy of foure thousand foote whereof two thousand were now at the Ports to be imbarked for Mounster namely one thousand one hundred committed to the charge of eleuen Captaines and nine hundred vnder the conduct of some of the said Captaines left to his Lordships disposall The fourteenth his Lordship lying at the Bishop of Corkes house receiued this following letter from Don Iean lying in the Towne of Corke translated out of Spanish Most Excellent Lord SInce they carried me to the Citie of Corke certaine Merchants haue told me they thinke they should find ships to carry me and my folke into Spaine if your excellency would giue them license and pasport of which I humbly beseech your highnes as also that of your great beniguitie your excellency will haue pitie of these his prisoners who here do expect the great mercie which so great a Prince as your Excellency vseth towards his seruants and prisoners These poore prisoners suffer extreme wants both with hunger and cold for there is no sustenance giuen them at all nor find they any almes I beseech your Excellency will bee pleased to haue compassion of them There is one dead of hunger and others are ready to die of it God keepe your Excellency the yeeres which we his seruants wish his Excellency From Corke the foure and twentieth of Ianuary 1602 stile nouo and as they write Your Excellencies seruant Don I can del ' Aguila The Spanish prisoners were these Taken at Rincorran Castle men and women 90. Taken at Castle Nyparke 16. Taken in the sallye the second of December 13. Taken at Tyrones ouer throw the foure and twentieth of December aswell principall as ordinary men one and forty prisoners in all one hundred sixtie besides the runnawaies during the siege were thirty and these together with many of the said prisoners had been sent into England and the rest of whom Don lean writes were still prisoners as 〈◊〉 The foure and twentieth of Ianuary the Lord Deputy and Councell here wrote to the Lords in England this letter following MAy it please your Lordships wee haue receiued your letters of the foure and
so they become most miserable creatures so hard a thing is it to keepe them together to be turned ouer to other Companies when once they know of their cashering as I remember your Lordships haue noted the like difficulty in your letters to keepe together and to send ouer the whole numbers by you appointed to come into this Kingdome And in this cashering of Companies according to her Maiesties expresse pleasure which her Highnesse prescribeth to be of the Irish Companies that the English may subsist and be made strong although I would willingly performe this direction and to that end haue discharged a number of Irish Companies heretofore and now yet seeing the Arch-rebell doth yet hold out albeit I haue directed such a course for his prosecution by Sir Arthur Chichester who is in pursuit of him as before the Spring I hope he shall be quite broken and that this rebel O Rowrke hath drawne such a head together I thinke it not amisse yet to continue some of the Irish Companies for a time hoping with Gods good fauour that ere it be long I may reduce the Army to a lesser number and then with more conueniency and lesse danger may discharge the Irish Companies which in the meane time I will so exercise and employ as they shall not be idle but shall be still exposed to endure the brunt of the seruice vpon all occasions And touching the continuing of this seruice against the Rebell O-Rowrke and his Confederates which we are of opinion may not be delaied for the preuention of further dangers as also for the vpholding of her Maiesties Army in regard of the generall scarcity of all sorts of victuals in all parts of this Kingdome wee humbly pray your Lordships to remember that a proportion of victuals be sent to Galloway Ballishannon and Lymrick with all speed without the which we see no meanes how this seruice can be followed or the Army in generall may be preserued from perishing For where it is expected by your Lordships that some great numbers of Beeues and other victuals may be gotten from the Rebels we haue already so impouerished them by prosecutions as they are ready to starue And amongst the Subiects of the Pale their Haruest was so vnseasonable and their Corne was so destroied by the weather as numbers of subiects will vndoubtedly die of famine and we see no meanes for her Maiesties Army in this Kingdome to subsist especially for this present yeere but vpon prouisions to be sent out of England which in discharge of our bounden duties wee thought meet plainely to signifie vnto your Lordships and doe humbly leaue it to your carefull prouidence For such abuses as haue beene committed in disposing of the victuals we shall be ready vpon the arriuall of such Commissioners as are purposed to be sent to yeeld vnto them our best assistance and in the meane season to haue all things in readinesse against their comming The sixteenth of Ianuary the Lord Deputy receiued the following letter directed from her Maiesty to his Lordship and the rest of the Counsell for Ireland Elizabeth Regina RIght trusty and welbeloued We greet you well The abuses which by the frauds of Merchants doe daily multiply in the course of exchange doe cast vpon Vs so great burthen and We find them to be so impossible to be preuented by any cautions that can be deuised whereof wee haue sufficient proofe in the like fruit that followeth of the restraints made since the first Proclamation published as We can find no other way to remedy those inconueniences but by taking from the Merchant all benefit of exchange other then hereunder is mentioned in the forme of a Proclamation which We thinke good to be published in that Kingdome to make knowne to all men in what manner We intend to allow of the exchange from the day of the publishing thereof which therefore you shall cause to be done immediately vpon the receipt of these Our letters And for that Our intent is by this Proclamation as you may perceiue by the tenour thereof to explane all former Proclamations and Orders touching this matter of the exchange and that from the day of the publishing of this new declaration of Our pleasure the same onely be taken for the