Selected quad for the lemma: england_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
england_n	law_n	young_a	youth_n	27	3	7.5911	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A34856	England's interest asserted, in the improvement of its native commodities; and more especially the manufacture of wool plainly shewing its exportation un-manufactured, amounting unto millions of loss to His Majesty, and kingdom. With some brief observations of that worthy author Sir Walter Rawley, touching the same. All humbly presented to His Majesty, and both Houses of Parliament. By a true lover of His Majesty, and native country. Licensed by Roger L'estrange.; Englands glory.	Carter, W. (William); Raleigh, Walter, Sir, 1552?-1618.	1669 (1669)	Wing C673; ESTC R204217	42,697	60

Experience of Trade sby whom Laws Orders are contrived and Peace with Forein Princes projected to the great advantage of their Trade 2. Their Law of Gravel-kind whereby all their Children possess an equal share of their Fathers Estates after their Decease and so are not left to wrastle with the World in their Youth with inconsiderable assistance of Fortune as most of our youngest Sons of Gentlemen in England are who are bound Apprentices to Merchants 3. Their exact making of all their Native Commodities 4. Their giving great encouragement and immunities to the inventors of new Manufactures and the discoverers of any new Mysteries in Trade and to those that shall bring the Commodities of other Nations first in use and practice amongst them for which the Author never goes without his due reward allowed him at the publick charge 5. Their contriving and building of great Ships to sayle with small charge not above one third of what we are at for Ships of the same burthen in England And compelling their said Ships being of small force to sayle alwayes in Fleets to which in all time of danger they allow a Convoy 6. Their parcimonious and thrifty living which is so extraordinary that a Merchant of one hundred thousand pound Estate with them will scarce spend so much per annum as one of fifteen hundred pounds Estate in London 7. The Education of their Children as well Daughters as Sons all which be they of never so great quality or Estate they always take care to bring up to write perfect good hands and to have the full knowledge and use of Arithmetick and Merchants Accounts 8. The lowness of their Customs and the height of their Excise which is certainly the most equal and indifferent Tax in the world and least prejudicial to any people as might be made appear were it the subject of this discourse 9. The careful providing for and imployment of their poor which it is easie to demonstrate can never be done in England comparitively to what it is with them while it 's left to the care of every Parish to look after their own only 10. Their use of Banks which are of so immense advantage to them that some not without good grounds have estimated the profit of them to the publick to amount to at least one Million of pounds Sterling per annum 11. Their toleration of different opinions in matters of Religion by reason whereof many industrious people of other Countreys that dissent from the established Government of their own Churches resort to them with their Families and Estates and after a few years co-habitation with them become of the same Common Interest 12. Their Law-Merchants by which all controversies between Merchants and Tradesmen are decided in three or four dayes time and that not at the fortieth part I might say in many cases not the hundreth part of the Charge they are with us 13. The Law that is in use among them for Transference of Bills for debt from one man to another 14. Their keeping up publick Registers of all Land and Houses Sold or Mortgaged whereby many chargeable Law-Suits are prevented and the securities of Lands and Houses rendered indeed such as we commonly call them Real Securities 15. The lowness of Interest of money with them which in peaceable times exceeds not three per cent per annum To Conclude with a short Survey of those things in General seeing my time will not permit to enlarge upon ic particularly according to my purpose nor so to Correct the former Papers for want of time being exposed to much Travel I must humbly beg the Reaners pardon for some Errors passing the Press in my absence The first thing observed in the Dutch is to have experienc'd persons in all Councels skil'd as WelPractical as Theoretical knowledge which is without all peradventure of such advantage that nothing but experience of it can put the value The second I shall not touch The third I have at large toeated viz. of the advantage in exactness in all Commodities of which we have sufficient experience at home as well as abroad that one and the same Commodity for goodness yet if one have the reputation more than the other it shall not only have a quick Market but shall yield 10 or 15 per cent more than the other I speak this of what is matter of Fact in the woollen Manufacture in my own knowledge The fourth is the Incouragement to those that are any way beneficial to the Publick which is contrary in England to its shame as well as to its apparent Losse hence it is that those persons that are imployed in publick affairs that have not principles of honesty are liable to those temptations of Bribery and indirance being beyond my speare Time permits me not to make any further recapitulation But for my Language in the whole the Ingenuous peruser will I trust rather value my serious Intentions while I write no matter