famous_a and_o learned_a master_n john_n bodine_n make_v answer_n unto_o these_o two_o paradox_n first_o show_v how_o m._n malestroit_n have_v abuse_v himself_o to_o use_v the_o example_n of_o velvet_n to_o prove_v his_o assertion_n for_o he_o prove_v that_o velvet_n be_v yet_o unknown_a in_o france_n during_o the_o reign_n of_o philip_n surname_v the_o fair_a and_o that_o although_o he_o shall_v admit_v the_o example_n of_o velvet_n yet_o it_o be_v no_o consequence_n for_o all_o other_o thing_n which_o be_v not_o so_o dear_a proportionable_o and_o concern_v the_o price_n of_o wine_n and_o corn_n he_o do_v prove_v the_o same_o to_o be_v dear_a 20_o time_n and_o more_o or_o less_o upon_o occasion_n conclude_v that_o those_o example_n be_v also_o unfit_a and_o then_o he_o come_v to_o the_o price_n of_o land_n which_o can_v increase_v or_o diminish_v nor_o be_v alter_v of_o their_o goodness_n if_o they_o be_v manure_v whereupon_o he_o take_v occasion_n to_o show_v the_o fertility_n of_o 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country_n to_o inhabit_v they_o and_o the_o spaniard_n be_v negligent_a and_o lazy_a be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o arragon_n and_o navarre_n without_o any_o labourer_n or_o any_o other_o workman_n but_o only_o frenchmen_n which_o be_v more_o serviceable_a and_o active_a another_o cause_n of_o the_o riches_n of_o france_n be_v the_o trade_n have_v since_o their_o king_n francis_n the_o first_o with_o the_o turk_n and_o barbarian_a &_o the_o bank_n of_o lion_n erect_v in_o his_o time_n bring_v abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n into_o france_n when_o he_o pay_v 8_o upon_o the_o hundred_o for_o money_n and_o his_o successor_n ten_o afterward_o 16_o and_o 20_o upon_o urgent_a necessity_n which_o make_v the_o florentine_n lugueses_n genoese_n german_n and_o other_o to_o come_v &_o dwell_v in_o the_o realm_n by_o which_o mean_v also_o the_o
rent_n levy_v upon_o the_o city_n of_o paris_n be_v bring_v to_o amount_v unto_o 3_o million_o and_o three_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o thousand_o pound_n tournois_fw-fr yearly_a and_o the_o city_n will_v be_v much_o rich_a if_o there_o be_v a_o house_n as_o at_o genes_n call_v the_o house_n of_o s._n george_n which_o take_v all_o the_o money_n that_o man_n will_v bring_v after_o the_o rate_n of_o 5_o upon_o the_o 100_o and_o do_v deliver_v out_o the_o same_o to_o the_o merchant_n to_o traffic_v therewith_o after_o two_o and_o three_o upon_o the_o hundred_o like_v as_o the_o great_a emperor_n antony_n and_o alexander_n severus_n do_v which_o do_v deliver_v money_n at_o 4_o per_fw-la 100_o and_o augustus_n deliver_v money_n free_o without_o interest_n to_o they_o that_o will_v give_v surety_n to_o restore_v double_a the_o value_n if_o they_o do_v not_o pay_v it_o at_o the_o time_n limit_v by_o these_o mean_v their_o subject_n get_v much_o and_o prince_n be_v not_o drive_v to_o borrow_v or_o to_o pill_v their_o subject_n but_o do_v rather_o diminish_v their_o impost_n and_o so_o he_o conclude_v that_o the_o abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v the_o cause_n partly_o of_o the_o dearth_n of_o thing_n the_o second_o cause_n of_o the_o dearth_n of_o thing_n namely_o the_o monopoly_n he_o do_v pass_v over_o as_o a_o matter_n not_o considerable_a to_o the_o thing_n entreat_v of_o which_o be_v say_v he_o when_o merchant_n artificer_n or_o laborer_n do_v assemble_v themselves_o to_o set_v a_o price_n upon_o the_o commodity_n or_o their_o handiwork_n with_o the_o augment_v of_o wage_n for_o the_o prevent_n whereof_o he_o commend_v the_o abolish_n of_o their_o fraternity_n or_o company_n procure_v by_o the_o mean_n of_o their_o chancellor_n the_o three_o cause_n of_o the_o dearth_n by_o the_o want_n of_o thing_n come_v to_o pass_v by_o the_o excessive_a trade_n of_o the_o thing_n and_o by_o the_o waist_n thereof_o it_o be_v certain_a say_v he_o that_o we_o have_v our_o corn_n and_o wine_n better_o cheap_a during_o the_o war_n with_o the_o spaniard_n and_o fleming_n then_o after_o the_o war_n when_o the_o trade_n be_v permit_v for_o the_o husbandman_n be_v drive_v to_o sell_v and_o to_o make_v money_n of_o his_o ware_n and_o the_o gentleman_n find_v the_o same_o perishable_a when_o the_o merchant_n dare_v not_o lade_v his_o ship_n bring_v down_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n and_o make_v the_o people_n to_o live_v good_a cheap_a which_o according_a to_o the_o proverb_n france_n can_v never_o be_v famish_v will_v always_o continue_v if_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o the_o stranger_n their_o storehouse_n be_v not_o empty_v the_o spaniard_n do_v buy_v and_o transport_v their_o corn_n before_o it_o be_v ripe_a because_o his_o country_n except_o arragon_n and_o granado_n be_v of_o great_a sterility_n therefore_o have_v the_o corn_n merchant_n great_a privilege_n for_o bring_v corn_n unto_o they_o and_o be_v only_o license_v to_o export_v money_n for_o the_o 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pay_v 72_o thousand_o crown_n for_o a_o diamond_n rather_o than_o king_n henry_n shall_v have_v have_v the_o same_o present_o the_o nobility_n and_o the_o people_n do_v give_v themselves_o to_o study_v and_o to_o buy_v precious_a stone_n and_o when_o king_n henry_n begin_v to_o make_v little_a account_n of_o the_o stone_n their_o general_a estimation_n and_o price_n be_v abate_v whereof_o there_o be_v many_o example_n in_o like_a sort_n for_o the_o art_n of_o paint_v the_o prince_n of_o the_o east_n and_o alexander_n the_o great_a have_v bring_v they_o into_o such_o credit_n that_o a_o picture_n of_o venus_n issue_v out_o of_o the_o water_n which_o apelles_n have_v make_v be_v buy_v for_o 60_o thousand_o crown_n alexander_n give_v for_o his_o 200_o talent_n that_o be_v 36_o thousand_o pound_n starling_n apelles_n himself_o make_v no_o difficulty_n to_o buy_v a_o picture_n of_o protogenes_n for_o 50_o thousand_o crown_n conclude_v with_o other_o example_n that_o the_o pleasure_n of_o prince_n make_v thing_n dear_a as_o aforesaid_a and_o so_o return_v to_o the_o waist_n or_o consumption_n of_o thing_n wherein_o their_o example_n be_v also_o imitate_v he_o do_v reprehend_v the_o cut_n of_o silk_n upon_o silk_n or_o any_o other_o stuff_n so_o that_o it_o can_v serve_v but_o once_o for_o one_o person_n which_o cause_v the_o turk_n to_o call_v we_o mad_a man_n and_o further_o he_o find_v fault_n that_o our_o lackey_n and_o servant_n be_v apparel_v therewith_o and_o that_o so_o much_o stuff_n be_v put_v into_o the_o apparel_n disguise_v with_o new_a fangle_a fashion_n the_o proportion_n of_o our_o person_n or_o body_n contrary_a to_o the_o ancient_a modesty_n when_o as_o the_o fashion_n of_o the_o apparel_n will_v many_o time_n cost_v more_o than_o the_o apparel_n itself_o to_o this_o be_v link_v the_o desire_n of_o costly_a household_n stuff_n and_o dainty_a and_o delicate_a fare_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o meat_n and_o drink_v whereof_o he_o allege_v example_n which_o be_v better_a conceal_v then_o speak_v of_o for_o they_o bring_v with_o they_o all_o licentiousness_n and_o excess_n as_o a_o spring_n of_o vice_n of_o the_o calamity_n and_o misery_n of_o a_o commonwealth_n if_o any_o man_n shall_v here_o object_v say_v he_o that_o if_o thing_n do_v still_o become_v dear_a partly_o through_o the_o waist_n and_o partly_o also_o for_o the_o abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n no_o man_n shall_v be_v able_a to_o live_v because_o of_o the_o dearth_n it_o be_v true_a but_o the_o war_n and_o calamity_n happen_v to_o a_o commonwealth_n do_v stay_v the_o course_n hereof_o as_o we_o may_v see_v that_o the_o roman_n have_v live_v with_o great_a scarcity_n