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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
england_n	king_n	part_n	scot_n	2,597	5	9.3078	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A42127	Chorographia, or, A survey of Newcastle upon Tine the estate of this country under the Romans : the building of the famous wall of the Piets, by the Romans : the ancient town of Pandon : a briefe description of the town, walls, wards, churches, religious houses, streets, markets, fairs, river and commodities, with the suburbs : the ancient and present government of the town : as also, a relation of the county of Northumberland, which was the bulwark for England, against the introdes of the Scots : their many castles and towers : their ancient Cheviot-Hills, of Tinedale, and Reedsdale, with the inhabitants.	Gray, William, fl. 1649.	1649 (1649)	Wing G1975; ESTC R10141	20,120	58

fishponds c. The suburbs of Sand-Gate escaped the fury of these Warres except some neer the walls of the Town which was fired One remarkeable thing is recorded of two Carpenters hewing of a tree bloud issued out of the timber in what part of the wood they cut Below East is the Ballist Hill where women upon their heads carried Ballist which was taken forth of small ships which came empty for Coales Which place was the first Ballist shoare out of the town since which time the trade of Coales increasing there is many Ballist shoares made below the water on both sides of the River Upon the North side of the River is the Ewes Burne over which is a wood Bridge which goeth down to a place called the Glasse-Houses where plaine Glasse for windowes are made which serveth most parts of the Kingdom Below East is many shores built for casting of Ballist out of ships which brings profit to the town and the occupiers of the same OF THE NOBLE AND ANCIENT FAMILIES OF THE NORTH AND THEIR CASTLES THE North parts of England hath been in the Romans time and in after ages the Bulwarks and Fortresses of England against the inrodes of the Scots Newcastle for the East parts of this land and Carlile for the West The two great Princes of the North were the Earles of Northumberland at Alnwick and Westmerland at Raby Castle in the Bishopprick of Durham The first famous for the great overthrow he gave Malcolme King of the Scots and his Sonne Edward slain at his Castle of Alnewick The second Earle made famous for taking David King of Scots prisoner and the overthrow of his Army at Nevils-Crosse neer Durham The Lord Dacres and Lord Lumleyes were famous in their generations the first lived in Cumberland in his many Castles the other in the Bishopprick of Durham in Lumley Castle both of them having lands in Northumberland who held their land of the King in Knight service for his warres against the Scots The Bishops of Durham had their Castles in the frontiers in Norhamshire and Elandshire The Nobility and Gentry of the North are of great antiquity and can produce more ancient Families then any other part of England many of them Gentry before the Conquest the rest came in with William the Conquerour The Noblemen and Gentry of the North hath been alwayes imployed in their native countrey in the warres of the Kings of England against the Scots all of them holding their lands in Knights service to attend the warres in their own persons with horse and speare as the manner of fighting was in those dayes Some Gentlemen held their lands in Cornage by blowing a Horne to give notice that the Scots their enemies had invaded the land The Scots their neighbouring enemies hath made the inhabitants of Northumberland fierce and hardy whiles sometimes they kept themselves exercised in the warres being a most warre-like Nation and excellent good Light-Horsemen wholly addicting themselves to Mars and Armes not a Gentleman amongst them that hath not his Castle or Tower and so it was divided into a number of Baronies the Lords whereof in times past before King Edward the first's dayes went commonly under the name of Barons although some of them were of no great living It was the policy of the Kings of England to cherish and maintain Martiall Prowesse among them in the Marches of the Kingdome if it were nothing else but with an honourable bare title Some Gentlemen of the North are called to this day Barons The Ancient Families and Names of the Gentry are many which hath continued from William the Conquerour unto these late dayes The Grayes of Chillingham and Horton Barons of Warke-castle Ogles of Ogle-castle Fenwickes of Wallington Widdrington of Widdrington-castle Delavale of Seaton-Delavale Ridleyes of Williams-Weeke Muschampes of Barsmore the chiefe Baron of Northumberland in Edward the first's reigne Mitfords of Midford