every_o body_n refuse_v the_o money_n in_o general_n for_o fear_v the_o loss_n shall_v fall_v upon_o he_o that_o last_o take_v it_o so_o that_o the_o money_n become_v useless_a have_v lose_v the_o currancy_n and_o quality_n of_o money_n and_o all_o the_o murmur_n and_o disorder_n ensue_v that_o usual_o attend_v a_o nation_n that_o want_v money_n to_o drive_v their_o trade_n and_o commerce_n other_o instance_n may_v be_v give_v but_o this_o with_o the_o common_a usage_n of_o not_o exceed_v ten_o or_o fifteen_o per_fw-la cent_n when_o the_o money_n be_v raise_v may_v be_v sufficient_a to_o answer_v mr._n lock_n be_v objection_n that_o the_o government_n can_v raise_v their_o money_n as_o high_a as_o they_o please_v nor_o make_v themselves_o as_o rich_a as_o they_o please_v the_o great_a objection_n that_o mr._n lock_n make_v against_o the_o raise_n the_o value_n of_o money_n be_v that_o if_o the_o government_n have_v a_o power_n to_o give_v a_o value_n of_o ten_o per_fw-la cent_n to_o their_o money_n why_o not_o twenty_o fifty_o or_o as_o high_a as_o they_o please_v and_o then_o it_o will_v be_v in_o the_o government_n be_v power_n at_o any_o time_n to_o make_v themselves_o as_o rich_a as_o they_o please_v such_o a_o power_n at_o this_o time_n be_v to_o be_v wish_v for_o when_o the_o nation_n be_v engage_v in_o so_o chargeable_a a_o war_n but_o that_o be_v the_o misfortune_n that_o attend_v we_o that_o such_o a_o power_n can_v be_v only_o wish_v for_o for_o though_o prince_n and_o state_n have_v a_o power_n to_o give_v a_o value_n to_o their_o money_n yet_o that_o power_n be_v limit_v and_o when_o ever_o they_o have_v attempt_v to_o exceed_v those_o limit_n which_o upon_o a_o extraordinary_a emergency_n they_o have_v sometime_o do_v they_o have_v fall_v under_o great_a mischief_n by_o reason_n the_o money_n have_v be_v always_o counterfeit_v than_o the_o advantage_n they_o propose_v to_o themselves_o amount_v to_o by_o do_v of_o it_o and_o have_v always_o be_v force_v to_o call_v in_o such_o money_n and_o reduce_v the_o value_n within_o its_o usual_a limit_n and_o bound_n there_o be_v two_o cause_n why_o prince_n and_o state_n raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o money_n the_o one_o be_v ordinary_a and_o the_o other_o extraordinary_a the_o ordinary_a and_o common_a cause_n of_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o coin_n be_v the_o rise_v of_o bullion_n gold_n and_o silver_n be_v commodity_n for_o other_o use_v beside_o the_o make_n of_o money_n as_o for_o make_v of_o plate_n lace_n gilding_n etc._n etc._n and_o beside_o it_o be_v scarce_a in_o some_o country_n and_o more_o plenty_n in_o other_o and_o the_o value_n of_o all_o thing_n arise_v from_o their_o occasion_n and_o plenty_n and_o scarcity_n make_v thing_n cheap_a and_o dear_a when_o ever_o the_o goldsmith_n and_o the_o maker_n of_o plate_n lace_n etc._n etc._n and_o the_o merchant_n to_o export_v it_o to_o the_o indies_n or_o those_o country_n where_o it_o be_v more_o scarce_a will_v give_v more_o for_o bullion_n to_o supply_v such_o occasion_n than_o the_o mint_n can_v afford_v to_o do_v according_a to_o the_o value_n the_o money_n be_v at_o the_o prince_n and_o state_n have_v be_v force_v from_o time_n to_o time_n to_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o coin_n to_o prevent_v it_o from_o be_v melt_v down_o and_o carry_v away_o the_o knowledge_n when_o bullion_n be_v rise_v above_o the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n be_v discover_v by_o the_o mint_n for_o the_o mint_n be_v the_o common_a shop_n and_o market_n place_n for_o the_o merchant_n to_o carry_v in_o their_o bullion_n and_o when_o ever_o they_o forbear_v the_o bring_n of_o it_o thither_o it_o be_v certain_a it_o will_v yield_v they_o a_o better_a price_n in_o another_o place_n for_o bullion_n never_o continue_v long_o in_o a_o place_n unaltered_a because_o it_o yield_v no_o profit_n while_o it_o continue_v so_o but_o if_o it_o be_v carry_v to_o the_o mint_n to_o be_v coin_v it_o become_v useful_a for_o trade_n and_o commerce_n and_o save_v the_o charge_n of_o borrow_a money_n or_o else_o may_v be_v put_v out_o to_o interest_n and_o if_o it_o be_v wrought_v into_o plate_n lace_n etc._n etc._n it_o pay_v for_o the_o fashion_n and_o workmanship_n and_o if_o it_o be_v transport_v to_o the_o indies_n or_o some_o country_n where_o it_o be_v dear_a it_o produce_v profit_n by_o the_o exchange_n of_o those_o good_n that_o be_v buy_v with_o it_o when_o ever_o any_o of_o the_o prince_n and_o state_n in_o europe_n raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o coin_n the_o rest_n general_o follow_v it_o be_v too_o long_o to_o give_v particular_a instance_n but_o if_o it_o be_v examine_v by_o the_o record_n of_o the_o mint_n of_o the_o king_n of_o france_n with_o those_o of_o the_o mint_n of_o the_o king_n of_o england_n it_o will_v appear_v that_o they_o have_v raise_v their_o money_n from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o the_o king_n of_o england_n have_v do_v or_o rather_o high_a for_o that_o since_o the_o time_n of_o st._n lewis_n who_o be_v co-temporary_a with_o edward_n the_o iiid_n the_o sol_n and_o crown_n contain_v then_o near_o six_o time_n more_o of_o fine_a silver_n than_o the_o sol_n and_o french_a crown_n do_v that_o be_v late_o coin_v which_o be_v a_o great_a proportion_n than_o the_o money_n have_v rise_v in_o england_n since_o edward_n the_o three_o time_n be_v not_o quite_o four_o time_n light_a the_o reason_n be_v it_o be_v almost_o a_o hundred_o year_n since_o the_o english_a have_v raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o silver_n coin_n and_o in_o the_o same_o time_n the_o french_a have_v raise_v they_o twice_o which_o will_v have_v make_v the_o english_a money_n much_o of_o the_o same_o rise_v with_o give_v of_o allowance_n to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o english_a who_o have_v always_o undervalue_v their_o silver_n money_n and_o overvalue_v their_o gold_n in_o respect_n to_o their_o neighbour_n nation_n and_o have_v since_o twice_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o gold_n to_o wit_n in_o king_n james_n the_o first_o be_v time_n who_o coin_v a_o twenty-shilling-piece_n of_o gold_n light_a by_o two_o shilling_n than_o that_o which_o he_o coin_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n which_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o his_o first_o iacobus's_n to_o two_o and_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o in_o king_n charles_n the_o second_v time_n who_o coin_v the_o guinea_n two_o shilling_n light_a have_v the_o broad-piece_n so_o that_o when_o the_o guinea_n be_v currant_n at_o twenty_o shilling_n the_o broad-piece_n go_v for_o two_o and_o twenty_o there_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o absolute_a necessity_n for_o the_o prince_n and_o state_n of_o europe_n to_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o money_n much_o about_o the_o same_o time_n or_o else_o they_o can_v preserve_v it_o in_o their_o country_n notwithstanding_o any_o severe_a law_n to_o prohibit_v the_o melt_a and_o export_v of_o it_o for_o there_o be_v a_o constant_a commerce_n and_o traffic_n betwixt_o all_o the_o country_n of_o europe_n if_o one_o prince_n set_v a_o much_o high_a value_n on_o his_o money_n than_o another_o the_o merchant_n who_o business_n it_o be_v to_o observe_v where_o they_o can_v get_v most_o profit_n will_v melt_v down_o the_o coin_n of_o one_o country_n and_o carry_v it_o to_o the_o mint_n of_o another_o country_n where_o the_o money_n be_v raise_v and_o will_v yield_v the_o great_a price_n this_o will_v appear_v plain_a by_o a_o instance_n here_o in_o england_n for_o the_o king_n of_o england_n have_v not_o raise_v their_o silver_n money_n since_o the_o reign_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n which_o be_v about_o a_o hundred_o year_n ago_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o prince_n and_o state_n of_o europe_n have_v since_o that_o time_n twice_o raise_v their_o several_a coin_n to_o wit_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n james_n the_o first_o and_o about_o four_o or_o five_o year_n since_o that_o although_o there_o have_v be_v since_o that_o time_n coin_v in_o england_n with_o allowance_n of_o what_o be_v coin_v in_o queen_n elizabeth_n reign_n the_o sum_n of_o 19429061_o l._n 19_o s._n 6_o d._n as_o appear_v by_o the_o record_n of_o the_o mint_n yet_o by_o the_o computation_n that_o mr._n lownds_o make_v there_o be_v not_o above_o five_o million_o six_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n remain_v which_o in_o my_o opinion_n be_v more_o than_o will_v be_v find_v to_o be_v upon_o the_o new_a coinage_n of_o the_o money_n by_o the_o calculation_n he_o make_v from_o the_o wear_v and_o clip_v money_n so_o that_o there_o have_v be_v near_o fourteen_o million_o melt_v down_o and_o carry_v away_o within_o this_o space_n of_o time_n and_o have_v it_o not_o be_v for_o some_o accidental_a cause_n that_o bring_v bullion_n to_o the_o mint_n since_o the_o foreign_a prince_n have_v raise_v