and_o to_o speak_v proper_o in_o great_a misery_n almost_o five_o hundred_o year_n when_o they_o have_v but_o copper_n money_n of_o a_o pound_n weight_n and_o without_o stamp_n until_o king_n servius_n and_o they_o make_v no_o silver_n money_n but_o 485_o year_n after_o the_o foundation_n of_o rome_n and_o 62_o year_n after_o they_o make_v money_n of_o gold_n and_o here_o he_o take_v occasion_n to_o compare_v the_o price_n of_o thing_n alter_v during_o the_o government_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o the_o law_n make_v by_o they_o for_o the_o suppress_n of_o abuse_n and_o that_o all_o their_o gold_n and_o silver_n come_v unto_o they_o in_o a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o year_n by_o the_o spoil_n of_o all_o the_o world_n which_o be_v bring_v to_o rome_n by_o the_o scipion_n paul_n aemylius_fw-la marius_n sylla_n lucullus_n pompey_n and_o caesar_n especial_o by_o the_o two_o last_o for_o pompey_n do_v conquer_v so_o much_o land_n as_o make_v the_o revenue_n of_o the_o empire_n to_o come_v unto_o 8_o million_o and_o one_o half_a of_o crown_n caesar_n notwithstanding_o all_o his_o expense_n &_o prodigality_n bring_v to_o the_o
cause_n of_o the_o dearth_n of_o all_o thing_n now_o and_o bring_v a_o general_a poverty_n to_o the_o realm_n a_o conclusion_n most_o opposite_a to_o the_o first_o paradox_n and_o whereas_o he_o say_v that_o of_o necessity_n the_o embase_v of_o the_o silver_n money_n proceed_v by_o the_o enhaunce_n of_o the_o gold_n the_o word_n embase_v must_v be_v understand_v in_o price_n according_a to_o the_o proportion_n of_o valuation_n which_o be_v observe_v between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n which_o in_o those_o day_n be_v 11_o of_o fine_a silver_n to_o one_o of_o fine_a gold_n but_o the_o silver_n be_v not_o embase_v by_o allay_n or_o copper_n in_o advance_v the_o price_n of_o gold_n for_o the_o substance_n remain_v unalter_a and_o become_v only_o abate_v in_o price_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o gold_n now_o if_o master_n bodine_n have_v not_o show_v before_o that_o malestroit_n have_v mistake_v himself_o in_o the_o set_n down_o of_o the_o enhaunce_n of_o money_n in_o price_n and_o the_o embase_v by_o allay_n whereby_o the_o gold_n money_n by_o he_o allege_v to_o be_v rise_v from_o one_o to_o two_o and_o a_o half_a and_o three_o in_o price_n and_o the_o silver_n money_n from_o one_o to_o 5_o we_o may_v have_v examine_v this_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n according_a to_o his_o allegation_n and_o thereby_o make_v know_v that_o he_o have_v mistake_v the_o matter_n as_o well_o in_o the_o alteration_n of_o money_n in_o valuation_n fineness_n and_o weight_n as_o he_o do_v the_o whole_a ground_n of_o his_o paradox_n for_o have_v lose_v the_o line_n wherewith_o he_o go_v into_o the_o labyrinth_n of_o money_n and_o their_o property_n he_o be_v like_a unto_o a_o man_n who_o have_v lose_v his_o way_n among_o the_o wood_n the_o further_o he_o go_v the_o more_o he_o err_v from_o the_o right_a way_n master_n malestroit_n may_v have_v declare_v his_o intention_n in_o two_o word_n if_o he_o have_v have_v the_o true_a ground_n and_o understand_v the_o matter_n he_o go_v about_o by_o prove_v only_o that_o when_o money_n do_v alter_v in_o weight_n or_o in_o fineness_n or_o in_o valuation_n or_o in_o all_o three_o the_o price_n of_o thing_n do_v alter_v only_o by_o denomination_n if_o the_o valuation_n be_v make_v according_o as_o for_o example_n a_o ounce_n of_o starling_n silver_n be_v divide_v heretofore_o by_o the_o king_n of_o england_n in_o 20_o piece_n and_o so_o value_v 20_o penny_n every_o penny_n in_o value_n weigh_v a_o penny_n weight_n this_o ounce_n in_o process_n of_o time_n as_o we_o have_v show_v elsewhere_o be_v divide_v afterward_o into_o 30_o piece_n than_o 40_o piece_n 45_o piece_n and_o now_o 60_o piece_n so_o that_o a_o penny_n weight_n of_o starling_n silver_n be_v now_o three_o penny_n and_o the_o piece_n be_v only_o alter_v in_o name_n for_o a_o three_o penny_n piece_n waigh_v but_o a_o penny_n weight_n so_o that_o the_o ounce_n of_o silver_n be_v alter_v only_o in_o denomination_n the_o price_n of_o commodity_n must_v needs_o receive_v the_o like_a name_n or_o denomination_n and_o if_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n be_v not_o rise_v above_o this_o estimation_n of_o three_o for_o one_o then_o m._n malestroit_n may_v have_v make_v good_a his_o first_o paradox_n howbeit_o fail_v in_o his_o second_o paradox_n again_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o the_o queen_n of_o england_n shall_v reduce_v the_o valuation_n of_o a_o ounce_n of_o starling_n silver_n unto_o 20_o penny_n present_o the_o price_n of_o thing_n will_v be_v alter_v according_o and_o that_o for_o which_o we_o give_v now_o 3_o penny_n shall_v but_o bear_v the_o name_n of_o a_o penny_n which_o will_v seem_v to_o be_v better_a cheap_a and_o yet_o will_v not_o be_v so_o in_o effect_n for_o we_o shall_v give_v still_o the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n of_o three_o penny_n albeit_o the_o name_n thereof_o be_v alter_v and_o therefore_o not_o better_a cheap_a true_a it_o be_v that_o the_o queen_n shall_v receive_v for_o her_o income_n and_o revenue_n of_o crown_n land_n such_o a_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o her_o predecessor_n do_v in_o time_n past_a and_o nobleman_n and_o other_o in_o like_a sort_n for_o their_o land_n and_o officer_n for_o their_o fee_n be_v after_o the_o old_a rent_n and_o custom_n but_o this_o reduction_n will_v prove_v very_o prejudicial_a consider_v that_o other_o prince_n have_v enhance_a the_o price_n of_o their_o money_n which_o do_v carry_v a_o show_n of_o gain_n in_o the_o eye_n or_o judgement_n of_o most_o man_n which_o be_v thereupon_o incline_v to_o carry_v money_n unto_o they_o albeit_o the_o price_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o those_o prince_n dominion_n do_v not_o only_o countervail_v that_o suppose_a gain_n in_o the_o general_a course_n of_o traffic_n but_o also_o far_o surmount_v the_o same_o but_o the_o money_n with_o we_o not_o be_v alter_v in_o weight_n fineness_n or_o valuation_n within_o these_o fifty_o year_n in_o which_o time_n the_o price_n of_o commodity_n be_v so_o much_o alter_v how_o can_v the_o first_o paradox_n take_v any_o place_n and_o if_o his_o second_o paradox_n have_v be_v of_o a_o true_a ground_n what_o reason_n have_v any_o man_n to_o measure_v thing_n present_a with_o the_o thing_n of_o former_a age_n so_o long_o as_o there_o be_v no_o alteration_n of_o the_o money_n almost_o within_o the_o age_n of_o any_o man_n for_o if_o above_o fifty_o year_n pass_v i_o have_v receive_v a_o angel_n of_o such_o weight_n and_o fineness_n as_o the_o angel_n now_o adays_o for_o ten_o shilling_n and_o do_v pay_v out_o the_o same_o again_o for_o ten_o shilling_n there_o can_v be_v no_o loss_n although_o i_o shall_v receive_v less_o quantity_n of_o commodity_n for_o the_o same_o which_o if_o i_o do_v i_o can_v attribute_v the_o loss_n thereof_o upon_o my_o angel_n but_o rather_o to_o the_o dearth_n of_o commodity_n the_o money_n not_o have_v be_v alter_v within_o my_o time_n king_n henry_n the_o 8_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n do_v find_v the_o ounce_n of_o starling_n silver_n to_o be_v value_v at_o 40_o penny_n &_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n according_o the_o money_z be_v in_o weight_n and_o fineness_n according_a to_o the_o ancient_a standard_n of_o england_n at_o which_o time_n the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n adjacent_a be_v not_o so_o much_o advance_v in_o price_n for_o a_o angel_n be_v in_o his_o time_n value_v at_o 6_o shilling_n 8_o penny_n