rule of the exchange and no benefit of Our former Proclamation to be allowed to any yet because in some of them there bee some clauses meet for Vs to be continued Wee haue here vnder made a short note of those clauses out of the said Proclamations which clauses Our pleasure is that you cause to bee taken verbatim and inserted into this Proclamation when you shall publish it or else to expresse the substance of them in such words as you shall thinke fit or to alter or omit any of them or to adde to this new direction for our aduantage requiring you in your consideration of this our purpose to cast aside all priuate respects and onely to aime at the ease of our great charge so farre forth as it may be done without inconueniency of greater moment to Our State there then our charge is to Vs. The Proclamation VPon the alteration of the Standard of Our Monies in this Realme whereunto Wee were led aswell by examples of Our Progenitors who had euer made a difference betweene the Monies of this Realme and Our Realme of England as also by a necessary prouidence of keeping the sterling Monies both from the hands of Our Rebels here and also from transportation into forraigne Countries which chiefly by the said Rebels and their Factors was done We did erect an Exchange for the vse of all sorts of Our Subiects others vsing entercourse between these 2 Realmes for conuerting of Monies of the new Standard of this Realme into sterling Monies in England and of English Monies into those of this Realme reciprocally hoping that the honest and vpright carriage of Merchants in an equal exercise of trafficke between the two Realmes would haue caused in the said Exchange an indifferent and mutuall commodity both to the Merchant for his trade and to Vs for Our payments and both their Our intentions haue concurred in preseruing the sterling Monies from the Rebels and from transportation into forraigne Countries but in this little time of experience which We haue made thereof being not yet two yeeres past Wee haue found Our expectation greatly deceiued and the scope giuen the first institution of the Exchange exceedingly abused by the slights and cunnings of Merchants which though Wee did immediatly vpon the beginning of the Exchange discouer to be breeding yet did Wee not thinke that the same would euer haue growne to such a hight as since We haue perceiued Wherefore We did by some restrictions and limitations seeke to containe those frauds within reasonable bounds but it falleth out that the remedies proposed haue beene so farre from the easing of the griefe as whatsoeuer hath beene by Vs prescribed for the redresse hath but
serued for a ground and pretext of new inuentions of deceipt for that by the cunning craft of some Merchants the scope giuen by Our Proclamation to the said Exchange is so abused as that some Merchant who hath brought commodities into that Kingdome from hence hath not beene content to sell the same for reasonable gaine but hauing raised his price of the same commodity to so much in the new monies as doe in their true value of siluer almost counteruaile the sterling he paid for it here viz. That which cost him ten shillings sterling to thirty shillings Irish after that rate that which cost him 100 pound to 300 pound he hath returned to Our Exchange the same 300 pound which being answered him here in sterling yeeldeth him profit of three for one which is so great a gaine as no aduenture of any Merchants into the further most parts of trafficke doth yeeld and to Vs such a burthen as if the same should be permitted were nothing else in effect but to make Our Exchequer a Mart for the cunning of Merchants to worke vpon Besides many of them haue of purpose to make profit by the said Exchange bought vp old bils of debts from diuers persons to whom payment hath vpon iust consideration beene deferred and compounding for the same for small summes of money of the new Standard returned the whole vpon Vs by exchange whereby they haue made an exceeding profit conrrary to the true meaning of Our Proclamation intended for the vse and benefit of such as exercised an honest and direct course of Merchandize By which fraudes there is euer a great quanrity of monies of the new Standard returned vpon Vs for sterling Monies in this Realme but neither is there any proportionable quantity of sterling Monies brought in here into the Exchange nor deliuered into the Banckes to be conuerted into new Monies there And consequently there doth grow vpon Vs an intollerable burthen in continuall payments of sterling Monies and yet the two mischiefes which were the chiefe cause of alteration of Our Standard not remedied that is the preseruing of the sterling Monies from the Rebels and from transportation into forraigne Countries For little of it being brought in by Merchants of this Countrey and the same being not currant to be vsed here amongst Our good Subiects We find it partly transported and partly falling into the hands of the Rebels wherewith they haue beene the better enabled to continue in their wicked courses Wherefore for redresse of so great abuses daily practised by Merchants We doe hereby publish that Our meaning is that from the day of the publishing hereof the places of exchanging of monies shall be onely at Dublyn for this Our Realme of Ireland and at London for Our Realme of England for all such as vse the trade of Merchandize but for others that are in Our pay and haue wages of Vs as being of Our Army or otherwise there shall be a Bancke maintained at Corke as heretofore it was to receiue their bils but the bils receiued there shall be paiable onely at London and fot the vse of passengers and souldiers departing out of Our Realme into England there shall be likewise exchanges at Bristoll and Chester So as no such souldier or passenger doe bring thither any bill containing aboue the sum offoure pound But for Merchants there shall not be at the said places of Chester and Bristoll any payment of bils returned but onely at Our City of London in such manner as is hereafter expressed And further Our pleasure and meaning is that the said Exchange shall extend onely to such as now are or hereafter from time to time shall be in Our pay