the_o value_n of_o their_o coin_n there_o have_v be_v very_o little_a silver_n money_n coin_v and_o much_o less_o to_o be_v find_v now_o in_o england_n for_o in_o king_n charles_n the_o first_o be_v time_n by_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o england_n the_o plate_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o mint_n to_o be_v coin_v which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o great_a sum_n of_o silver_n money_n coin_v in_o his_o reign_n the_o call_v in_o the_o parliament-money_n in_o king_n charles_n the_o second_v time_n and_o new_a coin_v of_o it_o the_o two_o or_o three_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n that_o be_v yearly_o send_v into_o england_n from_o france_n upon_o some_o particular_a occasion_n during_o his_o reign_n with_o the_o money_n that_o dunkirk_n be_v sell_v for_o and_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n for_o give_v away_o the_o charge_n of_o coinage_n to_o encourage_v the_o merchant_n to_o bring_v bullion_n to_o the_o mint_n be_v almost_o three_o and_o a_o half_a per_fw-mi cent_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o the_o silver_n money_n coin_v in_o his_o reign_n and_o if_o the_o two_o sum_n coin_v in_o these_o two_o king_n reign_v which_o make_v about_o twelve_o million_o with_o the_o money_n that_o be_v coin_v in_o queen_n elizabeth_n reign_n and_o a_o million_o that_o be_v coin_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n james_n the_o first_o before_o the_o foreign_a prince_n raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o coin_n be_v put_v together_o they_o will_v make_v near_o eighteen_o million_o so_o that_o be_v it_o not_o for_o these_o accidental_a cause_n there_o have_v not_o be_v coin_v in_o the_o mint_n of_o england_n two_o million_o of_o silver_n money_n since_o the_o foreign_a prince_n raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o coin_n and_o have_v it_o not_o be_v for_o the_o wear_n of_o some_o of_o the_o old_a money_n light_a by_o often_o tell_v it_o over_o and_o clip_v of_o the_o rest_n by_o which_o they_o be_v make_v unprofitable_a to_o melt_v down_o by_o this_o time_n in_o all_o probability_n there_o have_v scarce_o be_v a_o silver_n piece_n of_o money_n to_o be_v see_v in_o england_n and_o that_o the_o raise_v the_o coin_n in_o foreign_a part_n and_o the_o not_o raise_v the_o silver_n coin_n in_o england_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o melt_v it_o down_o and_o transport_v it_o will_v plain_o appear_v from_o the_o plenty_n of_o the_o gold_n here_o compare_v with_o the_o silver_n for_o since_o the_o forty_o three_o of_o queen_n elizabeth_n be_v the_o last_o time_n that_o the_o silver_n money_n be_v raise_v here_o in_o england_n the_o gold_n have_v be_v twice_o great_o raise_v by_o which_o mean_n there_o be_v here_o double_a if_o not_o treble_v the_o quantity_n of_o gold_n for_o silver_n whereas_o in_o all_o other_o kingdom_n and_o state_n in_o europe_n there_o be_v ten_o time_n more_o silver_n money_n than_o gold_n for_o in_o the_o forty_o three_o year_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n according_a to_o mr._n lownds_n account_n from_o the_o record_n of_o the_o mint_n which_o all_o man_n agree_v be_v very_o exact_a a_o pound_n weight_n troy_n of_o gold_n of_o the_o standard_n of_o twenty_o two_o carat_n fine_a and_o two_o carat_n allay_v be_v coin_v into_o thirty_o three_o sovereign_n and_o a_o half_a at_o twenty_o shilling_n a_o piece_n make_v thirty_o three_o pound_n ten_o shilling_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n james_n i._o the_o gold_n be_v raise_v and_o the_o same_o pound_n weight_n and_o standard_n of_o gold_n be_v coin_v into_o as_o many_o unit_v double-corowns_a and_o other_o piece_n of_o gold_n as_o make_v up_o forty_o pound_n eighteen_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n and_o in_o king_n charles_n the_o second_v time_n the_o gold_n be_v again_o raise_v and_o the_o same_o standard_n and_o weight_n be_v coin_v into_o forty_o four_o guineas_fw-la and_o a_o half_a at_o twenty_o shilling_n a_o piece_n so_o that_o from_o thirty_o three_o pound_n ten_o shilling_n in_o queen_n elizabeth_n time_n to_o forty_o four_o pound_n ten_o shilling_n in_o king_n charles_n reign_n the_o gold_n be_v raise_v near_o three_o and_o thirty_o per_fw-la cent_n since_o the_o silver_n money_n have_v be_v raise_v which_o be_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a plenty_n of_o gold_n and_o scarcity_n of_o silver_n what_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o these_o two_o prince_n raise_v their_o gold_n and_o not_o their_o silver_n be_v not_o to_o be_v imagine_v unless_o it_o be_v from_o some_o powerful_a argument_n offer_v by_o the_o guiney_n company_n who_o interest_n it_o be_v to_o have_v gold_n raise_v which_o do_v not_o appear_v and_o that_o this_o raise_v the_o gold_n be_v the_o cause_n that_o it_o be_v more_o plentiful_a here_o in_o england_n than_o silver_n will_v appear_v yet_o more_o plain_a if_o the_o record_n of_o the_o mint_n be_v examine_v since_o king_n charles_n the_o second_v restauration_n for_o since_o that_o time_n there_o have_v be_v coin_v in_o the_o mint_n of_o england_n 7263836_o l._n 1_o s._n 5_o d._n and_o in_o silver_n but_o 4319585_o l._n 9_o s._n 5_o d._n which_o do_v not_o want_n much_o of_o double_a the_o quantity_n of_o gold_n money_n that_o have_v be_v coin_v more_o than_o silver_n and_o when_o the_o guineas_n have_v a_o extraordinary_a rise_v here_o in_o england_n as_o to_o be_v currant_n at_o eight_o and_o twenty_o and_o thirty_o shilling_n a_o piece_n there_o be_v above_o seven_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o thousand_o pound_n in_o gold_n coin_v in_o little_a more_o than_o nine_o month_n time_n which_o be_v more_o than_o be_v coin_v in_o six_o or_o eight_o year_n before_o which_o show_v plain_o that_o the_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o gold_n money_n here_o in_o england_n be_v the_o cause_n that_o so_o much_o be_v import_v and_o coin_v here_o and_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o not_o raise_v of_o the_o silver_n money_n in_o proportion_n as_o the_o foreign_a mint_n have_v do_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o its_o be_v constant_o melt_v down_o and_o carry_v away_o notwithstanding_o the_o many_o law_n to_o prohibit_v it_o for_o there_o be_v severe_a law_n in_o all_o kingdom_n and_o state_n that_o prohibit_v the_o counterfeit_n clip_v melt_a and_o export_v the_o money_n in_o all_o country_n it_o be_v death_n to_o counterfeit_v and_o clip_v the_o money_n in_o france_n england_n and_o several_a other_o country_n it_o be_v a_o high_a crime_n to_o melt_v it_o down_o and_o forfeiture_n of_o the_o money_n to_o export_v it_o and_o in_o spain_n it_o be_v death_n to_o transport_v it_o and_o yet_o when_o ever_o it_o have_v be_v profitable_a it_o have_v be_v always_o melt_v down_o and_o carry_v away_o so_o that_o by_o experience_n prince_n and_o state_n have_v find_v that_o there_o be_v no_o other_o way_n to_o preserve_v it_o in_o the_o country_n but_o by_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o money_n so_o much_o above_o the_o price_n of_o bullion_n that_o the_o merchant_n may_v get_v more_o by_o carry_v away_o the_o bullion_n than_o the_o money_n the_o cause_n of_o raise_v the_o money_n here_o in_o europe_n will_v always_o continue_v