of future Right and Jurisdiction if the Pope's Authority and Consent were obtained and he who never bestowed gratis upon any man so much as words gave to the Kings of England the Dominion of Ireland but so as he should be a Feodary of the Church and pay to the same a certain Tribute But the following Kings refused to make any such Payment pretending That the Peers of the Kingdom of England had never consented to it At last King Henry the Eighth despising the Name of Lord for till then the Kings of England were onely call'd Lords of Ireland first took to himself the most Noble Title of King by his own power assuming that Honour which his Daughter Queen Mary afterwards chose rather to receive from the Pope But although Ireland where it is most civiliz'd hath by little and little learn'd to receive and indure both the English Laws and Governours yet it remain'd in other parts which are fuller of Woods and Bogs a Lover of its pristine and Natural Liberty For by that Name the Licentiousness almost of all which in other places is forbidden was called Among the rest the Family of Oneal is very eminent of which one first challeng'd the Principality of Ulster and soon after of all Ireland These Irish under such a Head gather'd Courage especially because England was at that time miserably torn by the Bloudy Dissentions of the two Royal Families of York and Lancaster But Henry the Eighth ruling peaceably yet with a severe Hand compelled the Heir of that Stock intitled Con Oneal to abjure the Name and Title of Oneal which was presently swallow'd up in the Honour and Dignity of the Earl of Tyrone Some believed that Matthew was Son to this Man but others suppose the same Matthew to be the Son of a Black-Smith But his Grand-Father Con exceedingly loved his Wife and therefore suffer'd to be obtruded upon him either a strange or an uncertain Issue This Man was slain by John who affirm'd himself the lawful Sonne of Con yet before his Murther had a Son call'd Hugh who was partly bred at Home partly in England and by the Favour of Queen Elizabeth had both the Earldom of Tyrone and whatever belonged to Con the afore-named John being kill'd in his Rebellion and all his Goods and Estate confiscated but under such Conditions as for the future took from him all possibility of doing a prejudice He was a Man very knowing in matters of War and being intrusted in many Affairs faithfully performed his Duty to the Queen until in the year 1588. when that most notable Spanish Fleet being beaten and scatter'd some of the Commanders therein with some Vessels were cast away upon the Coast of Ireland at which time holding private Conferences with him they stirred him up to recover the Right and Title of Oneal Yet however he might then fix his Resolution he discover'd no sign thereof at the present But others being risen in Arms mov'd thereto either out of Zeal to the Roman Religion or by the Injuries received from the English he a long time covering his Hostile Mind with the Veil of Obedience denied the guilt of any Crimes with no less Confidence than they were objected against him However without doubt it was a great failing in the English who would not when they might put into safe custody a man of so fierce a Nature whom they supposed guilty But he first casting into Prison the Children of John that he might not be impeded by any Domestick Quarrel and this year having heard that General John Norris a man famous in the Belgike War and then employ'd in French Bretaigne was called thence with the old Souldiers to appease the Irish Commotions put himself in the Head of the Rebels but yet not omitting with most humble words to desire peace and pardon throwing the cause of the Quarrel upon the cruelty of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland By this kind of Policy and by Truces he endeavour'd to protract the War until the Assistance promised from Spain might arrive And there his Devices and Intents were much forwarded by the Discords between Russel Deputy of Ireland and Norris who was appointed General of the War Their Enmity growing to that heightâ— that whatever seem'd fit to the one the other would not consent to because the first liked and for no other Reason But the Queen after the breaking forth of this Rebellion began a more fierce War Not for her Allies as before was pretended but for her own sake And therefore she sent out out Drake a person well known in the Western World with a great Fleet prepared partly at her own Charges and partly at the cost of private Men with hope to seize and take the Wealth gather'd together and laid up in Porto Ricco But the News of their coming being gotten thither before them all the Wealth being carryed thence more into the Land the Port it self was inclosed and stopp'd up by the Spaniards Wherefore Drake wasting all the other places of the Canaries going from thence to the American Streights he spoiled the Town of Nombre de Dios that lyes between two Seas where himself together with many of his men either by the untemperateness of the Air or with grief of mind that the Success of his Voyage answer'd not his Desires dyed About which time also another English-man Sir Walter Rawleigh Captain of the Queen's Guard entring the River Orenoco came to Guiana a place never conquer'd by the Spaniards of which he made a discovery from his own sight and knowledge But as to the Amazons and those whose Faces are in their Breast having onely been heard of but never seen he left the finding of them out to others I should deprive Posterity both Foreign and Domestick of the profitable and no less delightful part of the History if I should not set forth at large the Voyages at Sea whereby it is brought to pass That the Hollander's Felicity even in the midst of their Troubles hath not onely exceeded the happiness of others in peace but also of themselves For these being as it were born Sea-men have from thence raised the chief if not the sole support of their War not studying to divide the World or caring to be subject to the Bishop of Rome's Rules who hath ascribed to the Spaniard the greatest part of his Nature whereby under the Cloak of Religion he might oppress the Liberty of the whole World The antient Bounds of Merchandize and Trade for which these Nations through many Ages were famous besides a few Islands were two Narrow Straights and the Seas within them This Way towards the Sound That Way towards Hercules Pillars and the Islands of Gades There is between these a middle Coast of the Ocean where all the Profit arising to the Traders upon one side grows by their Selling or Battering the same on the other side for they the Dutch have a want of Corn nor indeed have plenty of any other
sollicitous for the support of his allies and to that end he had sent into England Maximilian de Rohan his chief Treasurer and a Privy-counsellor At last this Medium was found That whatever moneys the French should lay out in behalf of the Hollanders the third part thereof should be charged to the English and all accounts to be discharged wherein France impoverished by her Warrs was indebted to Britain The States were content herewith although they were offered by Sir Ralph Winwood the King of great Britain's Orator to be comprehended in the Articles of the Treaty if they pleased which they refused with great thanks The rest of the year King James spent in performing and receiving the Solemnities of the Kingdome and in viewing his new Dominion of England giving audience at Intervalls to the Embassadors of other Kings and the gratulations of his own subjects Tyrone himself the great Captain of the Irish Rebells coming and upon his humble submission obtaining pardon Concerning Religion several complaints were offered by two sorts of people The one in England are called Puritans being a people that do not esteem the Ecclesiastical State or Church-government there to be sufficiently orthodox and sincere but requiring therein more purity from whence sprung the original of that hated name of Separation These find fault with many Ceremonies retained from custome and antiquity as the Orders of Bishops some Ceremonies added as they say in the Sacrament of Baptisme and others things more tending to Discipline then Doctrine A change or at least an amendment of all which they now hoped from hence because the Scots had already rejected the same On the other side the Catholicks with high applauses magnifying the antiquity of their Religion as well in Britain as elsewhere and setting forth their fidelity both to the King himself at present and heretofore to his Mother petitioned that if he would not give them publick allowance which yet in France the King allowed to dissenters that at least they might privately and without fear of punishment worship God according to the custome of their Fathers But the King rejected both these suits suspecting the Catholicks for no other cause but that the Pope claims power over Kings but the King was offended at the Puritans because by men of the same Faction under pretence of Ecclesiastical authority he had irreverently been used in Scotland Whereupon also he accused their perverseness and obstinacy publickly set forth in Print for he would have each Nation be free to use their own Rites which were not contradictory to the Divine Law but the supreme Authority even in matters Ecclesiastical should continue in the King Yet something was setled according to the desire of the Catholicks viz. That the Sacrament of Baptisme should not be administred by women or private persons that many Ecclesiastical promotions should not be accumulated upon one person and that Church-censures should be strict and severe both in the inquisition and punishment of errors either in the life or doctrine of the Priesthood But the words of the Puritans became so offensive that many of their non-conforming Ministers were punished by Imprisonments Banishment and abjuration of the Realm Notwithstanding which some of the Romanists associating others with them who were desirous of novelty conspired to set up to the Government the Lady Arabella a Virgin sprung from the bloud Royal dividing among themselves the chief places of honor and preferment through the Kingdome The authors of this Treason were punished with the losse of their heads the accessories thereto and such as had concealed the same were cast into prison and the fear of imminent death was reckoned to them for a sufficient punishment the King being prone to win repute to his new Government by the fame of his Clemency While these things were doing in England Enno Count of Friesland beyond Eems having really learned that he might easily obtain from the Emperor both words and threats against the City but that he could not give him a power to put the same in execution he resolved to try the favour of them that were most potent among the Hollanders and to that purpose he went to the Hague urging many things both privately and publickly in his own defence and objecting many things against the Embdoners as being of a wavering temper in their fidelity not well knowing either to govern or be governed At the same time were present some Deputies from Embden behaving themselves with much obstinacy and notable irreverence towards their Prince then present At length after many long debates the United States not doubting the fidelity of the City towards them bent all their resolutions for the security thereof and it was concluded that the Delphzilian agreements should be observed whereto besides were added That for the future there be an Edict of Indemnity and Oblivion for all things already done nor should the Count exact the Penalties set by the Emperor's Decree That both should be restored to their houses and lands all prisoners be released and all instruments of war and other received profits be accounted for And that Enno should endeavor to set free all strangers being really such nor should deny his safe conduct in writing to all Ships going from the City That the Tributes imposed upon the City the third and the fifth year before should all be made null and that there should be a consultation had in the Senate of the Transamasians for the settlement of new the right of summoning which should be in the Count but if he neglected to doe it then they might meet by themselves and consult of their common affairs That it should not be lawfull to denounce a War or levy souldiers without the decree of that Councel onely the Count might retain as many as should be sufficient for the guarding his Castles and strong holds and likewise that the City might raise seven hundred souldiers for the defence thereof and maintaining their works That the Transamasians should maintain the souldiers the charge of the works should be born by the Townsmen and what goods were within a Town should be equally distributed and whatever was inclosed within any fortifications should enjoy the same priviledges with the City it self That the Magistrates of Embden should be created by the Senate of the City and that the Count to that creation should adde his authority When therefore the Count and the Deputies of the City had agreed upon these conditions it remained that the whole Magistracy of the City and the States of the Transamasians should allow of and ratify the same which was very likely to have been done the Nobility being afraid of War as that which would wast their Lands and some being sent by the United States to enforce force such as should offer to delay the same the greatest part of the garrison also was withdrawn that the fade of affairs might appear more peaceable But new hopes from the Emperor changed Enno absolutely insomuch that
private ends the People that it to say the States rightly â—â—sembled have power to judge thereof and to punish the same Nor were most Kingdoms any otherwise subject 〈◊〉 their present Kings unless that the People tyred either wiâ—â— the injuries or sloath of the former have translated them 〈◊〉 other hands How much more then should these things prevail in the Netherlands to whom the very name of King is unacquainted and their manner of obedience such that they never took any Oath unless the Prince had first obliged himself according to their desires to maintain the Law It is the Law of Nations that mutuall Obligations are dissolved by the tricks and wickedness of either party And having laid aside Philip they would seek them another Prince And they needed not to doubt those things which would easily be maintained against the Spanish greatness by their Wealth There was need of a present Captain and of such a one who when mischief raged every where would though with the neglect of his own safety incourage the Netherlanders That he had clearly cast out of his thought all hopes from Germany There remains then but one thing and that is that Francis of Valois be chosen to the Governments whom they could not deny already to have given 〈◊〉 certain proof Nor was it a little material to their advantage if that young Prince who was next Heir to the highest Fortune should begin his growth from hence In the Interim he was sure of the Brother-hood of France and in probability the good affections of England would not be wanting against whom the Spaniard of â—aâ—e had prepared a Fleet which partly by Tempest and partly by the Portugall Warre had been destroyed and further he had newly given ayd and incouragement to the Rebels in Ireland nor had the English spared him in the new World of America the Wealth which they took there from the Spaniards and brought into their own Country having laid the foundation of a future Warre After a long doubting and much hesitation the Counsel was approved with a greater fear of the Spaniard than affection or confidence in Mounsieur Francis and Philip for violating and infâ—inging the Laws by the States of the Provinces of the Union is thrown off from the Government and nor that sentence is brought forth wherewith if we may speak the truth the Warre had now been in labour for the space of nine years but thenceforth was his name and all marks of Honours utterly left off and denyed and the words of their solemn Oath made to him absolutely altered so that thereby he who had of late been their Prince was now declared an Enemy The putting in execution of this Counsel was to Neighbour Nations guilded over with the severall excuses of necessity and the severall fruitless Requests they had made to him yet the Spaniards did not cease highly to Brand it as infamous it seems altogether forgetful that their own Predecessors had deposed a King from his Kingdom for his too great cruelty and that they preferred before him a Bastard slip-sprung from an unlawful coition We will not mention old Examples of the like kind is France nor any of fresher memory transacted in England nor those newest of all of the Danes and Swedes laying aside their Kings But to return to the purpose Matthias was dismissed with much affection and great Rewards And this being a matter of so great concernment neither did the greatness of the action it self nor the Authour remain unknown to the Spaniard whence perceiving that the life of one single Person was the onely obstacle to his desired greatness therfore though he had fair Law against him in the field yet he in the first place proscribes him and then by the habits of Wealth Honnur and impunity as well of all forme faults as of that invites some body to assassinate him Against this new fashioned Edict the Prince of Aurange makes his Defence in a Book on purpose set forth as well to the States of the Netherlands as to other Princes of Christendom which Book was penned by the help of Peter Villier a Frenchman who having the Study of the Laws wherein he had been bred up first fell to be a teacher of the new Religion and thence came to be admitted into the secretest Counsels of the Prince of Aurange The Declarations on both sides are yet extant full of equall bitterness wherein after repetition of the Crimes relating to the Cause on the Kings part is objected to the Prince Ingratitude and Treason he on the other side retorts on the Kings Treachery and Tyranny and so intermixing many true and some false Relations at length they directly fall to terms of scurrility like scolding Women for because the Prince of Aurange being seperated from his Saxon Wife for Causes well approved by all her Kindred and having marryed the Daughter of Montpensier who had been devoted for a Nun was accused both as an Adulterer and Sacrilegious Person On the other greater Adulteries were objected to Philip nor was he forgotten to be charged with the severall deaths of his Wife and his Son from the guilt whereof not yet cleared he had married his Neece in blood for the then Wife of the King was the Emperour Maximilians Daughter by the Kings Sister which Conjunction the Pope by his Authority though many judged contrary to the Divine Law confirmed Nor was it smothered in silence how formerly he attempted by his great Minister of State Granvell to have poysoned Maximilian himself being his near Kinsman by the Fathers side but then his Father in Law Whereupon the States contemning both the malice and insinuations of Philip who layed the fault of this great defection onely upon one by publick Testimony vindicated the Prince of Auranges innocency adding moreover for the safety of his Person a Troop of Horse to the old Guard The Embassie of the Netherlanders was most acceptable to Francis of Valois being thereby called to the Government and very pleasing to his Mother who endeavoured by forraign Honours to indulge her Sons already too ambitious by their over-swelling hope But the Kings Ayd and Consent was requested before it was convenient and so did not answer their expectation onely the King wrote to them that he would not have a respect to his Brothers greatness but would also give help and succour to himself and all those which were under his Dominion which that he might more readily perform he wished to his own Kingdom Peace and to his Brother all happiness and prosperity The present necessity forced the United Dutch to rest satisfied onely with words and only to hope for the rest And presently Valois that he might the more strongly work himself into their Affections understanding that Cambray besieged by Horse and Foot and fortified in their Camps had undergone great hardships and extremities He sets forward thither with an Army for the maintenance whereof Queen Elizabeth had supplyed them with a great sum
seek by all means to save himself Nor did Parma omit as having knowledge of the former Actions and provident to prevent the like in time to come to build a Castle that might bridle and keep under the unruliness of the City And now all Flanders being Reduced under his Command save onely Ostend and Scluys two Sea-Port Towns he forwards the increase of Provisions and to ease the Passage of all Souldiers coming thence or going thither he digged a deep Ditch to that part of the Bank where he had pitched his Tents Among all these things those who had the Care of Government in Antwerp implored the Aid of their Allies set new Taxes and raised Souldiers daily both in England and the Netherlands and certainly the Besieged had not like plenty of any thing for besides Sea-men there were Fourscore full Companies of Foot and Sixteen Troops of Horse that defended Brabant But the Senators Magistrates Captains and other Superiour Military Officers too great a Number to Rule well distracted the unseâ—led Government of the City And this Mischief was so much the more pernicious in that the letting in of the Waters and other things necessary to be done for the publick Advantage were hindred and gain-said for fear forsooth of private Dammage The Neighbours who were not so nearly concerned in the danger of the City looking one upon another let slip the Opportunity of relieving the same while yet the Enemy was unsetled and not warm in his Seat When they were at the utmost pinch of Extremity then too late they pleased to be prodigal both of Wealth and Life when it could not advantage any one Truly the vain Expectation of Forreign Aid did chiefly frustrate the Counsels of the Netherlanders who were now driven to such a strait that they would have subjected themselves to other Kingdoms but could not be accepted The King of Spain's Forces were in a short time mightily increased and if he should recover the Netherlands â— should be eased of the Toil and Charge of War they would become Formidable to all near and about them Neither was there now a Prince of Aurange to support them 〈◊〉 fainting under the Burthers or to erect and stir up their Courages quite tyred out with Slaughters unto a hope â— better Times by his own Prudence and Constancy of Miâ—â— For in truth he was of so mild a Nature and withall â— popular that he never seemed to be grateful enough to and for his Liberty and Honour nor would he hide Vices the were fit to be spoken of Above all things he avoided the Suspition of Covetousness for which most did esteem hâ— Judiciously many customarily a person admirable and worthy the highest Honour and Respect in regard of his Age Stock of Nobility and Experience He being gone â— Obedience vanished so that it could not be restored without the main Pillar of Forreign Aid to support it For the Common People did not onely begin to contemn the Authority of the Lords eminent by no powerful Resulgency and lately decayed by so many unfortunate Actions but the Souldiers also grew Refractory to Command and had lost their wonted Diligence and Duty towards their Leaders Aâ—â—â— all which Mischances a ready Way was opened to the Pameneian Subtilty to cover the Slavery he intended under very specious Names Wherefore now Affairs being as it were utterly desperate both the King of France and the Queen of England sent to them such as should not onely condole with them for the Loss of the Prince of Aurange their Captain but should likewise comfort them concerning the Sorrow and Mishap of their other Businesses And this was a Noble Argument that the Neighbour Princes though they would sometimes leave off to Aid the Hollanders with their Wealth and Constancy yet they would not utterly forfiâ—â— them in time of danger But it was much disputed of their two which they should choose for their Defender for the bated Rule and Dominion of the French was freshly remembred in Italy and the Lordly domineering of the English was not forgotten in France and Ireland tasted thereof to this day Among these the People being called to Counsel they are very sparing in imposing and granting Subsidies for there the Laws are of great force and the Monarchical Power is not unlimited But with the French all their Customs are corrupted for mony and he that desires to serve his Country must buy the Employment at a great price The English love hardship and their Laws are very pinching upon words yet no sooner are evills taken care for either to be prevented or removed but immediately by little and little the same is balked by example But the English Religion was the same with theirs which in France by cruel and persidious dealings was laboured to be torn in pieces or utterly extinguished yet on the contrary there were some hopes from the Family of Burbon that valiantly defended that Religion which they professed out these were suddenly dashed in the consideration of the ambiguity of succession there among the pretenders whereto was the Queen of Scots that was wholly devoted to Rome and Spain Thus were present Affairs scanned and the events of future danger rationally deliberated The French prepared a great Power almost equall to that of the Enemy the English raised but small Forces but they were for Sea-service France is preferred but by the voluntary perswasions of the English who confessing themselves the weaker party offered onely necessary ayd in extremity and received their Pledges Thus the necessity of the times prevailed to the forgetting or at least the laying aside those old animosities which had lately been brought freshly into memory by the Duke of Anjou And hence a great Secret was publickly discovered to the World to wit That the Netherlanders could be subject to a Lord but would not bow to the Spaniards 〈◊〉 the demands and particulars were by many degrees more moderate and reasonable then those whereto Francis of Valâ— was formerly obliged and whatsoever their Legates had of private instructions they quickly declared for fear of offence There were taken away also from those things what made their liberty seem hated to wit That it might be lawful for the States to meet without the Kings Command That the Senate should consist all of the Netherlanders That the Governours and Magistrates should be chosen out of those that unnamed and that in conferring and bestowing of all Hoâ—â—â— great respect should be had to those of that Religion which â—â— then onely received in all those parts But some of the Province would not consent to the obliterating of those things After many tedious Disputes of these things and longer Consultations than the necessity of Affairs would bear at present 〈◊〉 lesse against the Kings will than the Netherlanders it was agreed that though they were not as then joyned against the Spaniard now approaching yet they should by one another help settle and confirm their Affairs and States King Henry seemed