here seruing Vs in the field or in wards or garrisons and to all Officers of gouernement of Iustice of Our reuenewes or of the Exchange and to such others as are contained in Our establishment To all and euery of whom We are pleased to allow the benefit of exchanging Monies of the new Standard of this Realme into Monies currant in England wanting onely twelue pence sterling in the pound viz. yeerely to each of them rateably in his degree for so much as he doth saue aboue his expence of that which hee doth receiue yeerely of Vs or ought to receiue cleerely for his pay all deductions and defalcations being foreprized and so as there be no fraud vsed by any of them in abusing this Our liberality and fauonr conttary to Our true meaning And for others vsing trade of Merchandize although they deserue no fauour in regard of the frauds wherewith many of them haue abused Our gracious meaning in the institution of Our exchange intended and in regard of the excessiue raising of the prices of all wares whereby both Our Subiects are extreamely burthened here and We intollerably charged in the exchange in England yet in regard of the present pouerty of this Our Realme whereby We conceiue that there wanteth as yet for a time sufficient commodities of the growth or manufaction of this Kingdome wherewith to maintaine trafficke Wee are pleased to maintaine for their vse an exchange in this manner That euery such person not being of those that belong to Our Establishment but a Merchant who shall deliuer to the Master of the Exchange or his Deputies in this Realme one hundred pounds whereof forty pound shall be of the Standard of sterling mony of siluer or of gold and threescore pound in mixt Monies of the new Standard of this Realme shall receiue of the said Master of the Exchange or his Deputies a Bill directed to the Bancke of exchange in England where the same is playable whereby hee shall receiue for each hundred pound deliuered here in that manner one hundred pounds in Monies currant of England wanting onely twelue pence in the pound for each pound of the mixt Monies deliuered and for the starling no defalcation to bee made as heretofore hath been ordained And after that rate for more or lesse in quantitie And to the end that the fraudes vsed by some Merchants may be better preuented and the Master of the exchange or his Deputies vnderstand that he dealeth truly in bringing his monies to the exchange Our pleasure is that euery such Merchant resorting to the exchange shall bring a certificate from the Officers of Our Custome-house where his goods were entred what goods he hath entered there and at what time to the end that it may thereby be discerned that he seeketh nothing but the returne of his owne money and is not a cullourer of other mens And sor that diuers Noble men and Gentlemen of this Realme haue cause many times to repaire into England either for suites or other necessarie causes and some haue children there either at the Vniuersities or at the Innes of Court or Chancerie or in Our seruice at Court who shall haue cause for those purposes to vse sterling monie and to haue the moneys of this Realme conuerted into moneys currant in
liue for the day in continuall feare of like mischiefes Yet is not Ireland altogether destitute of these flowers and fruites wherewith the County of Kilkenny seemes to abound more then any other part And the said humility of aire and land making the fruits for food more raw and moyst hereupon the inhabitants and strangers are troubled with loosenes of body the Country disease Yet for the rawnes they haue an excellentremedy by their aquauitae vulgarly called Vsqucbagh which binds the belly and drieth vp moysture more then our Aquauitae yet in flameth not so much Also inhabitants aswell as strangers are troubled there with an ague which they call the Irish. Ague and they who are sick thereof vpon a receiued custome doe not vse the helpe of the Phisitian but giue themselues to the keeping of Irish women who starue the ague giuing the sick man no meate who takes nothing but milke and some vulgarly knowne remedies at their hand Ireland after much bloud spilt in the Ciuill warres became lesse populous and aswell great Lords of countries as other inferiour Gentlemen laboured more to get new possessions for inheritance then by husbandry and peopling of their old lands to increase their reuenues so as I then obserued much grasse wherewith the Iland so much abounds to haue perished without vse and either to haue rotted or in the next spring-time to bee burnt lest it should hinder the comming of new grasse This plenty of grasse makes the Irish haue infinite multitudes of cattle and in the heate of the last Rebellion the very vagabond Rebels had great multitudes of Cowes which they stil like the Nomades droue with them whither soeuer themselues were driuen and fought for them as for their altars and families By this abundance of cattle the Irish haue a frequent though somewhat poore trafficke for their hides the cattle being in generall very little and onely the men and the Grey-hounds of great statute Neither can the cattell possibly bee great since they eat onely by day and then are brought at euening within the Bawnes of Castles where they stand or lye all night in a dirty yard without so much as a lock of hay whereof they make little for sluggishnesse and that little they altogether keep for their Horses And they are thus brought in by nights for feare of theeues the Irish vsing almost no other kind of theft or else for feare of Wolues the destruction whereof being neglected by the inhabitants oppressed with greater mischiefes they are so much growne in number as sometimes in Winter nights they will come to prey in Villages and the subburbes of Cities The Earle of Ormond in Mounster and the Earle of Kildare in Lemster had each of them a small Parke inclosed for Fallow Deare and I haue not seene any other Parke in Ireland nor haue heard that they had any other at that time yet in many Woods they haue many red Deare loosely scattered which seeme more plentifull because the inhabitants vsed not then to hunt them but onely the Gouernours and Commanders had them sometimes killed with the piece