be_v then_o worth_a beyond_o the_o sea_n 9_o shilling_n 7_o penny_n and_o the_o silver_n money_fw-mi according_o afterward_o towards_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o his_o reign_n upon_o especial_a occasion_n he_o cause_v all_o his_o money_n to_o be_v embase_v by_o allay_n of_o copper_n and_o make_v very_o base_a money_n whereby_o the_o price_n of_o all_o commodity_n be_v advance_v so_o that_o the_o money_n be_v alter_v in_o substance_n be_v the_o cause_n to_o advance_v the_o price_n of_o commodity_n albeit_o that_o afterwards_o when_o to_o her_o majesty_n great_a honour_n the_o substance_n of_o money_n be_v reduce_v to_o her_o former_a purity_n and_o fineness_n have_v not_o the_o like_a effect_n which_o seem_v to_o contradict_v our_o matter_n in_o hand_n but_o we_o must_v note_v here_o that_o there_o be_v a_o coherence_n to_o be_v consider_v of_o in_o the_o money_n between_o the_o weight_n fineness_n and_o valuation_n whereby_o if_o general_o either_o of_o these_o be_v alter_v all_o thing_n do_v alter_v in_o price_n according_o but_o if_o it_o be_v alter_v in_o part_n with_o due_a consideration_n it_o have_v not_o the_o like_a effect_n or_o operation_n king_n henry_n do_v alter_v the_o fineness_n of_o the_o money_n by_o allay_n of_o copper_n and_o withal_o do_v advance_v the_o valuation_n of_o a_o ounce_n of_o silver_n from_o 40_o penny_n unto_o 45_o penny_n and_o the_o gold_n according_o account_v one_o of_o fine_a gold_n to_o 11_o of_o fine_a silver_n whereby_o a_o angel_n be_v worth_a 7_o shilling_n 6_o penny_n the_o money_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o former_a goodness_n in_o her_o majesty_n reign_n will_v have_v abate_v the_o price_n of_o other_o thing_n according_o have_v not_o the_o valuation_n be_v alter_v and_o countervail_v the_o same_o together_o with_o the_o increase_n of_o money_n for_o this_o ounce_n of_o silver_n aforesaid_a be_v value_v at_o 60_o penny_n and_o that_o which_o before_o do_v bear_v the_o name_n of_o 45_o be_v call_v 60_o which_o denomination_n cause_v all_o other_o thing_n to_o remain_v at_o the_o old_a price_n whereunto_o they_o be_v come_v through_o the_o baseness_n of_o the_o money_n before_o that_o time_n now_o before_o we_o conclude_v it_o be_v worthy_a the_o note_n that_o when_o in_o this_o king_n time_n the_o angel_n be_v worth_a under_o the_o archduke_n of_o burgundy_n 9_o shilling_n 7_o penny_n the_o king_n
do_v send_v unto_o the_o duchess_n while_o her_o husband_n be_v in_o germany_n desire_v she_o to_o value_v the_o angel_n at_o 10_o shilling_n flemish_n but_o he_o can_v not_o obtain_v the_o same_o which_o seem_v very_o strange_a consider_v that_o the_o advance_v of_o the_o price_n of_o money_n do_v cause_n the_o money_n to_o be_v transport_v to_o the_o place_n where_o it_o be_v advance_v whereby_o all_o the_o angel_n may_v have_v be_v carry_v into_o her_o dominion_n but_o she_o like_o a_o wise_a and_o politic_a duchess_n cause_v the_o matter_n to_o be_v examine_v and_o consider_v of_o send_v man_n skilful_a in_o mint_n cause_n into_o england_n and_o find_v that_o the_o golden_a fleece_n aliâs_fw-la toison_n d'or_fw-la be_v the_o money_n than_o most_o currant_n with_o she_o and_o that_o the_o same_o be_v worth_a both_o in_o regard_n of_o weight_n &_o fineness_n asmuch_o as_o the_o angel_n &_o be_v also_o value_v at_o 9_o shilling_n 7_o penny_n she_o can_v not_o grant_v the_o king_n request_n without_o alter_v also_o her_o money_n unless_o she_o will_v have_v suffer_v the_o english_a merchant_n to_o bring_v angel_n unto_o she_o for_o 10_o shilling_n and_o to_o carry_v away_o the_o golden_a fleece_n for_o 9_o shilling_n 7_o penny_n to_o be_v convert_v into_o angel_n to_o the_o great_a loss_n of_o her_o dominion_n both_o in_o the_o money_n and_o to_o leave_v the_o commodity_n of_o her_o country_n unuent_v so_o long_o as_o there_o be_v a_o gain_n upon_o the_o money_n which_o abate_v the_o price_n of_o commodity_n these_o two_o paradox_n be_v thus_o unmask_v be_v easy_o conceive_v of_o any_o man_n of_o judgement_n to_o be_v far_o from_o the_o truth_n and_o therefore_o will_v the_o understanding_n thereof_o be_v account_v a_o matter_n of_o small_a moment_n as_o all_o thing_n else_o be_v when_o they_o be_v know_v like_v unto_o the_o egg_n of_o columbus_n who_o have_v discover_v the_o west_n indies_n and_o hear_v some_o say_v at_o a_o dinner_n that_o if_o he_o have_v not_o do_v it_o another_o might_n and_o will_v call_v for_o a_o egg_n and_o will_v all_o the_o guest_n one_o after_o another_o to_o set_v it_o up_o on_o end_n which_o when_o they_o can_v not_o do_v he_o gentle_o bruise_v the_o one_o end_n of_o it_o do_v make_v it_o flat_a or_o rather_o by_o swing_v do_v break_v the_o yolk_n within_o and_o so_o set_v it_o up_o show_v how_o easy_a it_o be_v to_o do_v that_o which_o a_o man_n have_v see_v do_v before_o he_o now_o let_v we_o examine_v the_o answer_n of_o master_n bodine_n master_n malestroit_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o nothing_o be_v grow_v dear_a in_o three_o hundred_o year_n as_o be_v before_o show_v but_o master_n bodine_n be_v of_o a_o contrary_a opinion_n and_o show_v five_o cause_n of_o the_o dearth_n of_o thing_n as_o we_o have_v also_o declare_v whereunto_o for_o a_o general_a and_o direct_a answer_n by_o way_n of_o replication_n we_o say_v that_o to_o show_v the_o alteration_n of_o the_o price_n of_o thing_n and_o the_o cause_n thereof_o be_v of_o small_a moment_n the_o true_a ground_n of_o the_o matter_n be_v by_o he_o mistake_v which_o true_a ground_n must_v be_v by_o make_v a_o comparison_n of_o the_o enhaunce_n of_o the_o price_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o one_o country_n with_o the_o price_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o other_o country_n and_o thereby_o to_o find_v out_o whether_o thing_n be_v grow_v dear_a with_o we_o in_o effect_n and_o whether_o we_o pay_v more_o proportionable_o for_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n within_o the_o aforesaid_a time_n of_o three_o hundred_o year_n than_o we_o do_v receive_v for_o the_o price_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n for_o if_o we_o do_v now_o pay_v more_o for_o corn_n wine_n and_o all_o other_o victual_n and_o sell_v our_o commodity_n for_o more_o than_o we_o be_v wont_a to_o do_v proportionable_o here_o be_v no_o alteration_n in_o effect_n but_o in_o name_n only_o so_o long_o as_o the_o substance_n of_o the_o money_n be_v not_o alter_v in_o property_n but_o if_o we_o sell_v our_o commodity_n dear_a and_o buy_v our_o victual_n dear_a than_o heretofore_o and_o that_o over_o and_o above_o the_o price_n thereof_o we_o must_v pay_v far_o dear_a for_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n then_o proportionable_o the_o price_n of_o our_o commodity_n be_v rise_v this_o cause_v we_o to_o be_v alose_o in_o particular_a and_o bring_v by_o a_o overbalancing_a of_o foreign_a commodity_n with_o our_o home_n commodity_n a_o general_a loss_n to_o the_o commonwealth_n which_o to_o supply_v cause_v we_o to_o make_v up_o the_o inequality_n with_o money_n which_o be_v the_o treasure_n of_o the_o realm_n the_o consideration_n than_o must_v be_v not_o to_o compare_v thing_n within_o themselves_o in_o the_o commonwealth_n where_o we_o do_v live_v but_o between_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n with_o who_o we_o deal_v either_o by_o way_n of_o permutation_n of_o commodity_n for_o commodity_n or_o commodity_n for_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la or_o by_o exchange_n so_o that_o we_o must_v examine_v the_o course_n of_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n which_o be_v the_o three_o simple_n under_o the_o which_o all_o the_o trade_n and_o traffic_n be_v