in it self not at all intricate England was assaulted by Spanish Forces and France greedily thirsted after not with a covetous Eye or vain Wish onely but by the sad Threats of a Malicious War It cannot be denied but that his Treasury is exceeding great yet not sufficient to maintain so many Wars at once from hence becoming sensible of all the Evils of Poverty During this time both the Minds and Forces of the Low-Countrymen had some ease and respite Leagues and Alliances were begun with several Kingdome and in part again broken off There the Praefects and Governours often changed and at last the Regent himself Confidence not resting assured in the meanness of her Guard and Treacheries most ignoble abounding every where Whereas here by the Vigilance and Ingenuity of one Captain not onely Danger was escaped but Arms advantaged the Navall and Maritime Power increased infinitely and at once in Strength against the Enemy and in Reputation amongst others so that now it might credibly be believed that in the Equality of both Parties the War would now grow doubtful for this time made it appear that the smallest things might be waited on with humane hope and that it was never too late to be helped by a Miracle I am about to publish according to the Method of History what things have certainly been seen and heard nor am I ignorant how odious it is afresh to being in mind these things among them whose Hatred is yet raging where by the positive and impartial Assertions of Truth you may happily by the Enemy be accused of Flattery and to your own Side not seem altogether free from untruths But the Judgment and Reward of my Fidelity will proceed from Posterity And if God have in Mercy appointed any End to this grievous and bloudy War it may chance there will be some who drawing Arguments from hence may give an Account thereof with greater Security and more Eloquence In the interim let it be for the benefit of such as being far remote from the knowledge of our Troubles may know the value of their own Peace from the Evils suffer'd by others and may hence learn Documents of War whereof though not in Civil Discords they may the more fortunately make use of against a Barbarous Enemy But it is very difficult to set down Things as they were really done because the absent many times are quite forgot and the present too much praised As that most offends the Reader so this makes the Writer more blame-worthy Besides the following Age doth many times either out of forgetfulness or the potency of the Conquerour leave out or at least fall short of the exact Discovery of their Knowledg But if it be necessary for those Things to be publikely mention'd it will be advantageous to the Writer that he lived among those who may well be ashamed if they allow not to him that Liberty which they promised to all Adde also that many of the Events happen'd hereabouts and he hath the greater advantage and reason to admire the mean beginnings of this increasing Common-wealth THE Great Year according to the Account of Christendom One Thousand Five Hundred Eighty and Eight and which Astrologers had sore-told to be the last of the World was now come Certainly either that Art is vain and it must be reckon'd among the Follies of our rash Credulities that we suppose our selves able to comprehend Futurity or else it is an Errour of such who do not rightly understand the many vast Intriques of Destiny As a part of the Caelestiall Threats the Spanish Great Fleet was looked upon which while he had Peace with the Turk and saw France embroiled in a Civil War at Home he made great hast to set out For it was not enough that they who had been Conquerors of so many Kingdoms and subjected the New World so long should win a little Nation to their Empire by mutual Conflicts unless with Scandalous Language they abused the Government thereof by a Woman But the Englishmens Confidence encouraged the Low-Country men and the Bulwark of the Sea made the English-men confident to repell Force by Force for they had not yet forgotten the Names of Saxons Danes and Normans nor were insensible that whoever entred an Island seldom failed to win the possession thereof For the Kings of England because they had been troubled with Civil Wars to prevent future danger in time to come upon like occasions dismantling all Garrisons Forts and Castles had laid the Kingdom open to Forreign Invasion Then besides what signified their weak Bodies and Minds made effeminate by a long Peace and Luxury being without Leaders without Cavalry against the well-disciplin'd Power of the Spaniard and those that under the Duke of Parma's Conduct had for so many years been Victorious Thus did they threaten Revenge to such as should not assist them but the rest some Respite should be given to Now as it is the Custom of greedily ambitious and covetous men promising their Hopes a larger and more extended progress they destin'd to themselves the interdicted and excommunicated Kingdom of Scotland and Denmark intending afterwards to make use of English Forceâ— and withall of their Natural Hatred against France at such time as that Kingdom should be embrewed and even lye wallowing in her own Bloud As for the rest of Europe divided among so many Petty Princes and never like to be united or cemented by any good Correspondence or Harmony it would of course become a Prey to their Conquering Swords But men of more serious and modest Judgments could not believe they were so vain as to promise themselves so great Success though but in Imagination but rather supposed they might endeavour to try their Fortune at Sea against all Nations on the Coasts thereof and to spread abroad among all People a great though not a certain Terrour of them or else for a time to compell all Pyrates to keep within their lurking Places and themselves to bear away all commerce And the Pope whose name at this time was Sixtus the 5th had encouraged set on the Spaniard by his Bulls to Conquer England which the Simplicity of some of her former Kings had made Tributary as was said to his Triple-Crown He therefore following the Examples of many Popes his Predecessors who first by the Discords of Princes had usurped a Right over Kingdoms and then over Kings themselves exposed England to the Conquest of whoever would undertake it as if Queen Elizabeth had taken the Government thereof without any Right and detained the same by the Slaughter of the Nobles and the slavish fear of the People urging moreover besides the Crime of her Heresie the stain of Bastardy as being born in Adultery which had been endeavour'd to be concealed with the Veil of a Divorce These and many other things were mention'd in the Ball inviting all men to be assistant to such an Expedition and absolving from all Tyes her Subjects whether of Oath or
safety into the merciless Fury of a most impetuous and stormy Sea where they threw over-board their Horses Cattel and much other Goods to lighten their Ships against the insulting Waves Then the Duke of Medina Sidonia gave Order to such as came up to him that they should steer their Course between the Orcades and some other Islands in that Sea to the Ports of Biscay Himself with some few Ships that were in better case than the rest makes his way to the Great Sea the rest went not far off from Ireland some of whom by various stress of Weather brought back again were cast some upon the Coast of England some of France Many driven into Norway were then dashed in pieces against the Rocks and another part thereof by a boysterous and raging Storm was whiâ—led into the furthest part of the North and the yet unknown World The King of Scotland performed the Laws of Peace and Hospitality to all that were cast upon his Dominions Two and Thirty were cast away upon the Irish Flatts and the adjacent Sea and the men labouring to save themselves weâ— slain by the Inhabitants because they were more in number than consisted with their safety to shew mercy to the rest were followed even into their Country by the implacable Fury of Revengeful Fate where two of them were burnt iâ— the very Port or Harbour and others by like Mischances destroyed onely Thirty remained that carryed Provisions and of Ships of War out one of all that late so great Fleer bringing home the Commander in Chief Many of the Nobles and not a few of the common sort died soon after their Return either by the Diseases they contracted in so troublesome and unfortunate a Voyage or else out of grief of Mind that while they looked upon themselves as Conquerours they should be subdued by the peevishness of Fortune The greatness of their Loss appeared in this that the King was forced to shorten the time of Mourning by Edict that he might hide from the publick view the Misfortune thereof that had filled so many Noble Families with Funerall Obsequies Some of the Prisoners both in England and Holland were Ransomed others had their Liberty given them freely Many times men learn Piety from Fear and the Event of a Thing hanging in doubtful suspence makes them run to their Prayers But here Publick Thanksgivings were Ordered to be given to God for this Victory and the Queen her Self being carryed in Triumph according to the antient manner made a Speech to the People wherein she shewed That a greater benefit could never be received from the Divine and Eternal Providence of God whereby to make out how weak and vain all Humane Strength is against the Power of Heaven And the Hollanders reaped another Benefit from this common Danger because after this they had the more Friendly Society of the English who hitherto were wont to boast that they had supported those Allies onely out of meer Humanity But the Duke of Parma while the Remainders of the Shipwrackt Fleet were getting home to Spain being cast from his accustomed Felicity into a Gulph of Misery and thrown from the heighth of Confidence to the bottom of Despair rather by the impulse of others than his own Advice because he began to be hated is drawn to besiege Berâ—â—op Zome The Brabanters urged him That he should not suffer one Town whence daily Inroads were made by their Troops of Horse into their Country and laid wast their Fields to infest them and put a stop to all his Victories Although he was not well pleased to remove the Army now burthensom to exhausted Flanders to any other place least out of Shame or Fear if it should refuse it should seem there was no relying upon their Assistance But if Fortune would once more become favourable and the Design should succeed thereby a way would be made into the Isles of Zeland and so to carry the War into Holland the next way as he thought to revive those hope which he had too confidently before relyed on and lost For that Town being rarely scituated on the Borders of Brabant at a little distance overlooks Zeland not far thence is the River Schelde into which the Zome from whence the Town is so named falleth whereby the Town hath a long but somewhat inversed or winding Haven It was in a very flourishing condition by continual Commerce under the Command of a Noble Family bearing its Surname untill by the Neighborhood of Antwerp and the Mischiefs of War it decayed having been taught woful Experience both by the Enemy and those who remained there in Garrison But when it came to be annexed to the Vnited States though sometimes indanger'd by Treachery yet now was â— first â—et upon by Force and a Siege Thol an Isle and Town of Zeland is divided from the Territory of Berghen by an Arm or Branch of the Scheld which being convenient for the passage of the Forces least if it should be left to the Hollanders it might hinder the Siege Montigâ—y and Octavius of Kindred to the Count Mansfeldt were sent before to possess it who coming upon a suddain together with flying Reports given out as if the War were intended against Hosden they lead Eight Hundred Souldiers over the Fords hoping to have privily surprized the Coast or Border of Zeland but the time of the Waters slowing being not well observed for then it flowed a few men easily worsted all those Defendants endeavouring with staggering Foot-steps by reason of the Mud to go forward In the mean time the Mâ—sketiers they had left in Brabant deâ—ended themselves under the Defence and Shield of the Bank for so the place proved to them But presently by the care of George Ebâ—rard Count Solmes that was Governour of the Island and the noising abroad of the danger the multitude of his men increasing put the Enemy to flight and drove them into the Whirlpools where without possibility of help they perished the Captains themselves hardly escaped by swimming The natural Marishness of the place being very Watry and somewhat deep destroyed as some report Four Hundred Men and if any part of their Bodies being yet alive appeared above Water presently with Darts or other Things cast at them they were killed in all this Encounter there being of the adverse Side but one man kill'd which is almost miraculous to relate and from thenceforth the Island was strengthned with Castles Guards and other Military Engines of Defence Hereupon the Duke of Parma taking another Resolution that by shutting up their Haven he might straighten the Townsmen of Provision with his great Army he besieged their Works placing Guards in all places near about them and where his Men were by any means separated he made Bridges to unite the passages to each other With all which the Citizens of Berghen were nothing terrified nor were as if they had been besieged because both Souldiers and Aid with all other things necessary for Defence were
of Authority was equally ridiculous both to his own Souldiers and his Enemies they had changed an old feeble man for a person of great Nobility and therefore they gloried at once of that Honour and their restored Laws that according to the antient Custom one was sent to govern them that was of Royal Blood and by Kinred allyed to the King They remembred that Alva and Requescuse had stirred up the War by their forraign Authority And the Duke of Parma though otherwise we I enough liked was maligned for his Country sake That Don John who had attained Royal Blood by all wayes both of Birth and Vertue wanted rather the moderation than the affection of the Nobles and People But that now there was truly come the off-spring of Emperours with a German uprightness neither infected with hatred or malice and consequently more prone to concord He had governed in behalf of his Brother the Emperour both the Panâ—â—nia's or Hungary beloved by the Subjects for his mildness in the taking care of them and the blandishments of his leisure time not much provoking the Enemy nor himself by them often provoked Not averse from fighting when the Barbarians urged him by disturbing his peace and it may seem that he was the rather chosen as one who might compose the Netherlandish Affairs the Citizens being even tyred with War and the King well knowing that it would be in the Conquerours power to make what Laws he pleased for the settlement of peace This Duke Ernestus was of such gravity in Conversation that the Netherlanders interpreted it to pride But which is proper to his Countrymen being not Superiour in his Affairs he was easily ruled either by Counsel or Command With this mediocrity of disposition he had so pleased Philip that he intended to have married him to his Daughter and strongly argued in the French Counsel by Embassadors 〈◊〉 confer upon him the Kingdom of France fearing perchance that if he should marry her to any Frenchman and at any time after his Issue male should fail that Spain by accessâ—â—â— to the Crown of France would become a Province thereâ—â— But Providence provided otherwise in that affair 〈◊〉 brought Henry of Burbon through divers variety of Fortune and setled him in the Kingdom for he being grieved â— himself that being born to a Kingdom he should onely â— depelled for the oretext of Religion Many of the Princes protesting they resisted him for 〈◊〉 other causes and by that means alone could not submit their Fortunes to him seeing his Forces almost consumed and 〈◊〉 other things that were the main supports of his hope He â—â—gan to grow unsetled in his mind between some of his Friends applauding his noble constancy and others persuading for most advantage At length either that he believed nothing more sacred than the Peace of a Kingdom or that he had embraced his former kind of living more out of Form than Judgement he was Reconciled to the Church of Rome which thing was not of so much disadvantage to the Spaniard but that for many years after be continued his hatted and War against him neither till of late by the strong endeavours of Anmarle were the Cities of Picardy adjoyning to the Borders of the Netherlands reduced unto his obedience Nay at Rome a great while he incensed Pope Clement and the most powerfull in the conclave by threats and force least they should open or propose a way for the Kings Repentance and Reconciliation calling him a Renegado from Religion and a dissembler of novel Piety But at the first being had in suspicion by both Parties as well that he departed from as that he came over to afterwards by a sweet and well-constituted moderation by giving to these the chiefest Power to those Safety in the Exercise of their Religion and some Honour he exceeded both their 〈◊〉 and made a Harmony between them among whom before there was nothing but Discord So that now all were pleased except a few ignorant how great a benefit they had receiv'd whom no Felicity could ever please no Revenge saâ— In short Trade and Commerce beginning in this Cessation of Arms and the People well pleas'd with this Quiet it came to pass that the strongest and most potent Cities with the Metropolis of them all Paris and the chief Heads of the Faction and Revolt submitted to him caused either by private â—â—scords among themselves or the fear of a Forreign Authority The Spaniard hereupon when the Duke de Mayn came to â—â—xels were of opinion to restrain him as one that was averse to their Design but the Regent Ernestus having more regard to his Fame hindred it although it were known he was the chief Instigator of the chief Leader of the Faction to go in to the King and merit thereby his Pardon yet there were some who detain'd by their own Covetousness or the Spaniard's Policy did all they could to hinder Peace delaying by the same the performance of their Expectations Picardy chiefly and the parts thereabouts near Henalt and Artots were molested and perturbed by the Spanish Forces And the first Spring Charles Mansfeldt who made War in those parts had forced Capelle a free City there having assaulted the Rampires when the Trench was dry to surrender before King Henry could send thither any Succours Shortly after the King himself being conducted with some Troops to Laudune staying upon those Confines Towards the end of Summer Mansfeldt being driven away who had indeavour'd to raise the Siege the Town came again into the King's Power The Confederate States about this time had given a Summe of Money to King Henry upon condition That he should turn his Force upon the Netherlands But that Queen Elizabeth would not hear of who fore-saw that together with the War all use of him and respect to him would cease This Defection of the King from the New-Religion was variously reported both in England and Holland so as hardly any thing had bin further examined and discoursed with more variety of Language and freeness of Judgment Others look'd upon it with Hatred and Detestation The Catholikes hereby conceiv'd a hope that in time that other differing Religion Rites though at present receiv'd in publike might at last reunite and that as France had follow'd the Rule of German so the rest would follow the Pattern of France But all Leagues and Alliances with Neighbors were by the King inviolably observ'd And now the States being 〈◊〉 by what private Policies the Enemy gain'd upon them ordered very diligent Care to be taken That no sort of Writing that might prove dangerous to the Publike might be foisted 〈◊〉 the People And that Masters which instructed Youth in Leaning should not instill into their Minds evill Opinions Which done they turned all their Counsel to the carrying on of the war while the Enemy would seem to seek after a peace And because Ernestus having recruited the Army was reported to have enhanced the Fame and Terrour of his