They haue also about Ophalia and Wexford and in some parts of Mounster some Fallow Deare scattered in the Woods Yet in the time of the warre I did neuer see any Venison serued at the table but onely in the houses of the said Earles and of the English Commanders Ireland hath great plenty of Birds and Fowles but by reason of their naturall sloth they had little delight or skill in Birding or Fowling But Ireland hath neither singing Nightingall nor chattering Pye nor vndermining Moule nor blacke Crow but onely Crowes of mingled colour such as wee call Royston Crowes They haue such plenty of Pheasants as I haue knowne sixtie serued at one feast and abound much more with Rayles but Partridges are somewhat rare There be very many Eagles and great plenty of Hares Conies Hawkes called Gosse-Hawkes much esteemed with vs and also of Bees as well in Hiues at home as in hollow trees abroad and in caues of the earth They abound in flocks of Sheepe which they sheare twise in the yeere but their wooll is course Merchants may not export it forbidden by a Law made on behalfe of the poore that they may be nourished by working it into cloth namely Rugs whereof the best are made at Waterford mantles generally worne by men and women and exported in great quantity Ireland yeelds much flax which the inhabitants work into yarne export the same in great quātity And of old they had such plenty of linnen cloth as the wild Irish vsed to weare 30 or 40 elles in a shirt al gathered and wrinckled and washed in Saffron because they neuer put them off til they were worne out Their horses called hobbies are much commen ded for their ambling pace beuty but Ireland yeelds few horses good for seruice in war and the said hobbies are much inferior to our geldings in strength to endure long iournies being bred in the fenny soft ground of Ireland are soone lamed when they are brought into England The hawkes of Ireland called Goss-hawks are as I said much esteemed in England and they are sought out by mony all meanes to be transported thither Ireland yeelds excellent Marble neere Dublin Killkenny and Corke and I am of their opinion who dare venture all they are worth that the Mountaines would yeeld abundance of Mettals if this publike good were not hindred by the inhabitants barbarousnes making them apt to seditions and so vnwilling to inrich their Prince Country and by their slothfulnesse which is so singular as they hold it basenesse to labour and by their pouerty not able to beare the charge of such workes besides that the wiser sort think their pouerty best for the publike good making them peaceable as nothing makes them sooner kick against authoritie then riches Ireland hath in all parts pleasant Riuers safe and lange Hauens and no lesse frequent Lakes of great circuit yeelding great plenty of fish And the sea on all sides yeelds like plentie of excellent fish as Salmonds Oysters which are preferred before the English and shel-fishes with all other kinds of Sea-fish So as the Irish might in all parts haue abundance of excellent sea and fresh-water fish if the fisher men were not so possessed with the naturall fault of slothfulnesse as no hope of gaine scarsely the feare of authoritie can in many places make them come out of their houses and put to sea Hence it is that in many places they vse Scots for Fisher-men and they together with the English make profit of the inhabitants sluggishnesse And no doubt if the Irish were industrious in fishing they might export salted and dried fish with great gaine In time of peace the Irish transport good quantity of Corne yet they may not transport it without license left vpon any sudden rebellion the Kings forces and his good subiects should want Corne. Vlster and the
priuiledge of age and sex euen where the Parents leaue Children lawfully begotten I returne to the foresaid Prouinces which I said to be vnited in mutuall league for their defence against the Spaniards The said Prouinces at the first breaking out of the ciuill warre when Antwerp was besieged humbly and instantly besought Elizabeth Queene of England to vndertake their patronage and defence and to encourage and giue her more power offered her the Soueraignety of those Prouinces but the most wise Queene with graue counsell and for weighty reasons refused to take them for Subiects Perhaps among other reasons of greater weight fearing lest vndertaking that warre as Queene of the Prouinces most part of the burthen thereof should fall vpon her English subiects thinking it probable that the Netherlanders being a people which had often taken Armes against their Prince of all other things least bearing new taxes and impositions which they professed next the persecution for Religion to be the chiefe cause of this warre would alwaies be apt to stir vp sedition when her Maiesty as their Prince should impose but half the tributes customes which themselues by general consent for loue of liberty haue imposed born with incredible patience during this warre And howsoeuer her Maiesty desired their liberty should be preserued yet the peace betweene England and Spaine howsoeuer shaken by many iniuries on both sides prouoking desire of reuenge notwithstanding was not yet fully broken And it seemes probable to me not knowing those counsels but by coniecture that her Maiesty being a woman the King of Spaine being powerfull and some of her Subiects being alienated from her for the reformation of Religion thought it more wisdome to suffer warre for her iust defence then her selfe openly to beginne the same yet would shee not altogether neglect the afflicted people of those Prouinces but resolued with the States thereof that they should make Count Maurice sonne to the Prince of Orange Generall of their Army gouerning their owne affaires and her Maiesty should professe the defence of that afflicted people with whom England alwaies had strict league of trade and amity till meanes might be vsed for restoring them to the King of Spaines fauour Whereupon at the instant suite of the States the tenth of August in the yeere 1585 her Maiesty granted them an aide of fiue thousand Foot and a thousand Horse to whom her Maiesty was to giue pay during the warre yet so as the Prouinces