Fosters of Edderston Claverings of Callalie Swinburnes of Swinburne now of Capheaton Radliffes of Delston Harbottle of Harbottle-castle extinct Haggerston of Haggerton Hebburne of Heburne Blankenship of Blankenship Fetherstonhaugh of Fetherstonhaugh Herons of Chepehase Horsley of Horsley Craster of Craster Laraines of Kirkharle Collingwoods of Eslington Whitfield of Whitfield Carnaby of Halton Lisles of Felton Strudders of Kirknewton Selbyes of Twisel Eringtons of Bewfrom Weldon of Weldon Bradforth of Bradforth Rodom of Little Haughton Carres of Ford-castle Creswell of Creswell Halls of Otterburne Thirlwall of Thirlwall-castle Killingworth of Killingworth These ancient Noble Families continued many years valiant and faithfull unto the Kingdom of England and flourished all in their times untill the two powerfull Earles of the North rose in rebellion in Queen Elizabeths reigne who drew along with them many Gentry of the North who overthrew themselves and confederates and many ancient families of the North Since many ancient names have been extinct for want of Heires Male and have been devolved upon other names and families Since the union of both Kingdoms the Gentry of this Country hath given themselves to idlenesse luxury and covetousnesse living not in their own houses as their ancestours hath done profusely spending their revenues in other Countries and hath consumed of late their ancient houses The Castles in the North are many and strong Morpith-Castle so called from the death of the Picts in that place Alnewick-Castle where the Earles of Northumberland kept their Court famous for two battels fought against the Scots who received a shamefull overthrow by the valour of the Earles of Northumberland Upon Tweed and Borders are Wark-castle a Barony of the Grays Norham-castle belonging to the Bishops of Durham Barwick upon the left banck and river a strong Town of Warre opposite sometimes against the Scots the farthest bounds of the English Empire Upon Till a River falling into Tweed above Norham is Ford-castle To the West beyond the River riseth Floddon-Hill made famous by the death of James the fourth King of Scotland slain in a memorable battell by Thomas Howard Earle of Surrey Generall of the English in the reigne of Henry the Eighth Upon the East Sea is Bambrough-castle and Dunstonbrough-castle builded by the Saxons and sometimes the Royall Seats of the Kings of Northumbers Bambrough-castle afterward converted into a Priory and did homage and vassalage to their Lord Priour Many battells and skirmishes hath been in this North and alwaies hath been victorious against the Scots Besides the forenamed battels of Alnewick-castle and Floddon at Solommosse fifteen thousand Scots were put to flight eight hundred slain and one and twenty of their Nobles taken prisoners by the English There was Lord Wardens of the East West and middle Marches appointed who had power by Martiall Law to represse all enormities and outrages committed in the Borders They had their Laws called Border Laws In the North toward the Borders is many Hills one of them most eminent called Cheviot Hill upon the top of it is Snow to be seen at Midsummer and a Land mark for Sea-men that comes out of the East parts from Danzieke through the Baltick Seas and from the King of Denmarks country it being the first land that Marriners make for the Coast of England These Chiviot Hills is made famous for the hunting of the Earl of Northumberland at the hunting the Earl Duglas of Scotland who met him with his forces and engaged one the other where was great bickerings and skirmishes to the losse of many men where both Earles fought valiantly called to this day Cheviot Chase There is many Dales the chief are Tinedale and Reedsdale a country that William the Conquerour did not subdue retaining to this day the ancient Laws and Customs according to the County of Kent whereby the lands of the father is equally divided at his death amongst all his sonnes These Highlanders are famous for theeving they are all bred up and live by theft They come down from these Dales into the low Countries and carry away horses and cattell so cunningly that it will be hard for any to get them or their cattell except they be acquainted with some Master Thiefe who for some mony which they call Saufey mony may help they to their stoln goods or deceive them There is many every year brought in of them into the Goale of Newcastle and at the Assises are condemned and hanged sometimes twenty or thirty They forfeit not their lands according to the tenure in Gavelkind the Father to Bough the Sonne to the Plough The people of this Country hath had one barbarous Custome amongst them if any two be displeased they expect no law but