so horrid a Fact and from thenceforth banish'd the Jesuits For to these chiefly both the English Hollanders and French did impute the fostring of such Doctrines on purpose breeding Youth whom under the Notions of Piety and Magnanimity they inflame and incouraging them with Old and Neâ— Examples how often Tyrants who are Enemies to the Publike have been destroy'd by the Fortunate Darings of private Hands Concerning this Order because Opportunity presents it self and others have spoken little concerning them I intend succinctly to Discourse The first Founder of that Order was Ignatius Loyala who being much weakned by a Wound received in the Ward Navarre at Pumpeiopolis withdrew his Mind being yet Warlike and full of Courage unto Businesses of a more peaceable Concern Among the rest he grew ambitious of Erecting a New Order To which in hope of its future Greatness he would not according to Custom give it the Name from some more famous Man or Woman but even from JESUS himself Being Assembled by Authority of them who can License such Novelties they reverenced with incredible study two Things chiefly to wit the Pope's Power and the Spaniard's Wealth And at their beginning they were main and eminent Props to the decaying Cause inducing in defence thereof what had hitherto been neglected Manners unblameable and sound Learning they exercised themselves in frequent Disputes against divers Religions which in those times had insulted over the Romane Name They augmented their Glory both in America and the Indus where among Barbarous Nations by the Teaching of Christianity they adde mightily to Philip's Empire yea and many famous Miracles have been done by them as is believed with great facility from confident Asseverations for that the Longinquity of places excludes further Tryals however they are in abundance whether in real Truth or but pretended They are the persons in whom thou may'st require fidelity and modesty Their Authority with the Vulgar is very great by reason of their Sanctity of Life and because they instruct Youth in Learning and the Precepts of Wisdom without taking any Reward for their pains They have their Provincials in every City and Nation and there is one Superiour over all the rest throughout the World who is for the most part a Spaniard They command with great Wisdom and obey with equal Fidelity They follow not the common Custom of other Orders to live all together It seemed too poor to include within Walls their growing Society They Baptize and solemnize Matrimony and the first thing they are taught is To lay aside all Humane Affections and to cast away the fear of Death They chiefly take into their Society none but such as are very eminent either for Ingenuity Bloud or Riches and they reap a great benefit from all those things For first they distinguish Ingenuity no less prudently than they chuse it pitching always upon such whom they hope will grow famous either for Eloquence or digesting pious Meditations into Writing By their Nobility they are admitted into the greatest Councils being of an incomparable Sagacity in making Searches and Experiments and because there is no Engine so strong as Religion for the laying open of Secrets And their Wealth fits them for Embassies and all other publike Employments By which Policies though they are the youngest of all other Orders yet they have far surpassed all the rest in a short time both in Reputation and Wealth and therefore are hated by them and their manner of Life upbraided as contrary to Rule But they being above the Envy of their Emulators even rule Prince's Houses by a laudable moderation for they observe a mean between sordid submission and severe arrogant neither totally eschewing nor following other mens Vices These are the main Wheel whereon the Spanish Greatness and Empire moves by which they maintain Peace at Home and sow Trouble and Sedition abroad For those Catholikes have receiv'd a portion of these mens Spirit which through France and England yea and Holland it self do in the former maintain the Rights of a Kingdom and in the last dispute against it And although they are banish'd all those places upon pain of Death yet is that Danger no Obstacle to them nor doth impede either their Confidence or Policy But the Emperour did not forbear again to motion the making of Peace although before refused and stain'd with such monstrous Actions as we before related upon the common pretence of Germany viz. the Care of his Brother's Honour Not did he seem onely to admonish them to it but calling a Diet at Ratisbone of the Princes and Cities of the Empire he had caused it to be concluded That they should be compelled therâ— by Arms for that they dampnified both themselves and theâ— Neighbours by the perpetual miseries of War But these things as they made onely a Noise never proceeding further than Words and Threats so they were accordingly taken notice of for the Turk then chiefly being ready to fall upon the Cities of Hungary as well the Care as the Forces of Germany was taken up and could not have leisure to mind the Affairs of such as belonged not to them This year also the States of the United Provinces received a very great and most honourable Signal of Affection from James King of Scotland as well as the Kings of France England and Denmark who were invited to the Baptizing of his Eldest Son born by his Wife who was the King of Denmark's Daughter And their Liberality was correspondent to the Honour done to them as witnessed their most rich Presents given to the Princely Infant who was named Henry Frederick They renewed their antient Amity with the Scots and restored all the Rights of Trade and Commerce and all other matters formerly concluded with the Princes of the Netherlands and particularly with the last Charles But a Partnership in Arms was in vain wished for by the Scot and the Dane and that the Princes of Germany should be ingaged to the same Affinity for their Peace was safe and unmolested and there was no reason why they should go to thrust themselves into other Folks Troubles 'T is thought there was some hope gather'd from Scotland not without cause offended with the Spaniard who had for many years disturbed the Peace of that Kingdom by Factions From hence proceeded many of those sharp and severe Laws against Catholikes and hence by increasing hatred came those who would transfer the most just Hope and Title of James to the Kingdom of England upon the Spaniard's Dâ—ughter but surely by most absurd and incongruous Arguments but nevertheless such as discover'd a mind ready to do him any injury But as well the Scot as the rest of the Princes cast off from one to another the beginning to thwart a Power so formidable to all The Embassadors that had been sent into Scotland returning by England the chief whereof Waldgrave Brâ—derode whose Noble Birth advanced the Honour and Worth of the Common-wealth together with James Count
Valquin consulâ—ed of certain Matters relating to the League Then began to appear how much those Presents were envyed which had been bestowed to gain the King of Scots Affection the Queen of England objecting to them Their unseasonable Magnificence while yet themselves wanted Forreign Aid Nor did it proceed so much from the Humour of her Regal Disposition that would endure none to vye with her as that she being a wise and subtle Woman and who would keep the Succession incertain as one of the main strengths of her Kingdom she would not that a Prince though next to her both in Kingdom and Bloud should be appointed her Heir by the Option of her Neighbours Therefore according to the Custom of angry persons she requir'd a part of her old Debt and if they gave her not satisfaction she threatned War Whereto a modest Excuse being made they were at quiet for some time And in the mean time that they might make amends for their Offence upon her Request They obey and grant That they will adde some Money and Ships to her Fleet for driving away the Spaniard from Bretaign in France For the Enemy being setled in some strong Ports lay at lurk upon both Shores to get the possession of that Sea which passeth by both France and Spain From whence proceeded the English-mens fear nor could the Hollanders sail to the Westward with any safety But now the English and Dutch Fleets being joyned they drove the Enemy from most of the strong Holds scituate on the Sea-Coast But the War after the taking of Groening continued in the Countries beyond the Rhine although there were other Things which promised their Hope a Reward of their Labours But at the instance of Mounsieur Buzanual King Henry's Embassadour it seemed more just since their own Affairs had so well thriven to look towards their Allies because then there was sharp War upon the Borders between the Netherlands and France Some there were that would not have sent Souldiers to the King but Money which Buzanuall withstood affirming That the King his Master had better learned to order Souldiers than Money And so far did his Reasons prevail that he had not onely very great hopes but the Charge likewise already begun would forthwith be laid aside for a New Expedition thither The Spanish Souldiers who had hitherto made War upon the French Borders after they had received their Money and taken the benefit of what Licentiousness they pleased being excluded from all Cities lest they might grow more insolent by Idleness under the Conduct of the Lord of Cimace besieged Cambray For that City as is before set forth was delivered in the Name of the Kingdom of France to Balagny to be kept for King Philip but he on the contrary usurped it to himself from thence the Neighbouring Country was wasted Nor had the Spaniards long continued the Siege but they wanted all Things necessary not excepting Provisions However lest that they might seem to do nothing they surrounded the City at a distance but with very careless Guaâ— for being in their Friends Country they supposed themselves terrible enough to the Enemy being in no manner changed from what they were before but onely in this that now being under Command yet they re-acted the Crimes of Sedition among other of their Exploits many times fetching great Booty out of France But Henry the greatest part of the Traytors being subdued finding himself really King and that he was so increased in strength that though till this time he had been able but weakly to defend his now he appeared able to vindicate himself and to threaten an equal Return for Injuries He accused Philip in an Edict That he had without any probable Reason broken the League that he had made with France five and twenty years before That he being King of France 〈◊〉 content with the Dominion of his Ancestors which by the Divine Providence he now enjoyed and being an august and magnificent Possession he did not desire to intermeddle in the business of other Princes That he would not seek a cause of War against the Neighbouring Cities of the Netherlands and hoped he should not be forced to one by injuries put upon him but since they had compelled him he exhorted the People of Henalt and Attoys and others his Subjects to fall upon those forreign Souldiers generalâ—y hated and burthensome to all about them whom none ever hated without danger but an Enemy and to drive them out of the French Territories and also from Cambray which if it wâ— not done by a set day he would bring thither his Armies and tâ— his force upon them This was all received in silence as if it had been denyed for the Cities durst make no answer but Philip shortly after mindfull of his affections to the Catholick Religion and remembring the League himself had formerly made with France declared that the Prince of Bearns for he would not vouchsafe the King of France any other name who had vainly pretended himself an honourer of that Religion which he had opposed and now called himself King of France was to be prosecuted with War on all hands Be this came too late for after they had for a whole year displayed their Ensign on the Netherlandish Borders all after actions seemed to claim a shadow of right But to this forreign War King Henry appointed Commander in Chief Turnis Viscount Turen who then raised the Repute of the name of Bulloyn renowned also by Alliance to Prince Maurice whose Sister Elizabeth descended by the Mothers side from the Royal Stock of Bourbon he had marryed And in this he would be more affectionately diligent in that thereby he advanced above the power of the League a Prince bound 〈◊〉 him by private Allyance and also very high in the King's favour It was thought convenient to carry the War into the Province of Lutzenburg because this way he might have a passage for his Italian and German Levies for the Hollanders hoped that if new forces were raised it might be possible to bring to nought the old being neither many nor well agreeing and this either by the Netherlanders consent of the conjunction of War But a Messenger met Philip of Nassau as he was hastening his march towards the French with supplies consisting of eight and twenty Foot-Companies for the States having onely promised twenty had now of their own accord augmented the number that they understood by four Switzers whom they had taken that Charles Mansfeldt lay in the middle between them Therefore for securing the Journey he took five Troops under the leading of Sir Francis Vere and a well ordered number of Foot least he should give any opportunity to Mansfeldt pressing upon him and leads them beyond the River Moselle to the Borders of Metz for the Enemy had prepossessed all the places more inward The greatest part of the Troops having either gained by leave or force a passage through Germany returned into Holland but the greatest
inferiour Captains and little Parties But when King Philip fearing the danger had sent Velasco as we before mention'd from Millayn which he then govern'd to Burgundy with Ten Thousand Foot and fifteen hundred Horse that strength of the Enemy first brought thither Biron and after that the King himself In many light and accidental Skirmishes of Horse the French went off Victor And Velasco avoided a Pitch'd-Battel desiring to preserve the Towns In the Dutchy of Burgundy King Henry subjected to his Power the City of Dijon which in the last Civil War of France follow'd the Guisian Faction then headed by the Duke de Mayn to whom there was nothing left Fortified in that Dukedom but Chalons sur la Saone But when he began to prosecute his Victory into the Bounds of the County or Earldom the Switzers interceded him to respite his Fury because being bound at that time by Leagues to the House of Austria they were obliged to resist all Force that should be offer'd either to the Government of Millain of the County of Burgundy Whereupon King Henry took occasion by means of a Truce to withdraw his Army without any dishonour he himself being even tyred out with the Controversie and the thing it self contended for not being worth so many lives And also being sollicited by Cambray he marched that way when a sorrowful Messenger met him with the News of the loss of the City Therefore he accused his Allies That he himself being employ'd in Wars at so great a distance they had betrayed to the Enemy the Confines both of France and the Netherlands That they gave him other hopes that his Borders should not be left destitute of Aid else why should he so often have refused Conditions of Peace when offered to him And if they repented them of their League that he was yet ready to agree with the Spaniard The Hollanders excused themselves to these Taunts with the necessities of that year and furnished the King with Corn and Money and two Regiments of men the one of Scots the other of Zelanders under the Leading of Justine of Nassau wherewith being well Recruited he fell into Vermandois and careful that where he had now begun the Enemy might not break further into the Bowels of the Country the people of Soissons being subdued he shut up Fayer with a difficult and Winter-Siege But by how much the States more earnestly endeavour'd to please the King by so much more grievously they offended Queen Elizabeth for King Henry's prosperity in stead of pity had renewed in the English Nation their old Envy and the Queen was incensed with the difference of his Religion especiall for that she knew what Laws and how dangerous to the Protestants the Pope had prescribed to King Henry for the obtaining his Peace And this was the Reason that lately before upon his desiring of her four Regiments of men for whose Pay the City of Paris should ingage their Credit The Queen answer'd That it was an inconsiderate Desire proceeding from his Youth to request her to denude her Kingdom which was â—â—â—ed at by so many Treasons yet if he would deliver to her Diope Bulloin and Calais she would furnish him with some Souldiers This gave suspition to the French and besides there was added that lately in Bretaign a Province of France the English were unworthily Treated nor could be admitted to such places as they desired the Actions of their Predecessors being objected against them But Queen Elizabeth sent Letters to the Hollanders and one Thomas Budleigh objecting to them with much Regret the Aid they sent to France saying They could not want her help who could so freely gratifie others Whereto the States made this Answer That they did it not out of any ambitious counsel but meer necessity that the Enemy being drawn into many places at once they might weary him out of breath and themselves get a breathing space for they were as it were forced in regard the Queen sent Pay onely for six hundred Foot and two hundred Horse which were in the Camp where as six thousand Foot and a thousand Horse of the League required the 〈◊〉 She on the other side replyed That although this was continued within the League that at the end of the War whatever was disbursed should be repaid yet she desired very earnestly payment of what she had laid out at leastwise that they would pay for some part thereof at the present and she would take the rest by Annual Portions Adding withall Threats That if she were not obeyed herein that she should take such course as her Lenity 〈◊〉 not use to be acquainted with To these the States after the return of many Thanks Desired the Queen to cast an Eye upon the present times to observe that the War was very burthensom to them and not wholly so successful as was hoped And that of late the enlargment of their Bounds had little increased their Tributes but much augmented their trouble and charge in the defence That their Merchandizing and Fishing Trade upon which two onely they lived that was spoiled by the detention of their Ships in Spain and this oftentimes the Injuries of the English and the Dunkirkers Pyraous much impaired and the Sea also had done them very great damages by Innundations Over all which if they should now be forced to repay to England the Money due and also the Queen should openly fly from the Covenants of the League the French already beginning to stagger It was with great reason to be feared that the insinuating Designs of the Enemy and the Allurements of a dangerous Peace would prevail with the people But it was not to be avoided however but that the States must pay with their own Money the English Souldiers that lay not in the Towns put to Pledg to the Queen While these things were arguing between them some new Endeavours of the Enemy brought the Queen to be more mild towards these her Allies For the Spaniards out of French Bretaign had fallen into Cornwal wasting the Country and carrying away great Booty together with some honourable persons and also they began in the open Face of the World to assist the Rebellion in Ireland which Country was from all Antiquity possessed by many Petty Princes Natives thereof Of whom Dermack the Son of Munhard the most Potent was despoiled of his Dominion for many Acts of Tyranny by him committed Whereupon he got to him for his Son-in-law and Assistant Richard Earl of Pembrook who making War there in Ireland very successfully was recalled by an Edict of Henry the Second King of England and compell'd to transfer all his Right and hope of Principality to the King who himself in defence of hir new Acquisition went into Ireland with a great Army and made some of the Lords by Force others by Treaties and Promises to acknowledge his Authority as Supream But such was the blindness and simplicity of that Age that it was believed a great support
of Mettal as the Spaniard did but only from the Love and Benignity of her Subjects And the Irish Rebellion as it inforced the new raising of Money at Home so likewise it necessitated her to call in what she had abroad On the other side the Dutch Embassadors first rendring many Thanks beseeched her to stand to the League complaining That they had had but a short Benefit of those Things which had bin agreed 12 Years before And that the Covenants did not set down any set number of Souldiers whereupon they who as they never had stagger'd in their Fidelity nor had inclined to the War with wavering Counsels yet had bin by the uncertainty of Forces oftentimes revolved unto vain Attempts and that this was very unseasonable in the heat of War to expect that which did not begin to be a debt until there were a Peace setled as by the Agreement will appear That their Condition was not so much alter'd but that they still deserv'd rather Pity than Envy For besides the rich Cities of Brabant they had lost certain Towns at the Maes and particularly those which were most convenient both by Sea and Land for raising and collecting the Flandrian Tributes Nor had they bin at a small charge after the driving away the Spanish Fleet from England in so many Naval Expeditions of the English and to what end had they assisted France but that the War might be repelled and the Seas be kept open while the Enemy was imploy'd at Land Hereto was added the Shipwracks they had suffer'd the restriction or taking of their Ships the breaches of their Banks by the Sea and other daily Evils they had undergone by Misfortunes and Casualties Concerning these Things there was a long Argument with Bodley who was Leiger for the Queen among the Hollanders concerning the Dutch Affairs Notwithstanding all which Queen Elizabeth grew every day more obdurate till at length she was mollified by procrastination but chiefly by the Supplies they sent to her for the Cadiz Voyage But no sooner was the benefit of that Kindness consum'd but presently the same Contest was again renew'd and Sebastian Lose James Valquy and Abel Franken being sent Embassadors into England the Queen gave them this short Answer That that was not the intent of the League that the Hollanders should prolong a War against themselves on purpose to delay without measure or end the payment of those Charges by others disbursed for them And as to the Peace they hoped if it proved disadvantageous to them neither had it been profitable to her those 12 years having both for that time and hitherto eâ—hausted both her self and her people in sending them perpetual Aids and keeping the Towns deliver'd to her for a Pledge And what kind of Alliance must that be whose very Branch must depend upon the pleasure of another But if they would look upon the Laws as the Queen was pleased to do she would urge nothing further than was in them That it was truly so conceived Words of Promise upon Honour were plighted The Lord Burghly added also the Irish Rebellion and the proper fears of England were Causes just enough why the Queen might fall off from those Agreements when even private Promises are wont to be absolved upon unexpected Events Therefore this Debate of Right being in vain and but for a shew made use of the Hollanders ran back to their old Guard shewing the danger they should incur from all their Neighbouring Dominions if the strength of their Cities already weakned should be utterly dejected by such Demands and so much both of Wealth and Power by Sea added to the Spaniards But above all when the dubious state of the matter and so discordant in the setling the Account of Receipts and Disbursements had almost brought them to a Non-plus The English urged the payment at least of some part of the Debt and for the future not to seek a Remedy against growing Danger from old Covenants as by Compulsion but rather to merit new Favours by their Gratitude and Thanks for the former The Embassadors with many humble Intreaties offer'd That there should be an Annual Portion paid notwithstanding all their present streights and the residue at the end of the War which the Queen slighted as inconsiderable while in the interim a great fearspread it self arising from a Rumor that there was Hostility intended against her in Spain and that the preparations there made to that purpose were greater than ever before Hereupon the Wise of those times began seriously to consider of both Affairs and judged that the Hollanders were not so much oppressed with Poverty but that it would oblige them to the Queen in a strict Alliance especially considering the danger of so great a Loss and that the Queen might at some time want Money they might well bear unless their Counsel could put the Hollanders now tyred with importunate Demands in mind of her Power it being not to be suffer'd that her Debtors should raise themselves to a more prosperous Fortune by Foreign Amities Now the Count of Bulloyne was sent into England to conclude the long Treaty of a League between the two Kingdoms which was at last agreed upon in manner following The League and Alliance concerning infâ—ring or resisting Wars between or upon the King of France and the People of England is concluded under these Articles and Conditions That all former Leagues and Covenants be confirmed That both shall endeavour to bring other Princes and Nations into the same League And when either shall be offended or invaded at Home that one common Army of the Allies shall transferre the War into the Enemies Country That it shall not be lawfull for either Kingdom without the other to make either Peace or a General Truce That either shall assist the other with Arms and other things necessary for War among themselves at a reasonable price and without fraud and aid the Souldiers with all Provisions without Treachery That all things relating to Religion and Travellers of either Country be used no otherwise than as naturall Subjects That the King of France use no violence to any English for difference in Religion and in regard he was at the present most subject to the Injuries of his Enemies the Queen promised him four thousand English Souldiers for the Defence of Normandy and Picardy which are the nearest parts of France to her Kingdom giving them half a years Pay and taking Pledges But if they were kept any longer there it should be at the King's Charge Who on the other side promised the like Aid to the Queen so as they should remain near the Shore or within fifty Leagues That it may be lawful to raise and take into Pay four thousand men and the Command of the Souldiers to be in that Prince within whose Borders the War is These were the Heads that were publickly known for by some private Agreements the number of Souldiers the Queen was to send this year was