were bound to make restitution of all her expences when the warre should be composed and for pledge of performance should giue into her Maiesties hands the Towne of Vlishing in Zealand with the adioining Castle of Rammekins to be kept with a Garrison of seauen hundred English foote and the Towne of Brill with some adioining Forts to be kept with a Garrison of 450 English Foot the said Prouinces being bound as I said to make reall satisfaction to her Maiesty at the end of the warre for all expences aswel of the said Forces as of these Garrisons which amounted yeerly to the summe of one hundred twenty six thousand pounds sterling And her Maiesty for the safety of her neighbours bore this intollerable burthen till the yeere 1594 at which time Sir Thomas Bodley Knight her Maiesties Ambassadour for those Prouinces by a new transaction diminished those great expences the wealth of those Prouinces being then much increased aswell by the concourse of Merchants leauing desolate Flanders to dwell in that flourishing State as because they had brought many Countries by right of warre to yeeld them contributions namely all the Sea Coast of Brabant some part of Flanders with the Countries vulgarly called Ommelands Drent Twent Linghen Limbrough and Walkenbrough and had greatly increased their tributes aswel in Holland Zeland Freesland and Vtrecht as in Guelderland Zutphan Dlandt ouer Ysell and lastly had taken many strong Townes of no small moment namely Deuenter Zutphan Nimmenghen Stonwicke Bredaw Hulst Steneberg and Groninghen The state of those Prouinces being as I said thus increased and her Maiesty being forced for many yeeres to keepe a strong army at home to subdue the Irish Rebels her Maiesties Ambassadour at the foresaid time made a new transaction with the States for diminishing the charge of the English Forces seruing them And this helpe so long giuen by her Maiesty to the vnited Prouinces cannot seeme of smal moment For howsoeuer the Queen did not alwaies keepe the full number of the said Forces and sometimes called home or cashiered part of them yet shee did alwaies maintaine the greatest part decreasing or increasing the same according to the necessity of the present affaires and imploied the Forces called home onely in voiages by Sea profitable aswell to the vnited Prouinces as to England and that for a short time of Sommer seruice after sending them backe to serue the States The States who gouerne these Prouinces if they haue made no change in particulars which at pleasure they both can and vse to doe are graue men Counsellors or Burgesses vulgarly called States chosen by the people of each City and Towne not for a limited time but during pleasure and with full power who residing in the chief City of the Prouince haue care all iointly of the prouinciall affaires and each particularly of his Cities or Townes affaires And this Counsell must needes be distracted with diuers opinions arising from the diuers affaires of each Prouince City Town and the seuerall commandements they receiue at home These prouinciall States chuse among themselues one two or three Burgesses for each Prouince according to the condition and capacity of those that are chosen for how many soeuer they be they haue but one voice for their Prouince at generall meetings and these they send to reside at Hage in Holland with like authority as they haue there to gouerne the publike affaires of all the vnited Prouinces and they are called the generall States And as the prouinciall States may be diminished in number or increased according to the occasions of the publike businesse or of any particular meeting and may bee called home by the Citizens who chuse them so the generall States chosen by them to reside at Hage enioy their places vpon like condition And out of these generall States certaine chosen men are made Counsellors to order the affaires of warre and to assist and direct the Generall of the Army therein Others are set ouer the affaires of the Admiralty others ouer the Chauncery of Brabant and others ouer diuers particular Offices I call them Counsellors of the Chauncery of Brabant who manage the affaires of Brabant belonging to Holland This must alwaies be vnderstood that the Burgesses or States of Holland in respect of the dignity of that Prouince many waies increased and inriched aboue the rest haue somewhat more authority and respect then any other but the wheele of the publike State is turned by the Senate of the generall States residing
shipped if it be possible at one time if not at two and that to be within the time aboue named 5 Item that if by contrary winds or by any other occasions there shall arriue at any Port of these Kingdomes of Ireland or England any ships of these in which these men goe they be intreated as friends and may ride safely in the Harbour and bee victualed for their money and haue moreouer things which they shall need to furnish them to their voiage 6 Item during the time that they shall stay for shipping victuals shall be giuen to Don Ieans people at iust and reasonable rates 7 Item that of both parts shall be cessation of Armes and security that no wrong be offered to any one 8 Item that the ships in which they shall goe for Spaine may passe safely by any other ships whatsoeuer of her Maiesties the Queene of England and so shal the ships of the said Queene her subiects by those that shall goe from hence and the said ships being arriued in Spaine shall returne so soone as they haue vnshipped their men without any impediment giuen them by his Maiesty the King of Spaine or any other person in his name but rather they shall shew them fauour and helpe them if they neede anything and for securitie of this that they shall giue into the Lord Deputies hands three Captaines such as he shall chuse 9. For the securitie of the performance of these articles Don Iean offereth that he will confirme and sweare to accomplish this agreement and likewise some of the chiefe Captaines of his charge shal sweare and confirme the same in a seuerall writing 10. Item that Don Iean in person shall abide in this Kingdome where the Lord Deputy shall appoint till the last shipping vpon his Lordships word and if it happen that