bang it out bravely one and his kindred against the other and his they will subject themselves to no Justice but in an unhumane and barbarous manner fight and kill one another they run together clangs as they terme it or names This fighting they call their Feides or deadly Feides a word so barbarous that I cannot expresse it in any other tongue Of late since the union of both Kingdoms this heathenish bloody custom is repressed and good laws made against such barbarous and unchristian misdemeanours and fightings In this North Country groweth plenty of hadder or ling good for Cattell to feed upon and for Moor-Fowle and Bees this hearbe yeeldeth a flower in June as sweet as Hony whereof the Picts in time past did make a pleasant drink wholsome for the body of Man Upon the West parts of Northumberland the Picts Wall is out of the ruines of which is built many Towers and Houses in that part where the Picts Wall stood in some of the wast ground the Wall is to be seen of a great height and almost whole many stones have been found with Roma upon it and all the names of the Roman Emperours Consuls and Proconsuls both in Stone and in Coine of Silver and Brasse with their Emperours Image upon them So the Picts Wall goes through Northumberland into Cumberland where I end my Peregrination and Travell keeping my selfe within the limits and bounds of Northumberland FINIS * Camden

memory will continue untill there be no more time Aere vel marmore perennius viz. His gift of twenty pound per annum for ever to the foure Churches in Newcastle Dignum laude Virum Musa vetat Mori There is a Tombe as is reported belonging to the Fitz-Williams not placed who going Embassador into Scotland dyed and was interred in Saint Nicholas 2. Is Allhallowes omnium animarum Panton theon from the ancient name of that part of the Towne Pampeden having a broad and square Church and more populous then all the three other Parishes and able to contain more people then the rest having three Galleries There is few Monuments or Tombes in it Onely one stately Tombe of that worthy benefactor Roger de Thornton having a large jet stone curiously ingraven with his Armes and the Armes of that noble Family of the Lord Lumley who married a daughter of Thorntons He dyed in the Reigne of Henry the seventh There was one Thomas Smith Shipwright of this Parish that gave foure pound eighteen shillings ten pence yearly for ever to the distressed poor of that Parish 3. Church is Saint Johns a pretty little Church commended by an Arch-Prelate of this Kingdome because it resembleth much a Crosse In this Parish the Earles of Westmorland had his house as others good benefactors to this Towne 4. Saint Andrews the ancientest of all the foure as appeareth by the old building and fashion of the Church In it is to be seen a pardon of a Pope for nine thousand yeares to come Likewise there is an ancient large Stone of one Adam de Athell of Gesmund with this inscription hic jacot Dominus Adamaus de Athel Miles qui obiit Anno 1887. The Parson of the Towne is the Bishop of Carlile who hath his Vicar or Substitute and a faire old house belonging to the Vicar THE STREETS AND BUILDINGS OF THE ANCIENT TOWNE OF PAMPDEN I COME in the next place to describe every part of this Towne what it was in the times of the Heptarchy of this Kingdom and in after succeeding ages First of Pampeden alias Pantheon It hath retained his name without much alteration since the Romans recided in it After the departure of the Romans the Kings of Northumberland kept their recidence in it and had their house now called Pandon-Hall It was a safe bulwarke having the Picts Wall on the North side and the River of Tine on the South This place of Pandon is of such antiquitie that if a man would expresse any ancient thing it is a common proverb As old as Pandon In it is many ancient buildings houses and streets Some Gentlemen of Northumberland had their houses in it There is an ancient place called the Wall-Knowle called since Saint Michael upon the Wall-Knowle having a high and strong Tower now called the Carpenters-Tower adjoyning to that place upon the Town-Wall There is below towards the River of Tine an ancient Religious House called Trinity-House not many houses in England named by that name now converted to another use for the Masters of Trinity-House which have many priviledges and immunities granted unto them for services done by sea In this part of the Town of Pandon below is many narrow Streets or Chaires and ancient buildings through the midst of it the River of Tine flows and ebbs and a Burne runs called Pandon-burne This place called the Burne-Banek stands very low It is recorded that in Edward the thirds time an hundred and forty houses was drowned