as_o long_o as_o the_o european_n continue_v in_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n for_o trade_n make_v a_o people_n rich_a and_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v badge_n of_o riches_n and_o therefore_o as_o the_o people_n grow_v rich_a the_o price_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n will_v rise_v because_o the_o occasion_n for_o gold_n and_o silver_n will_v still_o increase_v especial_o as_o long_o as_o the_o trade_n continue_v to_o the_o mogul_n country_n in_o the_o east-indies_n for_o the_o prince_n and_o great_a people_n there_o believe_v that_o the_o possession_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v not_o only_o a_o honour_n to_o they_o while_o they_o be_v alive_a but_o that_o they_o shall_v have_v a_o respect_n in_o the_o next_o world_n according_a to_o the_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n they_o die_v possess_v of_o and_o therefore_o whatever_o gold_n and_o silver_n they_o get_v more_o than_o be_v absolute_o necessary_a for_o commerce_n and_o traffic_n they_o from_o time_n to_o time_n melt_v into_o a_o mass_n or_o tank_n which_o be_v bury_v with_o they_o so_o that_o great_a part_n of_o what_o be_v dug_n out_o of_o the_o west_n be_v bury_v in_o the_o east_n and_o although_o there_o have_v be_v great_a quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n bring_v into_o europe_n since_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o west-indies_n yet_o the_o price_n of_o they_o have_v always_o rise_v and_o will_v always_o continue_v so_o as_o long_o as_o the_o people_n grow_v rich_a by_o trade_n which_o will_v make_v the_o occasion_n for_o they_o great_a than_o the_o quantity_n which_o be_v the_o rule_n by_o which_o all_o thing_n be_v make_v dear_a this_o continual_a rise_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n will_v be_v no_o prejudice_n to_o the_o prince_n and_o state_n if_o they_o do_v but_o observe_v to_o
fair_a or_o east-india_n sale_n if_o the_o exchange_n be_v high_a aâ—_n it_o be_v general_o at_o those_o time_n he_o will_v send_v away_o bullion_n thither_o rather_o than_o bill_n iâ—_n there_o be_v any_o thing_n to_o be_v get_v by_o it_o tâ—_n buy_v good_n in_o those_o place_n and_o yet_o hâ—_n may_v owe_v nothing_o there_o so_o that_o thâ—_n money_n be_v not_o send_v away_o to_o blance_n the_o account_n the_o inference_n from_o this_o discourse_n of_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n and_o foreign_a exchange_n be_v that_o a_o trade_n nation_n be_v make_v rich_a by_o traffic_n and_o the_o industry_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o that_o the_o native_a stock_n of_o a_o nation_n can_v never_o be_v waste_v that_o no_o sort_n of_o commodity_n ought_v to_o be_v total_o prohibit_v and_o that_o the_o free_a the_o trade_n be_v the_o better_a the_o nation_n will_v thrive_v that_o the_o poverty_n and_o riches_n of_o a_o nation_n do_v not_o depend_v upon_o a_o lesser_a or_o great_a consumption_n of_o foreign_a good_n nor_o on_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o value_n of_o those_o good_n that_o be_v consume_v that_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n be_v a_o nation_n that_o serve_v rather_o to_o puzzle_v all_o debate_n of_o trade_n than_o to_o discover_v any_o particular_a advantage_n that_o a_o nation_n may_v get_v by_o regulate_v of_o trade_n that_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n if_o there_o be_v one_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n of_o send_v away_o the_o money_n out_o of_o a_o nation_n but_o that_o proceed_v from_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o value_n of_o bullion_n in_o several_a country_n and_o from_o the_o profit_n that_o the_o merchant_n make_v by_o send_v it_o away_o more_o than_o by_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n that_o there_o be_v no_o occasion_n to_o send_v away_o money_n or_o bullion_n to_o pay_v bill_n of_o exchange_n or_o balance_n account_n that_o all_o sort_n of_o good_n of_o the_o value_n of_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n or_o the_o balance_n of_o the_o account_n will_v answer_v the_o bill_n and_o balance_v the_o account_n as_o well_o as_o money_n of_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o money_n with_o the_o cause_n of_o it_o and_o the_o effect_n it_o have_v be_v a_o custom_n in_o all_o age_n and_o among_o all_o nation_n to_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o money_n and_o be_v as_o ancient_a as_o the_o coinage_n of_o money_n and_o not_o a_o late_a invention_n as_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n it_o be_v a_o custom_n among_o the_o assyrian_n hebrew_n and_o grecian_n as_o may_v be_v make_v appear_v if_o it_o be_v necessary_a but_o to_o show_v that_o it_o be_v no_o modern_a invention_n will_v sufficient_o appear_v by_o the_o roman_n raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o coin_n the_o as_o be_v the_o copper_n money_n of_o the_o roman_n be_v at_o first_o coin_v of_o a_o pound_n weight_n and_o in_o the_o first_o punic_a war_n in_o the_o dictatorship_n of_o fabius_n maximus_n it_o weigh_v but_o two_o ounce_n and_o all_o the_o lesser_a piece_n of_o it_o be_v abate_v in_o proportion_n the_o as_o be_v afterward_o reduce_v to_o a_o ounce_n and_o again_o by_o papirius_n to_o half_a a_o ounce_n when_o the_o roman_n begin_v first_o to_o coin_n silver_n money_n the_o denarius_fw-la which_o be_v a_o ounce_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o about_o the_o value_n of_o our_o crown_n be_v make_v current_n for_o ten_o ass_n the_o half_a denarius_fw-la the_o sestertius_fw-la and_o the_o sextula_fw-la which_o be_v six_o in_o a_o ounce_n be_v coin_v to_o the_o same_o proportion_n afterward_o the_o denarius_fw-la be_v coin_v to_o seven_o in_o a_o ounce_n and_o after_o that_o to_o the_o weight_n of_o a_o drachma_n which_o be_v eight_o in_o a_o ounce_n and_o the_o lesser_a part_n as_o the_o sestertius_fw-la sextula_fw-la etc._n etc._n be_v abate_v in_o proportion_n their_o gold_n money_n be_v also_o from_o time_n to_o time_n raise_v those_o piece_n call_v solidi_fw-la aurei_fw-la which_o be_v at_o first_o coin_v to_o forty_o eight_o piece_n in_o the_o pound_n be_v at_o several_a time_n raise_v and_o in_o the_o time_n of_o justinian_n the_o emperor_n be_v coin_v to_o seventy_o two_o piece_n in_o the_o pound_n the_o roman_n do_v not_o only_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o money_n by_o coin_v of_o it_o light_a but_o they_o do_v also_o raise_v it_o by_o put_v in_o a_o alloy_n which_o they_o do_v at_o several_a time_n and_o by_o several_a proportion_n and_o in_o the_o time_n of_o livius_n drusus_n the_o alloy_n be_v so_o excessive_a that_o the_o mixture_n be_v eight_o ounce_n copper_n and_o four_o ounce_n fine_a silver_n in_o a_o pound_n troy_n this_o base_a money_n create_v a_o disturbance_n among_o the_o people_n which_o be_v the_o occasion_n of_o that_o say_n in_o tully_n office_n jactabatur_fw-la enim_fw-la illis_fw-la temporibus_fw-la nummis_fw-la ut_fw-la nemo_fw-la sciret_fw-la quid_fw-la haberet_fw-la in_o pecunia_n whereupon_o marius_n gratidianus_n be_v triumvir_n monetae_fw-la cudendae_fw-la bring_v in_o a_o ordinance_n for_o the_o call_v in_o and_o regulate_v this_o money_n for_o which_o he_o be_v in_o great_a efteem_n among_o the_o people_n this_o be_v sufficient_a to_o show_v that_o the_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n be_v no_o late_a invention_n in_o these_o latter_a age_n all_o the_o kingdom_n and_o state_n of_o europe_n have_v from_o time_n to_o time_n raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o money_n be_v very_o plain_a in_o france_n the_o ounce_n of_o their_o standard_n silver_n which_o be_v the_o french_a crown_n be_v at_o first_o divide_v in_o sixty_o sous_fw-fr afterward_o the_o crown_n be_v raise_v to_o sixty_o five_o and_o of_o late_a to_o seventy_o two_o sous_fw-fr and_o the_o new_a crown_n be_v from_o time_n to_o time_n make_v light_a that_o be_v the_o pound_n troy_n which_o contain_v twelve_o ounce_n be_v at_o first_o divide_v into_o twelve_o crown_n and_o afterward_o into_o thirteen_o crown_n and_o of_o late_a into_o fourteen_o crown_n and_o almost_o a_o half_a and_o there_o