his people be shipped all at once the said Don Iean shall goe in the same Fleete without any impediment giuen him but rather the Lord Deputie shall giue him a good ship in which he may goe and if his said men be sent in two shippings then he shall goe in the last 11. And in like sort the said Lord Deputy shall sweare and confirme and giue his word on the behalfe of her Maiestie the Queene and his owne to keepe and accomplish this agreement and ioyntly the Lord President the Marshall of the Campe and the other of the Counsell of State and the Earles of Thomond and Clanrickard shall sweare and confirme the same in a seuerall writing I promise and sweare to accomplish and keep these articles of agreement and promise the same likewise on the behalfe of his Maiestie the Catholique King my Master Don Iean de l' Aguila Geo. Carew Clanrickard Thomond R. Wingfeild Geo. Bourcher Ro. Gardner Ric. Leuison The Date of this writing is after the new stile Don Iean de l' Aguila Fynes Moryson This agreement being asigned by hands promised by honourable words and confirmed by solemne oathes on both parts the Lord Deputie raised the siege vpon the ninth of Ianuarie and his Lordship with Don Iean de l' Aguila and some of the chiefe Spanish Captaines in his Company rode that day to Corke whether our Army marched the same day the grosse of the Spaniards remaining at Kinsale After the Lord Deputy dispersed the Army through the Townes of Mounster to be lodged namely at Corke Waterford Youghall Rosse Callan Cashell Thomastowne Kilkenny Dungaruen and Clommell The tenth of Ianuary his Lordship gaue order to the victualer to prouide a moneths Bisquit for three thousand fiue hundred Spaniards after a pound and a halfe each day for a man and to prouide for them as much beefe and beare proportionably as could be gotten with speede His Lordship gaue order that the shipping should bee vnladen in the Ports and made ready to transport the Spaniards into Spaine The eleuenth of Ianuary his Lordship receiued letters dated the two and twentieth of Nouember from the Lords in England aduertising that the Earle of Desmond was there lately dead and therefore requiring that the Company of foote kept in his name and for his maintenance should be discharged reseruing that part of intertainement which out of the same was allotted to the Lord Bishop of Cashell and to the reliefe of the Earle of Desmonds sisters Further aduertising that eighteene hundred quarters of Oates were sent into Mounster for the horse troopes which would with the transportation cost her Maiesty fifteene shillings the quarter and were to bee issued to the troopes at the same rate The same day his Lordship receiued letters dated the foure and twentieth of December from the Lords in England as followeth AFter our right hearty commendations to your Lordship we haue now at last after long and great expectation receiued your letters by Sir Oliuer S. Iohns who arriued yesternight at the Court by whom although her Maiestie hath not receiued so much satisfaction as was hoped for vpon the former probabilities contained in your dispatches yet his relation hath made a great alteration of that anxiety in which her Maiesty remained by those reports which haue been brought to this place to which in respect of your long and vnexpected silence from those parts wee could no way giue contradiction hauing not receiued before now any particular aduertisement since the arriuall of Sir Thomas Sauage and therefore no way able to make any iudgement of your estate which was thus described First that the Irish rebels lodged close by you that your Campe was full of all misery and penury to the great slander of this Kingdome lastly that there were six thousand Spaniards landed of which last particular my Lord of Ormonds man was the relator For preuention of which vncertainty hereafter we are commanded in her Maiesties name to require you from hence forward to aduertise vs frequently from time to time of your proceedings to the intent that her Maiestie may still haue meanes to prouide for your support which you may not looke to receiue from hence in the time you shall vse them except wee may be daily informed before-hand from you of all such particular circumstances as fall out in that place To come therefore now to this present dispatch wee haue perused your Iournals both of the seruices done and of the difficulties which haue interrupted your proceedings hitherto whereunto wee meane to make no other replie then this That wee that know your iudgement and affection to her Maiesties seruice so well as we 〈◊〉 must say thus much that wee are no more doubtfull that you haue done as much as you could then you haue reason we hope by the course that is taken with you from hence not to beleeue and know that her Maiesty hath in no sort neglected you For demonstration whereof you shall first vnderstand that before the arriuall of Sir Oliuer Saint Iohns her Maiestie had giuen order for foure thousand men to be sent into Mounster with such supplies of munition
the English and Saint Dauids Ilands right ouer against the seate of the Bishop of Saint Dauy. Next is the 10 Iland called Enhly by the Welsh Britans and Berdsey as the I le of Birds by the English wherein they report that twenty thousand Saints lie buried Next lies 11 Mona that is the shadowed or dusky Iland which after many yeeres being conquered by the English was by them called Anglesey as the Iland of the English It is a most noble Iland the old seate of the Druides Priests so called of old and so fruitfull as it is vulgarly called the Mother of Wales the cheefe Towne whereof is Beaumarish Neere that lies 12 Prestholme that is the Priests Iland whereof the Inhabitants and Neighbours make incredible reports for the multitude of Sea Fowle there breeding Next followes 13 Mona or Monoeda as the farther Mona which we call the I le of Man the Inhabitants whereof are like the Irish in language and manners but haue something of the Norway men It yeeldes abundantly Flaxe and Hempe hath pleasant Pastures and Groues and is fruitfull of Barly Wheate and especially of Oates the people feeding on Oaten bread in all parts are multitudes of Cattle but it wants wood and for