by overflowing of water ●ince the houses towards the Key side are heightned with ballist and a high stone Wall without which Wall is a long and broad Whars or Key which hindereth the like inundation In the upper part of this Pandon is an ancient Religious House founded by the Kings of Northumberland now called the Mannours formerly Saint Augustine Friers where the Kings of Northumberland was enterred since in succeeding ages inlarged and beautified with stately buildings Cloysters and a faire Church The kings of England since the Conquest kept house in it when they came with an Army Royall against Scotland and since the suppression of Monasteries made a Magazine and Storehouse for the North parts Now of late that princely fabrick demolished and layd levell with the ground The pride covetousnesse luxury and idolatry of these houses brought a sudden ruine upon themselves and houses In this place of Pandon is a Bridge called Stock-Bridge where Fishers come up with their fish and sould them here THE GRANTS AND CHARTERS TO THE TOWNE THE antiquity of this Towne is known to be from that time that the Romans had command in the Northern parts who built the Picts Wall After their departure the Saxons became masters of this countrey then the Danes The Danes being vanquished and expelled this land the English enjoyed it untill William the Conquerour made all England vassals and obey his Norman laws as far as the River of Tine King William overthrew the Northern forces in Gateside-Foil neer Newcastle Since which time great is the priviledges that Kings and Princes hath endowed this Town with Robert sonne of William the Conquerour built the Castle called New-Castle against the often inrodes of our neighbouring Scots King John gave the first Grant to Newcastle and endowed it with many priviledges and immunities to the good men of the same King Henry the third made it a Corporation whereas formerly it belonged to the County of Northumberland as by Henry the thirds Charter doth appear Noveritis nos concessisse demisisse hae Charta nostra confirmasse pro nobis haredibus nostris probis hominibus nostris de Novo-Castello super Tinam haeredibus corum villam nostram cum Novo-Castello cum omnibus pertinentibus suis ad seod firmum c. The Town of Pampden was granted to the beloved Burgesses and good men of Newcastle in King Edward the firsts reign as by his Charter appears Sciatis quod dedimus concessimus haee Charta nostra confirmavimus pro nobis haeredibus nostris dileetis Burgensibus probis hominibus nostris ville Novieastri super Tinam onmes terras tenementa cum pertinentibus in Pampeden in Biker juxta predictam Villam Novicastri c. Et quod predicta Villa Novicastri terrae tenementa predicta in Pampeden unica Villa de cetero sint unus Burgus ad uniendum concludendum dictae Villae Novicastri in angmendationem emendationem securitatem ejusdem Villae c. All the Kings and Queens of England successively granted unto the Town some honour or priviledge and inlarged their Charters Edward the third gave them the Forth for the good services of the Townes-men Edward the fourth gave them power to choose yearely Mayor and Aldermen in lieu of Baylisses After Kings granted to the Mayor and Communalty all the Royalties of the River of Tine from Sparrow-Hawke unto Heddon-Streames and that no ship load and unload

any manner of goods wares and marchandizes in or any place of the River but onely at the Key of Newcastle Also granted Commissioners to measure Keeles King Edward the sixth grants the Town of Gateside to be united to the Town of Newcastle Repealed by Queen Mary Sir Thomas White Lord Mayor of London gave one hundred pound yearely to the chief Cities and Towns of England for ever to be lent to foure Clothiers Merchants for ten yeares without interest The Town of Newcastle enjoyeth her hundred pound in her turn The first hundred pound which came to Newcastle was in 1599. The noblest gift that ever was given in England by any subject Some think in time it will ingrosse the most of the money in this land THE HIGHEST AND NORTH PARTS OF THE TOWN THE ancient parts of the Town of Newcastle was in the upper parts of it about Newgate where are many old houses and cottages which served these religious houses with provisions This part of the Town is called to this day the Hucksters Booths These people in those dayes had their livelihood from those Fryers and Nuns that lived in that part of the Town In after ages the Burgesses and good men of the Town began to trade and venture beyond the seas into forraigne places they builded many ships procured a Charter from the Kings of England to carry Fels beyond seas and bring in sorraign commodities The Staple was then at Antwerp in Brabant called