perform_v whereof_o we_o shall_v entreat_v when_o we_o shall_v have_v examine_v the_o matter_n by_o he_o allege_v in_o particular_a the_o five_o cause_n of_o the_o dearth_n of_o thing_n by_o he_o allege_v be_v to_o be_v distinguish_v according_a to_o our_o form_n observation_n for_o the_o first_o &_o last_o cause_n concern_v plenty_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n may_v be_v cause_n that_o general_o thing_n be_v dear_a but_o the_o other_o three_o touch_v monopoly_n the_o want_n and_o waste_v of_o thing_n and_o the_o pleasure_n of_o prince_n can_v but_o make_v thing_n particular_o dear_a according_a to_o the_o use_n thereof_o wherein_o the_o time_n make_v also_o now_o and_o then_o a_o alteration_n upon_o occasion_n as_o when_o arm_n be_v dear_a in_o time_n of_o war_n then_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n victual_n in_o time_n of_o famine_n wood_n in_o winter_n and_o water_n in_o desert_n place_n and_o such_o like_a see_v then_o that_o plenty_n of_o money_n make_v not_o only_o the_o commodity_n of_o a_o country_n dear_a but_o that_o they_o be_v also_o nerui_fw-la bellorum_fw-la the_o sinew_n of_o war_n every_o prince_n be_v to_o have_v a_o singular_a care_n for_o the_o preservation_n and_o augmentation_n thereof_o especial_o those_o prince_n that_o have_v no_o mine_n of_o gold_n or_o silver_n within_o their_o dominion_n or_o such_o as_o have_v have_v they_o and_o be_v now_o without_o they_o the_o gold_n be_v wont_a to_o come_v much_o out_o of_o the_o mountain_n of_o boheme_n and_o river_n of_o pannonia_n and_o swaden_n out_o of_o spain_n there_o be_v wont_a to_o come_v both_o out_o of_o the_o river_n and_o monntaine_n above_o 20_o thousand_o pound_n weight_n yearly_a which_o be_v all_o exhaust_v than_o it_o come_v from_o the_o west_n indies_n first_o from_o santo_n domingo_n and_o other_o place_n where_o it_o do_v also_o cease_v now_o it_o come_v from_o peru_n by_o certain_a million_o which_o will_v also_o take_v a_o end_n the_o silver_n be_v bring_v also_o from_o the_o west_n indies_n and_o be_v much_o find_v in_o germany_n but_o be_v now_o in_o many_o place_n draw_v out_o the_o most_o noble_a king_n of_o this_o realm_n have_v always_o have_v a_o singular_a care_n to_o accumulate_v treasure_n deem_v therefore_o that_o it_o be_v neither_o expedient_a nor_o convenient_a for_o they_o to_o suffer_v the_o transportation_n of_o their_o money_n or_o bullion_n out_o of_o the_o same_o as_o by_o diverse_a act_n of_o parliament_n may_v be_v see_v whereby_o it_o be_v make_v felony_n for_o the_o space_n of_o many_o year_n continue_v william_n the_o conqueror_n cause_v a_o description_n to_o be_v make_v of_o the_o realm_n and_o the_o land_n to_o be_v measure_v reserve_v so_o much_o thereof_o as_o he_o think_v convenient_a for_o the_o crown_n and_o the_o rest_n he_o divide_v among_o his_o baron_n and_o knight_n who_o do_v pay_v he_o therefore_o a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n whereby_o he_o do_v gather_v a_o treasure_n henry_n the_o second_o succeed_v he_o within_o one_o hundred_o year_n have_v have_v many_o great_a war_n and_o join_v ireland_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n conquer_a also_o scotland_n and_o reduce_v normandy_n and_o other_o place_n in_o france_n to_o the_o crown_n and_o have_v reign_v 35_o year_n have_v never_o cause_v to_o impose_v any_o tribute_n subsidy_n or_o tax_v upon_o his_o subject_n and_o leave_v notwithstanding_o behind_o he_o in_o treasure_n 900_o thousand_o pound_n which_o in_o those_o day_n be_v not_o only_o a_o great_a matter_n the_o west_n indies_n not_o be_v discover_v but_o also_o for_o
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matter_n wherein_o he_o be_v surpass_v other_o that_o hence_o the_o proverb_n be_v derive_v that_o one_o do_v understand_v his_o par_n or_o equality_n be_v it_o in_o matter_n of_o exchange_n or_o money_n whereby_o the_o course_n of_o commodity_n be_v rule_v but_o this_o can_v proper_o be_v take_v as_o a_o remedy_n against_o the_o dearth_n of_o thing_n for_o it_o do_v keep_v a_o due_a equality_n in_o the_o price_n of_o all_o thing_n and_o make_v not_o any_o alteration_n so_o that_o we_o may_v conclude_v as_o before_o that_o master_n bodine_n have_v mistake_v the_o true_a ground_n of_o the_o matter_n he_o entreat_v of_o the_o remedy_n by_o he_o propound_v be_v also_o incertain_a for_o as_o we_o have_v say_v before_o we_o be_v not_o in_o this_o regard_n to_o compare_v thing_n within_o themselves_o in_o the_o commonwealth_n where_o we_o do_v live_v but_o between_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n with_o who_o we_o deal_v or_o traffic_n either_o by_o way_n of_o permutation_n of_o commodity_n 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which_o it_o be_v sever_v with_o the_o pireney_n hill_n under_o spain_n we_o reckon_v the_o eight_o kingdom_n follow_v castille_n contain_v 31_o 886._o m._n andaluzia_n 3_o 700._o m._n granado_n 3_o 150._o m._n navarre_n 1_o 868._o m._n portugal_n 12_o 600._o m._n leon_n gallicia_fw-la 9_o 520._o m._n arragon_n 16_o 760._o m._n biscay_n 4_o 666._o m._n  _fw-fr all_n 84_o 150._o m._n measure_n of_o land_n france_n which_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o pirency_n hill_n on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o english_a sea_n on_o the_o east_n with_o germany_n on_o the_o southeast_n with_o the_o alpe_n hill_n and_o on_o the_o south-west_n with_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n contain_v 32_o province_n normandy_n 2_o 022._o m._n campagney_n 1_o 785._o m._n xantogne_n 1_o 791._o m._n poitou_n 2_o 644._o m._n berry_n 1_o 437._o m._n limogis_n 140._o m._n picardy_n 1_o 307._o m._n anjou_n 840._o m._n calis_n 46._o m._n bulleyn_n 135._o m._n languedoc_n 2_o 240._o m._n dauphiney_a 900._o m._n burgundy_n 757._o m._n provence_n 1_o 178._o m._n vermandois_n 116._o m._n and_o vienois_n lionois_n gascon_a france_n lorreyne_a britain_n guien_n nivernois_n bourbon_n auverne_n velay_n pierigueux_n viemois_n and_o the_o rest_n contain_v all_o 91_o 350._o m._n measure_n the_o next_o country_n unto_o france_n on_o the_o east_n side_n be_v germany_n which_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o west_n with_o france_n and_o the_o low_a country_n on_o the_o north_n with_o denmark_n and_o the_o danish_a sea_n on_o the_o east_n with_o prussia_n poland_n and_o hungary_n on_o the_o southeast_n with_o istria_n and_o illiricum_n and_o the_o south_n with_o the_o alpe_n hill_n and_o with_o italy_n under_o saxony_n saxonia_n 3_o 750._o m._n misnia_n 3_o 360._o m._n turingia_n 1_o 120._o m._n under_o austria_n lusatia_n 2_o 614._o m._n slesia_n 5_o 558._o m._n bohemia_n 7_o 000._o m._n austria_z 6_o 300._o m._n moravia_n 4_o 200._o m._n beyeren_n 3_o 360._o m._n assia_n 3_o 947._o m._n helvetia_n 12_o 585._o m._n basle_n and_o swetia_n 2_o 992._o m._n wirtenbergh_n 1_o 270._o m._n embden_n 244._o m._n collen_n 214._o m._n salisbury_n 1_o 089._o m._n cleves_n 257._o m._n gulich_n 357._o m._n westphalia_n 2_o 450._o m._n ofnab_n 357._o m._n pomerania_n 3_o 360._o m._n marquis_n brandeburgh_n 6_o 293._o m._n machalburgh_n 2_o 100_o m._n franconia_n 6_o 440._o m._n tiroll_fw-fr 3_o 360._o m._n carinthea_n 1_o 634._o m._n stiria_n 1_o 866._o m._n count_n palatin_n 4_o 450._o m._n oldeburg_n &_o dulmar_n 462._o m._n liege_n 571._o m._n trier_n mentz_n strasbourgh_n spiers_n worm_n together_o 4_o 324._o m._n  _fw-fr all_n 97_o 884._o m._n measure_n the_o 17_o province_n of_o the_o low-countries_n account_v 550_o town_n and_o 12_o thousand_o village_n bound_v on_o the_o west_n with_o germany_n and_o france_n consist_v of_o 4_o dukedom_n 7_o earldom_n and_o 6_o signory_n brabant_n 1_o 502._o m._n guildre_n 420._o m._n luxenborgh_n