of Controversy but what may redound to the Honour and Advantage of his Majesty and Kingdoms than criticize upon my defect of Scholastick phrase or Logical method who being never enriched with opportunities of education thereto yet have so much of a Christian and true English-man as to wish every Reader Happiness both here and hereafter FINIS ERRATA Page 2 l 15 for Land r Band p 5 l 27 for is r by p 10 l 16 insert Advantage of a p 14 l 18 for you r them p 19 l. 15. for Regal r real l 28 for hiasself himself p 21 l 8 for then r there l 15 for bond he given that none be sold to Foreiners r Bank l 25 for Bond r Bank p 24 l 7 for Drapers r Draperies p 25 l 15 fot Manufactures r Manufactors Some Collections of Sir Walter Rawleys presented to King JAMES taken out of his Remains discovering Englands loss for want of due Improvement of its Native Commodities May it please Your Most Excellent Majesty ACcording to my duty I am imboldned to put your Majesty in mind that about fourteen or fifteen years past I presented you a Book of such extraordinary importance for honour and profit of your Majesty and Posterity and doubting that it hath been laid aside and not considered of I am encouraged under your Majesties Pardon to present unto you one more consisting of five Propositions neither are they grounded upon vain or idle grounds but upon the fruition of those wonderful blessings wherewith God hath endued your Majesties Sea and Land by which means you may not onely enrich and fill your Coffers but also increase such might and strength as shall appear if it may stand with your Majesties good liking to put the same in execution in the true and right form so that there is no doubt but it will make you in short time a Prince of such Power so great as shall make all the Princes your Neighbours as well glad of your Friendship as fearful to offend you that

such a value upon French fancies when themselves are in a better capacity if improved to produce the like or better and save the following sums 1. One Million of pounds Sterling yearly in the Exportation of our Wool 2. Five hundred thousand pounds in rough Cloath which is but half what Sir Walter Rawleigh observes in his time 3. One hundred thousand pound yearly in Importing French Manufactures superfluous 4. Many thousand pounds in Importing Dutch Cloath 5. And lastly the evil consequences thereof in loseing our Shipping which would be encouraged thereby are the strength or Walls of our Kingdome as more particularly doth appear hereafter Having now discovered the dammage it is to England in the Transportation of Wool from the King to the meanest I shall endeavour also to discover the methods how it is done and before I shall prescribe Remedy for it is not enough to know distempers especially such that are so Consumptive it is requisite to know the cause of those distempers or else the supposed Remedies will in time come to be a disease as it is too much in this case at this day in England where the causes are mistaken the Remedies are consequently misapplyed whereby a disease in supposition becomes one in effect the methods or ways of this evil are First in Rumny Marsh in Kent where the greatest part of rough Wooll is exported from England put aboard French Shallops by night ten or twenty men well armed to guard it some other parts there are as in Sussex Hampshire and Essex the same methods may be used but not so conveniently The same for coombed Wool from Canterbury they will carry it ten or fifteen miles at night towards the Sea with the like guard as before but for other parts it must be done partly by the Remisness of the Officers of his Majesties Customs and easie Composition for the forfeitures of the Bonds as more shall appear anon And then for coombed Wool in other parts some is shipped off from London for Bales of Drapery nay some at Lime and also at Exon where there is ten thousand pounds Sterling weekly laid out in the woollen Manufactury which is most for Workmens wages I know no place clear and then another reason why persons are not detected is because all the wools that have been taken in those parts where most hath been exported have been suffered to go off at the same places after Judgments past and by the Officers to the same persons at a low rate being under rated to those very men that intended to ship it at first so that the evil is never like to be avoyded that way only that which is taken happily may be a little the dearer to keep the Trade going for I have enquired and cannot understand but of two parcels of wool that have been seased on in Kent that have been used in England but all sent away and so his Majesties providence is cheated who keeps Servants at great wages to prevent such abuses And then another cheat is under a pretense of wool from Hampton to the Islands of Jersey and Gernsey sometimes from other parts which is against the Law for there is no wool to be exported to those Islands but only from Hampton and that by Law should be by weight but now it goes by gross by the pack when it should be weighed but I believe not one pack in ten is weighed for three packs is put into one Then from Ireland which is the greatest mischief of all to England and much increased since the Act was in force against Cattel the Irish wool can be sold as cheap in France Holland and Flanders as it is in those places where wool is used in England which is a great augmentation to us of prejudice for Foreiners to have our wool so cheap as we in England having other conveniencies to underwork us as formerly hinted The wayes