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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A32839	A treatise wherein is demonstrated, I. That the East-India trade is the most national of all foreign trades, II. That the clamors, aspersions, and objections made against the present East-India company, are sinister, selfish, or groundless, III. That since the discovery of the East-Indies, the dominion of the sea depends much upon the wane or increase of that trade, and consequently the security of the liberty, property, and protestant religion of this kingdom, IV. That the trade of the East-Indies cannot be carried on to national advantage, in any other way than by a general joynt stock, V. That the East-India trade is more profitable and necessary to the kingdom of England, than to any other kingdom or nation in Europe by Philopatris.	Child, Josiah, Sir, 1630-1699.	1681 (1681)	Wing C3866; ESTC R19413	24,211	48

the East-Land or the Russia or Greenland Trade till the Interest of our Money be as low as theirs 16. I always bear that deference to the consent of Nations and Numbers that when-ever I see wise and great Nations having different Interests and various Forms of Government yet conspire as it were in the same means to accomplish the same ends of Profit Power and Honour I conclude they are nearer the right way to those ends than the wisest and best private Men living that hold contrary Opinions swayed by personal Profit or Loss Pique or Prejudice 17. I am of Opinion with submission to better Judgments that there is just as much need of Companies of Merchants in England as in Holland and no more Where Companies are necessary the Dutch have them and in such manner as is most necessary to the Nature and Commerce of the Countreys for which they are incorporated And I never heard of any Companies of Merchants there but those of the East and West Indies and both in Joynt Stocks protected and defended by the Laws of the Provinces which are of the same force as Acts of Parliaments with us 18. That there is a necessity of a Joynt Stock in all Foreign Trade where the Trade must be maintained by Force and Forts on the Land and where his Majesty cannot conveniently maintain an Amity and Correspondence by Embassadors and not elsewhere I shall now return to what was proposed to be proved in the Title page viz. I. That the East-India Trade is the most National of all Foreign Trades Which I prove thus Viz. 1. WHat the Dutch French Danes Portugals and which not long since the Swedes and now the D. of Brandenburgh have with so great Charge and Expence attempted and hedged about with Laws and Encouragements must certainly be a Matter of the greatest National Consequence 2. This Trade employs more great Warlike English Ships that may carry from 50 to 70 Guns a-piece than all the Trades of the World from England besides 3. This Trade alone furnisheth us with Saltpetre a Commodity so necessary that in the late Kings time the Nation suffered greatly by the want of it as is too well known and remembred 4. Above four fifth parts of the Commodities Imported by this Trade are again Exported into Foreign parts by which the Navigation and Trade of this Kingdom is vastly encreased into Turkey Italy Spain France Holland and other parts of Christendom by the Returns of which more than treble the Bullion is Imported that was first Exported to India and the Wealth of this Kingdom is as greatly encreased as by the direct Trade to and from the East-Indies 5. Most of the East-India Commodities are of so small bulk that if the Trade of the East-Indies were not in English hands the Commodities notwithstanding any Laws to the contrary would come in from Holland as the French Silks now do with this difference only then we should pay as much for Pepper which we now sell for 8 d. the pound as we do for Nutmegs Cloves Mace Cinnamon which is from 6 s. to 15 s. per pound tho some of them are cheaper at the places of their Growth than Pepper is at Bantam but enhaunsed to that price by the Dutch having the sole Trade for them By which I conclude this saves the Kingdom in that respect only 500000 l. per Annum that otherwise they would be outwitted of 6. All Riches and Power in Nations as well as private Families consists in comparison A Gentleman in the Countrey may be accounted Rich if he be much richer than other Gentlemen his Neighbours tho but of moderate Estate So England may be said to be Rich or Strong as our Strength or Riches bears a proportion with our Neighbour Nations French Dutch c. and consequently whatever weakens or depopulates them enricheth and strengtheneth England And most certain it is That no Foreign Trade doth so work upon the Manufactures of our Neighbour Nations as this Trade of the East-Indies for the Staple Countreys for Silks and Fine Linnen are Italy France Holland Flanders c. insomuch as it is reasonably computed those Countreys by the Importation of East-India Silks and Callicoes not only into England but from England into their own Countreys are abated in those fine Manufactures above a Million of Pounds Sterling per Annum 7. And which is a consideration of great weight and may be of immense advantage to the strength populousness and riches of this Nation in a few years England hath already the principal Trade of Woollen Manufactures and now a quicker vent and export for them than ever it had in the memory of any man living But throughout Christendom I have ever been of Opinion that generally speaking there are more Men and Women imployed in Silk