fier vseth a kind of Turffe Russia which of the Castle we call Castle-Towne is the cheefe Towne and hath a Garrison of Souldiers but Duglas is the most frequented and best inhabited Towne because it hath an excellent Hauen easie to be entered In the Westerne part Bala-curi is the seate of the Bishop vnder the primacy of the Archbishop of Yorke and there is the Fort called the Pyle wherein a garrison of Souldiers is kept Vpon the Southerne Promontory lies a little Iland called the Calfe of Man which aboundeth with Sea Birds called Puffins and a kind of Duckes engendered of rotten wood which the English call Barnacles In generall the Inhabitants haue their proper Tongue and Lawes and had their proper Coyne They abhorre from stealing and from begging and are wonderfully religious generally and most readily conforming themselues at this day to the Church of England and the people in the Northerne part speake like Scots and in the Southerne part like Irish. Edwin King of Northumberland subdued the Northerne people and subiected them to the Crowne of England yet with many changes of Fortune this Iland long had their owne Kings euen since the Normans conquered England and since the time that Iohn King of England passing into Ireland by the way subdued this Iland about the yeere 1210 till the Kingdome came to the Scots in the yeere 1266. After that time Mary the daughter of Reginald the last laid claime to the Iland before the King of England as supreme Lord of Scotland and when sheecould not preuaile William Montague her Kinseman tooke the Iland of Man by force which his Heire sold for a great summe of money in the yeere 1393 to William Scroope who being beheaded for Treason the Iland fell by right to Henry the fourth King of England who assigned the same to Henry Pearcy Earle of Northumberland with prouiso that he and his Heires at the coronation of the Kings of England should carry the Sword vulgarly called Lancaster Sword before the King but the same Persey being also killed in ciuill warre the King gaue that Iland to Stanlye from whom discend the Earles of Darby who kept the same till Ferdinand Earle of Darby dying without heire male and the Earledome falling to his Brother but this Iland to his Daughters as Heires generall Queene Elizabeth thinking it vnfit that Women should bee set ouer her Souldiers there in garrison gaue the keeping thereof to Sir Thomas Gerrard But King Iames the foureteenth of August in the fifth yeere of his Raigne granted by Letters Pattents this Iland with all things thereunto appertaining to Henry Earle of Northampton and Robert Earle of Saltsbury their Heires and Assignes for euer they vpon doing homage for the same presenting his Maiesty with two Falcons and his Heires and Successours at their Coronation in like sort with two Falcons And howsoeuer no vse or intent of this grant be mentioned in these Letters Pattents yet no doubt the grant was made to the vse of those vpon whose humble petition to his Maiesty the Letters Pattents were granted as therein is expressely declared namely of William Lord Stanly Earle of Darby heire male to Iohn Lord Stanly and of Elizabeth Countesse of Huntington Anne wife to the Lord Chandois and Francis wife to Sir Iohn Egerton Knight being the Heires generall of the said Iohn Lord Stanly The famous Riuer Thames fals into the German Ocean ouer against Zeland and before it fals into the same makes the 14 Iland Canuey vpon the Coast of Essex so low as it is often ouerflowed all but some higher hils to which the sheepe retire being some foure thousand in number the flesh whereof is of delicate taste and they are milked by young men Neere that is the 15 Iland Sheppey so called of the sheepe wherein is Quinborrough a most faire Castle kept by a Constable Without the mouth of Thames lie the shelfes or sands dangerous to Sea men which of the greatest are all called Goodwin sands where they say an Iland the patrimony of the same Earle Goodwinn was deuoured by the Sea in the yeere 1097. In the Britan Sea lies the 16 I le of Wight hauing in the Sea most plentifull fishing and the Land being so fruitfull as they export Corne besides that in all parts it hath plenty of Conies Hares Partridges and Feasanes and hath also two Parkes of Fallow Deare Also the sheepe feeding there vpon the pleasant hils yeeld wool in goodnesse next to the Fleeces of Lemster and Cotswold Flockes It hath sixe and thirty Townes and Castles and the Ecclesiasticall Iurisdiction thereof belongs to the Bishop of Wintchester Towards the West lie other Ilands pretented to be French but subiect to England namely 17 Gerzey whither condemned men were of old banished 18 Garnsey neither so great nor so fruitful but hauing a more commodious Hauen vpon which lies the Towne of Saint Peter both Ilands burne a weede of the Sea or Sea coales brought out of England and both speake the French Language I omit the seuen Iles called Siadae and others adioyning and will onely adde that the Ilands lie neere Cornewall which the Greekes called Hesperides the English call Silly and the Netherlanders call Sorlings being in number some 145 more or lesse whereof some yeeld Wheate all abound with Conies Cranes Swannes Hirnshawes and other Sea Birdes The greatest of them is called Saint Mary and hath a Castle wherein Souldiers lie in Garrison committed in our time to the keeping of Sir Francis Godolphin and after to his sonne Sir William Godolphin being of a noble Family in Cornewall Also many of the said Ilands haue vaines of Tynne and from hence was Leade first carried into Greece and the Roman Emperours banished condemned men hither to