1_o 400._o m._n limborgh_n and_o walkenborgh_n 233._o m._n flaunders_n lyle_n and_o douai_n 1_o 559._o m._n henault_n 1_o 050._o m._n artois_n 722._o m._n holland_n 572._o m._n zealand_n 101._o m._n ouerysle_n 840._o m._n freezeland_n 464._o m._n malny_n 15._o m._n namure_n 196._o m._n vtricht_n 227._o m._n grocninghen_n 250._o m._n zutphen_n 357._o m._n meiers_n 35_o m._n and_o other_o place_n of_o the_o empire_n 141._o m._n  _fw-fr all_n 10._o 049._o m._n measure_n italy_n which_o lie_v on_o the_o southside_n of_o the_o alps_n and_o germany_n and_o stretch_v itself_o out_o in_o length_n towards_o the_o south_n &_o east_n may_v thus_o be_v describe_v under_o spain_n naples_n 14_o 700._o m._n lombardie_n 2_o 100_o m._n under_o venice_n trevisana_n 3_o 290._o m._n verona_n 740._o m._n frioul_n 1_o 400._o m._n mantua_n 570._o m._n under_o rome_n liguria_n 1_o 865._o m._n romagna_n 1520._o m._n latium_n 570._o m._n hetruria_n 642._o m._n savoy_n 2_o 520._o m._n piamont_n 2_o 100_o m._n tuscan_a florence_n 6_o 160._o m._n sienna_n 570._o m._n marca_n ancona_fw-la 1_o 790._o m._n parma_n plaisance_n 2_o 015._o m._n sicily_n 4_o 200._o m._n cyprus_n 2_o 100_o m._n candia_n 2_o 800._o m._n corsica_n 1_o 680._o m._n sardegnia_fw-la 5_o 600._o m._n  _fw-fr all_n 55_o 580._o m._n measure_n prusia_n lie_v on_o the_o east_n &_o north_n corner_n of_o germany_n 11_o 200._o m._n poland_n lie_v on_o the_o east_n side_n of_o germany_n contain_v 21_o 000._o m._n russenia_n 10_o 500_o m._n volhimia_fw-it 6_o 300._o m._n massovia_n 2_o 098._o m._n livonia_n 30_o 152._o m._n  _fw-fr all_n 70_o 050._o m._n measure_n denmark_n lie_v on_o the_o north_n side_n of_o germany_n have_v on_o the_o north_n and_o east_n side_n the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n &_o on_o the_o north_n side_n &_o west_n of_o sweden_n lie_v the_o kingdom_n of_o norway_n contain_v all_o with_o their_o dominion_n as_o follow_v denmark_n 13_o 643._o m._n norway_n 37_o 296._o m._n sweden_n 64_o 000._o m._n finland_n 8_o 392._o m._n holsten_n 1_o 398._o m._n ditmars_n 442._o m._n gothia_n 23_o 334._o m._n  _fw-fr all_n 148_o 505._o m._n measure_n the_o great_a monarchy_n of_o russia_n or_o moscovia_n begin_v on_o the_o east_n side_n of_o sweden_n extend_v itself_o from_o lapland_n and_o finmarke_n unto_o the_o caspian_a sea_n contain_v in_o it_o a_o great_a part_n of_o europe_n and_o part_n of_o asia_n whereof_o we_o be_v to_o make_v a_o division_n have_v only_o purpose_v to_o make_v a_o particular_a description_n of_o europe_n that_o part_n which_o be_v under_o europe_n contain_v 302_o 957._o m._n measure_n so_o all_o europe_n contain_v 940_o 198._o thousand_o measure_n of_o land_n hungary_n contain_v 21_o 000._o m._n dalmatia_n 4_o 900._o m._n transiluania_n 7000._o m._n with_o whole_a turkey_n contain_v 527,100_o m._n and_o moscovia_n 187,143_o m._n tartary_n contain_v 420,000_o m._n persia_n 560,000_o m._n and_o the_o land_n of_o calicout_n 840,000_o m._n make_v all_o asia_n to_o contain_v 2567_o 143._o m._n measure_n africa_n &_o all_o egypt_n 2240,000_o m._n america_n contain_v 1674,286_o m._n nova_fw-la spania_n contain_v 1960,000_o m._n summa_fw-la tot_fw-la 9_o 381_o 627._o m._n measure_n the_o whole_a earth_n of_o 1000_o measure_n for_o a_o league_n of_o 4_o english_a mile_n the_o territory_n of_o rome_n after_o the_o foundation_n of_o romulus_n do_v contain_v but_o 18_o thousand_o journey_n of_o land_n which_o he_o do_v divide_v into_o three_o equal_a part_n allot_v the_o one_o three_o as_o it_o be_v ecclesiastical_a land_n for_o the_o defray_n of_o the_o sacrifice_n the_o other_o three_o to_o the_o common_a wealth_n as_o it_o be_v crown_n land_n and_o the_o last_o three_o part_n be_v divide_v between_o three_o thousand_o citizen_n of_o all_o sort_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o two_o journey_n for_o every_o one_o william_n the_o conqueror_n cause_v after_o the_o conquest_n a_o description_n to_o be_v make_v of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n and_o the_o land_n to_o be_v measure_v reserve_v for_o the_o crown_n so_o much_o as_o he_o think_v convenient_a and_o bestow_v the_o rest_n upon_o his_o baron_n and_o knight_n he_o cause_v a_o imposition_n or_o tax_v to_o be_v make_v of_o six_o shilling_n upon_o every_o hide_n of_o land_n be_v twenty_o acre_n make_v 160_o acre_n to_o be_v a_o knight_n fee._n and_o so_o have_v leave_v the_o dukedom_n of_o normandy_n unto_o robert_n his_o elder_a son_n do_v thereby_o maintain_v his_o royal_a estate_n &_o dignity_n the_o grecian_n have_v diverse_a mean_n to_o maintain_v their_o estate_n but_o the_o roman_n have_v a_o very_a large_a and_o spacious_a jurisdiction_n have_v most_o mean_n by_o conquest_n and_o tribute_n of_o other_o nation_n the_o ordinary_a mean_n that_o prince_n have_v now_o a_o day_n for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o their_o royal_a estate_n or_o dignity_n may_v be_v comprehend_v under_o these_o three_o the_o first_o upon_o the_o estimation_n of_o the_o body_n of_o their_o land_n and_o dominion_n of_o all_o immovable_a good_n according_a to_o their_o value_n by_o a_o computation_n upon_o the_o hundred_o or_o a_o proportion_n of_o the_o fruit_n thereof_o which_o be_v comprehend_v under_o natural_a riches_n the_o second_o upon_o the_o thing_n which_o be_v consume_v proceed_v thereof_o namely_o of_o victual_n as_o of_o flesh_n fish_n wine_n bear_v fruit_n and_o such_o like_a of_o rent_n as_o of_o house_n and_o farm_n liberty_n and_o franchise_n manor_n and_o town_n of_o fire_n as_o of_o wood_n and_o coal_n of_o apparel_n as_o of_o woollen_a clothes_n silk_n fur_n flax_n and_o such_o like_a the_o three_o upon_o the_o trade_n and_o traffic_v of_o merchandise_n and_o upon_o the_o person_n of_o man_n according_a to_o their_o degree_n and_o quality_n which_o mean_n be_v increase_v by_o the_o inhabit_v of_o country_n and_o multitude_n of_o people_n which_o cause_v prince_n to_o study_v to_o make_v their_o country_n populous_a and_o to_o increase_v the_o commerce_n &_o traffic_n by_o the_o gain_n whereof_o the_o wealth_n be_v increase_v for_o albeit_o that_o the_o multitude_n of_o people_n make_v the_o price_n of_o land_n to_o rise_v and_o victual_n to_o become_v dear_a yet_o the_o prince_n and_o the_o subject_n mean_n of_o maintenance_n do_v also_o increase_v and_o one_o do_v live_v by_o another_o always_o so_o as_o there_o be_v have_v a_o singular_a care_n to_o set_v poor_a man_n on_o work_n and_o that_o the_o idle_a drone_n do_v not_o consume_v the_o sweet_a honey_n hereupon_o two_o special_a point_n be_v incident_o to_o be_v handle_v namely_o that_o as_o i_o have_v make_v a_o commparison_n of_o country_n and_o country_n under_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o prince_n in_o europe_n so_o be_v it_o not_o very_o difficult_a for_o i_o to_o make_v a_o comparison_n of_o the_o wealth_n thereof_o and_o likewise_o of_o the_o ordinary_a mean_n which_o these_o prince_n do_v use_v for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o their_o estate_n and_o what_o ordinary_a charge_n and_o expense_n they_o do_v sustain_v whereby_o will_v appear_v manifest_o that_o england_n be_v able_a to_o hold_v out_o with_o any_o kingdom_n in_o europe_n but_o fear_v the_o reprehension_n of_o some_o apelles_n this_o be_v a_o matter_n of_o state_n i_o will_v contain_v myself_o within_o the_o compass_n of_o my_o profession_n the_o second_o part_n be_v to_o delare_v many_o and_o diverse_a extraordinary_a mean_n which_o prince_n have_v use_v heretofore_o and_o may_v use_v in_o their_o necessity_n and_o occurrence_n but_o this_o will_v prove_v unnecessary_a consider_v we_o do_v live_v under_o so_o gracious_a a_o princess_n who_o god_n long_o preserve_v to_o reign_v over_o we_o who_o most_o royal_a