afterwards taken by that Name besides the ignominy was glad to redeem himself with a great Sum of Money Thus were the French wholly become Masters of the Field and being Conquerors in all the Fights of Horse with long Marches tired out the Foot The Winter now approaching the King of France as if he intended somewhat against Henalt requir'd the States That they would disturb the Enemies quiet in another part They fulfilling the Request without any other Reason though to their great disadvantage put some Souldiers aboard Ships at Berghen until they were informed that the King's Endeavors were hindted by the increase and overflowings of the Rivers and that all the French Forces for fear of the Cold were marched quite out of the Netherlands Another great and insolent Mischief attended the Arch-Duke's Poverty for the Germans though they were sworn to him because they were not paid their Wages seized Herentals against whom some Spaniards being sent to revenge the imitation of their own Customs and strongly repulsed infinitely increased the Sedition And in Walcheren one John Wrâ—mys a Scot was put to Death for that he sollicited others to deliver up to the Spaniard Vere a Town in that Island yet affirming he was mov'd thereto by the Jesuits About this time Messengers were sent to the King of Spain day after day That he labour by all means to raise what Money he could that the Fleet might be expedited and to the same purpose that he would lay a Restriction upon all Forreign Ships whatsoever and besides that they make diligent search for all Hollanders and bring them to punishment This being heard it pleased the States to make a Decree for that there was not caution enough used against danger that no one should dare to carry Corn into Spain and there was the greater Reason for this being a dangerous year both Poland and Prussia retaining their Harvests by the like means by shunning Famine at home they sent it to their Enemy and notwithstanding Amsterdam resisted this Decree whose principal gain consisted in that Transportation yet by the consent of the rest of the Cities it was confirmed And lest domestick offences should make any of them become a prey to the French or English they set some Ships of War upon the Sea running by their Coasts which when to search all Ships when they went out In the Month of November the Spanish Fleet as if impatient through fury to defer the revenge of the injury done to them at Cadiz until the Summer set out consisting of one hundred Sayl of Ships wherein were fourteen thousand Souldiers under the Command of Martin Padilla report giving out that they intended for Cornwall where Britain stretcheth out her Land to the Southward between France and Ireland And it was added further that the King of Spain would give England as a Dowry to his Daughter having first purged it from Heresie in Religion and this was given out least the fear of Foreign Empire should avert their affections But the same God who had often before prevented them in the like endeavours now again shewed his power for in one night forty of their Ships were cast away upon the Sands and Shallowes with the loss of five thousand men and a great Sum of Money The greatest harm to the Spaniard was his own diffidence for the German and Netherlandish Officers which they had taken into the Fleet admonishing them to go another way they compelled with drawn Swords to follow the ill presaging Signs of them going before At length among the hindermost of the Ships a certain Seaman of Holland was believed who eight years before having great Rewards for preserving many of the Spaniards by so much the more faithfully he now again performed the like Office They that survived this mischief which hapned about the Promontory called Artabram returned home But the Dunkerkers in the Netherlands being commanded to expect this Fleet in the mean while rested quiet Thus without damage done to any of the Sea-Coasts this yeaâ— was ended with the Hollanders but on the contrary they burned two Ships which were built at Newport Moreover this restless People sailed to the places of the Spanish Negotiation being Islands beyond the Equinoctial Circle being most fruitful of Salt without any labour of man They went also to Guiny for Gold Ivory Pepper and Brasile-Wood and St. Thomas Island for Sugar and all this for gain sake contrary to the Kings Edict feigning themselves to be Portugueses But most wonderful and where to the Antients have not delivered any like matter nor are there any Testimonies of this more experienced Age like to that which the Hollanders undertook and performed the latter end of this year and the beginning of the next when now the third time they went into the North all whose Secrets they throughly searched They remembred that the search after great things is long and difficult that all the corners of the new World were not found out at once that the Portugueses had made long stayes upon the edges and skirts of America And they who were skilful in Nature pointed out a surer way through the open Ocean whose reciprocal ebbing and flowing keeping by motion the Waves thereof free defends them also against the violence of the cold Two Ships leaving the Islands of Orckney and Norway putting out far to Sea from thence steered divers courses both towards the North but the one inclining more to the East the other to the West There lies in that Sea a Land full of grass which is wonderful in that Scituation and most pleasantly green where the Pole is elevated eighty degrees though the Antients counted it distant from the Equator above ninety But whether it was encompassed by the Sea or hath further behind it a larger Continent was not then tryed Some of the Seamen thought it to be the Isle of Groenland famous of old for the Commerce from Venice Norway and the Low-Countries now the name thereof is onely mentioned the Dane claiming it as a part of his Dominions but to little purpose since he cannot find it This proceeded from the sloath of such as denyed things formerly known both in Writings of Antiquity and even in the memories of some alive Whereas we follow Nature to the most remote distances as knowing what God hath discovered to us by nearer Journies But afterwards a more diligent search being made by Island we found that Groenland was something more distant from the North In this Land which we found having no Inhabitants the first discoverer thereof had placed Monuments made of thick square Timber and Stones whereon was written the name of Spitsberg from the sharp pointed Mountain tops so called-as was believed in which very place as appears both by Fame and Records that in after-times the fruitfulness of its many bayes for the catching of Whales hath been no small occasion of discord between the English and the Hollanders There also are found Birds not unknown in ouâ—
constancy was looked upon by all the Netherlanders with great câ—mmiseration Report adding to the novelty of the matter in regard of old many millions of Butcheries were transacted upon short and small hearing And afterwards Albertus thought it almost enough to punish Crimes of that sort by threatnings but if at any time he proceeded further the torments were inflicted in more secret manner At this time a return of thanks was made to those several Kings and Princes who had been solicitous for the peace of the Netherlands recommending their Affairs in particular to every one of them And in the interim by reason of the Arch-Dukes envy they stirred up all who had any care of Religion to a severe revenge The Entertainment and Charge of the Embassadors was defrayed out of the publick Stock out of which also at their departure great gifts were given to them In their Letters to Germany they excused several incursions into the adjoyning parts of their Country by the like actions of the Spaniards and the necessity of the War whereto there was but one remedy to wit utterly to drive them away as far as was possible against whose insolency in taking several places of Germany they had often received a hearing but never any redress Whereupon they were compelled concerning this affair also to put all their hope in their Arms which yet should not be prejudicial to the Neighbours all about that were in peace to which purpose they had lately augmented the Souldiers pay that so they might be kept subject by a stricter Discipline The Danes also seperately and a part requested that the War wherein they were altogether unconcerned might not be made a burthen to them and that they might not be restrained from Spanish Commerce which Queen Elizabeth by the same Embassadors had denyed to the Kings of Denmark and Poland and when they praised nature who willed the Sea should be open to all and the right of exchange or Trade be debarred to none She answered That there was nothing so congruous to the Customs both of men and nature it self then to repel danger and therefore no wise man would suffer him to receive any assistance who lay at watch for his ruine Nor did she deny them Arms onely but all other sores of Provisions whatsoever avouching in defence of the same an antient League of the English with the Anseatike Cities and the examples of other Princes deriding the vanity of Paulus Dialius behaving himself insolently protesting she rather took him for a Herald then an Orator nor did she spare his Master Sigismund himself who she said was ignorant what belonged to a King and for that he received his Government but by Election That his Father and Grandfather when they warred with the Muscovile shewed another kind of respect to England But this was all the thanks the was like to have who had by her Embassadors care and pains delivered Sweden from the Muscovitish War and freed Poland from the Turks But the Hollanders not esteeming it just to prescribe harder Laws to others then they were willing to submit to themselves did not intercede hinder other people from going to the Westward and the Enemies Coasts by the same Rule that the United States themselves did This year were made some expeditions by Sea begun with great Councels but by reason of so many incertainties to little or no purpose for the English encouraged by the yet fresh success of the Cadiz Voyage made new and great preparations at Sea to countervail the Enemies designs there and fall upon the rich Islands of the Azores with endeavour also to seize and take all Ships coming from the other far distant World The Queen set forth sixteen strong and well armed Ships among which were two taken at Cadiz to whom the Hollanders joyned twenty of theirs under the Conduct of their Admiral Warmonde besides almost threescore less Vessels for carrying the Souldiery and Instruments of War wherein were contained some great Artillery for battering of Cities and Towns together with six thousand Land Souldiers although they heard that divers numbers of Foot Souldiers were levied and ready upon all the Sea-Coasts of Spain The Command as General both of the Fleet and Souldiers was committed to the Earl of Essex for the avoiding those evils which of late a divided Commission had made them sensible of In the Moneth of July they set Sayl favoured at first with the calmness of the Sea and a gentle Northerly Wind but soon after the Wind encreasing and when the Fleet was arrived in the great Ocean over against Gallicia the Sea and the Heavens changed Countenance for the Ships being tossed in the surging Waves of a horrible Sea divided as well the Counsels of the Commanders as separated the Ships one from another Some having more nimble Vessels were hurried in oblique courses even into the Coasts and sight of Spain and many wearied by the Sea and dangers that they might the sooner return into their Country of their free wills followed the pleasure of the Winds But although the Earl of Essex his Ship was restrained by the loss of her Masts and the springing of several great Leaks so that the entring Water could hardly be exhausted by all the toyl and labour of the Pump yet did he still endeavour to go forward and steere his course even in despight of Fortune Until at last all sight being taken away with the thick darkness of the Clouds and the sense of hearing become useless by the out-cryes of such as were over-charged with fear the dashing of the Waves and the blustring of the Winds present fear had made the Seamen senseless of their duties so that there was no obedience to Commands Thus by the consent of the Commanders most of the Ships having many Leaks so that they could hardly be kept upright with all their labour yet at last he brought them all back into England safe the tenth day after he went out where while they waited for their Companions and contrary Winds detain them in the Port by scarcity of Provisions and the increasing of Diseases they were compelled to dismiss their Ships of burden and Souldiers retaining onely one Regiment which being well Disciplined in Military Affairs Sir Francis Vere had brought thither by the consent of the Hollanders And now their Counsels being contracted as their Forces and the hope of a Land War totally lost it was thought convenient to wait about the Islands of Azores to intercept the great Fleet now ready to return from the Indies But the English Ships being again torn and spoyled by cruel Tempests Essex having long compassed the Sea and wasting the Islands was at last by the error of his Pilots carryed out of his way and Sir Walter Rawleigh not able any longer to be subject to Command took his course though without any certainty another way The Spaniards in the mean while arrive at the Port of Augra on the contrary part of the Isle Tercera the
with so small Forces had compassed such long Marches through divers Countries and reduced them from the Contribution and Prey of the Enemy for the future to be safe by the Boundaries of Rivers was celebrated with the more than ordinary Affection and Joy both of the States and People Insomuch that some of the Princes of Germany publikely in their Dyet made the Motion That he might be made General of the War against the Turks whose Valour and Fortune it was probable would put new Life into the Hungarian Affairs which then lay gasping through unprosperous Successes But this Joy did not continue long without a Repulse being inteâ—rupted by a Domestick Affliction because his Sister Aemilia being stricken with Love without the Knowledge either of her Bâ—other or the States was marryed and this she did as believing or hoping thâ—t their Pardon would be sooner obtained for such an Action than their Consent This Lady hitherto unspotted from the Evil or any of the Germane Manners was allured by the Speeches and Countenance of Emanuel who was noâ— unskilled under the Similitudes of Obsequiouâ—ness to find means no raise Pity especially because being a young man and of Royal Birâ—h he was by Force and Injury driven from his Paternal Inâ—tance for he boasted Don Antonio for his Father who for a while was King of Portugal This man with his Brother Christopher having wandred thâ—ough France England and all other places in Hostility with King Philip seeing the young Lady and conversing with her as oft as he pleased which Liberty is granted by Custom and remains as the onely Relique of Antient Simplicity since it self was lost he assumed the hoped of Affinity with the Nassuian Family although besides the inequality of his Fortune there was a discrâ—pancy in the Religion which they â—oth professed from their Father At first therefore this new Bride and Bridegroom are forbidden the Princes presence and thereupon for asswaging his Anger they retired to Wesel from whence returning into Holland with their small Revenue they lived after the manner of private persons This was so much the more grievous to her being the Prince of Aurange's Daughter and Niece to the Duke of Saxony because both before and also at the same time she had Sisters of the Bourbonian Bloud by the Mothers side that by the Authority of the State who gave them Portions out of the Publike-Stock lived like Princes in great state and with a noble Retinue for Ludovica Julianâ— was marryed to the Prince Palatine one of the Electors of the Empire Isabella to Henry Duke of Bulloyne and Catharina surnamed Belgica to Philip Count of Harcovia a Person of no small Wealth among the Franks But Carola to whom the Brabanders would have that Name given was bestow'd upon Claudius of the Family of Tremoyle Duke of Tuart in Poictou a man of eminent power for whose Marriage sake Henry Frederick obtained to have an Embassage from the States as well to see the manners of France with his Mother as the King The Winter this year proved dangerous to Holland on that side towards the North by breaking down the Banks and causing great Inundations the like whereof hapned also about Groâ—â—gen And the frequent breaking out of Fires in Amsterdam made them there have suspition of Treachereous dealing from the Enemy With the Arch-Duke there was such a scarcity of Money that the Souldiers began to mutiny in every place for beginning at first in Gelders the Example passed to Wachtendone and thence soon after to Calais Câ—mbray Ardres Capelleâ— Chasteâ—et Lire Dorsan Sclâ—ya Sâ—um and Gaunt which were all infected with the same Contagion In some places they thrust out their Captains in other places the Officers joyned voluntarily with the Souldiers and when a little money was procured and sent to some of them that was but a provocation of others that had none to the like or greater Disorders chusing rather the Rewards of a Licentious Sedition than the empty Honour of an unprofitable Obedience Hereupon several Cities refused to receive Garisons And the Arch-Duke himself with his Retinue was shut out of Venloo and all the rest of the Winter was spent in divers contrivances relating both to Beaâ— and War even until the beginning of the following Year â— Some Traytors also were hired to bring the Spaniards into the Isle of Tolen but they exâ—iated their impious and unhappy Designs with the loss of their Lives And againâ— another while a Party was sent to take the strong Hold of Barghen-op-Zoom by force while yet the Fortifications were imperfect and at the same time another select Band to force the Gate of Gertruydenberg but both of them being discover'd by Scouts were forced to depart without attempting any thing About this time all Things seemed to incline towards Peace for Philip himself being wearyed out both of his Courage and Forces by a Forreign War with France a Naval War with England and as it were a Civil War in the Netherlands and learning by Example That many times Hopes are destroyed by Hopes or that the hasty Steps of Old Age and Diseases wherewith he was now broken had inclined him to more wild and moderate Counsels he desired to hide his Arms or to distract and break the new-made Society of his Enemies And the Opinion of most was that he chiefly aimed to rid himself of the French and Dutch Wars that so he might the more readily revenge himself upon England and with the less charge for in France the loss of Aâ—iens and in the Netherlands of several Cities beyond the Rhine had much increased his Enemies Forces and lessned his own besides the Country was wasted his Credit exhausted from whence grew Seditions it being impossible to keep a setled and strict Discipline where the Souldiers want their Pay and if any part of the Souldiery be sent away while the Enemy hovers up and down it is very dangerous because both the Cities of the Netherlands and the Nobility are for their forepassed Acts as much suspected as any In the mean while among the Hollanders the Country is secure and the Sea open which daily yields much profit and still promiseth more And to this purpose certain Letters written by Albertus to the King and intercepted spoke It pleased him therefore to begin with the French King because under the pretence of the same Religion that seem'd both more feazible and convenient especially since Pope Clement had often admonish'd him That since the Family of Bourbon was receiv'd into the Romane Church he should incease to trouble him And if he yet did proceed further that his former Wars would seem to have been made more out of Ambition and the Thirst of Empire than his Care of Religion or Piety Adding moreover all that could be said for the advancement of Concord among Christians and promoting the War against the Turks But Philip along time contemned all these Warnings though now at last he began to approve thereof but chiefly
when he saw the profuse Largesses towards the French and that his Armies sent against them were destroy'd that what he hoped for was vanish'd and his hopes punish'd with so much severity that he was thrown out of the possession of much which his Grand-Fathers enjoy'd Nor was it displeasing to King Henry to recover his own that he might once enjoy in peace that Kingdom which he had obtained by War and that he might settle by good Laws all those Things which for the space of forty years had been corrupted and run to Ruine And this way moved also all the Catholikes formerly a Faction onely averse to him but now the chief men in favour More over 〈◊〉 all places as he passed there still met him Crowds of poor People humbly supplicating him to hearken to Peace The honour of counselling and advising these two Kings fell to Alexander Medices the Popesâ—egate â—egate and Bonaventure Calatagiron a Sicilian the Chief of all the Order of Francistans who omitted not to shew to the French King That among the Allies of War the Reward of it always came to his Lot that first laid hold of Peace Yet for all these perswasions be would not hearken to a Treaty until he had Assurance given him That the Articles of the Peace should be such that he might thereby not onely claim but enjoy the whole Kingdom of France Fraught with this hope the Mounsieur's Belleur and Brularde from the French King and Mendosa Taxis Richardâ— and Mariensarde from Alterius to whom King Philip had given full power concerning this Peace met at St. Quintins where they proceeded in a very procrastinating manner In the mean while Henry that he might not seem irreligiously to break the League with England sends thither his Embassador to declare That by this slow kind of fighting France did not us formerly decay but die That all the Noble Families were exhausted by the War the People brought to Poverty the Towns lay wasted and burnt and the Fields unmanured which must needs yield to the King a sad Spectacle of Misery And the Extremity of all these Evils was aggravated by this That they wanted Remedy Wherefore unless he were furnished with an Army speedily at the Charge of his Allies so as he might therewith even at once put an end to the War What should he do when even they fought Peace who must thereby lose the Reward ef their Arms and Valour however he would endeavour that whatever Peace â—e made both the Queen and the rest of his Allies should have equal benefit thereof but if they should not think fit thereof yet it with no wonder if he dealt one way with those who sought Prey and Safety from War and another with such as sought nothing but certain Ruine And that Queen Elizabeth might have the less to accuse the King's Infidelity this was added That by the League she had promised to send him 4000 Auxiliaries but 〈◊〉 of â—aâ—e by the guilt of some few Persons he was fain to be conâ— with 2000. and those also in a manner extorted from her At which the King of France had sufferedâ— while he desired to retain the Noise of her fruitless Alliance yet could not forget the Injury against the Hollanders He had no such plausible Pretence however he sent Mounsieur Buzanvale to let them know what small helps he had either from their Promises or Performances and that they had received and carryed more out of France by Pay than they expended by thâ— Charges of their Assistance Both these People were sensible of the King's Arts in this Management of his Affairs that he was weary of the War though he would not seem so But Queen Elizabeth calling to memory the great Charges she had been at in behalf of the Hollanders and considering Ireland which although at that time infested by Rebels though indeed their strength was broken yet detained there John Norris and Thomas Borrage formerly famous Captains in the Low-Countries and there also emulous of each other had destroyed the Rebels by War indeed but not by fighting Upon these Considerations therefore the Queen reâ—urned this Answer That as she had not been wanting to her Ally while he proceeded in the War so if Peace were made she would willingly be present at the hearing of the Conditions Onely the Hollanders easily perceived that they were the persons that were by Peace to be distinguished from those against whom a common War was to be waged For between the Kings this was one certain Rule leading to Peace For the future to abstain from dâ— any further Injuries and both to give and take Indempnity for alâ— former Actions Besides they well knew that if a man undertake to reconcile a Prince and People he will find that the one must enjoy his Will in all Things and the other must suffer for the Offences of both Whereupon they were not ignorant how hard a Task they should undergo if the whole strength of Spain were turned against them they thought fit to hint both at the Force and Fraud of their Enemies thereby to deter others yet themselves politikely to offer any thing And as to the King of France who was now advancing against Nants besides the Regiments of the League they offer'd as many ships as he would towards the shutting up of the Loyre and greater â—â—ds then all that if any of the Netherlanders should invade the Borders of France But behold as a prevention of all these intended Designs they themselves are attempted by new Allurements viz. King Philip had two Daughters the younger was marryed to the Duke of Savoy the Elder named Izabella Clara-Eugenia be had kept at Home thereby the better to insnare and Tantalize many with the hopes of so great a Marriage For the truth is she was looked after by the late Emperour Rudolphus Eruestus and the Duke of Guise though this last had spent the principal part of his Age in an unfruitful Coelibate but now at length is betrothed to the Arch-Duke Albertus of Austria not without the heavy displeasure of Rudolphus the Emperour as many reported that the honour of marrying with her should be refused to him having formerly so earnestly sought after it But Philip not minding that proceeded to the New Marriage promising in Dowry with her Burgundy with the Netherlands not onely that by this division the right Heir msght be provided for against her younger Brother but also for the reconciling and winning the Affections of such as had Rebelled if perhaps the Name of Austria should be more acceptable to them than that of Spain whose fresh Injuries would make the others former Benefits be remembred and well resented But all these Endeavours vere vain and to no purpose with People who would neither be perswaded out of their Fear or Liberty but weighing all the Necessaries and Pretences of that House who even by force usurped the Name of the Balgick Empire they suspected every Thing proceeding from thence But