Manufactures than in Woollen of which likewise England hath obtained a considerable part considering the short time since our Silk Broad Weaving began which was but since Mr. Burlimach brought in Silk-Diers and Throwsters towards the end of the late King James or beginning of King Charles the First 's Regn. And I am credibly informed the number of Families already imployed therein in England doth amount to above 40000. Now what should hinder but that in a few years more this Nation may treble that number in such Manufactures since the East-India Company have of late years found out a way of bringing Raw Silk of all sorts into this Kingdom cheaper than it can be afforded in Turkey France Spair Italy or any other place where it is made Insomuch as with East-India Silks we serve Holland Flanders and some other Markets from England 8. This Trade pays his Majesty about 60000 l. per Annum Custom aad carries out of this Kingdom yearly about 60 or 70000 l. in Lead Tin Cloth Stuffs and other Commodities of the Production and Manufacture of England Which is not so considerable with respect to the quantity as in this That what we send to the East-Indies of our own Manufactures would not be sent at all if the English Nation were deprived of this Trade because neither Dutch nor French would enure the East-Indians to our English Manufactures Of which we have clear instance in the Dutch Trade to Japan where they industriously avoid introducing our English Cloth Which Countrey being exceeding large rich and populous and lying in such a Northern Latitude might vent as much of our English Manufactures as Spain and Portugal if we could gain a footing into that Trade in the endeavour whereof the Company have already lost above Fifty thousand pounds Sterling 9. Tho the Company have lost so much in the attempt of the Trade with Japan they have lately got an Entrance into the Trade of Couchin-China and China and have for a few years past settled Factories in three Ports thereof viz. Tywan Tonqueen and Amoy to their great Charge and Expence without reaping any Profit thereby to this time but a certain and constant

Commodities would vend which the Company do not trade unto Answ. 1. I believe there can never be any Society that will more industriously expatiate and enlarge the Trade of this Kingdom in those parts of the World than this hath done by all peaceable means I am sure 100000 l. will not excuse them for the losses they have sustained in such attempts Many Factories they haue settled and after a vast loss have been forced to with-draw them Tywan Tonqueen Siam and Amoy before-mentioned they settled within these Six or seven years past and lost a year or two before 50000 l. in their attempt of a settlement at Japan 2. As there be many Ports in England but a Foreigner that trades to and from London may if he will participate of all the English Trade without having particular Factories in the Out-ports So in East-India a Factory at Suratt will share in all the Trades of the Red Sea as well as Moca and other parts within the Correspondency of that Presidency The same may be said of Bantam and many other places as well as Suratt 3. In very many places of India where the Company do prudently avoid settling English Factories they do notwithstanding carry on a Trade and Correspondency by Bannians Vakeels and other Natives By which means they avoid the charge of Presents to Governours and that ostentatious expensive way which the Companies Factors are necessitated to appear in in all places where they settle according to the mode of that Countrey and for the honour of the English Nation and the East-India Company Object 9. It is said if the Company were not in a Joynt Stock many more Ships might be imployed in India from one Port to another in trading Voyages Answ. 1. The Company want neither Stock nor Skill or will to imploy as many Ships as they can gain by and have almost doubled the quantity of their Stock and Tunnage within these ten years and are like yearly to increase to the Nations greater advantage if they be not interrupted 2. The Company have now 25 Ships and Vessels trading in the East-Indies from Port to Port besides 11 great Ships sent out last year hereafter particularly mentioned which are abundantly enough to answer all the Companies occasions of that kind the rather because the Company do generously allow not only to their President Agents Factors and Merchants but to all the English Nation living in any places within their Charter being the King of Englands Subjects of which there are many hundred of Families free liberty of Trade to and from all Ports and Places in India and in any Commodities whatsoever without exception By which means many scores of small Ships and Vessels are imployed in those trades and the trade fully supplied By this means our Native Commodities are dispersed and all India Goods collected from the several less considerable Ports of India do at length center in the principal Ports where the Company have Factories Forts Cities and Garisons and from thence do come for Europe in the Companies returned Ships And if this be not directly after the Dutch mode I am apt to think in a few years more if the Company be not interrupted it will be found to be a better And I have been told their late Ancient Learned and Experienced General of Batavia Matsuker did before his Death write to the Committees of the Dutch East-India Company to this or the like purpose Obj. 10. Since the East-India Company was Incorporated Coinage hath abated in