be_v old_a crown_n still_o current_a in_o france_n that_o have_v the_o stamp_n upon_o they_o which_o show_v how_o they_o have_v be_v several_a time_n raise_v the_o ounce_n or_o dollar_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n be_v at_o first_o divide_v into_o thirty_o six_o stivers_n afterward_o raise_v to_o forty_o and_o since_o high_a though_o they_o have_v another_o way_n of_o raise_v their_o money_n which_o be_v by_o add_v a_o great_a alloy_n the_o ounce_n or_o rix-dollar_n of_o the_o emperor_n which_o be_v at_o first_o coin_v at_o fifty_o crutzer_n be_v raise_v to_o fifty_o five_o and_o after_o that_o to_o sixty_o in_o spain_n and_o portugal_n every_o merchant_n know_v that_o have_v trade_v thither_o that_o the_o value_v of_o their_o money_n have_v be_v several_a time_n raise_v in_o england_n from_o osbright_n the_o saxon_a king_n till_o edward_n the_o three_o the_o penny_n be_v a_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o the_o pound_n be_v a_o pound_n troy_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n he_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n by_o put_v eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o alloy_n into_o the_o pound_n troy_n and_o mr._n lownds_o in_o his_o report_n contain_v a_o essay_n for_o the_o amendment_n of_o the_o silver_n coin_n have_v give_v a_o very_a exact_a account_n since_o edward_n the_o three_o time_n take_v from_o the_o record_n of_o the_o mint_n how_o the_o money_n of_o england_n have_v be_v from_o time_n to_o time_n raise_v by_o which_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o silver_n peny_n which_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n weigh_v a_o peny-weight_n there_o be_v then_o but_o twenty_o penny_n in_o a_o ounce_n have_v be_v by_o degree_n in_o several_a king_n reign_v coin_v lesser_a and_o light_a and_o the_o ounce_n have_v be_v divide_v into_o twenty_o five_o penny_n thirty_o thirty_o seven_o penny_n halfpenny_n forty_o five_o penny_n and_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n reign_n the_o crown_n or_o ounce_n be_v divide_v into_o sixty_o penny_n and_o in_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o her_o reign_n into_o sixty_o two_o penny_n the_o standard_n and_o course_n of_o the_o mint_n have_v continue_v to_o this_o time_n without_o any_o alteration_n except_o what_o be_v make_v by_o a_o act_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n charles_n ii_o which_o give_v away_o the_o charge_n of_o coinage_n be_v two_o shilling_n in_o the_o pound_n troy_n advantage_n for_o a_o encouragement_n to_o those_o that_o bring_v bullion_n into_o the_o mint_n which_o raise_v the_o price_n of_o bullion_n to_o the_o nation_n instead_o of_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o coin_n the_o several_a state_n and_o prince_n of_o italy_n have_v raise_v their_o coin_n and_o if_o it_o be_v necessary_a it_o may_v be_v easy_o prove_v that_o there_o be_v not_o one_o mint_n in_o europe_n that_o have_v be_v of_o any_o
raise_v and_o keep_v up_o their_o money_n above_o the_o price_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n for_o there_o will_v be_v the_o same_o quantity_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n in_o the_o country_n though_o the_o money_n be_v light_a and_o the_o difference_n will_v be_v only_o that_o there_o will_v be_v more_o in_o every_o man_n house_n and_o less_o in_o his_o pocket_n and_o the_o money_n will_v have_v the_o same_o value_n though_o the_o impression_n be_v less_o because_o it_o have_v its_o value_n from_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o government_n just_o as_o if_o the_o ingrave_a shall_v cut_v the_o impression_n of_o the_o great_a seal_n less_o it_o will_v not_o alter_v the_o authority_n of_o the_o seal_n this_o may_v be_v sufficient_a to_o prove_v that_o the_o ordinary_a cause_n of_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n be_v from_o the_o rise_v of_o bullion_n which_o will_v always_o continue_v in_o europe_n as_o long_o as_o the_o inhabitant_n grow_v rich_a by_o trade_n the_o extraordinary_a cause_n of_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o money_n have_v be_v the_o extraordinary_a occasion_n for_o it_o when_o prince_n and_o state_n have_v be_v engage_v in_o great_a war_n and_o want_v money_n they_o have_v sometime_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o it_o to_o increase_v it_o and_o make_v it_o last_o long_o in_o such_o case_n they_o have_v not_o observe_v the_o usual_a bound_n and_o limit_n of_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o money_n ten_o or_o fifteen_o per_fw-la cent_n above_o the_o market_n price_n of_o bullion_n but_o have_v great_o exceed_v it_o to_o thirty_o forty_o fifty_o per_fw-la cent_n and_o more_o but_o then_o in_o all_o such_o case_n as_o soon_o as_o those_o extraordinary_a occasion_n be_v over_o they_o have_v call_v in_o such_o money_n as_o have_v be_v so_o great_o raise_v and_o reduce_v the_o value_n of_o it_o to_o its_o usual_a bound_n in_o the_o first_o punic_a war_n the_o roman_n want_v money_n raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o as_o which_o be_v their_o brass_n coin_n to_o six_o time_n more_o in_o vâ—lue_n than_o it_o be_v coin_v at_o it_o weigh_v at_o first_o twelve_o ounce_n and_o afterward_o but_o two_o and_o again_o want_v money_n hannibal_n press_v hard_o upon_o the_o city_n they_o increase_v their_o money_n by_o coin_v the_o as_o to_o a_o ounce_n and_o the_o three_o time_n papirius_n raise_v the_o money_n to_o double_v its_o value_n by_o coin_v it_o at_o half_a a_o ounce_n they_o also_o raise_v their_o denarius_fw-la which_o be_v their_o silver_n money_n in_o proportion_n by_o which_o they_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n against_o the_o carthagenian_o and_o supply_v themselves_o under_o great_a necessity_n and_o want_v of_o money_n livius_n dâ—usus_n also_o great_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o silver_n money_n by_o put_v in_o a_o great_a alloy_n but_o these_o excessive_a rise_v be_v afterward_o regulate_v and_o reduce_v by_o marius_n gratidianus_n in_o the_o war_n betwixt_o england_n and_o france_n harry_n the_o five_o have_v conquer_v great_a part_n of_o france_n charles_n the_o seven_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o french_a money_n in_o six_o year_n time_n from_o eight_o livre_n nine_o sol_n the_o mark_n by_o degree_n to_o three_o hundred_o and_o sixty_o livre_n the_o mark_n which_o be_v raise_v in_o that_o time_n above_o forty_o time_n the_o value_n and_o as_o those_o that_o write_v of_o the_o mint_n of_o france_n observe_v it_o be_v the_o chief_a mean_n by_o which_o he_o expel_v the_o english_a out_o of_o france_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o ever_o the_o war_n be_v over_o he_o reduce_v the_o money_n to_o seven_o livre_n ten_o sol_n which_o be_v within_o the_o usual_a limit_n of_o raise_v the_o money_n at_o the_o same_o time_n harry_n the_o five_o raise_v the_o money_n of_o england_n from_o twenty_o five_o shilling_n in_o a_o pound_n weight_n to_o thirty_o and_o harry_n the_o six_o his_o son_n the_o next_o year_n raise_v it_o to_o thirty_o seven_o and_o sixpence_n so_o that_o it_o be_v raise_v a_o three_o part_n more_o in_o value_n in_o two_o year_n time_n than_o it_o have_v be_v ever_o since_o the_o twenty_o seven_o of_o edward_n the_o three_o and_o in_o the_o four_o year_n of_o harry_n the_o six_o after_z charles_n the_o seven_o have_v reduce_v his_o money_n he_o lower_v the_o english_a money_n again_o to_o 30_o s._n when_o harry_n the_o eight_o alter_v the_o standard_n of_o england_n and_o extraordinary_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n by_o put_v in_o a_o great_a alloy_n which_o alteration_n at_o first_o be_v by_o put_v in_o but_o two_o ounce_n allay_v to_o ten_o ounce_n of_o fine_a silver_n afterward_o six_o ounce_n and_o at_o last_o eight_o ounce_n allay_v to_o four_o ounce_n of_o fine_a silver_n by_o which_o in_o three_o year_n time_n he_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n above_o three_o time_n high_o than_o it_o be_v before_o but_o it_o be_v when_o he_o have_v spend_v his_o money_n in_o the_o war_n of_o bullen_n and_o the_o nation_n be_v never_o at_o peace_n and_o quiet_a