there must be by the carelessness of the Officers in not taking solvant security and exactness in the weight of wool and true examination of the returns of their Certificates and partly by easie compositions if not before bonds are forfeited and happily much combed Wool there packt up as before as bailes of Cloath or barrels of Beef and shiped as Irish Cloath and in all points so cunningly carryed as they are seldome discovered and never sealed as the Statutes in that case made and provided do strictly require Here see what W. S. saith Now to shew you more particularly these abuses how the Laws are crossed and daily obstructed to such as endeavour to serve their Country by such as ought to encourage the prosecutors sure there will be very many practises of evil consequents discovered for first in the Custom-House where bonds are taken to the intent that these prohibited Commodities pass not by means of Mariners out of the Nation but only from Port to Port for accommodation of such parts as want such Commodities they are very Remiss and careless in taking of the Sea-mens discharge of their Obligatory Conditions where also it is usual with the Sea-men to bring fradulent Certificates and so to cheat the Kings Providence who keeps Servants at great wages purposely to prevent such abuses or if there be a regular return of there Bonds yet there is commonly a fraudulency in giving them for the Masters of ships will so continue their designe as he who is Master at giving the Bonds and is legally bound shall immediatly pass his Interest to another man who taking charge of the Vessel and Voyage is notwithstanding not engaged in the Poart Bond and therefore neither is he accomptahle for breach of their condition again when the Port bonds are justly taken and as justly returned yet to prevent the true and real detection of the offender and to dishearten the legal prosecutor some friends of the offender will clap an information against him purposely to hinder and divert others and soon after will let the Prosecution fall at his pleasure nay it hath been said and peradventure not unjustly that such preventing informations have been antidated to the over-throw of the regal information but when all is granted and a full and formal hearing and decree passed to the just condemnation of the offender Yet when judgments and inquieries are granted and do without errours of the Clarks which is not always impower the Sheriff's and their Bayliffs to see Execution thereof made it is familiar with those Officers to return a non est inventus or a mortus est viz. Not to be found or dead even then when the Offenders and the Officers have been known to be drinking together at that very time when the Writ should have been executed After all this one step farther will shew how charrety it self abuseth Justice for let all the former proceedings be granted and be candid and clear and that the Law be indeed justly and legally executed the offender in custody and nothing remaining but that he

Company hath planted the Trade of Cloathing all about the Baltick Seas which at this day imployes many Warlike Ships and gives at great increase of Marriners to the no small growth of Englands strenth at Sea The Muscovia Company have discovered the passage by the North Cape and the great Trade of Greenland what wealth occurs to England by the Turky and East-India Company is not easie to be numbered their shipping also being as strong and rich as any that swim upon the Seas How one of them hath by the trade of Cloathing only engrossed all manner of wealth coming from the Levant Seas And how the other of them hath established the rich Trades of Silks Spices Jewels c. In the Southern parts of the world is by all Admired though by none to be valued and what strength of shipping these two Companyes have produced as they have been wonderful so they have been formedable to all Nations what Contribution the Cloathing Trade with Spain and France hath given to Englands maritin power is by those Countrys themselves feared as well as by England found to its great security And as these unvaluable blessings have befallen England by the Trade of Cloathing politickly and providently drawn into Societies Companyes and Corporations so the loose Transactions of Trade in other for the Countreys have rendered them so poor at Sea as were it not shipping of England and Holland the very life of Commerce would perish would return to the same Wilderness uselessness as it is now in Greenland and the West-Indies where civil Government hath not once been heard of Again If comparison be made for richness of Trade between Cloathing and any or all other substances of Merchandises whereby any Nation but more especially England may be enriched neither the Silks nor Furs nor Wines nor Spices nor Bullion it self of all other Countreys can render that account of its own or can in proportion equalize England in Cloathing Food Shipping Strength of people and wealth of money About the Manufactureing of Wool THat this rich Treasure in it self of far more worth than the Golden Mines of India to England is so much degenerated or adulterated in the Manufactureing thereof by many of the Manufactors some of which wanting skill others principles of honesty the Laws in that case being so much neglected in England and want of some new Laws for the new Drapers hath occasioned the woollen Manufacture to be rendered contemptible both at home and abroad and so much the more or the rather because the Dutch Flemins and it is feared in time the French also do by care