disposition_n and_o clemency_n do_v rather_o moderate_a imposition_n and_o tax_n then_o invent_v any_o that_o never_o be_v her_o subject_n also_o be_v most_o dutiful_o obedient_a and_o thankful_o incline_v to_o make_v her_o majesty_n voluntary_a offer_v of_o subsidy_n and_o other_o mean_n for_o the_o general_a defence_n of_o the_o realm_n not_o expect_v that_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v of_o they_o require_v yet_o to_o give_v some_o glance_n of_o comparison_n between_o england_n &_o france_n the_o great_a kingdom_n of_o europe_n let_v we_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o observation_n of_o politician_n which_o affirm_v england_n proper_o to_o be_v divide_v into_o 52_o thousand_o village_n or_o hamlet_n as_o there_o be_v week_n in_o the_o year_n much_o after_o the_o division_n which_o the_o athenian_n make_v of_o their_o land_n in_o 365_o part_n as_o there_o be_v day_n in_o the_o year_n and_o to_o contain_v as_o they_o say_v 2800_o thousand_o family_n every_o family_n 6_o person_n be_v 16800_o thousand_o person_n england_n contain_v by_o our_o computation_n but_o 34_o million_o 438_o thousand_o measure_n of_o land_n square_n whereas_o france_n contain_v 91_o million_o 350_o thousand_o
measure_n of_o land_n be_v but_o esteem_v to_o have_v 4400_o thousand_o family_n and_o five_o person_n to_o every_o family_n which_o be_v but_o 22000_o thousand_o person_n the_o commodity_n of_o france_n be_v not_o so_o rich_a and_o of_o estimation_n as_o the_o commodity_n of_o england_n much_o less_o the_o commodity_n of_o denmark_n russia_n poland_n and_o other_o great_a country_n wherefore_o let_v we_o now_o examine_v for_o the_o second_o point_n concern_v artificial_a riches_n the_o goodness_n of_o our_o commodity_n master_n bodine_n do_v call_v salt_n to_o be_v their_o manna_n and_o we_o may_v call_v our_o wool_n to_o be_v the_o golden_a fleece_n which_o we_o shall_v not_o need_v to_o seek_v in_o colchos_n but_o here_o in_o england_n in_o regard_n both_o of_o their_o goodness_n and_o quantity_n great_a be_v the_o loss_n and_o hindrance_n which_o the_o realm_n receive_v by_o the_o licence_n which_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o give_v unto_o king_n john_n of_o arragon_n for_o to_o transport_v into_o spain_n certain_a number_n of_o cotsall_n sheep_n both_o in_o respect_n of_o wool_n and_o wool_n fell_v for_o we_o see_v what_o great_a quantity_n of_o wool_n better_v under_o their_o climate_n do_v continual_o come_v from_o diverse_a place_n of_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n dominion_n into_o france_n and_o the_o low-countries_n especial_o in_o flaunders_n where_o diverse_a fine_a stuff_n be_v make_v and_o bring_v unto_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n cause_v a_o decrease_n of_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o prince_n as_o may_v be_v know_v by_o this_o that_o the_o custom_n of_o wool_n in_o this_o king_n edward_n his_o time_n come_v to_o above_o threescore_o and_o five_o thousand_o pound_n yearly_a the_o ounce_n of_o silver_n be_v value_v but_o at_o 20_o penny_n which_o will_v make_v now_o 200_o thousand_o pound_n for_o there_o go_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n at_o the_o least_o a_o hundred_o thousand_o sack_n of_o wool_n whereof_o be_v make_v 300_o thousand_o clothes_n at_o the_o least_o whereas_o there_o be_v now_o computation_n make_v of_o 100000_o clothes_n yearly_a or_o somewhat_o more_o the_o custom_n be_v 35_o thousand_o pound_n whereby_o we_o may_v see_v manifest_o that_o there_o be_v a_o great_a over_o balance_v of_o foreign_a commodity_n with_o our_o home_n commodity_n as_o shall_v be_v make_v more_o apparent_a it_o be_v well_o know_v that_o since_o the_o statute_n make_v in_o the_o six_o year_n of_o her_o majesty_n most_o happy_a reign_n all_o sort_n of_o white_a clothes_n have_v be_v amend_v for_o length_n &_o goodness_n likewise_o kersey_n bay_n cotton_n northern_a dozen_o &_o diverse_a other_o kind_n of_o clothes_n have_v be_v better_v since_o that_o time_n whereas_o the_o commodity_n of_o other_o country_n have_v be_v make_v worse_a howbeit_o it_o be_v to_o be_v wish_v that_o with_o we_o good_a order_n be_v take_v for_o the_o continuance_n thereof_o as_o also_o that_o clothier_n will_v devise_v to_o make_v their_o clothes_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o venice_n as_o it_o be_v in_o hothouse_n save_v thereby_o a_o great_a part_n of_o their_o oil_n for_o the_o make_n of_o other_o clothes_n which_o be_v now_o waste_v and_o spend_v which_o practice_n be_v of_o late_o put_v in_o ure_n by_o the_o fleming_n in_o some_o place_n and_o yet_o can_v they_o not_o sell_v their_o clothes_n so_o good_a cheap_a but_o that_o our_o cloth_n be_v with_o they_o in_o great_a request_n for_o all_o that_o merchant_n beside_o other_o great_a charge_n pay_v unto_o they_o above_o 20_o shilling_n custom_n and_o licence_n for_o every_o cloth_n to_o bring_v they_o thither_o over_o and_o above_o the_o charge_n and_o custom_n of_o the_o dominion_n of_o other_o prince_n and_o state_n when_o cloth_n be_v not_o carry_v direct_o unto_o they_o come_v to_o our_o other_o commodity_n of_o lead_n tin_n copper_n iron_z bel-mettall_n and_o other_o mineral_n we_o shall_v not_o need_v to_o make_v mention_n of_o gold_n silver_n and_o copper_n because_o our_o mine_n do_v not_o yield_v such_o quantity_n thereof_o as_o in_o other_o country_n which_o have_v a_o better_a temperature_n of_o climate_n to_o that_o effect_n howbeit_o great_a store_n will_v be_v find_v if_o man_n do_v endeavour_n to_o find_v the_o same_o as_o for_o any_o thing_n we_o can_v as_o yet_o learn_v one_o man_n only_o have_v bestow_v extraordinary_a charge_n therein_o as_o some_o have_v do_v for_o the_o copper_n which_o by_o their_o mean_n be_v find_v somewhat_o plentiful_a whereby_o with_o the_o addition_n of_o the_o calamine_n stone_n many_o manual_a thing_n be_v now_o make_v within_o the_o realm_n by_o mill_n and_o otherwise_o which_o heretofore_o be_v bring_v unto_o us._n and_o now_o let_v we_o speak_v of_o the_o particular_n as_o of_o lead_n tin_n and_o iron_n our_o lead_n whereof_o we_o have_v abundance_n do_v exceed_v in_o goodness_n that_o of_o germany_n and_o other_o country_n and_o contain_v more_o silver_n than_o they_o which_o be_v black_a hard_a and_o unclean_a and_o therefore_o serve_v they_o to_o make_v piece_n of_o ordinance_n whereof_o the_o duke_n of_o brunswick_n have_v good_a store_n but_o iron_n be_v far_o better_a for_o that_o purpose_n and_o that_o which_o be_v find_v in_o other_o place_n be_v not_o comparable_a unto_o we_o neither_o have_v any_o prince_n the_o like_a tin_n a_o most_o royal_a commodity_n be_v exceed_v in_o goodness_n all_o other_o tin_n find_v elsewhere_o which_o be_v but_o little_a as_o it_o be_v not_o very_o abundant_a with_o us._n for_o all_o our_o mine_n do_v not_o yield_v above_o 10_o or_o 12_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n weight_n yearly_a at_o the_o most_o which_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o use_n thereof_o be_v and_o have_v be_v sell_v by_o we_o very_o good_a cheap_a especial_o in_o such_o place_n from_o whence_o we_o bring_v very_o corruptible_a commodity_n of_o wine_n raisin_n prune_n current_a &_o such_o like_a give_v they_o this_o &_o the_o like_a staple_n commodity_n for_o they_o we_o have_v note_v how_o of_o late_a year_n gold_n silver_n copper_n iron_z and_o lead_v have_v be_v find_v more_o plentiful_o then_o in_o time_n past_a but_o we_o can_v say_v so_o of_o tin_n the_o use_n thereof_o in_o turkey_n and_o other_o place_n be_v consider_v by_o reason_n whereof_o if_o heretofore_o the_o proportion_n of_o metal_n observe_v by_o the_o german_n and_o other_o nation_n be_v 150_o pound_n