in_o their_o commerce_n and_o traffic_n till_o the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n be_v reduce_v within_o its_o bound_n which_o be_v begin_v by_o edward_n the_o six_o and_o finish_v by_o q._n elizabeth_n these_o be_v the_o extraordinary_a cause_n of_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o money_n to_o supply_v extraordinary_a necessity_n which_o have_v no_o soon_o be_v over_o but_o the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n have_v be_v reduce_v within_o its_o usual_a limit_n for_o if_o the_o rise_n have_v be_v continue_v the_o mischief_n will_v have_v be_v great_a than_o the_o advantage_n they_o receive_v by_o raise_v it_o so_o high_a and_o there_o can_v be_v no_o rule_n or_o measure_v take_v of_o the_o value_n that_o the_o money_n may_v be_v raise_v to_o from_o such_o precedent_n but_o only_o from_o the_o ill_a effect_n in_o continue_v it_o the_o effect_n of_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n be_v that_o it_o increase_v the_o species_n of_o the_o money_n and_o preserve_v it_o in_o the_o country_n where_o it_o be_v coin_v if_o the_o english_a crown_n be_v raise_v to_o six_o shilling_n or_o coin_v in_o such_o a_o proportion_n light_a there_o will_v be_v a_o six_o part_v more_o money_n in_o england_n than_o if_o it_o be_v coin_v to_o the_o old_a standard_n and_o if_o the_o money_n be_v raise_v above_o the_o price_n of_o bullion_n it_o will_v not_o be_v the_o interest_n of_o goldsmith_n and_o merchant_n to_o melt_v it_o down_o from_o both_o which_o effect_n a_o nation_n receive_v great_a advantage_n mr._n lock_n be_v of_o a_o contrary_a opinion_n and_o think_v that_o the_o raise_v of_o the_o money_n will_v produce_v two_o great_a mischief_n viz._n that_o the_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n will_v raise_v the_o value_n of_o all_o commodity_n that_o the_o landlord_n and_o creditor_n will_v lose_v just_a so_o much_o in_o their_o rent_n bond_n debt_n and_o contract_n as_o the_o money_n be_v raise_v these_o be_v the_o two_o great_a objection_n that_o be_v common_o use_v in_o all_o debate_n about_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n and_o be_v ground_v upon_o this_o supposition_n that_o the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n be_v sole_o from_o the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n in_o each_o piece_n and_o that_o it_o be_v the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n that_o in_o buy_v and_o sell_v man_n give_v take_v and_o contract_n for_o so_o that_o if_o there_o be_v less_o silver_n in_o the_o money_n man_n will_v have_v less_o good_n for_o it_o and_o just_o so_o much_o as_o the_o money_n be_v raise_v in_o value_n the_o good_n will_v rise_v and_o the_o same_o consequence_n will_v be_v if_o the_o landlord_n do_v let_v their_o land_n according_a to_o the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n in_o the_o money_n they_o will_v lose_v just_a so_o much_o rend_v if_o the_o money_n be_v raise_v as_o it_o have_v less_o silver_n in_o it_o and_o so_o will_v the_o creditor_n in_o their_o bond_n debt_n and_o contract_n but_o if_o it_o appear_v by_o what_o have_v be_v say_v on_o this_o subject_a and_o that_o mr._n lock_n be_v mistake_v in_o his_o supposition_n that_o the_o money_n have_v its_o value_n from_o the_o authority_n of_o that_o government_n where_o it_o be_v coin_v by_o which_o it_o be_v make_v current_n and_o lawful_a money_n and_o that_o it_o be_v the_o current_n and_o lawful_a money_n of_o england_n that_o man_n contract_n and_o sell_v their_o good_n for_o and_o in_o their_o bond_n and_o lease_n covenant_n to_o pay_v then_o there_o will_v be_v no_o such_o ill_a effect_n from_o raise_v of_o the_o old_a money_n and_o coin_v the_o new_a light_a and_o if_o it_o be_v true_a that_o the_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o all_o commodity_n in_o respect_n to_o their_o occasion_n make_v they_o cheaper_o or_o dear_a and_o that_o
with_o the_o profit_n of_o the_o custom_n to_o the_o government_n be_v lose_v by_o such_o law_n several_a sort_n of_o linen_n and_o other_o commodity_n be_v prohibit_v and_o the_o trade_n to_o several_a part_n of_o germany_n russia_n muscovy_n etc._n etc._n be_v thereby_o almost_o lose_v a_o well-regulated_n and_o proportion_a duty_n lay_v upon_o foreign_a ware_n may_v be_v very_o useful_a to_o a_o trade_n nation_n but_o than_o it_o must_v be_v so_o proportion_v that_o it_o may_v not_o hinder_v the_o importation_n of_o such_o foreign_a good_n nor_o lessen_v the_o make_v and_o consumption_n of_o the_o native_a commodity_n that_o be_v for_o the_o same_o use_n which_o may_v be_v do_v by_o set_v the_o duty_n so_o high_a as_o that_o the_o native_a commodity_n may_v be_v afford_v much_o cheap_a and_o then_o the_o foreign_a ware_n will_v only_o be_v buy_v and_o use_v by_o the_o rich_a sort_n of_o people_n and_o the_o native_a commodity_n will_v be_v use_v by_o the_o rest_n which_o be_v the_o great_a body_n of_o the_o people_n that_o cause_n the_o great_a consumption_n and_o that_o proportion_n of_o the_o native_a commodity_n which_o perhaps_o may_v have_v be_v use_v by_o the_o rich_a sort_n if_o such_o foreign_a ware_n have_v not_o be_v import_v will_v be_v export_v in_o exchange_n by_o the_o merchant_n and_o be_v consume_v by_o the_o rich_a people_n of_o those_o country_n from_o whence_o such_o good_n be_v import_v so_o that_o the_o same_o quantity_n of_o the_o native_a commodity_n will_v be_v make_v and_o consume_v the_o owner_n of_o ship_n and_o mariner_n will_v have_v profit_n by_o the_o freight_n the_o merchant_n by_o his_o trade_n and_o the_o king_n by_o his_o custom_n for_o thing_n have_v no_o value_n in_o themselves_o it_o be_v opinion_n and_o fashion_n bring_v they_o into_o use_n and_o give_v they_o a_o value_n and_o all_o foreign_a ware_n especial_o the_o dear_a sort_n be_v use_v chief_o for_o ornament_n and_o as_o badge_n of_o riches_n because_o they_o be_v foreign_a and_o rare_a and_o not_o from_o any_o extraordinary_a quality_n or_o goodness_n in_o the_o make_v of_o they_o and_o the_o same_o humour_n and_o opinion_n be_v in_o all_o nation_n the_o french_a value_n the_o english_a cloth_n hat_n glove_n and_o other_o english_a ware_n more_o than_o their_o own_o as_o we_o use_v to_o do_v french_a stuff_n hat_n and_o jessamin_n glove_n and_o other_o french_a good_n and_o this_o particular_a humour_n and_o opinion_n of_o value_v foreign_a commodity_n be_v the_o chief_a support_n of_o foreign_a trade_n which_o be_v so_o beneficial_a to_o all_o nation_n therefore_o there_o be_v nothing_o of_o so_o great_a a_o concern_v to_o a_o trade_n nation_n as_o the_o well-regulating_a the_o custom_n house_n rate_n those_o gentleman_n that_o discourse_n much_o of_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n do_v often_o find_v fault_n with_o the_o wear_n and_o consume_v so_o much_o foreign_a ware_n which_o hinder_v in_o their_o opinion_n the_o consumption_n of_o the_o native_a and_o therefore_o use_v to_o exclaim_v much_o against_o the_o wear_n of_o silk_n and_o drink_v so_o much_o french_a and_o other_o wine_n and_o do_v believe_v that_o if_o such_o quantity_n of_o foreign_a good_n be_v not_o import_v and_o wear_v the_o return_n will_v be_v make_v in_o bullion_n which_o will_v make_v the_o nation_n much_o rich_a this_o be_v their_o general_a complaint_n but_o if_o it_o be_v consider_v it_o will_v be_v find_v that_o there_o be_v little_a reason_n for_o it_o and_o that_o the_o wear_n of_o silk_n may_v be_v as_o profitable_a to_o the_o nation_n as_o the_o wear_n of_o cloth_n that_o the_o import_v of_o wine_n make_v the_o nation_n as_o rich_a as_o by_o import_v of_o bullion_n and_o that_o if_o the_o inhabitant_n do_v not_o wear_v silk_n and_o drink_v wine_n they_o will_v neither_o have_v silk_n wine_n nor_o bullion_n for_o this_o be_v a_o certain_a maxim_n in_o trade_n that_o the_o foundation_n of_o all_o foreign_a trade_n be_v from_o the_o native_a or_o staple_n commodity_n of_o each_o country_n it_o be_v by_o the_o exchange_n of_o the_o staple_n commodity_n of_o england_n tin_n lead_v and_o all_o sort_n of_o woollen_a manufacture_n that_o gold_n silver_n silk_n wines_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o foreign_a good_n be_v import_v and_o as_o a_o