worke in the Mines of mettall The ayre of England is temperate but thicke cloudy and misty and Caesar witnesseth that the cold is not so piercing in England as in France For the Sunne draweth vp the vapours of the Sea which compasseth the Iland and distills them vpon the earth in frequent showers of raine so that frosts are somewhat rare and howsoeuer Snow may often fall in the Winter time yet in the Southerne parts especially it seldome lies long on the ground Also the coole blasts of Sea winds mittigate the heat of Summer By reason of this temper Lawrell and Rosemary flourish all Winter especially in the Southerne parts and in Summer time England yeelds Abricots plentifully Muske melons in good quantity and Figges in some places all which ripen well and happily imitate the taste and goodnesse of the same fruites in Italy And by the same reason all beasts bring forth their young in the open fields euen in the time of Winter and England hath such aboundance of Apples Peares Cherries and Plummes such variety of them and so good in all respects as no countrie yeelds more or better for which the Italians would gladly exchange their Citrons and Oranges But vpon the Sea coast the winds many times blast the fraites in the very flower The English are so naturally inclined to pleasure as there is no Countrie wherein the Gentlemen and Lords haue so many and large Parkes onely reserued for the pleasure of hunting or where all sorts of men alot so much ground about their houses for pleasure of Gardens and Orchards The very Grapes especially towards the South and Westare of a pleasant taste and I haue said that in some Countries as in Glostershire they made Wine of old which no doubt many parts would yeeld at this day but that the inhabitants forbeare to plant Vines aswell because they are serued plentifully and at a good rate with French wines as for that the hilles most fit to beare Grapes yeeld more commoditie by feeding of Sheepe and Cattell Caesar writes in his Commentaries that Britany yeelds white Leade within land and Iron vpon the Sea-coasts No doubt England hath vnexhaustible vaines of both and also of Tinne and yeelds great quantitie of Brasse and of Allom and Iron and abounds with quarries of Free-stone and Fountaines of most pure Salt and I formerly said that it yeelds some quantity of Siluer and that the Tinne and Leade is mingled with Siluer but so as it doth not largely quit the cost of the labour in seperating or trying it Two Cities yeeld medicinall Baths namely Buxstone and Bathe and the waters of Bathe especially haue great vertue in many diseases England abounds with Sea-coales vpon the Sea-coast and with Pit coales within land But the Woods at this day are rather frequent and pleasant then vast being exhausted for fier and with Iron-milles so as the quantity of wood and charcoale for fier is much deminished in respect of the old abundance and in some places as in the Fennes they burne Turffe and the very dung of Cowes Yet in the meane time England exports great quantity of Seacoale to forraine parts In like sort England hath infinite quantity as of Mettalls so of Wooll and of VVoollen cloathes to be exported The English Beere is famous in Netherland and lower Germany which is made of Barley and Hops for England yeelds plenty of Hops howsoeuer they also vse Flemish Hops The Cities of lower Germany vpon the sea forbid the publike selling of English Beere to satisfie their owne brewers yet priuately swallow it like Nectar But in Netherland great and incredible quantity thereof is spent England abounds with corne which they may transport when a quarter in some places containing sixe in others eight bushels is sold for twenty shillings or vnder and this corne not onely serues England but also serued the English Army in the ciuil warres of Ireland at which time they also exported great quantity thereof into forraigne parts and by Gods mercy England scarce once in ten yeeres needes supply of forraigne Corne which want commonly proceeds of the couetousnesse of priuate men exporting or hiding it Yet I must confesse that daily this plenty of Corne decreaseth by reason that priuate men finding greater commoditie in feeding of Sheepe and Cattell then in the Plough requiring the hands of many seruants can by no Law be restrained from turning corne fields into inclosed Pastures especially since great men are the first to breake these Lawes England abounds with all kinds of foule aswell of the Sea as of the land and hath more tame Swannes swimming in the Riuers then I did see in any other part It hath multitudes of hurtfull birds as Crowes Rauens and Kytes and they labor not to destroy the Crowes consuming great quantity of Corne because they feede on wormes and other things hurting the Corne. And in great Cities it is forbidden to kill Kytes or Rauens because they deuoure the filth of the streetes England hath very great plenty of Sea and Riuer fish especiallie aboue all other parts abundance of Oysters Makrell and Herrings and the English are very industrous in fishing though nothing comparable to the Flemmings therein The English export into Italy great quantity of red Herrings with gaine of two or three for one not to speake in this place of other commodities which they export with great gaine and in this fishing they are very industrious as well in the Sea vpon the coasts as in the Northerne Ilands To conclude they export in great quantity all kinds of salted fishes and those dried in the smoke and pickled as Pilchards Poore Iohn Cauiale Botargo and the like which they sell in Italy and those parts at a deare rate England abounds with pulse of all kinds and yeelds great quantitie of Saffron and of Flax wherof they haue also great quantitie frō Dantzke whence also they haue like plentie of Pitch and of Firre trees for Masts of ships which two things if England wanted not I durst say that this Iland or part of an Iland abounds with all things necessary for honest clothing large and dainty feeding and for warre by land and sea As for warre it hath not onely the aforesaid mettalls but also great quantity of Salt-peter Besides the famous Broad cloth it yeelds for clothing many Stuffes whereof great quantitie is also exported And I will not omit that howsoeuer it hath silke from forraigne parts yet the English silke stockings are much to bee preferred before those of Italy Spaine or any part in the World England abounds in Cattell of all kinds and particularly hath very great Oxen the flesh whereof is so tender as no meate is more desired The Cowes are also great with large vdders yeelding plenty of Whitmeates no part in the World yeelding greater variety nor better of that kind And the hides of Oxen are contrary to the common good exported in great quantity by vniustifiable licenses though