and industry indeavour to excel our English the consequence is to loose our English Trade and this principally by a liberty taken so that honest and conscientious persons come to dammage by some others false way of gains according to Mr. Childes third head in that of Trade and Interest that the Advantage the Dutch have of us in all their Native Commodities is their exactness by which meanes their credit is so that it is taken by its contents and ours not which is very advantageous which is done by the qualifications of those persons that have the oversight and are intrusted in that affair which is not done in England but generally the contrary In general all States and Common-wealths are supported by two providential works viz. Reward and Punishment for as no Law can compel men to be corporally laborious or studious in knowledge literature unless rewards be annexed to all such compulsion so no providence can attend the preservation of profitable designes either in Learning or Trade unless such punishments be enjoyned This opinion that profound Senator Cicero alledgeth from Solon one of the seven wise Graecians and the only man of them which gave Lawes and this is the weak and frail Estate of men and Nations that unless they be as well encouraged in their endeavours as punished in their misdemeanors they will speedily become Libertines and ruin all as is too too much feared in this case in England at this day and as before about the Wool so the working for the greatest part hath been confined to England this three hundred years and untill these late years has been so preserved by the diligence of such Officers as have been ordained and impowered carefully to see the Manufactures kept under those rules which the Laws have provided for their perfection and seeing this Nation is by God peculiarised in these two blessings viz. Wools and Manufactures and through the vigilancy of its Monarches safe guarded by Laws that the native Manufactures might not be undermined by the practices of Foreiners their ancient providence exacts from the present age the same preservation as before in the Wool that the Dutch do not undermine us out of all Again we may be taught by their diligence who though they have few or no native Commodities yet are rich and thriving and we who have all are poor and decaying at least the Country who spare no attendance in overseeing and searching the true makeing of their Manufactures as above for their exactness giving therefore power and Commissions to persons of more than ordinary worth amongst them whom they call cure or care Masters to see every thing according to the Law and wherever they find a defect they make a default upon the Cloath which first is recompensed by a fine to the State for abusing the Laws and afterward remains to admonish the buyer who thereby may guard his purse and in case the Cloathier be abused by any of his Work folks he checks his dammage upon the true offender in his wages Now in England there is so much the contrary that many persons take liberty for want of a regular or legal course followed either for time or forme in working there is not any of the Relations to Cloathing which doth observe such an exact rule of Apprentiship which is not the least cause that the Manufactures of Wool are so abusively and deceptiously made in England notwithstanding it is enjoyned in very strict and penal manner by the Statute Lawes the chief inconveniences of which is that the Trade so general in use and maintenance of even numberless Families doth by its own vast exorbancy convert into Corruptions and so those great multitudes of people become discredited beggered and finally ruined to the destruction of themselves and the Nation which gave them so great a Blessing Another prejudice and not the least is that the Nation which hath given them being and invested them with such materials for Cloathing is dishonered by false and abusive works And it is not a little scandal to that Nation which God hath perticularly endowed with those blessings which others want when its people shall divert those good things which God hath bestowed upon it to evil and deceptious practises In this consideration it is observable by some how little comparitively is the Drunkenness of those Countrys which produce Wines and

the rules of the Law provided for them for which there is Law and new Laws where they are wanting nevertheless holds not in all points For instance the Law empowers the Merchants and Drapers to be their own Searchers and to punish the Cloathiers Purse as they find his works to be faulty and so they do to the no small grief of the Cloathier but the Retayling-Buyer is not hereby at all relieved the Draper selling to him these faults for which he was before paid by the Cloathier the Merchants do the same by causing their Cloathiers to bring their Manufactures into the Merchants private Ware-Houses where their own Servants are Judges who upon searching the Cloath do make and marke faults enough for which they have reparable abatements but themselves again do practise all fraudulent wayes they can to barter and exchange those faults away without giving any allowance for them I speak not of all but some and though sometimes they be detected yet find they means to save their purses whilst their Nation suffers in honour and the Laws are vilified to Foreiners who stain the Justice of the Nation with weakness and fraud True it is that in the Netherlands where their cunning is as piercing as their practice is common they even every buyer do search with