England Answ. This is a meer groundless Chimaera and will appear so if the old Mint-Master as well as the new ones be Examined The proportion of Coinage except when we Coined the King of Spains Money for his Wars in Flanders having generally in my observation born a proportion to and followed the Price of Corn in England viz. when Corn was dear we had little Coinage in all cheap years of Corn the Mint hath been greatly supplied I can remember no more Objections against the East-India Company or Trade and therefore must proceed to the next particular viz. III. That since the Discovery of the East-Indies the Dominion of the Sea depends much upon the wain or increase of that Trade and consequently the security of the Liberty Property and Protestant Religion of this Kingdom THe first part of this Proposition is meerly Historical and so well known to all that look beyond the present Age we live in that the proof of it will require little pains While the Spaniards had Portugal and with it the Trade of India they were able to invade England with a Navy by them called Invincible and so it was as to mans understanding if the strength of it be barely considered but their Skill was not good nor their Ships of a Fabrick fit for our Seas their Cause was naught and the Providence of Almighty God blasted them The Dutch since the Portugals sunk in the East-India Trade have grown so potent in and by the Trade of the Indies that they have in three great and bloody Wars contended with us for the Dominion of the Sea and yet secretly do not allow us the predominancy Tho they are not now at leisure to try the fourth War for it yet if through the folly or madness of a few unthinking or self-interested men we should deprive our selves of the Trade of the East-Indies which God in mercy to England forbid we should certainly save them the experiment of fighting with us the fourth time They would carry the Dominion of the Sea clear and hold it for ever or until their Common-wealth should be destroyed by Land force or intestine Broils If any man shall say Why then Are the East-India Ships of such a mighty auxiliary Force that without their aid we cannot over-ballance the Dutch in Naval Power I answer Those Ships and the Men in them are of very great Force as will hereafter appear But he that looks no further than into the bare force of the Ships and Men now employed by the Company doth not see the tenth part of the way into this great Business For if we should throw off the East-India Trade the Dutch would soon treble their strength and power in India and quickly subdue all other European Nations in that Trade as they lately did the French notwithstanding their great strength at Home and have since I hear quarrelled the Danes By means whereof they would become sole Masters of all those rich and necessary Commodities of the East and make the European World pay five times more for them than now they do as they have already done by Cloves Mace Cinnamon and Nutmegs Which would so vastly encrease their Riches as to render them irresistible All Wars at Sea and in some sense Land-Wars since the Artillery used is become so chargeable being in effect but dropping of Doits that Nation that can spend most and hold out longest will carry the Victory at last with indifferent Counsels If

of Shipping choose their Embassador and two Consuls settle a Tax which they call Leviations upon the Trade And although I have a profound veneration for all things then settled in Church and State and for those wise and worthy Councellors that assisted Queen Elizabeth in those infant times of our Reformation and Trade and am apt to think when those Constitutions were made they were useful and proper to that time Yet I must acknowledge that in my opinion if all those Trades that are Regulated that is Confined to certain Persons only were free and open to all the King's Subjects as they are in Holland and all other places it would be infinitely more for the general good of the Kingdom Neither do I see any reason why the Trades of Turkey Hamburgh East-land Russia and Greenland which in England are Limited or Regulated as they call it should need such Limitation or Regulation more in England than they do in other parts of the World or more than other Trades to Italy France Spain or any other part of the World And if something might be alledged for a Regulation what can be said why it is not for the publick Utility that all the King's Subjects might Trade to any Countrey if they please whether they be Noblemen Gentlemen Men of the Gown Shop-keepers or whatever they be the more the better for the Common Good To enforce which much more might be said but that 's not my Business now A Company in Joynt-Stock are a Corporation by Charter and if it were by Act of Parliament it would be much better for the Kingdom in general as hath been said into which Stock all the King's Subjects of what condition soever have at the foundation of it liberty to Adventure what sum of Money they please The Stock and Trade is managed by a Select Council or Committee consisting of a Governor Deputy and 24 Committees chosen annually by the Generality in which every Adventurer doth not Vote a like but proportionably to his Stock viz. Every 250 l. Original Stock hath one Vote 500 l. paid in hath two Votes c. After the first Stock is settled no Man can come in but by Purchase which every Englishman hath an equal liberty to do and for which he pays nothing if he be a Freeman if unfree never above 5 l. In England the Company hath by reason