nation_n have_v nothing_o else_o at_o first_o to_o begin_v traffic_n but_o with_o its_o native_a commodity_n so_o it_o can_v be_v continue_v without_o and_o whensoever_o those_o be_v prohibit_v the_o trade_n to_o that_o country_n must_v be_v lose_v with_o the_o profit_n that_o be_v get_v by_o that_o trade_n for_o there_o be_v no_o foreign_a trade_n but_o be_v profitable_a to_o a_o nation_n or_o at_o least_o may_v be_v make_v so_o and_o it_o be_v not_o for_o the_o interest_n of_o a_o trade_n nation_n to_o use_v none_o but_o their_o own_o native_a commodity_n and_o therefore_o if_o silk_n be_v not_o wear_v here_o then_o there_o will_v be_v none_o import_v nor_o no_o cloth_n nor_o serge_n export_v and_o wear_v in_o those_o country_n from_o whence_o we_o fetch_v our_o silk_n because_o they_o have_v nothing_o to_o give_v in_o exchange_n but_o silk_n which_o be_v their_o native_a commodity_n and_o it_o be_v more_o profitable_a for_o the_o nation_n that_o the_o woollen_a manufacture_n shall_v be_v wear_v in_o foreign_a country_n than_o in_o their_o own_o because_o the_o profit_n of_o the_o carriage_n which_o be_v the_o export_n of_o the_o woollen_a manufacture_n and_o import_v of_o the_o silk_n be_v gain_v by_o it_o and_o the_o same_o general_a rule_n maybe_o observe_v in_o the_o trade_n for_o wine_n and_o all_o foreign_a ware_n and_o though_o the_o import_v of_o wine_n be_v extreme_o cry_v out_o against_o yet_o it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o best_a trade_n to_o england_n for_o be_v a_o very_a bulky_a commodity_n it_o pay_v a_o great_a freight_n and_o be_v for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o rich_a people_n it_o pay_v a_o great_a duty_n to_o the_o king_n and_o that_o without_o complaint_n for_o england_n be_v a_o island_n and_o the_o riches_n and_o strength_n of_o it_o be_v from_o trade_n and_o ship_n those_o commodity_n that_o be_v bulky_a aught_o to_o be_v value_v as_o most_o profitable_a and_o if_o some_o gentleman_n object_n that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o french_a wine_n use_v to_o be_v buy_v with_o bullion_n they_o will_v answer_v themselves_o if_o they_o reflect_v that_o we_o have_v no_o bullion_n here_o in_o england_n and_o therefore_o must_v have_v it_o at_o first_o by_o the_o exchange_n of_o some_o of_o our_o native_a commodity_n and_o if_o it_o be_v fetch_v from_o spain_n by_o bay_n serges_n or_o other_o commodity_n and_o afterward_o carry_v into_o france_n that_o be_v no_o disadvantage_n for_o the_o merchant_n be_v pay_v for_o the_o double_a carriage_n of_o it_o in_o the_o price_n of_o the_o wine_n by_o those_o that_o sell_v they_o for_o every_o merchant_n expect_v profit_n in_o make_v his_o bargain_n but_o some_o gentleman_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o it_o be_v a_o great_a disadvantage_n to_o a_o nation_n to_o carry_v out_o the_o bullion_n which_o be_v a_o treasure_n and_o not_o perishable_a and_o bring_v in_o wine_n that_o be_v consume_v and_o the_o nation_n never_o the_o rich_a for_o they_o after_o they_o be_v drink_v and_o it_o be_v by_o this_o way_n that_o they_o make_v up_o the_o account_n of_o the_o balance_n whether_o a_o nation_n get_v or_o lose_v by_o trade_n and_o for_o argument_n common_o use_v a_o simile_n former_o publish_v by_o mr._n mun_n in_o his_o discourse_n of_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n and_o compare_v the_o stock_n of_o a_o nation_n to_o a_o private_a person_n suppose_v to_o have_v a_o thousand_o pound_n a_o year_n and_o two_o thousand_o pound_n in_o his_o chest_n if_o he_o spend_v fifteen_o hundred_o a_o year_n in_o four_o year_n time_n his_o two_o thousand_o pound_n will_v be_v spend_v and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a if_o he_o spend_v but_o five_o hundred_o pound_n a_o year_n in_o the_o same_o time_n he_o will_v double_v his_o money_n in_o his_o chest._n the_o same_o will_v be_v to_o a_o nation_n so_o much_o as_o be_v import_v and_o consume_v more_o of_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n than_o be_v export_v of_o the_o native_a so_o much_o will_v the_o stock_n of_o the_o nation_n be_v waste_v and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a by_o how_o much_o less_o be_v consume_v of_o foreign_a ware_n than_o be_v export_v of_o the_o native_a so_o much_o will_v the_o stock_n of_o the_o nation_n be_v increase_v because_o the_o balance_n on_o either_o side_n must_v be_v return_v in_o bullion_n upon_o this_o simile_n be_v found_v the_o opinion_n for_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n which_o be_v to_o inquire_v whether_o a_o nation_n get_v or_o lose_v by_o any_o particular_a trade_n from_o the_o difference_n
continuance_n but_o have_v coin_v their_o money_n light_a than_o they_o do_v at_o the_o first_o beginning_n of_o their_o coinage_n the_o way_n of_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n be_v not_o in_o all_o country_n alike_o in_o the_o unite_a province_n flanders_n germany_n and_o the_o northern_a part_n of_o europe_n it_o have_v be_v usual_o by_o put_v in_o a_o great_a alloy_n and_o make_v of_o it_o a_o little_a courser_n and_o a_o little_o light_a the_o standard_n of_o the_o unite_a state_n be_v at_o first_o nine_o ounce_n and_o a_o half_a fine_a silver_n and_o two_o and_o a_o half_a alloy_n in_o the_o pound_n troy_n but_o since_o by_o degree_n their_o standard_n have_v be_v bring_v to_o nine_o ounce_n fine_a and_o three_o ounce_n allay_v and_o likewise_o their_o new_a dollar_n have_v be_v coin_v light_a so_o that_o the_o old_a dollar_n that_o go_v before_o at_o six_o and_o thirty_o stivers_n be_v raise_v to_o forty_o and_o the_o same_o may_v be_v observe_v in_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o mint_n of_o flanders_n germany_n and_o the_o northern_a part_n in_o italy_n france_n and_o england_n the_o way_n of_o raise_v their_o coin_n have_v be_v general_o by_o keep_v the_o old_a standard_n for_o fineness_n and_o only_o by_o alter_v the_o weight_n from_o time_n to_o time_n coin_v their_o new_a money_n light_a as_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o money_n in_o portugal_n and_o spain_n the_o usual_a method_n of_o raise_v their_o money_n have_v not_o be_v by_o alter_v their_o standard_n either_o in_o fineness_n or_o weight_n but_o by_o give_v a_o rise_n to_o their_o money_n by_o a_o computation_n make_v from_o the_o value_n of_o the_o copper_n money_n that_o be_v a_o rial_n of_o eight_o which_o in_o spain_n be_v former_o of_o the_o value_n of_o three_o hundred_o and_o seventy_o malvedy_n be_v raise_v to_o pass_v currant_n for_o four_o hundred_o malvedy_n which_o be_v their_o copper_n money_n and_o so_o high_a from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o the_o same_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o portugal_n they_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o money_n by_o their_o reas_n which_o be_v their_o copper_n money_n and_o the_o ducat_n or_o crusado_n that_o use_v to_o pass_v for_o four_o hundred_o reas_n have_v be_v raise_v to_o four_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o and_o high_o the_o usual_a proportion_n of_o value_n that_o prince_n and_o state_n give_v to_o their_o silver_n and_o gold_n money_n when_o they_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o they_o be_v general_o betwixt_o ten_o and_o fifteen_o per_fw-la cent_n above_o the_o market-price_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n the_o french_a crown_n be_v raise_v from_o sixty_o sous_fw-fr to_o sixty_o five_o which_o be_v about_o ten_o percent_a and_o about_o three_o or_o four_o year_n since_o the_o crown_n be_v raise_v to_o seventy_o two_o sous_fw-fr which_o be_v near_o fifteen_o per_fw-la cent_n the_o rix-dollar_n coin_v at_o fifty_o stivers_n be_v raise_v to_o fifty_o five_o stivers_n and_o since_o to_o sixty_o which_o be_v about_o ten_o per_fw-la cent_n the_o king_n of_o england_n have_v raise_v their_o money_n from_o twenty_o to_o twenty_o five_o thirty_o thirty_o seven_o etc._n etc._n which_o be_v after_o the_o same_o proportion_n as_o the_o emperor_n the_o french_a king_n and_o other_o prince_n and_o state_n have_v do_v the_o dutch_a raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o money_n by_o add_v a_o great_a