weight_n of_o copper_n to_o one_o pound_n of_o silver_n or_o 700_o pound_n of_o iron_n 600_o p._n of_o lead_v or_o 25_o pound_n of_o quicksilver_n and_o but_o one_o hundred_o p._n of_o tin_n much_o more_o ought_v we_o to_o diminish_v this_o proportion_v consider_v as_o aforesaid_a the_o great_a quantity_n of_o all_o other_o metal_n find_v in_o diverse_a place_n and_o but_o this_o small_a parcel_n of_o tin_n of_o that_o rare_a goodness_n find_v only_o in_o england_n where_o above_o 80_o year_n past_a the_o price_n thereof_o be_v about_o forty_o shilling_n the_o hundred_o when_o anounce_v of_o silver_n be_v esteem_v forty_o penny_n and_o when_o the_o best_a velvet_n be_v sell_v for_o ten_o shilling_n the_o yard_n and_o omit_v to_o speak_v of_o saltpetre_n coppresse_z allume_v and_o such_o like_a mineral_n whereof_o we_o have_v great_a store_n let_v we_o conclude_v with_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o great_a abundance_n of_o seacole_n that_o be_v find_v in_o england_n the_o price_n whereof_o might_n with_o more_o reason_n be_v far_o advance_v above_o the_o price_n of_o salt_n the_o manna_n of_o france_n see_v that_o as_o master_n bodine_n have_v note_v of_o all_o mine_n the_o mine_n hereof_o can_v be_v exhaust_v and_o so_o can_v salt_n be_v which_o with_o less_o labour_n do_v in_o a_o manner_n rain_n from_o heaven_n under_o their_o climate_n the_o rather_o for_o that_o wood_n be_v not_o only_o decrease_v with_o we_o but_o also_o with_o other_o nation_n that_o shall_v in_o time_n have_v as_o much_o need_n of_o our_o coal_n as_o we_o of_o their_o salt_n whereof_o the_o impost_n in_o france_n amount_v to_o 450_o thousand_o pound_n starling_n yearly_o as_o the_o matter_n be_v handle_v safforne_o and_o coney_n skin_n be_v two_o commodity_n exceed_v also_o in_o goodness_n likewise_o corn_n bear_v fell_n tallow_n hop_n wood_n hose_n and_o many_o other_o thing_n be_v all_o better_a than_o the_o like_a have_v in_o other_o country_n and_o so_o may_v leather_n be_v if_o the_o law_n do_v suffer_v it_o to_o be_v dress_v according_o for_o albeit_o that_o the_o difference_n of_o water_n in_o goodness_n for_o that_o purpose_n make_v a_o alteration_n yet_o they_o may_v be_v qualify_v and_o make_v serviceable_a to_o that_o effect_n our_o wax_n be_v also_o better_a than_o that_o of_o moscovia_n and_o the_o east_n country_n and_o this_o be_v a_o commodity_n have_v with_o little_a labour_n and_o without_o the_o use_n of_o much_o ground_n and_o of_o late_a
abundance_n of_o silver_n it_o come_v to_o 224_o pound_n of_o copper_n for_o 1_o pound_n of_o silver_n &_o so_o be_v it_o take_v diverse_o in_o diverse_a country_n according_a to_o the_o plenty_n of_o the_o one_o or_o other_o mettle_n upon_o all_o occasion_n the_o like_a shall_v we_o find_v touch_v the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n which_o with_o we_o in_o england_n have_v continue_v for_o many_o year_n 11_o of_o fine_a silver_n to_o one_o of_o fine_a gold_n or_o 11_o of_o standard_n silver_n to_o 1_o of_o crown_n gold_n which_o of_o late_a year_n be_v take_v according_a to_o our_o angel_n and_o crown_n gold_n suppose_v that_o other_o nation_n do_v hold_v these_o proportion_n follow_v the_o low-countries_n where_o they_o reckon_v two_o philip_n dollar_n for_o their_o golden_a royal_a or_o our_o angel_n make_v 11_o to_o 1_o if_o the_o toleration_n have_v not_o alter_v the_o valuation_n of_o their_o money_n in_o effect_n the_o royal_a be_v value_v at_o 16_o shilling_n 8_o penny_n flemish_n and_o the_o dollor_n 50_o stiver_n the_o pistolet_n of_o spain_n of_o 22_o cariats_n to_o 11_o rial_n of_o plate_n make_v 11_o to_o 1_o now_o but_o 10_o ¾_n but_o the_o overvaluation_n make_v great_a difference_n the_o french_a crown_n to_o three_o frankes_n be_v 11_o to_o 1_o when_o the_o crown_n be_v at_o 60_o sol_n which_o be_v now_o currant_n for_o 64_o and_o 65_o sol_n beside_o that_o at_o that_o time_n gold_n be_v by_o valuation_n at_o 74_o crown_n the_o mark_n of_o 8_o ounce_n and_o silver_n 6_o crown_n ⅓_n which_o be_v 11_o 13_o 19_o for_o one_o in_o germany_n one_o mark_n of_o silver_n at_o 8_o ½_o florin_n d'or_n be_v 11_o ⅔_n for_o one_o at_o rome_n 108_o carlins_n for_o 1_o pound_n of_o silver_n and_o 99_o ¼_n duckat_n the_o gold_n be_v 12_o to_o 1._o but_o by_o valuation_n or_o toleration_n be_v alter_v in_o all_o place_n they_o hold_v all_o either_o 12_o to_o 1_o or_o more_o beside_o that_o in_o most_o place_n their_o weight_n be_v inferior_a or_o less_o than_o we_o king_n darius_n do_v tax_v 13_o of_o silver_n for_o one_o of_o gold_n and_o plato_n make_v mention_n of_o 12_o to_o 1._o but_o if_o we_o will_v have_v a_o due_a consideration_n of_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o silver_n which_o come_v from_o the_o west_n indies_n yearly_a &_o proportionable_o the_o small_a quantity_n of_o gold_n &_o that_o for_o guild_v gold_n be_v more_o use_v than_o silver_n we_o shall_v by_o all_o mean_n advance_v the_o price_n thereof_o rather_o than_o to_o abate_v it_o and_o whereas_o some_o man_n natural_o incline_v to_o correct_v magnificat_fw-la seem_v to_o find_v fault_n with_o our_o former_a writing_n for_o say_v by_o way_n of_o interrogation_n that_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v receive_v beyond_o the_o sea_n for_o our_o gold_n after_o 12_o for_o 1_o we_o hold_v but_o 11_o for_o 1_o in_o proportion_n who_o see_v not_o a_o evident_a gain_n of_o 1_o in_o 11_o if_o the_o silver_n money_n do_v not_o countervail_v the_o same_o by_o way_n of_o toleration_n be_v receive_v far_o above_o their_o value_n beyond_o the_o sea_n we_o can_v omit_v to_o answer_v they_o to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v understand_v the_o truth_n imagine_v say_v they_o i_o have_v a_o ounce_n of_o gold_n here_o which_o cost_v i_o 11_o ounce_n of_o silver_n now_o if_o i_o do_v transport_v this_o ounce_n beyond_o the_o sea_n there_o they_o will_v give_v i_o 12_o ounce_n of_o silver_n in_o money_n for_o it_o but_o if_o i_o do_v bring_v over_o again_o that_o money_n here_o i_o shall_v have_v but_o 11_o ounce_n for_o it_o because_o there_o be_v no_o more_o silver_n in_o substance_n in_o it_o for_o the_o valuation_n thereof_o be_v make_v far_o above_o the_o value_n or_o é_fw-fr conuerso_fw-la if_o i_o bring_v over_o 12_o ounce_n of_o their_o silver_n money_n i_o shall_v have_v but_o 1_o ounce_n of_o gold_n for_o it_o or_o 11_o ounce_n of_o our_o silver_n ergo_fw-la there_o be_v no_o gain_n these_o argument_n be_v ground_v by_o surmise_n and_o draw_v of_o necessity_n as_o if_o we_o must_v needs_o make_v a_o exchange_n of_o gold_n for_o silver_n or_o silver_n for_o gold_n whereas_o it_o fall_v out_o thus_o one_o bring_v certain_a commodity_n from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n into_o the_o realm_n for_o to_o be_v vent_v and_o after_o sale_n make_v he_o do_v consider_v how_o to_o make_v return_n with_o his_o most_o advantage_n which_o he_o must_v either_o do_v by_o make_v employment_n upon_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o land_n which_o do_v yield_v he_o so_o little_a gain_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v sell_v general_o too_o good_a cheap_a as_o he_o will_v buy_v none_o and_o then_o either_o he_o must_v carry_v away_o the_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la or_o deliver_v the_o same_o here_o by_o exchange_n unto_o other_o to_o be_v repay_v beyond_o the_o sea_n now_o if_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n be_v low_a and_o will_v yield_v he_o not_o so_o much_o gain_v as_o the_o money_n will_v do_v be_v carry_v in_o specie_fw-la their_o money_n must_v be_v transport_v for_o the_o scope_n of_o merchant_n be_v gain_v whereupon_o he_o do_v consider_v that_o gold_n be_v more_o