diligence and make themselves reparations first to the Merchants great loss and so in course to the Cloathiers no small dammage But in all this the State remains much dishonoured by the scandal and rob'd of those Fines which the Lawes in punnishment do give to the publick Revenue which if they were rightly and legally attended would render a vast gain to the Common-wealth by a general Reformation Now in finding out the causes why Manufacture in Cloathing becomes so abused there may be good use of the Drapers and Merchants knowledg and skill yet the application of the remedy is a work of State and Policy in making and executing the Laws proportionable to the grievance in which instance it doth not hold for though the Merchants and Drapers be able Searchers of the abuses yet they are not competent reformers of the grievances because they are interested in participating of those gaines which the faults occasion and intend Therefore it is requisite that both Cloathiers Merchants and Drapers may be joyned by the Magistrates approbation Nor is this all the abuse for in such parts of the world as the Buyers are not in ability of knowledg like the Dutch who make Cloaths themselves and especially in those parts where the difference in Religion is so great as it is between Christians and Turks there the corrupt Merchant causeth the Name of God to be Blasphemed for when those people whose eye and judgment gives them not so good information as doth their proof and wearing do find themselves cheated in their Garments they presently conclude that there is no fear of God in that place nor obedience to their Rulers for Conscience which must assuredly procure much scandal to Christian Religion It hath been noted that the original of money was from sheep affirming that the Antient Signature upon money was a Sheep and its further observed that Mercandizes were the cause of money and there being no greater Merchandize than are from the Sheep it is evident that there is nothing more requisite towards the enriching this Nation whose peculiar blessing rests in Sheep than strictly to hold the Manufactures to the letter and rule provided for their just making and that the Laws be unpartially executed and it being apparent that this Nation cannot be rich without a constant utterance of Cloathing nor can that be done without a perfect reformation in the particulars of the works It doth undeniably follow that Cloathing must be purged from its Corruption or England must be poor It is therefore the Manufactors which abuse the Wool and thereby improvidently give advantage to the Dutch whereas a perfection in the making of Cloaths in England will capacitate the English to undersel the Dutch Now for a true Reformation and Regulation of those dammages that have befallen England by the false and deceptious Manufacturing of Wools and to bring the Trade to its primitive worth we must rightly understand the cause of those defects or else we can never prescribe suitable remedies as before but the contrary the supposed remedy will be worse than the disease The principle or grand cause of all our misery in all these things formerly spoken to both in Transportation of Wool and the bad Manufacturing thereof is by that division in Trade both in Merchant and Cloathier by which meanes it falls out that by the consequence of one mans single Act a thousand persons may be undone this I have observed in several persons in this Kingdome and I know no way so profitable to prevent at least some of that mischief as by incorporating the Manufactures and faithfulness therein as witness Norwich and Colechester the misery is the liberty taken in that which is of necessity a Union as before by a Law and more liberty by a Law for some in matters of Conscience for compulsion can never make that unity as the Law of that Relation doth require in this as in all others things to do to others as we would have others do unto us which is the Royal Law of Heaven The great and main inducement to these two things as good reason if we will have Trade to observe the Dutch in both these things as not the least cause of their riches having nothing of their own growth comparatively with England yet are a Rich people and much by our Commodities whilst we are disputing whether it be good for us And I cannot pass by what I have heard of the Follies of the Indians that will part with a rich Treasure for a Trifle so we are to the Dutch and French by their policies and circumventing practices which draw from us and still covet to exhaust the Wealth and Coyne of this Kingdome and so with one Commodity as formerly the Wool to weaken us and finally beat us out of our Trades in other Countreys and thus they do especially the Dutch more fully obtain their purposes by their convenient priviledges and settled constitutions by which they draw multitudes of Merchants to Trade with them and many other Nations to inhabit amongst them which makes them populous and there they make Store-Houses of all Forein Commodities wherewith upon every occasion of Scarcity and Dearth they are able to furnish Foreiners with plenty of those Commodities which before in time of plenty they Engrossed brought home from the same places which doth greatly augment Power and Treasure to their Stocks besides the Common Good in setting the Poor on work as in several particulars mentioned by Mr. Child 1. By having in their greatest Councils of State and Warr. Tradeing Merchants that have lived abroad in most parts of the world who have not only the Theoretical knowledg but the Practical