of our late Civil Wars and Confusions been interrupted several times and there have been new Subscriptions But in Holland since the first settlement thereof in Anno 1602 there has been no interruption or breaking up of the Stock or new Subscription and such continuance is certainly best for the Publick Having described the nature of these two sorts of Companies of Merchants I shall now descend to the proof of the Proposition viz. That a United Stock is absolutely necessary to the carrying on the East-India Trade to National Advantage Arg. 1. My first Argument I shall draw from the Practice and Experience of all other Nations Certainly all the World are not weak in their Intellects whatever those Gentlemen think that complain of the East-India Company If any shall tell me this Argument will not hold universally for the Portugals have a Trade for East-India and yet have no Joynt-Stock I answer under those Gentlemens favour I know there is a Joynt-Stock for this Trade in Portugal or else there could have been no Trade worth speaking of But true it is that Joynt-Stock in Portugal is the King's Exchequer who reserves Pepper Diamonds Silk Callicoes and all other considerable India Commodities to himself and leaves only some few Toys and trivial Commodities to his Subjects and yet for want of a more perfect National Constitution we have seen how the Portugal Trade in India notwithstanding the great Roots it had drawn in a long uninterrupted course of time dwindled to nothing when it came to be confronted and out-done by the more National and better constituted Joynt Stocks of England and Holland The French Nation peradventure were never governed by wiser Counsels for their own good than under the present King They were some years past zealously set upon the East-India Trade and I am assured spared for neither pains nor cost to arrive at the best method but gave immense rewards to any that could give them any rational light or information to lay such a foundation of Trade as might be proper for those Eastern Countreys See what how and why they did resolve at last by the printed Translation of the French Treatise relating to that settlement which will save me the labour of inlarging upon this Argument Arg. 2. The English East-India Company have now as every body knows their money at 3 per Cent. interest Every English Man that trades in an open or regulated Trade must value his own money at 6 per Cent. at least or pay so much if he takes up money because he can gain so much by it sleeping or playing Those that work or run hazards hope to do better Now if the Company with their united Stock and Counsels and money at 3 per Cent have much a do to hold up against the subtil Dutch what shall poor private Merchants of divided various and contrary interests do with their little separate Stocks at 6 per Cent. per Anuum Arg. 3. Suppose the Trade of India might be carried on in an open or regulated way if other Nations did so which is never to be granted yet in regard that all other European Nations do at this time trade there in Joynt Stocks is it not as great madness to enter raw and private Persons against such compacted and united Constitutious of experienced Councellors as to fight a disordered undisciplined multitude against a well governed Veteran Army supported with an inexhaustible Treasure or as it is to imagine as some men fondly do that we can maintain and defend our Protestant Religion against the Church of Rome without a National Church in England Arg. 4. If the Company should be destroyed and the Trade left open the Companies Priviledges and Immunities in East-India would be lost which have cost this Company as well as their Predecessors vast sums of money to maintain and retrieve after they were almost ruined in the late three years open Trade If I am asked what those Priviledges and Immunities are They are so many and so great as is scarce credible to any not acquainted with the Trade of India For publick satisfaction I shall mention some few of them all would burden me to write as well as the Reader We have the liberty of Coining Money for our selves and all other Nations which passeth currant in all the King of Gulconda's Countreys We are Custom-free in almost all places and in some where the Dutch and all other Nations pay a constant Custom particularly in all places of the Bay of Bengall and up the great River of Ganges At Fort St. George and Bombay we have a right and do

impose a Custom upon the Natives and all other Nations In the Empire of Persia we are Custom-free and have yearly from the Emperor 1000 Tomans which is above 3000 l. per Annum in lieu of the half Custom of his own People and all other Nations that trade thither Of right it should be the full half Customs of that Port which is more in value and we should have an Officer in his Custom-house to receive our half part but we rather content our selves with the 1000 Tomans aforesaid than fight with him again for a right which we are uncertain how long we may enjoy by reason of groundless Clamours against the Company at home At Bantam we are at the set rate of 4000 Dollars per Annum for all our Customs tho we increase our Trade never so much In most places in India we are in effect our own Law-makers and can arrest and imprison any Natives that deal with us or owe us money and can inflict corporal punishments upon them without controul of any of the Native or Moor Governours till they pay or do us right if our People there see cause for it All our Black Servants there which are very