Commune totius Europa Emporium This Charter of the Merchant Adventurers was the first Charter that was granted by any King to any Town After which Grant this town flourished in trading builded many faire houses in the Flesh Market then called the Cloath Market The Merchants had their shops and warehouses there in the back parts of their houses the River of Tine slowed and ebbed where boats came up with commodities which trade of merchandizes continued many years In that street the Mayors Aldermen and richest men of the Town lived In after times the Merchants removed lower down towards the River to the street called the Side and Sandhill where it continueth unto this day THE SANDHILL Now let us describe unto you the other Streets and Markets in this Town First of the Sandhill a Market for fish and other commodities very convenient for Merchant Adventurers Merchants of Coales and all those that have their living by shipping There is a navigable River and a long Key or Wharfe where ships may lye safe from danger of stormes and may unlode their commodities and wares upon the Key In it is two Cranes for heavy commodities very convenient for carrying of corn wine deales c. from the Key into the Water-Gates which is along the Key side or into any quarter of the Town In this Market place is many shops and stately houses for Merchants with great conveniences of water bridge garners losts cellars and houses of both sides of them Westward they have a street called the Close East the benefit of the houses of the Key side In this Sandhill standeth the Town-Court or Guild-Hall where is held the Guilds every yeare by the Major and Burgesses to offer up their grievances where the Major keepeth his Court every Munday and the Sheriffe hath his County-Court upon Wednesday and Fryday In it is kept a Court of Admiralty or River Court every Munday in the afternoon This is a Court of Record for inroling of deeds and evidences There is a Court of Pye-powder during the said two Faires Lammas and Saint Luke All the priviledges and power that a Court-Leet can have is granted to this Court Under the Town-Court is a common Weigh-house for all sorts of commodities King Henry the sixth sent to this Town as to other Cities and Towns brasse weights according to the standard Neer this is the Town-house where the Clarke of the Chamber and Chamberlains are to receive the revenues of the Town for coale ballist salt grindstones c. Next adjoyning is an Almes-house called the Mason de Dien builded by that noble benefactor Roger de Thorneton Above which is the stately Court of the Merchant Adventurers of the old Staple resident at that flourishing City of Antwarpe in Brabant since removed to the more Northern Provinees under the States Their Charters are ancient their priviledges and immunities great they have no dependance upon London having a Governour twelve Assistants two Wardens and a Secretary There is an old Chappell upon the Brid Next West is a street called the Close where are many stately houses of Merchants and others The Earle of Northumberland had his house in this street Neer the Sandhill East is Allliallows Banck or Butehers Banck where most Butchers dwell the way to Allhallows Church the South side of which is many Chaires or Lanes that goeth down to the Key side THE MIDDLE PARTS OF THE TOWN NEXT up street is the street called the Side In the lower part of it standeth a faire Crosse with columnes of stones hewn covered with lead where is sold milk egges butter c. In the Side is shops for Merchants Drapers and other trades In the middle of the Side is an ancient stone house an appendix to the Castle which in former times belonged to the Lord Lumleys before the Castle was built or at least coetany with the Castle Next up the Town North is Middle-street where all sorts of Artificers have shops and houses The West side of this street is the Oatemeale Market On the East side of it is the Flesh Market I think the greatest Market in England for all sorts of Flesh and Poultry that is sould there every Saterday the reason is not the populousnesse of the Town that makes it it is the people in the Country within ten miles of the Town who makes their provision there as likewise all that lives by Coale-trade for working and conveying Coales to the water as also the shipping which comes into this River for Coales there being sometimes three hundred sayles of ships In this Market is kept two Faires in the yeare for nine dayes together one of them at that remarkable time of the yeare the first of August the other is held the eighteenth of October upon Saint Lukes day Next above North is the Bigg and Oate Market every Tuesday and Saterday in the week In which street is an ancient house with a large gate called the Scots Inn where the Kings Nobility and Lards of Scots lodged in time of truee or league with England PILGRIM STREET EAST again is Pilgrim Street the longest and fairest street in the Town In it is a Market for Wheat and Rye every Tuesday and Saterday Likewise an house called the Pilgrims Inn where Pilgrims lodged that came to visit the Shrine in Gesmond or Jesu de Munde which occasioned to call this street Pilgrim-street In the upper part of this street is a Princely house built out of the ruines of the Black Fryers Both East and West