portable_a and_o better_a to_o be_v convey_v especial_o be_v beyond_o the_o sea_n take_v by_o valuation_n to_o hold_v in_o proportion_n to_o the_o silver_n 12_o to_o 1_o which_o he_o enjoy_v in_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o gold_n and_o not_o in_o receive_v again_o silver_n for_o it_o but_o in_o buy_v more_o commodity_n to_o be_v bring_v unto_o we_o exchange_v in_o effect_n from_o time_n to_o time_n their_o commodity_n for_o our_o gold_n as_o also_o for_o our_o silver_n a_o matter_n that_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o mint_n ought_v to_o look_v into_o for_o they_o know_v how_o to_o prevent_v it_o as_o we_o have_v set_v down_o in_o the_o treatise_n of_o exchange_n touch_v those_o that_o will_v have_v the_o transportation_n of_o money_n to_o be_v make_v felony_n by_o the_o law_n as_o it_o be_v heretofore_o thereby_o to_o hinder_v the_o exportation_n they_o be_v not_o well_o advise_v consider_v that_o such_o statute_n law_n be_v neglect_v and_o that_o informer_n do_v not_o regard_v to_o sue_v for_o the_o life_n of_o man_n but_o well_o for_o their_o good_n upon_o such_o penal_a statute_n if_o the_o money_n itself_o have_v so_o great_a a_o command_n can_v make_v way_n when_o it_o will_v depart_v a_o gain_n be_v offer_v which_o draw_v more_o forcible_o than_o the_o adamant_n stone_n to_o describe_v the_o course_n of_o the_o sea_n of_o money_n which_o like_o a_o ocean_n devide_v her_o branch_n in_o all_o country_n be_v very_o difficult_a but_o we_o may_v well_o observe_v that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o silver_n which_o come_v from_o the_o west_n indies_n be_v transport_v into_o the_o east_n indies_n where_o diverse_a nation_n now_o traffic_v for_o spice_n cause_v the_o price_n thereof_o to_o rise_v in_o those_o country_n who_o buy_v dear_a must_v sell_v according_o or_o else_o prove_v to_o be_v small_a gainer_n as_o the_o sequel_n of_o that_o trade_n will_v manifest_v gold_n be_v chief_o exhaust_v in_o all_o country_n by_o the_o trade_n of_o silk_n which_o cause_v the_o frenchman_n to_o prohibit_v the_o bring_n in_o of_o any_o into_o france_n where_o diverse_a stuff_n of_o silk_n as_o velvet_n satin_n grograine_v and_o such_o like_a be_v make_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n touch_v the_o form_n of_o money_n whereunder_o we_o comprehend_v the_o stamp_n or_o figure_n let_v i_o commend_v unto_o you_o the_o ancient_a make_n of_o money_n by_o mill_n or_o engine_n when_o gold_n and_o silver_n begin_v much_o to_o abound_v among_o the_o greek_n latin_n persian_n and_o egyptian_n the_o use_n whereof_o do_v cease_v upon_o the_o decline_a of_o their_o government_n when_o gold_n and_o silver_n become_v so_o scarce_o that_o money_n be_v make_v so_o thin_a that_o with_o the_o hammer_n they_o be_v stamp_v or_o coin_a great_a be_v the_o commodity_n that_o will_v arise_v thereby_o to_o the_o commonwealth_n beside_o the_o charge_n which_o prince_n may_v save_v and_o the_o facility_n and_o expedition_n in_o the_o make_n exact_o of_o great_a quantity_n of_o money_n fair_a and_o round_a more_o certain_a in_o weight_n and_o without_o crack_n or_o flaw_n and_o the_o stamp_n or_o figure_n of_o long_a continuance_n then_o that_o which_o be_v make_v with_o the_o hammer_n with_o a_o great_a noise_n by_o the_o roundness_n and_o fairness_n be_v clip_v prevent_v which_o in_o piece_n proportionate_a and_o of_o a_o fair_a impression_n be_v easy_o discern_v by_o the_o certainty_n in_o weight_n when_o piece_n of_o one_o sort_n shall_v weigh_v one_o as_o much_o as_o the_o other_o be_v colour_n cut_v off_o which_o be_v use_v to_o cull_v out_o the_o heavy_a one_o for_o their_o
use_n of_o melt_a or_o transportation_n and_o to_o pay_v out_o the_o light_a one_o especial_o in_o silver_n counterfeiter_n washer_n and_o falsifier_n of_o money_n will_v be_v soon_o detect_v and_o the_o false_a money_n know_v when_o piece_n of_o one_o sort_n shall_v be_v of_o one_o bigness_n and_o thickness_n and_o of_o one_o sound_n and_o fairness_n of_o stamp_n with_o their_o private_a mark_n for_o the_o time_n the_o thickness_n will_v be_v see_v the_o weight_n will_v be_v find_v and_o the_o sound_n will_v be_v hear_v by_o compare_v one_o piece_n to_o another_o especial_o when_o the_o redness_n or_o colour_n of_o the_o money_n do_v give_v suspicion_n that_o the_o same_o be_v counterfeit_v for_o there_o be_v great_a difference_n in_o the_o lump_n of_o metal_n of_o equal_a weight_n as_o we_o may_v partly_o perceive_v and_o be_v exact_o find_v by_o the_o last_o trial_n make_v thereof_o the_o mass_n or_o lump_n of_o gold_n to_o the_o lump_n of_o silver_n do_v differ_v as_o much_o as_o 9_o to_o 5_o that_o the_o body_n of_o silver_n be_v big_a than_o that_o of_o gold_n which_o be_v 1_o â…˜_n between_o copper_n and_o silver_n be_v as_o much_o difference_n as_o between_o 11_o and_o 13._o lead_v to_o silver_n as_o from_o 15_o to_o 14_o but_o that_o will_v not_o join_v with_o any_o other_o mettle_n than_o tin_n which_o be_v light_a than_o silver_n and_o do_v differ_v from_o it_o as_o 9_o to_o 13_o and_o from_o the_o gold_n as_o 7_o to_o 18._o iron_n do_v differ_v from_o silver_n as_o 4_o to_o 3_o and_o from_o the_o gold_n as_o 6_o to_o 9_o that_o the_o body_n of_o gold_n be_v lesser_a quicksilver_n which_o be_v volatile_a come_v near_a unto_o gold_n and_o do_v differ_v as_o 3_o to_o 4_o the_o fix_v whereof_o be_v difficult_a touch_v the_o scisell_n which_o come_v by_o the_o make_n of_o money_n by_o mill_n or_o engine_n it_o be_v soon_o make_v and_o convert_v into_o money_n and_o may_v be_v lessen_v by_o good_a cast_n of_o the_o mettle_n into_o plate_n proportionate_a which_o by_o degree_n may_v be_v reform_v according_a to_o the_o increase_n of_o the_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n to_o which_o end_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o exhort_v and_o require_v all_o goldsmith_n and_o other_o to_o be_v vigilant_a and_o diligent_a in_o bring_v of_o bullion_n into_o her_o majesty_n mint_n where_o they_o may_v have_v very_o speedy_a and_o assure_a payment_n thereof_o at_o all_o appoint_a time_n and_o in_o this_o place_n we_o must_v not_o forget_v that_o care_n may_v be_v have_v that_o the_o monier_n which_o work_n by_o the_o hammer_n may_v be_v provide_v for_o their_o line_n or_o be_v set_v on_o work_n by_o the_o mill_n or_o engine_n last_o it_o be_v very_o convenient_a &_o commodious_a as_o also_o good_a for_o the_o poor_a to_o make_v small_a money_n of_o copper_n as_o halfpence_n and_o farthing_n which_o may_v be_v call_v pledge_n of_o the_o poor_a and_o will_v increase_v charity_n towards_o they_o whereby_o also_o all_o leaden_a token_n 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that_o which_o be_v record_v of_o the_o treasure_n of_o prince_n in_o time_n past_a to_o awaken_v care_n in_o other_o the_o great_a mean_n that_o the_o roman_n have_v to_o save_v their_o state_n when_o hannibal_n have_v almost_o bring_v they_o to_o ruin_v be_v 450_o thousand_o crown_n that_o the_o treasure_n do_v amount_v unto_o which_o be_v gather_v by_o the_o redemption_n of_o slave_n and_o never_o touch_v until_o that_o time_n pope_n john_n the_o 22._o leave_v 23_o million_o of_o gold_n sardanapalus_n 40_o million_o of_o crown_n cirus_n 50_o million_o the_o athenian_n 60_o million_o tiberius_n the_o emperor_n 67_o million_o alexander_n the_o great_a find_v in_o the_o treasury_n of_o darius_n occhus_n the_o persian_a king_n 80_o million_o but_o the_o great_a treasure_n mention_v in_o the_o scripture_n which_o king_n david_n leave_v be_v 120_o million_o which_o do_v exceed_v far_o the_o treasure_n record_v of_o the_o roman_n when_o they_o flourish_v most_o under_o trajan_n the_o 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