numerous and all others imployed by us or trading with us are free and exempted from the jurisdiction of the Native and other Governours We are in all places free in our Persons and Goods and all imployed or priviledged by us from all Inland Customs and Duties in the Towns and Provinces we pass or bring our Goods thorow which are very great in those Countreys and paid by the Natives Arg. 5. My fifth Argument is drawn from the great Losses Damages and Depredations that this Nation sustained in that short time of three years open Trade which are sufficiently known besides the loss of Priviledges increase of Presents to Governours lowering our English Commodities and advancing the Indian Commodities to such an odious excess that at length the very private Traders themselves were the forwardest Petitioners for a return to a Joynt Stock of the truth of which there be many yet alive that can attest Arg. 6. This I draw from the nature of the Eastern Governments There are above 100 Kings and Raja's which are Gentu Princes but governing with absolute Power in their own Dominions and as many Ports and Places of Trade whereas in Turkey there are but two or three principal places of Trade and one Prince with whom his Majesty by his Ambassador may conveniently have his Subjects there vindicated and righted if there were no Company as the French King the Venetians and the Dutch do Whereas in India there would be need of Forty Embassadors and all must have Instructions and carry large Presents The Companies Agents c. in India do many times find cause to send Embassies Instructions and splendid trains of Attendance and Presents before the Committee in England know of it Arg. 7. This is drawn from the distance of the places Letters do pass freely to and from Turkey in a short time and in case of injuries done the English his Majesties Men of War may soon go down from Tangier to revenge them But India is at a far greater distance no certain return of a Letter to be had once in Twelve moneths and the Princes and Ports there are at a wider distance one from another than it is from England to Turkey and much more difficult to maintain a Correspondence by Letters in India from Port to Port by reason of the set Monsons or Trade-winds that blow six moneths together one way Arg. 8. Where-ever the English or any Europeans settle a Factory in India they must presently build them large Houses Ware-houses c. take many Servants and maintain the appearance and splendour of a petty Court and in many places where the Company have not fixt Garrisons they are forced to fortifie their Houses or else they will be despised and trampled upon by the Natives If it be said this may be done by a regulated Company I answer First How shall they raise a Stock to buy those the Company have already with their Lands Islands Towns Garrisons Guns and Ammunition which I am sure their Priviledges being put in likewise have cost the Company above 300000 l Next How shall they maintain and defend them By Leviations upon Goods What before there are any Goods to taxe No they shall raise a Joynt Stock to make the first Purchase and after take only a Taxe upon Goods to maintain them These are absurd incongruous and impracticable Notions for in a time of War and Danger Men will forbear trading as hath been ingeniously observed by the Author of the printed Letter So that there will be no Goods to taxe when there is most need of Money Whereas the Governours or Committees have always in their hands a real Fond of above a Million of Money and can borrow so much more in India in a few days if they want it their Credit there being as currant as ready Gold having never been so much as stained I shall say no more upon this Argument in regard the printed Letter afore-said hath so copiously and convincingly cleared this point beyond all contradiction that I have no room left me to enlarge but have reason to beg the Authors pardon for what in this I have borrowed of him Arg. 9. The East-India Company of England Holland and all European Nations that trade to India have power by their Charters to make War upon any Nation in India at their Discretion but not upon any European Nation without his Majesties consent This power they must and ought to have for the well carrying on of their Trades This power the English Company have sometimes but not often exercised but if it were not known in India that they have such a power they should be continually affronted and abused by the Natives Now who shall this Power be delegated unto in a regulated Company To all English Men or to a single Embassador or to many Embassadors and Consuls V. That the East-India Trade is more profitable and necessary to the Kingdom of England than to any other Kingdom or Nation in Europe FIrst This is so as we are an Island and have our principal Security as well as the increase of our Riches from our Trade and Strength at Sea Secondly And which I take to be a main consideration The Trade of India is to England not only a great but an unmixt Advantage Whereas to all our Neighbours though the Trade of the East-Indies be a great Advantage and accordingly courted and coveted by them yet they cannot have it without some mixture of Loss in other respects because some of them have the growth and production of Silk among themselves as Italy and France They have likewise the sole Manufacture of plain Silks such as Taffateis Sarcenets c. which are brought from India cheaper than they can make them at Home Whereas in England our Silk Manufacture consists not