Chorographia OR A SURVEY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TINE The Estate of this Country under the Romans The Building of the famous Wall of the Picts by the Romans The Ancient Town of Pandon A briefe Description of the Town Walls Wards Churches Religious Houses Streets Markets Fairs River and Commodities with the Suburbs The ancient and present Government of the Town AS ALSO A relation of the County of Northumberland which was the bulwark for England against the inrodes of the Scots Their many Castles and Towers Their ancient Families and Names Of the Tenure in Cornage Of Cheviot-Hills Of Tinedale and Reedsdale with the Inhabitants Potestas omnium ad Caesrem pertinet proprietas ad singulos NEWCASTLE PRINTED BY S. B. 1649. S. P. D. DILECTIS BURGENSIBUS ET PROBIS HOMINIBUS NOVICASTRI SUPER TINAM W. G. Fortiter Defendit Triumphans Portus Castrum Carbo Salmo Salina Molaris Murus ●o●s Templum Schola sunt Novi gloria Castri TO THE CANDID READER EVERY Country hath had his Chronologer or Writer to portrait unto their countrymen their antiquities and noble acts Greece had his Homer Rome his Virgil Our Britains had their Gildas Saxons had their Beda England had of late his learned Camden and painfull Speed to delineate and portrait unto their countrymen the antiquities and scituations of all shires in England Yet it is impossible that any one man being never so inquisitive and laborious should attain unto the perfect knowledge of all passages in all places I have adventured to write of the Antiquity of this Town and Country which by reading and experience I have gathered out of the ruine of Antiquity that those Monuments which these late warrs have obliterated and ruin'd may be left to posterity for tempus edax rerum I find a great difficulty in my undertakings because the Records of this Country are but few and confused being so often infested by the Scots and Danes who consumed and fired all before them wheresoever they came Questionlesse many brave men have lived in this Town and Country many memorable acts of Chivalry have been atchieved but they are all buried in oblivion I hope the courteous Reader will pardon the faults committed herein Nam in priscis rebus veritas non ad unguem quaerenda est Many errours many suppositions upon probabilities may be found in it Humanum est errare decipi I have begun the work I hope some of my Fellow Burgesses will finish what I have begun to the everlasting memory of this famous town Some cretiques have presumed to correct and blame me with their indigested zeale and unknown enthusiastique knowledge of Chimoera's in their giddy pericraniums for fables and errours as the Priest that found it written of St. Paul Demissus est per sportam mended his book and made it demissus est per portam because Sporta was an hard word and out of his reading But ne sutor ultra crepidam let no man professe that he knows not It s true He that writes resembleth a man acting his part upon a Theator or Stage where the spectators have their eyes sixing upon him all observing his gesture and words if he fail in either presently he is censured and condemned Lastly we live in an age that Mechanicks will presume to step into Moses chaire and become politians to contradict and controle whatsoever is acted and done according to the laws divine and humane One thing I desire of these phantastiques Carpere vel noli mea vel ede tun Vale W. G. THE CONTENTS   Fol. THE first Natives of this Island 1 Romans first in Britaine 2 The first Roman Conquest in the North ibid. The North brought into a Roman Province 4 The comming in of the Saxons 6 The first Denominations of Newcastle 7 The Walls and Gates of Newcastle and who built them 8 The Bridges of Newcastle upon Tine 12 The Churches in Newcastle 13 The Streets and Buildings of the ancient Towne of Pampden 17 The Grants and Charters to the Town 19 The highest and North Parts of the Town 22 The Sandhill 23 The middle Parts of the Town 25 Pilgrim Street 27 West-Gate Street ibid. The Government of the Town 29 The 24 Wards of the Town 31 Of the River Tine and the Commodities 32 Divine Providence over all Nations and Countries 37 The