being bandied backward and forward in Books the Year following manifestly convicted of Vanity being a Year of Idleness if compared with some that went before Nay though some from the Event would seem with Reason to conclude from the taking of a Sea-Calf in the River not far from Gorrichen not long after that these Creatures were the Fore-runners of those Actions which in after-times were transacted near those Places This indeed is true that seldom in any Year have more Things hapned contrary both to Hope and Expectation the very beginning thereof from the Winter going all along with unsuccessful Endeavours For the Commanders of the Garison of Berghen-op-Zoom being perswaded that by an agreed Connivence of the Scouts they might get Wonde which is a Castle scituate inward from whence some of the King's Souldiers being sent out into the Estuaries did infest all the Rivers the Setter forward of this Design being a man no less timorous than imprudent as soon as the Danger began to appear himself by his own flight spoil'd the Plot which had been laid by his counsel But Prince Maurice suffer'd a greater Mishap with the Fleet sayling into Flanders without the fault or neglect of any man for the Winds raging without intermission quite destroy'd such ships as lay abroad while the rest not without great hazard sought to get into Harbour And by chance it hapned that some few days after a Castle or Fort of the same Coast that lyes opposite to Bierfleet beyond Zealand was by some Garrison French Souldiers deliver'd to the Spaniards who bought it of them the Third Year after it had bin in the hands of the Hollanders by the Treachery of some Waloon Souldiers and in this manner was both the shame and loss recompensed A Party of Horse also marched towards Limburg covering to intercept some Companies of Foot lying thereabouts but their Journey being discover'd they were forced to return Home empty through the deep Snow The same in the Dutchy of Juillers by the surprize of some Troops about Burick were forced to leave some Provisions to the Enemy which they had intercepted though not without the loss of some bloud And others returning from Leige and Trevier were met by the Enemy and worsted Which trivial but frequent Mischances in some measure diminished the Honour they had gotten the former Year in the action of Turnhâ—nt In the interim the Hollanders neither lost the good that comes by Peace nor those Advantages which in other Wars were unknown Nay they made good use of the Discord that fell out between the English and Germans the beginning of which Contention when in the Event it reached the Low-Countries I must begin at a greater distance In former Times the chief Trade for Merchants was setled in the German Cities of which they that were scituate either by the Sea or some famous Rivers to the Number of Seventy were by the just Laws of Commerce incorporated into one Body but consisting of divers Nations as the Venedians Saxons Borussians and Westfalians who were all united by one League which was named the Ansiatike League Nor were the Superior Northerly Parts and the Netherlandish Parts onely frequented by the Industry of the Germans but also London it self was a great Mart for them where after they had publikely flourished for their Fidelity and Profit in Trading it was granted by the Kings of England that they might barter or exchange their Commodities paying but small Customs But at that time the Pastures of Brittains with the onely proceed of their Wooll did almost answer all Importations from Foreign Parts although nothing was then fetched out of the Island but rough Wooll in the Fleece until the Netherlanders weary of their Domestick Evils and for diverse uses being banish'd out of their own Countries as they taught some People in other Things so they instructed the English in ordering and working of their Wooll This hapned during the Reign of King Edward who minding to draw some part of this new Gain into his own Treasury thought himself hindred in his intent by the Ansiatike League Wherefore seeking some cause of Quarrel whereby he might recede from what his Predeâ—â—ssors had granted the English begin to turn all Topsie-Turvey yet still to offer the Germans their old Priviledges if they would undergo the Customs and Burdens laid upon Cloathing with the same readiness and obedience as the Citizens and Subjects of the Kingdom did averting That nothing was so contrary to the Duty of 〈◊〉 Prince as to release that Burden to Strangers which the Subjects were forced to bear and therefore required that they might enjoy the like Immunities through Germany All which prevailed nothing with the Germans who retorted That by these new Inventions the Priviledges which they had purchased with three hundred years Merits and had been confirmed unto them by the Oaths of fourteen Kings were utterly infringed And no less were they proved at the new setled Company of the English who took away all their Gain by serving other Nations with their Cloth Hence arose Envy and Complaints to the Emperour especially at that time when by reason of the Quarrels between Queen Elizabeth and the Duke of Alva the English being commanded out of the Netherlands had setled beyond the Feines They were accused for spoiling and undervaluing the Commodity in the Manufacture by discovery of the Prices at the first hand In this manner much time was spent partly in Wranglings between the Subjects and partly in Letters of Princes sent to and fro untill the English Name growing more and more hated by continual Pyracies at Seâ— Philip the Inciter of such Feuds renewed these old Controversies undertaking the Deferce of the Cause with Caesar by his Ministers Mendosa and Clement not with any Affection to the Ansiatike League but that he might riâ— up old Sores and disturb the Sea with an Enemy Now also Lubeck the Head City of the League in an Embassie by them sent at which time the Authority of the King of Denmark was â—ought after for the working upon the Hollanders of which Embassie Plous Barlayment was the Chief blamed the Germans whâ— passing by all the rest of the Neâ—herlanders only endeavor'd by their Commerce to increase the Wealâ—h of Rebels which shewed that they bore neither an honest nor grateful Mind for such a good Office of the King And now they were daily sollicited to take Arms against the English with Promises of great Assistance to them therein And thereupon the Germans sent these Demands to the Cities formerly of the Ansiatike but now of the Belgike League with Letters discovering Hatred either out of Envy against that People growing potent by Merchandize or else because it hath been found true by frequent Experiments that the nearer men agree in Religion the more sharply they differ for they of the Augustane Confession and the Catholikes the more different they are in Judgment the more concurrent they are in Affection These Things were
Philip took Care for his Daughter to whom he was about to give the Low-Countries as also for the Duke of Savoy Hereupon Areschot Mendosa and Aremberg went into France and Mareschal Biron was sent by the King to Bruxels to see Albertus take the Oath where the impotent Mind and Spirit of that great Souldier which was always beyond his Fortune was said to be corrupted into Treachery which afterwards more clearly appear'd All Things on both sides being thus done for the conclusion of the Peace which yet was repined at by some whose Valour and Hopes was nourished by other Mens Evils but all the Commons rejoyced at it not so much for that hereby much Christian Blood would be saved as for that the Law was restored to its power by which they should with security enjoy their Possessions reap the Rents and profits of their Lands and the Ways be all open for free Trading Then was the first day that France could boast of a solid Peace after it had been for 36 Years wasted with War and bathed in her own Blood then was restored to this most antient Kingdom its pristine Face of Beauty and all by the King's Care that the Governours and Magistrates being reduced to Order himself growing powerful by the Excuse of the Catholikes in regard of the Times that he might by Fear or Force compel the Professors of another Religion when in the interim the Netherlanders were left in Arms that they might not onely lose the Hopes of Peace but any interval or solace from their Neighbour's sufferings Yet the King sent back Mounsieur Buzanvale to the Hollanders by which Witness of his Friendship and secret Converse he might confirm his Peace even while there continued by publike Declaration a Forein War The business of France thus finish'd there was no less Experiment of Princely Alliance received out of England by the earnest Desire of Qu. Elizabeth which being related to the States by Sir Francis Vere when at the same time other Embassadors were sent to Albertus as if she would seem still to retain the hopes of Peace of which she said This had been the onely Delay hitherto that she desired to lay down Arms with the same Colleagues for whom at first she took them up And that nothing could be now demanded of her by the Hollanders but onely Right they having given the first cause of War it was necessary if it might be that an end should be put to it by them but if not that for the future they should give their Reasons for the continuance of it And certainly it would be a sufficient Cause for all Princes to envy and hate them that they have been and are the onely Obstructers of the Peace of Europe But God she hoped would not suffer that being deluded by ingrateful Determinations she should be a Pattern to Princes to abstain from helping such a People who bear no Reverence to their Superiours nor take care for Advantage Reputation or Safety of any but themselves The States now thought themselves at one blow almost overwhelmed both for their former and future Charge yet that the Name of an Alliance with England was of such benefit to them that they would submit to such Conditions as the Queen of England being their Superiour in strength would lay upon them Wherefore sending them who had been employ'd in both the former Embassies together with Andrew Ascel who had private Instructions which gave him power of Treating concerning the Monies due to her and concluding about the same even to the Sum of a Hundred Thousand Florens At this time there were divers occasions offer'd themselves to the Queen who already pretended great Fears whereby she was disswaded from War For James King of Scotland of whom Queen Elizabeth made no mention secretly claiming the Inheritance of the Crown Of England did not think himself able enough thereto unless he were supported by some Forein Help Not did there want some who pretending to have found some Letters written by King James that came to the Pope raised from thence great Hatred and Jealousies Moreover the Lord Burghley being grown very weak through Age and Diseases Beseeched her as she loved God to have regard to his dying Words whereby he advised Her That she would give Credit to him now going out of the World that she would without an inforcement of Necessity consult the good of her Kingdom and by the making of Peace in Earth merit the everlasting Peace of Heaven Nor did he omit to declare to her her ill Fortune in America and the fear that was conceived of the Irish Affairs affirming That the Belgick Wars were never to be ended by Conquest As soon as this man was dead and Essex for the avoiding of Envy declined to come to the Council-Table the Court soon appear'd empty of Care and Counsel in Defence of its own Right Whereto the States Embassadours being often admitted they excused themselves by reason of the Times for their not paying of the Queens old Debt due from them professing That as to what related to the Spanish Negotiation they did not intercede whereby the English if they pleased should be hindred more than the Dutch from making use of the Name of any People being in Peace unless they believed it more profitable to compass what they desire by Arms than by Commerce or Trading Neither did they desire but that the League made 18 years before when the Troubles of Antwerp affrighted the English no less than the Hollander yet never faithfully observed should so long after be changed into another form that it might now bind all those which before thought themselves free from the performance thereof Sometime was spent in debating and setling the Sum of the Debt for that the Engish reckon'd their Musters of Men and their Transportation and Wages too high while the other side averred those Musters to be untrue maintaining withall That several Naval Expeditions of the English had cost the Hollanders more than all the Money they ever borrow'd would make a Compensation for At last after Cautions entred it was agreed to the Sum of Fourscore Hundred Thousand Florens The one part of which should be paid by Three Hundred Thousand Florens Yearly during the War And at the end of the War if ought remain'd behind it should be paid by Twenty Thousand Florens Yearly The other moiety should be peaceably appointed when there was a Peace concluded and payment thereof made upon the Surrender of the cautionary Towns In the interim the English should continue their Garrisons therein to the number of One Thousand a hundred and fifty By this Reckoning also the States were to pay every Three Moneths Five Thousand and a Hundred Florens to the said Garrisons besides all other Necessaries fitting for the Souldiers And for the future the Queen's Promise of sending hem more Aid was remitted The English that were in the States Service already or hereafter should be Listed for their Service
should be raised onely in their Name and should fight under their sole Command and at their Charge And from thenceforth the so much envyed Authority of the English Embassadour was absolutely taken away Yet still the Queens Priviledge of nominating an Assistant to sit with the Senate was reserved If the Queens Enemies should invade her either by Land or Sea or the Queen should think sit to make War upon her Enemies the Dutch upon notice should add to her Fleet 30 or 40 lusty and stout Ships together with an Army of Five Thousand Foot and Five Hundred Horse Upon these Articles and Covenants a firm Agreement was made but reserving to the Queen her Right that she might vindicate her cause against the Netherlander under the King of Spain's Jurisdiction There was excepted out of this League Palavine's Debt of Fourscore Thousand Florens which was afterwards privately compounded It was not that England chose Peace rather than War by this League but that as it was eased of a Burthen so it had gained thereby a Fortification Not long after this some were taken who went about to poyson Queen Elizabeth and in Ireland by one happy Fight and the taking of a Castle was the cruel Tyrone made Prisoner while he was drawing the Province of Munster to partake in his Rebellion No more did the Hollanders repent them of their Old Resolution although there was a new Face of Affairs with the Enemy and many ways were sought to invite them Aod now the Report of the New Marriage grew every day more frequent these being Letters brought to the Netherlanders by Friasio whereby the whole Government of them was turned over to the Princess Isabella The Causes and Articles of which King Philip published to be these When by the Pope's Licence he had destined and by the Consent of all his Relations Resolved to bestow his best Beloved Daughter in Marriage upon his Kinsman he conceiv'd it would be of great Advantage to the Netherlanders to the advancement of Peace and settlement of the present Government that they might always have their Prince present among them which their Ancestors could not be in regard of their many and great Cares and therefore he did give and grant unto his said Daughter all the whole Country of the Netherlands and every part thereof together with Charlois and the County of Burgundy together with the Name of Duke of Burgundy for the French had long since got the possession thereof yet so that himself and his Successours Kings of Spain should enjoy the Honour of the same Title with the chief place among the Knights or Companions of the Golden Fleece being an Order instituted by his Fore-Fathers Adding moreover all other Things that were thought fit by Men learned in the Law for Confirmation of the Premisses by which the Rights of Principality and the Revenues and all other Incidents pertaining thereto might the more rightly descend and pass unto the said Isabella and her Posterity These Things were the more remarkable because Philip using the word Clientole did declare That he gave all those Dominions to his Daughter in Fee And this seems to be added because the greatest part of the Lands were held of the Empire and other part of the Crown of France and then because by his Command the Oath which the Nobles had formerly taken was to be alter'd now from the Obligation to himself in a New Obedience to his Daughter And if any thing contained in these Instruments seemed to contradict the Law in my point that he did confirm by his Supream and Royal Authority And if it should happen that no Children should proceed of this Marriage or that Issue Male or Female did ever fail all the aforesaid Premisses and the Right thereof to revert to the Kings of Spain And this was given as a Reward to the Merits of Albertus that he might have the Government of the Netherlands as a Comfort to his Wiâ—owship And if there were any Issue then the use and profits thereof but nothing to descend to the Heir besides the Revenue of the Dutchy of Lutzenburg and the County of Chiny There was also prescribed an Order of Succession First to the Male then to the Female and so to the Younger and the Elder Daughters Nephew should procede the Younger Son That it should not be lawful to divide or alien the Lands unless by the King's Licence And it was provided also that this Gift should return to the Donor many ways As if any Woman should for the future attain the Netherlands that it should presently return to the Hands of the King of Spain or his Heirs neither might it be lawful for a Son or Daughter being Princes of the Country to marry or otherwise alter their condition unless by the Consent of the same King Moreover They are forbidden by themselves or their Ministers to intermeddle in the Trade of America or the Indies and that every one coming to that Government is to swear to these Articles and also to maintain the Romane Catholike Religion And if any thing be done to the contrary the Right of the Netherlands to come to the Spaniards These Instruments were signed by the Father and attested by Witnesses the Sixth of May. The same day the King's Son and Heir Philip also by Name gave his Consent to the same by Writing carefully taking Cautions according to the Laws There were divers Speeches concerning this matter and they disagreeing among themselves as is usual in such Cases Some accused this as an Evil Custom that the Heads of Free-men or any private Service should be rated and valued That it was onely used by Barbarians to give and bestow Dominions For of what value was a Prince among them who never knew what belonged to Lordship But to them that make a distinction between Right and Wrong it is nothing ambiguous because the matter belonging to the People makes the Government from thence be called a Commonwealth The ordering whereof as it is in some places committed to the Nobles or Senate so with most it is setled under the Tuition of a Prince Nor was there ever any just Empire but what begun by the Consent of the People who have trusted the Defence thereof either to one Single Person or else by reason of Faction in Suffrages to more who have this onely Reward of their Honour that next to their own Welfare they take Care of the benefit of their Subjects Which as it is true every where so is it more manifest among the Netherlanders who being neither Conquer'd by Arms nor yet willing of their own accord to serve will not suffer their Princes to do many Things but with a Limited Power and Revenues it being chiefly forbidden left at any time they should break any part of the Trust commiâ—ted to them And therefore in former Time the Daughters were put off with a small Portion in Money To the rest of the Children were given Governments and other small Offices the