alloy_n as_o have_v be_v observe_v which_o be_v less_o take_v notice_n of_o and_o so_o do_v not_o disturb_v the_o mind_n of_o those_o person_n who_o think_v the_o value_n of_o money_n be_v sole_o from_o the_o quantity_n of_o fine_a silver_n in_o each_o piece_n the_o reason_n why_o prince_n and_o state_n do_v observe_v to_o give_v no_o great_a proportion_n of_o value_n to_o their_o money_n when_o they_o new_o raise_v it_o than_o betwixt_o ten_o and_o fifteen_o per_fw-la cent_n above_o the_o currant_n price_n of_o bullion_n be_v to_o prevent_v counterfeit_v for_o though_o there_o be_v law_n in_o all_o country_n with_o severe_a penalty_n to_o prohibit_v the_o counterfeit_n of_o money_n yet_o none_o be_v keep_v and_o observe_v where_o there_o be_v great_a profit_n to_o be_v get_v by_o break_v of_o they_o and_o no_o person_n will_v counterfeit_v the_o stamp_n and_o make_v the_o money_n the_o same_o both_o in_o weight_n and_o fineness_n for_o only_o ten_o or_o fifteen_o per_fw-la cent_n profit_n for_o they_o must_v coin_v a_o great_a quantity_n to_o make_v their_o profit_n considerable_a if_o they_o make_v the_o money_n of_o the_o same_o weight_n and_o fineness_n it_o will_v not_o be_v one_o hundred_o and_o forty_o pound_n clear_a profit_n in_o coin_v of_o a_o thousand_o pound_n at_o fifteen_o per_fw-la cent_n because_o of_o the_o charge_n of_o coinage_n and_o none_o but_o the_o rich_a man_n can_v vent_v a_o great_a quantity_n and_o he_o will_v not_o hazard_v the_o loss_n of_o his_o life_n and_o estate_n for_o such_o small_a gain_n the_o poor_a man_n can_v attempt_v it_o because_o he_o can_v neither_o get_v bullion_n to_o coin_n nor_o vent_v a_o quantity_n after_o it_o be_v coin_v and_o why_o shall_v any_o man_n venture_v his_o life_n for_o such_o small_a profit_n when_o every_o merchant_n and_o tradesman_n get_v more_o without_o any_o such_o hazard_n therefore_o those_o that_o coin_n false_a money_n counterfeit_v the_o metal_n as_o well_o as_o the_o stamp_n to_o make_v it_o profitable_a but_o than_o it_o be_v much_o easy_o discover_v and_o they_o be_v often_o punish_v with_o death_n for_o they_o must_v counterfeit_v the_o weight_n colour_n and_o size_n of_o the_o piece_n as_o well_o as_o the_o stamp_n which_o be_v much_o more_o difficult_a than_o only_a to_o counterfeit_v the_o stamp_n so_o that_o the_o prince_n and_o state_n may_v as_o safe_o coin_v their_o money_n ten_o or_o fifteen_o per_fw-la cent_n above_o the_o price_n of_o bullion_n without_o danger_n of_o counterfeit_v as_o if_o they_o shall_v coin_v it_o exact_o to_o the_o market-price_n the_o reason_n why_o the_o prince_n and_o state_n when_o they_o have_v raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o money_n have_v not_o coin_v it_o near_o to_o the_o price_n of_o bullion_n than_o about_o the_o difference_n of_o ten_o per_fw-la cent_n be_v to_o avoid_v the_o too_o often_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o coin_n which_o when_o ever_o it_o be_v do_v be_v apt_a to_o create_v some_o little_a murmur_n and_o discontent_n among_o the_o people_n and_o if_o they_o shall_v coin_v it_o near_o the_o value_n they_o will_v be_v force_v to_o raise_v their_o money_n as_o oft_o as_o silver_n rise_v in_o its_o price_n above_o the_o value_n of_o the_o coin_n which_o will_v be_v every_o five_o or_o ten_o year_n whereas_o by_o raise_v of_o it_o betwixt_o ten_o of_o fifteen_o per_fw-la cent_n they_o have_v not_o usual_o raise_v it_o but_o once_o in_o fifty_o or_o threescore_o year_n as_o to_o instance_n from_o edward_n the_o three_o time_n to_o queen_n elizabeth_n which_o be_v betwixt_o two_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o and_o three_o hundred_o year_n from_o the_o first_o raise_v of_o the_o money_n from_o twenty_o penny_n in_o a_o ounce_n of_o silver_n to_o threescore_o penny_n be_v betwixt_o ten_o or_o twelve_o per_fw-la cent_n for_o every_o fifty_o year_n and_o the_o like_a may_v be_v observe_v if_o it_o be_v necessary_a in_o all_o the_o mint_n of_o europe_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o edward_n vi_o when_o there_o be_v so_o great_a a_o alloy_n put_v into_o the_o money_n as_o raise_v it_o to_o forty_o or_o fifty_o per_fw-la cent_n profit_n above_o the_o price_n of_o silver_n there_o be_v barrel_n of_o counterfeit_a money_n seize_v at_o the_o custom-house_n that_o be_v send_v from_o foreign_a part_n the_o knowledge_n of_o that_o create_v so_o great_a a_o jealousy_n and_o disturbance_n in_o the_o mind_n of_o the_o people_n that_o scarce_o any_o money_n will_v pass_v for_o fear_v of_o receive_v that_o which_o be_v counterfeit_v for_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o goodness_n of_o silver_n be_v a_o mystery_n that_o few_o be_v acquaint_v with_o and_o when_o there_o be_v so_o great_a a_o alloy_n put_v into_o the_o money_n those_o that_o counterfeit_n may_v make_v the_o metal_n as_o good_a if_o not_o better_a than_o the_o true_a money_n because_o there_o be_v profit_n sufficient_a by_o only_o counterfeit_v the_o stamp_n and_o that_o may_v be_v so_o well_o imitate_v as_o not_o one_o in_o a_o thousand_o may_v discover_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o true_a and_o the_o false_a stamp_n and_o though_o the_o metal_n may_v be_v as_o good_a or_o better_a than_o the_o true_a money_n yet_o it_o be_v counterfeit_v it_o be_v none_o of_o the_o government_n be_v money_n and_o want_v their_o authority_n by_o which_o it_o be_v make_v currant_n no_o man_n be_v oblige_v to_o take_v it_o and_o therefore_o
silver_n in_o it_o by_o this_o argument_n in_o my_o opinion_n they_o seem_v to_o be_v but_o young_a courtier_n and_o make_v a_o ill_a sort_n of_o compliment_n to_o his_o majesty_n by_o give_v a_o great_a value_n and_o respect_n to_o the_o metal_n than_o to_o the_o effigy_n of_o the_o king_n when_o they_o will_v allow_v that_o the_o stamp_n and_o effigy_n upon_o the_o coin_n give_v a_o value_n to_o the_o money_n and_o that_o the_o king_n authority_n make_v it_o currant_n when_o all_o the_o coin_n of_o his_o predecessor_n be_v not_o otherwise_o make_v the_o current_a money_n of_o england_n but_o by_o their_o proclamation_n these_o be_v the_o chief_a objection_n against_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n which_o i_o hope_v i_o have_v full_o answer_v and_o show_v that_o they_o be_v only_o imaginary_a mischief_n but_o if_o the_o money_n be_v not_o raise_v the_o mischief_n will_v be_v real_a and_o consequence_n very_o fatal_a to_o the_o nation_n for_o if_o the_o money_n be_v new-coined_a according_a to_o the_o old_a standard_n it_o will_v be_v certain_o melt_v down_o and_o carry_v away_o as_o fast_o as_o it_o be_v coin_v notwithstanding_o all_o the_o law_n that_o can_v be_v make_v to_o prevent_v it_o and_o the_o nation_n be_v leave_v without_o money_n the_o consequence_n whereof_o will_v be_v that_o trade_n will_v be_v at_o a_o stand_n the_o price_n of_o all_o commodity_n will_v fall_v and_o a_o general_a poverty_n and_o clamour_n over_o the_o whole_a nation_n ensue_v for_o money_n be_v the_o measure_n of_o commerce_n and_o for_o a_o nation_n to_o be_v without_o money_n be_v the_o same_o thing_n as_o if_o it_o be_v without_o measure_n and_o have_v neither_o yard_n scales_n nor_o bushel_n in_o the_o country_n without_o some_o of_o which_o no_o bargain_n can_v be_v make_v in_o those_o country_n where_o the_o inhabitant_n do_v not_o live_v upon_o trade_n but_o a_o country-life_n every_o man_n have_v always_o provision_n sufficient_a to_o sustain_v life_n they_o may_v shift_v without_o money_n and_o barter_v one_o commodity_n for_o another_o but_o in_o england_n where_o the_o great_a body_n of_o the_o people_n depend_v upon_o trade_n and_o that_o by_o sell_v of_o such_o good_n the_o great_a part_n of_o which_o the_o people_n be_v under_o no_o great_a necessity_n of_o have_v but_o may_v shift_v without_o and_o have_v no_o way_n of_o feed_v themselves_o but_o â—y_a the_o profit_n of_o such_o bargain_n they_o can_v â—ive_a without_o money_n and_o if_o there_o be_v no_o money_n will_v starve_v because_o no_o person_n will_v â—arter_v for_o those_o good_n that_o they_o have_v no_o absolute_a occasion_n for_o if_o they_o want_v money_n beside_o the_o want_n of_o money_n in_o a_o nation_n will_v bring_v down_o the_o price_n of_o