Suburbs of Newcastle 39 Of the Noble and Ancient Families of the North and their Castles 41 Chorographia OR A SURVEY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE THE FIRST NATIVES OF THIS ISLAND THE Britains were Autochthenes natives of this Island for more ancient inhabitants we finde none The People of this Nation is thought to have been descended from the neighbouring Gaules in regard of the same Religion Language and Manners Their originall from the Trojans by Brute is altogether fabulous there being no Greek or Latine Authors or any Monument in this Island which makes mention hereof Their Descent from the Gaules is more probable being the next parts of the Continent unto Britaine or their way from Asia or the East from whence all Countries was first peopled ROMANS FIRST IN BRITAINE THE Romans were first certaine and know Forreiners in this Island C. J. Caesar was the first of Romans that invaded Britaine he having subdued the Nation of the Gaules made his journey into Britaine Cassivellanus reigning King Some Victories he atchieved some Hostages he took imposed a Tribute upon the Nation and so returned into the Continent he made no Conquest of them but discovered them to Posterity A long time after the Roman Emperour Claudius sent Aulus Plantius hither accompanied by two Brethren Sabinus Vespasian who made warre against the Britains vanquished them in severall Fights took Camalodunum the chiefe seat of their Kings and their King took prisoner planted a Colony at Camalodunum now Maldon in Essex and reduced the higher or South parts of Britaine into the forme of a Roman Province THE FIRST ROMAN CONQUEST IN THE NORTH IN the Yeare of Vespasian the great and populous Nation of the Brigantes are warred upon and in part overcome These Brigantes containeth all the Country North of Humber to the river of Tine and Picts Wall called lower Britaine Julius Agricola in the Reigne of Domitian set limits here to the Romane greatnesse and extended it Northward into the Seas and Friths of Dunbriton and Edenbrough in Scotland The Emperour Adrian not long after removed the Pale more Southward and the better to keep out the Enemy drew a Trench and Wall of Turfes crosse the Land betwixt the two Seas The Roman Britains being continually molested by often incursions of the barbarous People called Caledonii or Picts who brake down the Sodd Wall harrying and spoiling this Country Which moved the Emperour Severus to build a Wall of Stone with great wisedome and industry to strengthen this Northerne Parts of Britaine against the many inrodes of the barbarous Picts At every miles end of this wall was a Tower and in the wall a Pipe of Mettall

betwixt the Tower or Sentinell Houses that so soone as a man had set his mouth to this Pipe they might heare through all the Sentinells where the Enemy were and so in a short time giving warning from one end of the wall to the other One of these Towers remaineth whole in the Towne wall of Newcastle in Pampden older then the rest of the Towers and after another fashion standing out of the wall THE NORTH BROUGHT INTO A ROMAN PROVINCE AT this same time began this Country to flourish being reduced into a Roman Province to be civilized to learne Roman Letters habits and manners for before this time the inhabitants went naked had no houses to live in neither did they till the ground as one writeth De praeda venatione frondibusque arborum vivunt degunt in tentoriis nudi sine calceis Xiphilin This Countrey had the presence of the Emperours of Rome Yorke a Municipium of the Romans and the seat of their Emperours during the time of their abode in this Island attending the warres of the Picts and Caleedonians famous for the death and funeral exequies of the Emperour Severus and Constantius and the happy Inauguration of Constantine the Great sonne to Constantius here beginning his Reigne over the Roman and Christian world I finde in the time of the Romans many places in Northumberland that was their stations about this famous wall called sometimes Vallum a Rampire sometimes Murus Pictious or Murus Severi The most remarkeable is upon the Tine-West-Hexam called of old Axelodunum the station of the first Cohort of Spaniards a Bishops Sea under the Saxons Corebridge Curia of Ptolemy a city of the Otadeni Prudo Castle the station of the first Cohort of the Batavi Sighhill of old called Segedunum the station of the fourth Cohort named of the Lergi Pons Aelii the station of a Cohort of Cornavii now Ponteland Gabrosentum the station of the second Cohort of the Thracians probably saith my Author * Newcastle upon Tine Pampden a part of Newcastle probably a station of the Romans having an ancient Roman Tower and another ancient building called the