and since they could not without a most pernitious example suffer their Judgments to be contemned and their undertaken care to be depraved Count William though prone to mercy is commanded with a party of Souldiers by force to reduce the Townsmen to their duty but he moderated with prudence the sharpness of this Command by restraining the Souldiers from doing injuries and taking no notice of the words of the incensed vulgar Yet disarming the Citizens lest while they remained in their fury they should as formerly fâ—ll to acts of Hostility that he might not diminish his Forces by leaving a great Garrison among them he bridled them with a Castle wherewith their courages were quite lost for that from a City that had ever been free they were now glad to receive a token of extreme servitude 'T is true these things are usual with such as rule by force nor could any thing more have been done to Enemies It was time certainly to lay down the Arms which they had taken up against Castles if the Authours of liberty would rather chuse to imitate than revenge such things And they also desired that part of the rest might be remitted to them but the remembrance of old faults had banished their long offered Clemency especially considering at present their contempt and disobedience yet the event mollified and abated the envy of this action for the movers of these troubles were afterwards carryed onely to the Hague without any other punishment and the Magistrates being translated to People of more peaceable temper their right of suffrage in the Council was restored to them and all things afterwards transacted with equity In Frizeland also a great contention arose concerning Taxes laid upon Cattell and Pastures the Townsmen urging it and the Country-People that lived all over Eastergoo and Westergoo gainsaying it so that soon after out of an ambition of eminent Offices which as is usual nourished the differences came to that heighth that part went to Faniker while other part of them remain at Liewert and both under pretence of publike Counsel distracted the Common wealth and drained the Treasury in which Affairs Count William interposing himself and first calling the Authority of the Judges and then taking Arms against those that were departed did not escape the envy of having affected the Government beyond the allowance of the Laws At last when the Associated Provinces all interposed themselves the matter by the appointment of the Deputies was re-setled in peace according to the old form as an addition to those evils a sorrowful Messenger arrived bringing tydings of a Treaty of Peace between the Arch-Duke to whom the Spaniard had left the managery of the Affair and the Queen of England whose Embassadors were then met together at Bulloyn The truth is both of them had cause enough to desire peace the great undertakings and bold attempts of the English both in Spain and America terrifying King Philip so that he was forced to the vast expence of great Fleets to defend those far distant Navigations and besides it was hoped the Hollander would be more ready to hearken to peace when their hopes of Ayd from England was utterly quashed But the English were fore-warned of their danger by the successes of Tyrone and new Rebellions and Commotions in Ireland springing from a late Edict of the Pope and the Forts of Ulster and Munster being difficultyl regained and with much labour there yet remained severaâ— lurking places in the Rebels hands After three moneths it was perceived that the Embassadors could not be drawn to agree the English refusing to be preceded and the Spaniards hating to have any equalls Nor was there any better progress by intercuâ—rent Messengers while those as much fear a peace as these desire it Thus they parted at that time and the Affair was left to be treated of in Writing untill the Queens Death and Successor as we shall shew in its proper place put an end thereto In the interim Embassadors came to the Hollanders from the Emperour because the States had sent Letters to meet them by the way as to their Resolve concerning peace These Embassadors being Herman Count Mansfeldt and Charles Nuisell came notwithstanding pretending they had other things in Command Their words seemed more to advance the Dignity of the Antient Empire then the fortune of the former year merited Namely That they should restore all places they held in Germany and give satisfaction for the damages done by the Souldiers That they should not defend themselves like their Enemies otherwise as they were equally guilty of the fault so they should equally suffer punishment with their adversaries That they would treat nothing of Peace yet they should know that Treaties could not be always waved without great suspition and that they would no longer bear the Taxes laid upon Commerce which by pretence of the War should be continued Hereto it was afterwards answered and not without desert That the losses should be imputed and the places taken for defence be laid to the fault of them that first brought an Army into a peaceable Country and if that were to be pardoned in the Spaniard they hoped it would not make them more guilty having been necessitated to do the like As to the Islands of Gravewaert and concerning Peace they gave the same answer which they had often before done But because the Spaniard had relinquished Rees it seemed convenient to them that Emmeric also should be delivered that so the Enemy might the more justly be blamed for the retaining of Bercke Some Discourse there was at this time of matters of less moment a mention of a Truce being thrown in by the by which the States gently denyed as not suitable to the times And a Trumpeter desiring a safe Conduct for Deputies which were sent by the States under Albertus his obedience to the United States concerning a Peace being for some dayes retained that they might not discover the great preparations for War that were then on foot was commanded soon after to carry back Letters wherein before they would speak of Peace they admonished them first to free their Country from foreign force for after it was determined with the Souldiers in Fort-Andrew it fell out that the rest in those parts moved with no less madness acted things no less disadvantagious so that the States of the United Provinces supposing it necessary to make use of the Enemies discord bent their studies to greater undertakings The War now being transmitted into Flanders was attended with very great want and scarcity of all things which was both the cause and nourishment of Seditions for they knew nothing could more straiten the Treasury nor put their troublesom Affairs into a greater confusion then to possess that Country which was most abundant in all products of the Field and in a manner wholly belonged to the Enemy it was also full of Ports and Harbours from whence the Sea might either be infested or guarded and commerce
Ground that lyes backward towards the South being full of Ditches is oveâ—flowed by the Sea which at the Tide of Flood covers the whole Surface of the Land for a Thousand Paces and sometimes more With so great strengths of Nature were the Artificial Fortifications helped Of old indeed there were Formless Heaps but now by Aâ—t were reduced into as much perfection as the Nature of the place would bear which Refinement began when Albertus returning Conquerour from Calais and Hulst threatned a Siege here which had been deferred till this time That which is call'd the Old Town was now nothing but a great Abyss of Waters and empty Ground looking towards the Sea but without the Line of Ostend they had filled the Sea-shore with five convenient Forts From hence began a Trench compassing the New Town into which the Water could be let in or out at pleasure by Sluces This place was divided with two Walls the inner of which had Eight Bulwarks to which the outer answer'd with as many Where the Stream passed by there was a more flight Work but at the Back thereof a strong Rampire and as it were a Threefold Line with a New Trench intervening This is the Circuit of the Towns of about half an hours Journey Beyond were several distinct and separable Forts and which if Necessity requir'd could be deserted without damage or prejudice to the Town One compassed about with Palizadoes beyond the Estuary at the end of the right side and others in the Fields close to the backside of the Walls or else not far divided from them by the interposition of some Marshes and Lakes The Flandrians growing weary of the Excursions of this Town whereby the whole Country was wasted and finding by Experience that the Charges of Seventeen Forts wherewith Ostend was then inclosed would be without end that the Licentiousness of the Souldiers waxed more grievous and almost equal to the damage received by the Enemy and of late a new Mutiny bringing their Fidelity in question urged the Arch-Duke That he would no longer suffer this most excellent Province of all his Dominion to be made unprofitable by one small part thereof Although there wanted not some Disswaders who from the strong Fortifications about the Town and the Sea being always open to it said it would not be a Siege but an unprofitable and long abode of the Army in one place But Hope overcame all these Difficulties which also was much advanced by the Flandrians Promises of large Sums of Money and the Enemies Residence at Berck made the occasion seem more fit to be embraced especially since new Forces were arrived both from Italy and Spain under the several Commands of Collonel Trivultio and Collonel Braccamonte Therefore the fifth day of July Frederick Count Heremberg sate down on the right side of the Town and soon after Jeronimo Montiregio on the Left at first approaching very near but the Cannon quickly commanded him to a greater distance Charles Nott then had Charge of the Town which was furnish'd with sufficient store of Victuals and other Materials for War besides One and Twenty Companies of Souldiers to whom upon the first notice of the Siege was added another Regiment sent by Collonel Ucterebrook And now the Garrison quickly began to shew their Valour in their first Salley slaying divers Noble-men among whom Montiregio and above five hundred Common Souldiers Afterwards when Sir Francis Vere came into the Town not singly as Governour but as General with his English Souldiers whose Number was augmented by new Supplies lately come out of England forthwith it was seen that he took care with strong Guards to secure what ever was of any strength without the Town and also to extend his Works further out one of which for all that being scarce finish'd the Enemy took notwithstanding it was defended by 40 men But from the back-parts of the Town the Besiegers being Repulsed with his greatest Force came to the left side of the Town In the places that were overflowed with Water he raised a Battery by a new kind of means the praise whereof is wholly due to himself though most of the other late Inventions were found out by the Devices and ingenuous Contrivances of Prince Maurice and the Hollanders and it was this They bound together Faggots Twenty Foot long and little less in compass wherein likewise were contained Planks and Boards that they might the more firmly by their Weight prevail against the Waters they were call'd Stuffing These by little and little moved forward and by the strength and weight of Engines pressed down into the Old Haven soon took away the use thereof that no Ships could come in that way But out of the Estuary or Gollet which we said flowed on another part by digging a little on the Shore a Channel was made which presently emptied it self within the very Works and afterwards became a better and more safe Haven This way there came in and out oftentime a hundred Vessels to carry out wounded men and to bring in Guns Wood Victuals and whatever else was wanting either to prevent the Injuries of the Weather or the fear of Diseases Nor could the Enemies though from the higher Ground prevail any thing against it their Shot being aimed thither at such distance as made them uncertain insomuch that because of its freeness from danger a great number of persons came thither onely out of a desire to see it to wit Of Forein Noble-men the Duke of Holsatia Brother to the King of Denmark and out of England the Earl of Northumberland who view'd with admiration the same place famous for all the Politike Devices of War Wherefore the Enemy finding the Terrour of his Cannon-Bullets to be of no force left off shooting and fell to throwing in Bags of Sands and great Stones to choke up the Gollet but that Design also prov'd vain the violence swiftness of the Waters being too prevalent Now when they saw they had no hope of keeping out all kinds of Relief Collonel Catrick who lay on the West part of the Town making Approaches and Batteries with great Violence assailed and shot at the Work on that side of which there were three close together which were named the Porcupine Helmont and Sand-hill formerly part of the Old Town but now a great heap of Sand in several little Risings one whereof being more eminent then the rest had on the Top thereof two small Forts one joyning to another besides other Works round about that those weak parts of the Town might from thence be the better defended To this place were so many great Shot directed by the Enemy that it seem'd wholly to be made of Iron yet got they not any benefit thereby equal to that vast Expence for whatever was beat down was easily repaired and as soon as they were killed or wounded fresh men were sent into their places Among those killed here by the Enemies Shot was young Castilion the French Collonel and
sent to assist Embden which entred the City at the same time when Enno drawing near with his Forces hoped to have been admitted by those of his Faction but now being kept out thence he entreth the Villages round about and erects several Forts for the shutting up of the City and the River The States being informed thereof and now after the taking of Grave having some leisure to consult about their neighbours affairs at the request of the City sent Warner Dubois a Colonel of Horse thither with some Troups of Horse and almost nineteen Companies of Foot He within a few daies assaults and wins all the Forts and sets free the City from those rude and ignorant maintainers of Warre Enâ—o that he might remove this disgrace out of his sight with as much envy and bitterness of language as he could invent disputed the Hollanders incroachments upon the rights of anothers dominion of which the States being conscious they published in Print the cause of that action of theirs and the danger that was like to have fallen not onely upon themselves but all Germany by the Count's deeds The Twelfth BOOK of the History of the Dutch AFFAIRES THE Hollanders being oppressed with the French Peace were attended with a greater evil which was the death of Queen Elizabeth about this time whereby they were more deeply plunged in a Warre yet had lost that assistence which as it was the first so had it continued unto the last She died the third day of April being by the length of daies arrived to the toils of life from whence she supposed her old age which she had spun out even to the seventieth year now grew contemptible and that the hopes and counsels of those in whom she had put her greatest confidence were turned towards her successor It was a long reign for a Woman and famous not onely at home but abroad which produced many various censures some conjecturing at the future according as they were led by fear or hope others from the memory of former actions reckoning what prosperity and adversity she had seen during her long life Here was remembred the beheading of her Mother and that for no small fault but onely the supposed crime of Adultery whence arose those many bitter taunts of her Enemies as if she had been the Issue of an unknown Father Soon after when her Sister fate in the Throne she was cast into Prison Which was no small affliction of so great a spirit until by the means and intercessions of Philip King of Spain to whom she owed her Liberty if not her Life she was freed from thence though afterwards she requited his kindness with a long and sharp Warre Besides her Reign was accounted cruel by the execution of so many Noblemen for no other pretence but that they professed the Romane Catholick Religion and also in that no less novel then odious example to all Princes though indeed excusable enough from the necessity that by the command of a Woman not onely a Woman but a Kinswoman and she a Suppliant not as a common person but a distressed Queen was put to death Also there were some that stuck not to exprobrate the divulsions of Ireland and seditions of the English Souldiers in the Low-Countries as if they had been commanded Certainly it was the greatest of her misery that she lived so long without a Husband from whence came the incertainty of her Heir and very various were the several opinions concerning her many objecting her love to the Earl of Leicester and after him her endearments of Essex whose hot and over-hasty youth together with his contempt of her decaying and aged beauty was punished with the loss of his head though soon after her minde was more changed from hatred to repentance then before it had been from love to hatred so that it was by many judged to be the main cause of her sickness and death On the other side it was said that the long continuance of her Government and life manifested the same to be well-pleasing to God and that instead of the customary evils of youth she had shewed great prudence in her carriage and behaviour in the enjoyment of both good and bad fortune Nor was it so great a wonder that her security was established by the death of some Rebels and by Warres as that a Woman's Government after four and fourty years had not onely made England safe but flourishing nor had she at any time taken Arms but for most just causes Religion was by her reformed to the example of King Edward not by force or according to her own fancy but upon debate of the matter in the great Council of the Kingdome and in a lawful manner Nor did she rage with cruelty against those that were of another judgement unless it were when it was too late when by the doctrine and instruction of the Jesuites they had thrown off all reverence love to their Country and Government at once By her help Scotland was vindicated from the French the Prince of Conde's Party from their adverse faction and much of the Netherlands from the Spaniards And although she had so many great allurements to increase her Dominion yet she remained content with her own not desiring from all her victorious atchievements any other thing then the liberty of that Religion by her promoted and to set limits to power that was or might be defervedly suspected Thus did she restore the Towns which she possessed in France preserved Scotland for a Child and rejected the desires of the Hollanders intreating her to take the Dominion over them And now lately the old Garrisons in Ireland being taken and new ones fortified some of the Nobles being taken here some there their faction was so infeebled and the very strength and pretence thereof so weakned and Tyrone himself so broken that falling upon his knees before the Lord Lieutenant he humbly requested pardon of all his offences For that excess of Honour happened to him a little before his fall She had been courted to Marriage not by the English onely but by Charles of Austria brother of the Emperour and by Henry and Francis brothers to the King of France as also by some Kings themselves to wit Philip of Spain and Ericus of Sweden That she was thus sought was her happiness but that she refused all was her prudence because as it was unfit for her Greatness to marry a Subject so the Subjects of England were afraid she should marry a Foreiner The reproches that were spred concerning her took their beginning from her sex and the elegancy of her beauty together with the customary liberty of Princes and could onely be refuted by manlike care and diligence Nor was she onely well skilled in the arts of Government but was learned in the ancient and modern languages an excellency rarely found in Women of a private fortune which made her Name and renown great and famous and not onely terrible to and
admired by her neighbours but courted by Embassadours even from the Moors and Sarmatians No man hitherto doubted but that great Commotions would have arisen in England upon the death of the Queen who had never declared any certain Successor for it was believed that although James King of Scotland was the next in bloud yet the ancient hatred of the inhabitants and the private fear of those that had consented to his Mother's death would be an obstacle to him there being several ready in England who boasted themselves to be descended of Royal bloud Then also the power of the English Catholicks was feared lest they should hope for that by Troubles which they could never expect while the setled Authority of the Queen remained the Pope also instigating them as unwilling that a King of the new Religion should be admitted although he were next in bloud Nor was that hope onely grown in the Spaniards who lay at watch for the peoples commotions but the Hollanders also although they had by many good offices before-hand pre-engaged King James upon the connexion of Religion yet by tacite wishes did guess that the imputation of their alliance with him would transferre part of the Warre into Britain But it happened beyond hope and expectation that presently after the decease of Queen Elizabeth the old Councel of the Queen and as many of the Bishops and Magistrates of London as were at present at hand and in readiness proclaimed King James not waiting for the authority of a Parliament for the danger of delay and because Interregnum's do many times in the future by new Laws and Covenants diminish the grandeur and power of Authority Thus without any contradiction the King of Scotland got the possession of England and was the first that within the known Records of any Annals enjoyed the whole Island of Great Britain in one entire and undivided Government The United States did not omit forthwith to send an Embassy to congratulate him for his new access of magnitude having first sent some gratulatory Letters The Embassadours sent by them to the King were Count Henry of Nassau Prince Maurice's brother then a Member of the Councel of the States and General of the Horse next to him was Walrave Brederode thirdly John Olden Barneveldt and lastly Jacob Valcken who died before he returned from this Embassy When they were admitted to audience they spake in this manner We are come hither Great King divided in our selves between Grief And Joy for we have lost Her whose goodness and benefits to us we are not able to express in words but we have found You as the Heir of Her Kingdome so the Imitator of Her Vertues That which formerly we desired and since that by publick supplications decreed to the most happy Messengers of Your new-begun Dominion that now in Your own presence with hearts and voices we beseech and begge of God that this Your reign may be happy and prosperous to Your Self to Posterity to Great Britain and to Vs We begge of You Sacred Sir one thing That You would not suffer the insulting Spaniard to trample upon the necks of the Netherlanders and from thence by degrees to incroach upon the Dominions of others his Neighbours It suits with Your Religion to save so many Assemblies of pious men from that Kingdome of sanguinary Superstition it agrees with Your Justice to defend a Cause allowed of by so many Kings and it is an act becoming Your Prudence to drive away those underminers of Kingdomes and supporters of the Papacy by whose judgement all that You now possess is given to them as a Prey Your Predecessor Queen Elizabeth did this and so we hope will You and that with the greater ease by how much You are in the prime of Your age have a more man-like Authority a more ample Power and a House well setled upon the happy foundation of a hopeful Issue Our fidelity shall in part supply Your Work and Charge by whose prosperity and adversity it hath been made evident that the Spaniards could be conquered 'T is true Peace is a most excellent Jewel and worthy of high estimation among Christians but that that is made with Tyrants and treacherous people is little better then Warre If all they that are joyned in the Cause would unite their wealth he would be deprived of the Netherlands and if that punishment would not yet make him wise he should be driven out of the Sea and all his maritime Dominions which would be no hard matter for the Hollanders and English to effect and this certainly would make him glad to come to a true Peace the best maintainer whereof was equality of Forces Now is the siege of Ostend protracted unto the third year so that having endured so long a misery we humbly intreat You to aid us with supplies for relief thereof for which purpose you may make use of those ships which by the Queen 's command were furnished and instructed with Armes and provisions by us being eleven in number and now wait for nothing but your Royal command Hereto the King very courteously answered as to the matter of friendship but as to the rest he excused himself by the infancy of his Dominion but in time he would see what was best to be done in the interim not concealing that as much as he could he would prefer all counsells tending to Peace for hitherto he had had no difference with the Spaniard and also Philip had voluntarily offered him his assistence if any dispute should have arisen concerning his Kingdome and himself being of a mild disposition and well grounded in all kind of Literature had spent his time in studies rather inclinable to Peace then War And the Archduke being supposed to have made war with the Queen not with the Realm had by Edict forbidden any damage to be done to the English sending home besides all Prisoners they had that were that Countrey-men and soon after he sent Charles Prince of Arenberg Embassador to the King as also the Spaniard sent Don John Baptista Taxis to the same for the promoting a Peace concerning which the year following there was an agreement When the Embassadors of Holland saw they could not prevent it they endeavored to delay it and to give the King some hopes that they likewise might obtain Peace together with their Liberty if the King by procrastinations or delay would suffer the Spanish counsells which yet depended upon the event of a few years to grow towards perfection And this was the discovery of Olden Barneveldt who was throughly versed in all the secrets of the United Provinces producing the Duke of Brunswick's hand whom the Emperor Rudolphus had acquainted with that affair But King James his hast was not at all slackened in making that Peace whereupon the Hollanders onely contended that if they could not obtain a shew of assistence yet that they might not be denied right These their desires were seconded by the French King who was very