all_o commodity_n for_o according_a to_o the_o consumption_n of_o â—l_a good_n and_o the_o occasion_n there_o be_v for_o they_o â—he_v price_n will_v rise_v when_o money_n be_v want_v man_n consume_v less_o they_o be_v better_a â—_z and_o make_v every_o thing_n last_v long_o which_o lessen_v the_o consumption_n of_o the_o native_a commodity_n and_o make_v the_o price_n of_o they_o â—o_o fall_v and_o if_o the_o price_n of_o the_o native_a commodity_n fall_v the_o rent_n of_o the_o land_n will_v â—â—nk_v for_o the_o tenant_n can_v pay_v the_o same_o â—ent_n when_o the_o corn_n and_o wool_n and_o other_o commodity_n which_o be_v the_o product_n of_o the_o and_o fall_v to_o half_a the_o value_n to_o conclude_v there_o be_v nothing_o so_o much_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o nation_n as_o at_o this_o time_n to_o raise_v their_o money_n it_o will_v increase_v the_o spety_n of_o the_o coin_n and_o save_v the_o nation_n near_o a_o million_o of_o money_n now_o they_o be_v engage_v in_o a_o chargeable_a war._n and_o if_o there_o be_v no_o other_o reason_n but_o this_o which_o have_v be_v the_o cause_n that_o several_a prince_n and_o state_n have_v raise_v their_o money_n and_o have_v find_v great_a success_n by_o it_o it_o be_v a_o argument_n sufficient_a for_o if_o all_o the_o money_n shall_v be_v new-coined_a to_o thâ—_n old_a standard_n it_o will_v not_o produce_v much_o above_o haâ—_n the_o quantity_n of_o the_o money_n before_o it_o be_v new-coined_a and_o there_o may_v be_v several_a instance_n give_v beside_o that_o of_o the_o roman_n and_o french_a where_o prince_n and_o state_n have_v raise_v their_o money_n in_o time_n of_o war_n oâ—_n purpose_n to_o increase_v the_o quantity_n of_o it_o but_o not_o on_o precedent_n where_o by_o new-coining_a of_o it_o in_o the_o timâ—_n of_o war_n the_o quantity_n have_v be_v make_v less_o beside_o there_o be_v a_o great_a reason_n for_o raise_v thâ—_n money_n while_o the_o war_n continue_v in_o foreign_a part_n because_o during_o the_o continuance_n of_o the_o army_n iâ—_n flanders_n the_o exchange_n to_o those_o place_n will_v he_o high_a because_o of_o the_o constant_a occasion_n to_o remit_v monâ—â—_n to_o those_o part_n to_o pay_v the_o army_n but_o if_o the_o monâ—â—_n be_v raise_v above_o the_o price_n of_o bullion_n the_o dutch_a 〈◊〉_d flemish_a merchant_n that_o pay_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n 〈◊〉_d flanders_n with_o their_o money_n with_o which_o the_o army_n 〈◊〉_d pay_v will_v send_v for_o their_o effect_n in_o bullion_n or_o the_o native_a commodity_n of_o england_n because_o it_o will_v 〈◊〉_d more_o profitable_a to_o they_o if_o the_o money_n be_v raise_v bâ—â—_n if_o it_o be_v not_o raise_v it_o will_v be_v more_o profitable_a to_o meâ—â—_n down_o the_o money_n and_o send_v it_o away_o than_o bill_n of_o eâ—change_n by_o which_o in_o a_o short_a time_n there_o will_v be_v 〈◊〉_d money_n leave_v in_o the_o nation_n for_o the_o merchant_n be_v pay_v for_o the_o remit_v tâ—_n money_n at_o the_o first_o make_v of_o the_o bargain_n and_o noâ—_n ever_o expect_v to_o make_v a_o advantage_n by_o melt_a doâ—â—_n the_o money_n of_o the_o country_n and_o send_v it_o away_o fâ—â—_v if_o so_o the_o merchant_n need_v not_o pay_v for_o the_o bill_n of_o eâ—change_n but_o he_o propose_v to_o have_v his_o return_n make_v of_o his_o bill_n by_o the_o good_n and_o effect_n of_o the_o country_n from_o whence_o the_o bill_n be_v send_v and_o that_o will_v be_v much_o more_o for_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o nation_n for_o the_o stock_n of_o the_o nation_n be_v perpetual_a there_o be_v a_o new_a crop_n of_o corn_n and_o wool_n every_o year_n and_o the_o mine_n be_v never_o to_o be_v exhaust_v and_o the_o pay_v of_o the_o foreign_a bill_n with_o the_o native_a stock_n of_o the_o country_n which_o be_v the_o usual_a way_n that_o all_o foreign_a bill_n be_v pay_v can_v never_o prejudice_v a_o nation_n beside_o if_o it_o be_v not_o in_o a_o time_n of_o war_n the_o silver_n money_n ought_v to_o be_v raise_v because_o the_o foreign_a prince_n have_v raise_v their_o money_n twice_o since_o the_o silver_n money_n have_v be_v raise_v in_o england_n and_o it_o be_v the_o constant_a usage_n of_o all_o the_o foreign_a prince_n and_o state_n in_o europe_n to_o set_v a_o pretty_a equal_a valuation_n upon_o their_o money_n above_o the_o price_n of_o bullion_n and_o to_o raise_v their_o money_n much_o about_o the_o same_o time_n or_o else_o the_o money_n of_o the_o country_n where_o it_o be_v not_o raise_v will_v be_v melt_v down_o by_o the_o merchant_n and_o carry_v to_o the_o mint_n of_o those_o country_n where_o it_o be_v raise_v and_o the_o bullion_n yield_v a_o great_a profit_n and_o so_o in_o a_o short_a time_n there_o will_v be_v no_o money_n leave_v in_o that_o country_n the_o truth_n of_o which_o have_v be_v sufficient_o show_v from_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o silver_n money_n be_v above_o fifteen_o million_o that_o have_v be_v melt_v down_o since_o the_o silver_n money_n be_v raise_v in_o england_n and_o there_o will_v be_v the_o same_o consequence_n if_o the_o money_n be_v now_o coin_v to_o the_o old_a standard_n because_o the_o money_n be_v of_o more_o value_n when_o it_o be_v melt_v into_o bullion_n than_o in_o coin_n some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o way_n to_o keep_v the_o silver_n money_n in_o the_o nation_n be_v to_o sink_v the_o price_n of_o the_o gold_n and_o will_v have_v guineas_n bring_v to_o two_o and_o twenty_o believe_v that_o the_o silver_n money_n will_v be_v buy_v up_o by_o the_o gold_n and_o export_v by_o this_o way_n of_o argue_v they_o must_v agree_v that_o silver_n be_v of_o a_o great_a value_n in_o another_o country_n or_o else_o there_o will_v be_v no_o advantage_n get_v by_o export_v it_o and_o if_o the_o gold_n be_v set_v at_o two_o and_o twenty_o or_o five_o and_o twenty_o it_o will_v preserve_v the_o silver_n because_o every_o merchant_n and_o trader_n may_v take_v the_o silver_n money_n by_o the_o sale_n of_o his_o good_n and_o need_v not_o buy_v it_o with_o the_o gold_n and_o if_o guineas_n be_v sink_v to_o two_o and_o twenty_o it_o will_v be_v a_o severe_a loss_n to_o those_o people_n that_o have_v take_v they_o at_o high_a rate_n and_o a_o damage_n to_o the_o nation_n by_o lessen_v the_o quantity_n of_o the_o coin_n and_o by_o low'r_v the_o price_n of_o they_o may_v cause_v they_o to_o be_v export_v so_o that_o there_o will_v be_v neither_o gold_n nor_o silver_n leave_v in_o the_o nation_n to_o conclude_v this_o discourse_n if_o nothing_o in_o itself_o have_v a_o certain_a price_n or_o value_n if_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v commodity_n of_o uncertain_a value_v if_o money_n have_v its_o value_n from_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o government_n which_o make_v it_o currant_n and_o fix_v the_o price_n of_o each_o piece_n of_o metal_n then_o the_o money_n will_v be_v of_o as_o good_a value_n to_o all_o intent_n and_o purpose_n when_o it_o be_v coin_v light_a for_o the_o authority_n be_v the_o same_o the_o value_n will_v be_v the_o same_o it_o will_v buy_v as_o much_o good_n the_o landlord_n will_v have_v as_o much_o rent_n and_o the_o nation_n will_v save_v a_o million_o of_o money_n at_o a_o time_n when_o they_o have_v so_o great_a occasion_n for_o it_o beside_o the_o prevent_a those_o fatal_a consequence_n that_o follow_v the_o coin_v the_o money_n too_o weighty_a as_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o money_n decay_n of_o trade_n the_o fall_n of_o rent_n and_o a_o general_a poverty_n and_o clamour_n all_o over_o the_o nation_n errata_fw-la preface_n page_n 3._o line_n 21._o read_v reason_n content_n '_o p._n 5._o l._n 7._o r._n of_o their_o rent_n p._n 8._o l._n 6._o r._n exchange_v p_o 9_o l._n 13._o r._n by_o the._n p._n 13._o l._n 24._o r._n as_o now_o p._n 20._o l._n 21._o 22_o r._n though_o the_o pound_n troy_n be_v in_o both_o p._n 21._o l._n 14._o r._n that_o be_v by_z p._n 22._o l._n 5_o &_o 6._o r._n edward_n the_o first_o p._n 26._o l._n 22._o r._n quantity_n of_o silver_n p._n 27._o l._n 13._o r._n that_o nothing_o in_o itself_o p._n 31._o l._n 20._o r._n contain_v p._n 63._o 1._o 3._o r._n nummus_fw-la finis_fw-la