Wall-Knowle a part of the Picts Wall This Towne of Pampden is very ancient probable some building was erected here in this place to their great god Pantheon this Wall being the outmost confines of the Roman Empire called now Pandon I finde of the Kings of Northumberland that had a house in Pampden which we call now Pandon-Hall an ancient old building and Seat of the Kings of Northumberland Tunnocellum the station of the first Cohort named Aelia Classica now Tinemouth at the mouth of Tine There is a Village neere Newcastle called Hetton where there is an old Roman Tower probably named from the Proconsull Aetius who was sent from Rome into these Parts whom the Britains petitioned for help in these words Aetio ter Consuli gemitus Britannorum c. Repellunt nos barbari ad Mare repellit Mare ad barbaros inter hac oriuntur duo genera funerum aut jugulamur aut mergimur Beda When the Romans had their Empire much weakened by their own discords and by the irruptions of the Gothes and Vandals Proconsull Aetius was forced to retire their Legions from the Northerne parts so leaving the Country naked the Picts did breake in who most miserably wasted and spoyled the Countrey THE COMMING IN OF THE SAXONS THUS Britaine became a prey againe to the Picts when the Britains had despaired of Romane help they sent into Germany to crave help of a People called Saxons who entered and inhabited Britaine to their ayde against the Picts The Picts being vanquished and overthrowne through their valour possessed themselves of this North Kingdome upon the driving out of the Native Britains The victorious Sexons erected their Heptarchy or seven severall Kingdomes The Kingdome of Northumbers was the most spacious populous and victorious Kingdome against the Picts or Scots untill the Danes invaded these Northerne parts and broke out like a violent thunder-clap on the Northumbers and put the English Saxons to much slavery and bondage many yeares untill they were expelled by the English The Kingdome of Northumbers being in Peace began to build and erect many strong Castles for defence against the Scots and Picts as Dunstonbrough Castle Bambrough Alnewicke Morpeth and Tinemouth which was the Seats of the Kings of Northumbers In time of this Heptarchy many famous Monasteries were erected viz. Hexam made a Bishops Sea under the Saxons many erected in this Towne of Newcastle and Pandon Some of their Kings were interred in Saint Augustines Friers now called the Mannors The upper Part and West was called Monk Chester before the Conquest a place wholly dedicated to Devotion and Religion Chester signifies a bulwarke or place of defence which sheweth that in ancient time under the Saxons it had been a place of Fortification for Religious men that lived in Monasteries THE FIRST DENOMINATIONS OF NEWCASTLE AFTER the Conquest it got the name of Newcastle by the New-Castle which Robert de Curtois sonne of William the Conquerour built there out of the ground against the neighbouring Scots This Towne of Newcastle and Towne of Pampden made one Towne by the Grants of the Kings of England being in old time belonging to the County of Northumberland This Towne of Newcastle is seated upon the Picts wall and side of a steep hill upon the North side of the River Tine The Picts wall came through the West-Gate Saint Nicholas Church through Pampden then to the Towne East called Wallsend The bounds of the Towne upon the West the Lands belonging to the Priour of Tinemouth On the North the Towne Moore as some say the gift of Adam de Athell of Gesmond Upon the East the Land of Biker Upon the South the River of Tine Gateside in the County Palatine of Durham THE WALLS AND GATES OF NEWCASTLE AND WHO BUILT THEM THE Towne of Newcastle is environed about with a strong thick stone wall having seven Gates or Ports with many round Towers and square Turrets These Walls began to be built in King Johns Reigne the North part of the Wall at Newgate The West part of the Towne in King Henry the third's reigne Pandon Gate and the East and South of the Townes Wall builded in Edward the first his Reigne and so continued building untill it was finished The Towne is two miles in circuit with trenches in the out-side of the Wall rampered within with earth The cause that moved them in those dayes to build this great Wall was the often invasions of the Scot into this place and Country they were continually infesting and sorraigning this Country and rich Monasteries in these Northerne parts the Religious Houses of this Towne and adjacent being above forty houses which hath been dedicated to pious uses There was a rich man in Edward the first's Reigne of Newcastle that was taken prisoner out of his house and carried into Scotland ransomed and