assault Sand-hill and though the first of them were scattered by the force of gun-powder out of a Mine yet Barlaymont drove on the rest until they attained the top of the place From hence they went by secret waies under ground into the old Town sometimes the besieged sallied and in stead of the Works which they had lost they raised new ones more inwardly which out of a vain humour and conceit of the long continuing of the siege they named Troy For the fresh ground being in it self loose and not sufficient to resist the shot though it was in the midst of Summer as often as the wind blew off from the Sea all things were laid open to ruine Insomuch that now the States themselves began to consider the infinite charge and the losses of the Souldiers not much inferiour to the greatest Battels and that Ostend it self being so inclosed with Forts could be of no use Besides whether they looked at honour or profit they had gotten more of either in three months in the winning of Scluys besides Berck and Grave then Albertus would get by Ostend which he had contested for so many years And now the greatest part of Autumn being spent time was past for the Enemy to undertake any thing else and Winter was coming which was both dangerous and dreadful to the besieged And if they should goe thither with an Army first the way was full of water and in the middle was Damâ— and Blankenbâ—rg Garrisons of the Enemy besides by length of time the Camps were well setled the Forces united and both Commanders and Souldiers were used to fight all which threatned great hazards to such an attempt Therefore command was given to Colonel Marquette that he should set an end to that tedious conflict upon as honourable terms as he could which was accordingly done And first of all the Ships and other Vessels were sent away with part of the Artillery Then Commissioners were sent who desired that all in the Town might freely march out with their Arms and four Cannon and that all Prisoners should be exchanged which Spinola easily granted either out of an high esteeâ— of their approved valour or to prevent other uncertain events which time might produce Three thousand marching through the midst of the Enemie's Camp came to Scluys to the Prince who received them not as overcome but gave them praises and thanks as Conquerors The Arch-duke with his Princely Spouse came to see the place for which they had offered up so many vows and been at so infinite an expence of money time and bloud themselves protesting the loss of fifty thousand men and that a greater number of the besieged was killed They found nothing but an empty and confused plat of ground here full of rude and mis-shapen heaps there falling into great and uneven holes with such confused remains of Fortifications that by looking thereon one could scarce imagine which were made for the defence or which for the assailing the Town The Townsmen that lived there before went thence to Scluys and although the Arch-duke granted many Privileges to the place yet of a long time none would inhabit it looking upon it as a place of horrour and defiled with the bloud and bones of dead men which is generally repugnant to the nature of most men Besides those Embassadors which I mentioned before King Philip and the Arch-duke sent into England more to wit this sent Don John Richardot and Don Lewis Verrcikem but he Don Ferdinando Velasco Constable of Castile and Don Alexandro Roverti a Senator of Millaâ—n both of them very desirous of Peace not so much out of fear of the English as that they might draw the Hollanders to reason by taking away their props and supporters Nor wanted there some in that warlike Nation that persuaded to Warre repeating in the English Parliament which was then met the ancient alliances with the Hollanders the many leagues and marriages long before Philip Duke of Burgundy unjustly drove Jacoba married to a Britan out of her Principality And the reason given for this amity was that without it the Sea could be safe to neither and it would grow from thence that Trading would be full and free On the contrary the Spaniards had no need of Peace for Warre was more beneficial to them And it was chiefly to be provided that the Hollanders should not by extremity be compelled to joyn either with the French the ancient Enemies of Great Britain or the Spaniards Enemies for Religion sake and the thirst of Dominion It hath been evident by too many examples that who had the dominion of the Sea would easily be Master of Britain But the King not at all moved herewith and supposing there was strength enough both in Britain and Holland for that to maintain Peace and this Warre thereupon refusing the society of Arms offered against the Spaniard he agreed to a Peace Besides the Articles usual in Leagues there were added certain concerning free Navigation such as was before the Warre and upon paiment of the same Customes Nothing was spoken of America or the Indies because the English would not endure to be excluded and the Spaniard was obstinate to admit none so that matter was left to the decision of him that was most potent Concerning Religion it was agreed That the English should not be compelled in Spain to goe to their Churches That when they met the consecrated Host they should doe reverence thereto unless they chose rather to goe out of the way These that follow pertained to the Hollanders viz. That neither of them should help the others Enemies or Rebels nor should suffer them to be helped by any of their Subjects That the facts of private persons should be answered for by themselves but the publick Peace not be hazarded thereby But the Britans denied to deliver the Briel or Flushing to the Spaniard affirming it was contrary to the faith contained in their Articles in the interim the Souldiers that kept those Towns should be unconcerned in the Warre but should doe their endeavours for pacifying the Hollanders and if that were delaied yet that at least there should be an open and free passage for the Netherlanders and English in point of trade That there should not reside at one time in the Ports of either above six or eight of the others Ships of Warre That the English should be forbidden to carry the Hollanders Commodities into Spain or the Spanish Merchandises into Holland Thus that Warre being ended King James that he might take away the cause of all intestine discords by obliterating the names of Scots and English would have both to be united and grow up into one Kingdome by communicative Laws and to be called Britain undertaking herein a difficult matter and which was agitated with great contentions while the yet fresh differences and emulations would hardly allow thereof as the foundation of a solid good to posterity Soon after according to these agreements with Albertus
devoured the fields which of necessity must have produced desolation and poverty Therefore they should return and unite themselves to the Body of France voluntarily and of their own accord rather then be compelled thereto by force by which means they should remain setled in the ancient and renowned seat of their Ancestors which must needs perish and be lost if the Hollanders should be victorious That there are nine Forts or Castles erected for a small resistence of all Invaders from whence the original of that Nation is extracted of whom 't is questioned whether they exceed more in cruelty or pride but afterwards inclosed by the Pyrenean Mountains and the remote shore of their own Ocean That the French Empire grown to a vast magnitude would govern its Subjects with more moderation and for the future settle Peace by a settled and hereditary succession according to the Salick Law That this should be to them no loss because they should enjoy in common all the advantages and benefits of France Some there were also in Germany who equally considered from hence the Spanish greatness on the other side the abstruse recesses of the Hollanders whose fortune was daily bettered by Warre nor could they be concluded by conquering That it were both more honourable and easie for the Spaniard to repel the Turk with those Arms he useth against these or else he might compensate any small damage of his Government by propagating and encreasing his limits elsewhere That the Hollanders might buy their Liberty for money for Empires have their setled foundations and periods so that when they are arrived to the highest pitch of Greatness they suddenly decrease Of late the Spaniards neither demanded Tunis nor Goleta nor did the Austrian Family look after Switzerland So also must he loose these people and as they chiefly withdraw themselves so were they to be suspected from the remembrance of the Warre and by the discord of Religion working great prejudice even from their example besides part of them were purchased from the Burgundians so that he may with equal justice sell what he had bought These were the discourses abroad but at home besides a few in whose hands lay the managery of the Commonwealth and by whom all counsels and advices were ordered the rest calling to minde how great the Spaniard's pride was how resolutely determined never to agree with the Hollanders threw aside all hopes the Fates having yet kept in obscurity any glimmering of an end of this so great and long a Warre And now the States to Maximilian Cocheyne urging the Emperour's commands as also to the Legates of Mentz Saxony and others desiring safe conduct free passage and time and place for a Treaty being all things of moment and such as usually work with the common people returned this Answer That they were not unmindful what damages they had received by former Treaties Nor were Germany or the Emperour although names highly reverenced by them of any power against the treacherous dealings of their Enemies That the Hollanders were desirous of nothing more then that the fear of Warre being laid aside they might enjoy what they had attained with so many dangers and so persevering an industry and therefore having so long intreated the aid of their neighbours to divert the Arms imminent over them by a moderate Peace and having afterwards gotten to themselves a solid and well-setled liberty from a fatal necessity which was allowed and confirmed by Kings and Princes they would not change it for a deceitful Peace That they had heretofore entred into Covenants with the Netherlandish Lords and were now ready to renew the same for it was evidently seen how small the authority of the Archdukes was since Spinola a Foreiner received his Command over the Netherlands by Commission from Spain They never refused a safe and well-grounded Peace so as Religion might be safe and the Commonwealth not hazarded But if that opinion remained that as there ought to be but one Pope for the ruling Ecclesiastical affairs so for the Government of Temporal matters there should be but one King and that the Monarch of Spain Germany should see that the Hollanders would not be wanting either to their own or the publick safety As to the business spoken of concerning damages done by them they would endeavour that their Justice and Equity should not be blamed That they should be reputed very rash and inconsiderate if they should deliver up any strong Holds while Spinola lay about the Rhine they knew Germany it self might thus be forewarned if they would consider Mendosa 's Army and the contumelious injuries received by them About this time came forth a Book written by Francis Renes a learned man and of good repute in the Commonwealth of which he had deserved well for writing the Annals thereof in the native Language this man the Author being dead the Book was set forth and published by his friends discoursing of many things as well ancient as novel and relating the many tyrannies and oppressions of the House of Austria and the Spaniards and what treacherous Leagues those Princes used towards other people especially those whom the Pope absolved by a Religious kinde of perjury and setting forth that from thence the danger was equal both to the Catholicks and Reformed people and that there was no other issue to be expected then by Conquest since those waies which are absolutely desperate to men are yet evident and well known to God While these things were minded discursively the Warre in the mean time is spurred on in good earnest For those Forces that had been taken up at Ostend made a great accession of strength to the Hollanders besides some Regiments came out of France to their aid the King sending them advice that they should first draw out into the Field for it would be more for their advantage to be before-hand with the Enemy then to let him get the start of them But in England and Germany Forces were levied and raised for both parties with a vendible faith as they met Souldiers of Fortune or else as Religion led any man to one side or the other Also the Hollanders hasted to raise money with all speed but the Netherlanders under the Archduke came to it with less willingness and more delay for that the Warre was maintained against their will and they were jealous of the ill managing of the Treasury besides the United States had increased their displeasure by writing to the Nobles of affairs that concerned the common good which things so terrified Albertus that he would not suffer a meeting of the Provinces under him though often before and at that time chiefly the same was desired fearing lest by his denial of many things he should become unable to resist their envy or the authority of the States being contemned they should according to their neighbour example fall to direct force his Letters to his friends detecting this his fear which the Hollanders intercepting sent to
chose among these Trebizond for a new Seat of another Empire the Trade was drawn thither through the Caspian Sea by a way not so much used as known to the Romans of old as Pliny teacheth us out of Varro and afterwards the Turks Power encreasing thereabout it was carryed thence by Camells and Dromedaries to Aleppo But the Sultans that possessed Caire restored it again to the Red Sea and Alexandria After this the Portugueses having searched many parts of Africa and Asia and planted Colonies in the Year One Thousand Five Hundred and Twelve came to these Islands whereby force and Arms prevailing partly by the differences of the Kings there and partly by the strengâ—h of their Shipping easily made themselves Lords of the Trade of Cloves spoyling and destroying all Ships that by chance at any time came thither either from Persia or Arabia and stopping up all the passages into Egypt Thus did the Sultans loâ—e no less than the yearly Revenew of fourscore Thousand Ducats At that time the King of Ternata was Boloif the Son of â—rgeo who was looked upon among his Subjects as a Prophet the King of Tideris was Almansor these were at variance between themselves a long time only out of a desire of increasing Dominion which was the Original and cause of their slavery The Portugueses preferred the friendship of him of Ternata as having the larger Government and as if they believed any thing lawful to be done against Mahomitans they poysoned Almansor disobeying their Command for which cause his Son and Heir Raxamira submitted himself to the obedience of the Castilians who eight years after publickly came into those parts as if with an intent to take possession thereof averting that their Ancestors and Magellane had discovered those places before the Portugueses and besides they so interpreted the method of dividing the World and the several positions of places with such incertain dimensions that they would include these places within the bounds of their Empire Hence it came that when those two distinct People Spaniards and Barbarians were intermingled they had sharp but no long conflicts because the Emperour Charles the Fifth who Reigned in Castile wanting money and not rightly understanding of what great concernment the matter in agitation was accepting from John the Third King of Portugall Three Hundred and Fifty Thousand Duckets He pawned to Him all His Right in the Mollucca's from whence the Portugueses have since claimed a free Trade there without interruption sending all their Cloves to Goa from whence the Persians Turks Chinoys and Africans fetched them yet scarcely so much by a third part as is vended to the European Nations Therefore it was no wonder that out of the Molucca Islands and Amboyna which is not far distant and brings forth the same Fruit and Banda where the best Nutmegs grow which bears a Flower that is called Mace the Kings of Portugalls had a yearly Revenew of Two Hundred Thousand Duckats Pepperâ— and Ginger growing every where are esteemed vile to these so also is Cinamon Now as the Wealth of these barbarous Kings increased so also did the injuries offered to them for that which at first was but an allyance after became and was turned into publick Tyranny and what before was the Obligation to Fidelity now was converted into designs of Treachery After the Death of Bolcif his Son Bajan that succeeded Him in the Kingdom was taken Prisoner and after Him his Brother and King Dayall These by some means or other being dead one Arrias took the Kingdom who also was Himself first Imprisoned and afterwards slain for no cause but out of envy to His greatness for He was unspotted in His Fidelity insomuch that many Islands about which had formerly been Governed by the Noblemen in admiration of His Vertues submitted themselves to His Government so that He had under His Command above seventy Isles and no small parts of the Celebes Country Mindanao and Gilolo His two Elder Sons were so terrified with that sad Example that they refused the Name of King and so escaped the danger The Third named Babus ventured to take the Crown and promising to revenge the former facts it was admirable to see how much Affection both His Subjects and Neighbours shewed to him In His Reign the English first came out of Europe under the Conduct of Captain Drake in the Year One Thousand Five Hundred Seventy and Nine and disturbed the Possession of the Portugueses Babus expected ayd a long time from these but being frustrate of His hopes and the Courages of the Barbarians beginning as is usual by little and little to languish and hearing that the Wealth both of Castile and Portugall were united in King Philip He sent some to him to excuse the revenge He had taken for His Fathers murther and promised for the future Faith and Obedience But he was eluded with ambiguous Answers â—â—til soon after dying together with the Kingdom He left to His Brother Zaida instead of hopes of Parâ—on His hatred against the Spaniards ready to burst out upon any occasion given There was also one Molee who after Raâ—amira Succeeded His Father Guna slain by Zaida and his Brother Gâ—apabaguna uncertain by whom poysoned in the Government of Tyderis who to oblige the Portugueses by good Offices was envious of their adversaries These were they the Hollanders found when first as we have before related they came into that World In the Year One Thousand Six Hundred Zaida first with joy beheld the Hollanders Arms able to cope with the Portugall Power against whom He joyned with the other with so much Courage that He not only defied the Spaniards as Enemies but slighted the English who desired Commerce and Trade with them but calling the Hollanders his Allyes and Confederates and the deliverers both of Himself and the Sea from tyrannous oppressions On the other side the King of Tyderis permitted the Portugueses to Erect a Castle in their Territories And before Cornelius Sebastian came thither the English once more arrived there with their Ships boasting to the Portugueses That there was a Peace between Spain and England They that accounted all Foreigners Enemies yet then counterfeited Friendship to the English although the fear of the Hollanders was more prevalent Nor was gain onely diminished by these and the number of Merchants lessened but the English resisted them that prepared for War against Tyderis that they might sell Gunpowder to the Portugalls by the scarcity whereof they were much pinched but by perseverance in Counsell it was agreed between Zaida and the Hollanders that He should only make a shew of War while they brought over their Army into the Island of Tyderis That the Hollanders only should perform the Assault of the Castle because the Barbarians are carryed â— rather by fury than advice and being once broken off suddenly loose all their Courage The Marriners therefore first of all climb up and assault two Caracks lying near the Bay then setting fire on
craftily insinuate to the Hollanders how potent the Body of the Netherlands would be if it were united where as being divided and torn asunder they might easily become a Prey to some Foreiner That therefore they would do well if they would choose the Arch-Dukes for their Defenders or at least would enter into such a Society that who offended either should be taken as Enemy to both And if that could not be obtained yet they should endeavour that it might be agreed That neither Party should assist the others Enemies either by Counsel or otherwise or suffer any of their Subjects to take Arms on their behalf And the Spaniards were Commanded to conceal these Instructions from the French and English yet in other Things to use their Help and Counsel and especially the Advice of Janinus for obtaining a Toleration of the Romane Religion and part of the Goods heretofore belonging to the Priesthood The Earl of Frizelands Business also was commended to them and some other private Matters They that would not believe this Writing was carelesly left behind by Richardot suspected this might be some Reason why he left them to wit that the States thereby might be perswaded there was nothing acted concerning their liberty but what was serious and should put into the Hollanders minds the thoughts of an Auxiliary League which had been unreasonable to have spoken of They that published that Paper desired that the Embassadors of Frances Counsels chiefly might be suspected or to make the Arch Dukes subject to the more violent hatted of the Kings however it was Richardot by Letters both accused his own negligence and complained that the Laws of Hospitality were violated in that a private Writing belonging to him was published to all the People Nevertheless the Embassadors of France and England the Germans to whom that action was very displeasing preparing for their departure knowing by some late speeches and now by Don Richardots Letters that a Truce for ten years might be obtained from Albertus and Philip but that no other words would be granted touching their liberty than those had been at first used at the beginning of the Cessation of Arms framed a League according to that method Concerning the Indies it was admired that King Philip might chuse whether he would have a Truce there or War but as to the Borders and other controverted points they were reserved for the future to a more peaceable Treaty The greatest Labour was that this method of Agreement might be approved by the States who were solicitous to confirm their liberty for ever some also willing to lay hold on this occasion utterly to subvert the League and therefore the Embassadors came into the Councel of whom Janinus having setled himself into a Senatorian Gravity began thus to speak The Dignity and Vertue of them who are displeased with our Counsels for a Truce merits that their Arguments should be composed with ours whereby it may appear to you worthy Patriots whether is more wholsome and sound Counsel I hear they find fault with words which if they do that their liberty may be preserved and a pretence is not sought out of a desire of War it is that they may be freed from a prayse-worthy perchance yet an â—â—pty fear for liberty is numbred among those things which receive neither time nor condition and being once given can never be recalled Although if we rightly consider the matter you desire not your Liberty to be given to you but only to be acknowledged Neither indeed can he give it It being denyed that a Prince can transpose his Government and it would be a shame for you to receive that as given which by publick Decree you obtained long since And 't is not possible to acknowledge it more plainly than by calling you Free and professing that they arrogate no Authority to themselves over you This seems enough to Us for the settlement of peace in self but because some thought more might be obtained we have not interposed But to relinquish the Titles and Ensigns of Honour seemed even to us reproachful and infamous and therefore well to be suspected by a King unconquered But say they If the Enemy think so why doth he not declare himself freely Why it may be he thinks it unreasonable and unjust to be compelled to use other words then such as were satisfactory to you before the Treaty And now who would you have believe your liberty Is it the Kings your Allies Certainly those words will be satisfactory to them Nor do you fear I believe that the Spaniard would offer to lay his hand of Authority over you and should require to be revenged on you But a Truce being finished if he shall so think meet he shall make use of War as a Judge No caution can defend the Conquered and the Reason will easily appear why Victorious Arms cannot be limited Nor is it greatly to be feared that the Enemy can heap up any great store of Wealth That is the Custom of free People and such as require nothing but their own to look at the future whereas it is frequent with Kings only to mind the present some being destroyed with boundless desires of luxurious living others wasted with the ambition of wide extended Dominions King Philip is a young Man and Governs a Nation that cannot be taught quietness It is more easie for you to renew your Credit having payd your debts where Garrisons onely remaining the charge of Fortifications which are the greatest part of your burdens will cease You may now defer your Tributes during the years of the Truce The Enemies gifts and dissentions I will easily grant to those who say they fear those things whereof they ought to take heed I know you neither want Laws nor Judiciall Proceedings and it will be but a vain thing to seek to corrupt a few where the Government remains in the â—als of many and they not always the same And the Enemy himself will shake off shath being of that nature that cannot so behave himself as to continue long unsuspected Otherwise if that Reason be admitted you must of necessity undertake a perpetuall War In Peace the vices of Security are much more to be feared nor want there in War peculiar dangers especially where any great Calamity makes a breach upon obedience Nor is that much to be feared when the publick Revenues are so unable to begin a War that they cannot keep it off that is as to the averting the ruâ—ne This Advantage you have that it is in your own power to take heed of the discommodities of a Truce Many times the wisest mâ—n cannot escape the sad events of War There lies upon us also the necessity of answering Lipsius his Letters who perswades the Enemy to a Truce though but for a short time and without the mention of Liberty If they require Examples we have many and those not of former but of the present Age Holland and Zeland gained a new life
with other places 604.605 Andrew of Austria Cardinal his Envoyes defence of the Spanish cruelty in an Assembly of the Germanâ— 617.618.619.620 Andrew Fort rased by the Spaniards and why 633 65â— Albertus returns to the Netherlands 650 Where he finds Cardinal Andrew and Mendosa at difference and for what whereupon the Cardinal is sent away 650 He finds all things else in disorder and why 651 Andrew Fort besieged by Prince Maurice and surrendred to him for 125000. Florens 660 Albertus Fort besieged by Prince Maurice 667 Archdukes gather together their Army 668 March towards Newport 669 Comes in sight of Prince Maurices Army 672 Draws his men into Battalia and the form thereof 673 Archdukes send Deputies to the United States and for what who are met by others and the effect of their colloquy 689.690.765.881 Aquila Don John sent from Spain to aid the Irish Rebels but soon forced to return 711.712 Achem King thereof stirred up by the Portugueses against the Hollanders but he becomes a friend 730.731 Arabella Lady set up to claim the English Crown and by whom with the event thereof 746 Albertus puts to death some Prisoners which is requited by Prince Maurice 756.757 Antwerp surrounded by Prince Maurice but no purpose 789.790.791 Albertus recruits his Army with new levyeâ— 795 796 Aquisgrave oppressed and how and by whom 816.817 Aurange Prince Philip restoâ—ed to his Principality and by what means 857 America a Description of some part thereof 873 Archdukes Letters to the States for confirmation of their Liberty 879 Aurange Prince comes into Holland and for what Reasons 948.949 Antwerp appointed the place of Treaty 968 B. BIshops New Bishops when first set up in the Netherlands and by whom and in what places 25.26 They are found fault with 26 Brederode Henry and who else with him were leaders of the Faction 33 He is driven out of the Countrey 55 Berghen op Zome the Marquess thereof dyeth in Spain 50 Brill taken by four and twenty ships 61 Bossu the Spanish Governour of Hollanders out of the Island of Vorne 61 He spoils Roterdam 61 â—ommâ—l-Island comes into the Union 69 Bostu taken with his whole Fleet. 73 Bommenede taken by Requesens 79 Brabant the people there affect the Prince of Aurange so do the Flandrians 81 Bruxels destined to plunder by the mutinous Spaniards 82 Bossu General of the Netherlanders Army 98 His Camp at Rimâ—en assaulted by Don John who was repulsed 99 Bruges a great sedition and tumult at Bruges but quickly appeased and how the like also in other places 109.110 Breda delivered to Parma and by whom 116 Biron sent with an Army from France to help the Hollanders 133 Brabant people there throw down the banks and let out the Scheldt and why 141 Bruges delivered to the Spaniard 141.142 Bruxels delivered to Parma 162 Bonne taken by Colonel Schenck by surprise 183 Bergheâ—op Zoâ— besieged by Parma and why 217 The Description thereof 218 The Townsmens valor in defence of the place 219 Treachery against it discovered by whom and how prevented 220 The Siege broken up and the Town given by the States to Prince Maurice 221 Bonne besieged by Parma and delivered to him upon honourable conditions 21.122.223 Bommel attempted by Charls Mansfeldt but in vain 229 Berck besieged by Parma's command 232 Blybcke Castle taken by the Spaniard 233 Berck relieved by Schenck 234 But at last won by the Spaniard 236.237 Breda taken by stratagem from the Spaniard and how 244.245.246 Besieged again by Parma but in vain 250.251 Bourtang a great Moor a Fort raised therein and for what purpose 315.316 Brandenburgh Elector seeks Allyance with the United States so do several others 376 Balagny in vain seeks to strengthen his Tyranny and why 394.395 Burgundy by whom possessed of old and by whom at this day 398.399 Bodleigh Thomas sent by Queen Elizabeth to the Hollanders and for what 400 401 Baolot Claudius a Netherlandish Colonel his valour and Policy 429.430.431 Berck the Description of the Town besieged by Prince Maurice and delivered to him 506 507 508 Demanded of the States by the Bishop of Colen and their answer to him 508.509.602.603 Breâ—fort besieged by Prince Maurice 514.515.516 Taken together with the Castle 517.518 Burghley Lord dyes and his Speech to Q. Elizabeth at his death 560 Berck besieged by Mendosa 601 Infected with the Plague 603.604 Burick taken by Mendosa 604 Berck summoned by Alfonso Avales 605 A sad accident happens there and what 605.606 The Town surrendred to the Spaniard 606.607 Bucquoy Count taken Prisoner and by whom 622.623 Bommel Isle the Description thereof 626.627 Entred by the Spaniards 627 The Inhabitants incouraged by Prince Maurice 628 Breautee the fight between him and Grobbendone 657.658 He is taken Prisoner and basely killed 657.658 Barlot Claudius killed his Character 687 Berck besieged by Prince Maurice 697 Won by him 699 Biron Duke accused of Treason Imprisoned and Beheaded 734.735 Bucquoy Count passes the Rhine and why 796 Erects a Fort at Kâ—sers Weert 796.797 Berck re-inforced by Prince Maurice 797 Berghenop Zosm attempted in vain 805.806.807.808 Brunswick troubles there and for what and how and by whom composed 825.826 Breâ—fort attempted by Terral and surprized for the Spaniard but regained by Henry of Nassaw for the Hollander 831.832 Bâ—rck besieged by Spinola 839.840.841 Delivered to him and why 842 Britain troubles there for what and how composed 863 Bruyke Count killed by the Spaniards 868 Barbary troubles there and for what 965 C. CHarls Emperour consults of the alteration of the State in the Netherlands and how he was deterred 9.10 Church Ceremonies of the Latine Church and the Latine Tongue when and why generally received 14 Charls Emperor condemns Luther 18 Cruelty rather the cause of Rebellion than Religion and why 20 Confederates their desires to the Lady Regent and her answer 33.34 Calvin where and by whom followed 36.37 Confederate Lords meet at Dendremund and why and for what 39.40 Confederacy broken at the present and how and by what means 41 Charls eldest Son of King Philip put into ward and there dyes 50 Casimir sent for and comes into the Netherlands with strong recruits of men 92.94.100 He pacifies the Flandrians and perswades them to receive Souldiers 101 He departs to England 102 Charls Son to Count Egmond goes over to the King 109 Courtray in Flanders won by the Duke of Parma 116 Cambrâ—y a City its situation besieged by the Spaniards 123.124 Charls Cimace Areschots Son his dissimulation and treachery to his Countrey 138.139.141.142 Complaints made to the Earl of Leicester for what by whom but to little purpose 173.174 Commoni to have a share in Government when how and why 174 175 Creviceur a Castle why so named 180 Cavendish sails into America and falls upon the Molucca Isles 181 Covorden the Description thereof 291.292 Besieged by Prince Maurice 291. ad 298 Delivered to him 298 Capelle a French Town forced to surrender 323 Castel John his Execution and for
what 342 Cambray besieged by the Spaniard 347.393.394 Cleves and Juliers Dutchies claimed by the Spaniards and others 375.444 Castellet taken by the Spaniards 387 Cambray delivered to the Spaniard 395.396 Cornwal a County in England invaded by the Spaniards 402 Calais besieged by Albertus and why 423.424 Attempted to be relieved by the Count St. Paul but in vain 425 Is surrendred together with the Castle 425 416 Cadiz Voyage and the Issue thereof 446. ad 453 A Description of the City of Cadiz 448 449 The City taken 451 Corn for hidden by Edict to be carryed into Spain and why 469 Clement Pope at Ferrara by Proxies marries King Philip to Margaret and Albertus to Isabella 580 Cleves and Juliers about to raise an Army cannot agree on a General 585 The Cities thereof fortified and why 598.599 They desire to make a defensive League and with whom and why 600 Send thanks to Prince Mamrice but complain of the Spaniards 600 601 Culenburg Count Florence Palante his death 610 Culcar a Town of Cleves taken by the Spaniard together with many others 615 Creveâ—cur Fort besieged and taken by the Spaniards 629 Regained by Prince Maurice 658 Clort a Captain takes 300 of the Enemies near Wachtendow surpriseâ—h Straten and takes Cracow Castle 694.695 Coetorden re-enforced by Prince Maurice 805 Cratow Castle taken by Bucquoy 814 Cloves a rich commodity and from whence brought 850.851.852 Cessation of Arms for eight Moneths agreed on between the Hollanders and Spaniards 880 Continued for a longer time 896 Cessation of Arms lengthened 901.902 Commissioners on both sides meet the manner thereof and who they were 915.916.917 Cessation of Arms prolonged 925 The same again continued 927 Commissioners for the Archdukes commanded out of Holland by Decree and the Treaty broke off 938 They take leave of the States and their speech at that time with the States answer thereto 938 Calvin his Opinions 951 D. DUtch the Form of their Government 10.11 Difference between France and Spain upon what grounds and by whom begun 59 Dordect the Form of a Commonwealth there begun and by whom 63 Discords increase among the Netherlandish Lords 90.91 Dunkerk besieged by Parma and taken which for the future made the Sea dangerous and why 53 Damme surrendred to the Spaniard 142 Dewsburgh won by the Spaniard 163 Drake Francis wasts the toasts of Spain with a Fleet. 181 Denmark the King layes an Imbargo on all Dutch Vessels and why 184 Discipline Military more strict and better with the States than the Spaniards 197 Drake Francis made Vice-Admiral 209 Dutch ships seised in Scotland and why 224 Deventer besieged by Prince Maurice assaulted and surrendred 265.266.267 Delfeziel won by Prince Maurice 270 Assaulted by Verdugo but with great loss 326 Dorpius Arnold called the Rich is envyed called to question imprisoned pardoned and again employed and how 356.357 Dolens in viewing whereof Lamot is killed 389 Drion a Town in Burgundy won by the French King 399 Drake Francis sails into America and why before his return he dyes 405.405 Dunkerk Pyrats thence take several Holland ships 419 Some of the Pyrats apprehended and executed 420 Denmark Embassador from thence and to what purpose with the States answer thereto 493.494 Danny Peter his Treason against Prince Maurice and Execution for the same 569.570 Doetichem taken by Mendosa 614 Dorst a Town in the Bishoprick of Colen taken by the Spaniard 611 Douse Peter Admiral of the Dutch Fleet. 640 He goes to Guine the description of the place 644 645 646 A Pestilence afflicts the Hollanders there of which Douse himself dyes 646 647 648 Dunkirk Pyrates taken and executed 649 Dort Hollanders first build a Galley there which quickly after were encreased 691 692 Dunkirk Pyrates their insolency and punishment 695 Dorp Frederick succeeds General Vere in the Government of Ostend 717 Dunkirk Pyrates put to death and why 815 Denmark Embassadors thence arrive in Holland and for what intent 903 Dubois Warner killed and by whom 909 E. EGâ—ond Lamâ—rall Count Egmond his extract and Character his Valour fear of the Spaniard apprehension by Alâ— and death 12 13.40 45 47 48 His difference with Granvel and for what 24 His going into Spain behaviour there Entertainment anâ—â—turn 29 England throws off the Pope so doth Denmark and Sweden 31 Edict set out by the King of Spain and the effect thereof 55 56 Escovedo Secretary to Don John of Austria killed 103 England the Character of the English and how they were concerned with Holland 151 The difference of nature between them and the Hollanders 166 167 Edict to prohibit the transportation of Corn 169 The same Edâ—ct revived and amended 179 English insensible of their danger from the Spanish Fleet. As also the Hollanders 207 English Fleet how disposed to resist the Spaniard 〈◊〉 secure the Kingdom 208 209 They fight with the Enemy at distance and why 210 The whole Fleet met and the greatness thereof 212 They leave the pursuit suffer a storm and return home their Eulogy 215 Emperor of Germany sends an Embassie for Peace to the Hollanders but is refused and why 280 English annoy the Spaniards and where 283 Ernestus Duke of Austria sent Governour to and arrives in the Netherlands 320 His Character and reception among the Netherlanders 321 His first Musters impeded and how and by whom 324 Which makes him contemptible 325 Elizabeth Queen offended with the States and why 346. 464 Ernestus calls a Councel at Bruxels and for what 357 His dissimulation with the Netherlanders 360 Ernestus dies his Character 366 Emperour sends Letters to the States and their answer to the same 374. 493 Embden a Relation of the troubles of Embden and the Original causes and compoâ—â—ion thereof 377 378 ad 383 English and French ready to quarrel and for what 400. 464 Echternach a Town in Lutzenburg taken by the Hollanders 427 Emperor sends to the States and their answer 446. 653 English and Hollanders wast the Sea-coasts of Spain with a great Fleet. 446 Essex Earl General of the Land-Forces in the Cadiz Voyage his Character 446 447.551.652 653 Elizabeth Queen demands satisfaction of the States with their answer and Petition 458 459 460 Her Answer to the Polish Embassador 498 499 Azores Islands fallen upon by a great Fleet of English and Hollanders 499. 500 The Fleet dispersed by Tempests returns home 500 501 Emilia Sister to Prince Maurices offends him by an unequal Marriage and the event thereof 523 524 English difference between them and the Germans the beginning thereof and for what and how setled 535 536 537 538 Elizabeth Queen very angry with the Hollanders and why yet afterwards appeased and by what means 559. 653 Emmeric taken by Prince Maurice from Mendosa and quitted 610 Again surprised and Garrisoned by the Spaniards 622 Essex Earl harasses Ireland succesfully 652 He is committed to custody and for what 653 Emperor Embassadors from him to the States concerning what with the States Answer 663.664 Essex Earl brought to
tryal and privately beheaded 710 711 Elizabeth Queen her Death and Character 737 738 739 740 Emperor sends to the United States complaining of their intrusion upon his Authority with their answer therâ—to 748 749 English and French quarrel in Gertruydenberg 753 England and Scotland named Brittain 779 Emperor and others send Legates to the United States concerning a Treaty and their answer thereto 786 787 English and Hollanders difference between them and for what 794 795 English first come into the Indies and under whose Conduct 852 858 Europe a discription of many passages there transacted in the several parts thereof 858 859 Erkelen taken by Henry of Nassau 863 English and Hollanders joyntly send out Ships aâ— the Indies 869 England King thereof desired to assist to the making peace between Holland and Spain so also are divers others 892 Emperor Letters from him to the States and the purport thereof with their Answer to the same 904 905 Letters from the same to King Philip and the Arch-Dukes with their Answer wherein is set forth the Emperors pretence to be invalid 905 906 907 908 Embden troubles there between whom and how composed 910 911 Europe a short Relation of some European transactions 912 913 914 England a League concluded betwixt it and Holland 926 Embassadors move the States to a Truce and the reason why 932 The same disputed in Books 932 933 944 945 Embassadors of the Kings draw a League for a Truce the form thereof 940 F. FAction in the Netherlands after Philips departure about the Regency and between whom 21. 24. 92 93. 96. 100 French Forces intercepted in their march by the Spaniards 64 Frizeland the Towns thereof left to the fury of the Spaniards 65 France Henry King of France privately ayds the Hollanders 80. 151 Frizeland rebels against the Spaniard and imprison their Governour 85 Francis of Valois sued to and chosen Governour of the Netherlandâ— 91. 94 95. 121. 123 124 125 He is recommended by Margaret of Valois 92 Frizeland Reneberg Governour thereof to whom Campen and Deventer were soon after yielded 94 Francis of Valois comes to Bingen which he wins by storm and siege 101 Offended with Casimires success at Gaunt he departs to England 102. 124 Frizeland Renneberg revolts to the Spaniard and delivers Groningen to them 117 Francis of Valois brings ayd to the States for the relief of Cambray 123 Treats of Marriage with the English Queen 124 The Articles upon which he undertook the Government 125 Expects succour from his Brother the French King but in vain and why 129 Whereupon he falls upon dangerous Counsels and Design what they were how effected and how frustrated 129 130 131 He treats with the Hollanders departs into France and dyes 134 135 French hated by the Hollanders and why 136 Frizeland William of Nassau made Governour there 146 The Form of Government there 146 147 377 378 France French King chosen Defender of the Netherlands and why 151 152 Factions divers in Holland and for what and among whom 187 188 French King assisted by the English and Hollander 241 French and Low-Country troubles compared 242 Falcosteyne Count slain 263 Frizons desire ayd of Prince Maurice who thereupon makes an expedition into Frizeland 268 269 French King wounded 283 Famarsh General of the Ordinance to the States killed 293 Fontayne sent by Philip to govern the Netherlands his Character 298 299. 366 He is the Authour of a cruel sentence and what it was and the effects thereof 303 304 305 306 He is President of the Senate 366 His care and diligence 385 386 Ferte a Town in France besieged is relieved and ungarrisoned 386 Fayer besieged by the French King 400. 433 At last is won by Famine 427 Franecre an University in Frizeland when begun 465 French invade Artois and overthrow Varembonius taking prisoner Count Montecuculi 468 Frizeland wasted by Frederic Count Heremberg 511 French King sends an Embassador to England and for what with the Queens Answer thereto 527 528 Frizeland a Resation of new troubles arising there the cause thereof and settlement of the same 580 581 582 Falcosteyne Count Viricus treacherously murthered and by whom 607 608 Forces new raised in several places and by whom 629 630 752 Fortunate Islands their description and the assault thereof by the Dutch 641 642 ad 644 Quitted again by them 648 Frizeland new troubles there and for what and how composed 662.735 736 746 747 Flanders War transmitted thither and why 664 Another expedition thither 696 697 Henry of Nassau Governour thereof 774 French and Spaniard difference between them and for what 780 781 Frizeland terrified at Spinola's approach 804 805 France Embassadors come thence to the Hollanders who they were and their instructions 890 891 French and Hollanders make a League and what 914 915 French Colony in America comes to nothing and why 964 G. GRanvell Anthony Pereâ—et Granvell his Extract Character Honour and Greatness in the Court of the Emperour Charles and Philip. 21 His diligence and Industry in managing the Government and for what 23 He is Commanded to depart the Netherlands and go into Burgandy from whence he went to Rome 28 Gheuse the first Original of that name 34 Germanes ayd the Prince of Aurange 53 Guise the Guisian faction prevalent in France and the effect thereof 64 Geneva Discipline received in Holland Tenents thereof 71 72 Geeretruydenberg taken by the Hollanders 73 Gaunt a Peace concluded there between whom and the heads thereof 84 This Peace confirmed at Bruxels 85 A great Sedition in Gaunt 97 98 Appeased by the Prince of Aurange 104 It consents to the League of Union 110 Groningen besieged for the States by Entes but Relieved by Schencke 118 Gaunt People there deny passage to Birons Army and why 135 The Town delivered to Parma upon teâ—rms and what they were 148 149 Grave besieged by Parma relieved by Hohenlo yet cowardly surrendred to him 170 For which the Governour afterward put to death 171 Geeretruydenberg sold and delivered to the Spaniard and the pretences for the same and by whom 224 225 226 227 228 Guise Duke slain 240 Groenigen straitned by Count William of Nassau Governour of Frizeland 243 Germanes threaten revenge for the wasting of their Borders 255 344 345 Parma's Answer and the States Answer to the same 256 257 258 Groening beleaguered by Prince Maurice 269 The Citizens waver in their affection 270 Send Letters to Count Mansfeldt and an Embassie to the Emperour 284 285 Geeretruydenberg besieged by Prince Maurice with a description of the place 306 307 ad 314 A description of the Princes Camp before the Town 308 309 310 The Town delivered to him 314 Groningers send to Ernestus for ayd 326 The description of the City of Groening Territory 328 ad 332 The Siege thereof 328 332 333 ad 337 The surrender thereof to the States and they receiving a Garrison from Prince Maurice as also Count William of Nassau for their Governour 337 Groll
besieged by Prince Maurice 390.513 Relieved and the Siege raised by Mondragonio 391 Guiana discovered by Sir Walter Rawleigh 405 Germanes seiz Heredtalls from the Arch-Duke and why 469 Grâ—viwaert attempted by the Spaniards but in vain 487 488 Groening difference between the Citizens and Boors and about what and how setled 489 490 Groll delivered to the Prince 514 Germany a description thereof both antient and modern 587 58â— ad 592 5â—9 Expedition thence intended and whither but hindered and by whom 621 622 Gravewaert beset by Mendosa but in vain 624 Strengthned by Prince Maurice 625 Germanes raise a great Army and for what 633 634 They besiege â—ercke reduce Rees yet at last come to nothing and why 634 635 636 63â— Grobdendouc The Fight between him and Breautee 657 658 Groningen grows mutinous but reduced to order by Count William and a Castle built over them 661 662 Grave besieged by Prince Maurice 720 721 Endeavoured to be relieved by Mendosa but in vain whereupon iâ— was surrendered 722 It is beat to the Hochstrateners and upon what Termes 759 Geletre attempted by Prince Maurice 813 Gunpowder-Treason the description and discovery thereof ow reâ—â— by whom 819 820 821 Groll besieged by Spinola and taken 838 839 Besieged a new by Prince Maurice 844 The Siege raised by Spinola 845 Groeningen the Castle there demolished 867 868 Germanes their desires 915 Giron Don Ferdinando sent Embassador into Brittain and for what 930 Germany great troubles there and whenâ—â— arising and how composed 966 967. H. HOrn Mommorency Count Horn his extract and Character valor fear of the Spaniard apprehension by Alva and lamentable death 13.47.48 He retreats home 4â— Hollanders rebel against Alva in Utrecht Flushing and other places 62 Holland and Zeland continue in Arms. 66 The Description of both those Countries 66.67.68 Harlem besieged and taken by Alva 73 Henalt the Towns there receive Francis of Valois as their Governour 101 Holland the Commonwealth there faulty in its constitution and wherein and why 114 Hobenlo Count his men overthrown by Renneburg 118 Hollanders by advice resolve to throw off King Philip and the reasons for the same 119.120 Which they afterwards effect 122 Hog a base fellow so called troubles Holland 136 He is punished for the same 137 Heremberg William revolts to the Spanyard 138 Hollanders their valor and courage admirable and wherein 147 Their sad condition after the Prince of Aurange's death 150 Hohenlo Count withstands the Earl of Leicester and why and for what 170 Holland enriched by the war Brabant and Flanders undone 180 Howard Earl of Notting ham Admiral of England 209 Hâ—w Castle yielded to Parma by Sidenberg 230 Henry the third King of France slain and by whom 240 Henry of Bourbon succeeded but with great trouble 240 Hulst delivered to Prince Maurice 274 Hollanders their ships wracked by a storm 320 Henry King of France reconciled to the Church of Rome and why and the event thereof 322.323.324 Hartiusâ—â—bo â—â—bo and Jerome Comannus come from Bruxels to the Hague and for what 337.338.339 Henry King of France stabbed and by whom 342 Hollanders and English joyn their Fleets after some contests 346 They send aid to the French King 346.347 Henry King of France sets out an Edict against King Philip and why 348 Hollanders troops return out of France 349.385 They suffer much by inundations 355.524 Hoye a Town of Leige surprised by the States 361.362 Besieged and retaken by the Bishop of Leige 363.361 Henry King of France invades Burgundy 36â— Hohenlo Count Philip solemnly marryed and to whom 374 375 Hanes â—aâ— on and the relation thereof 387.388 Henry Count Heremberg taken Prisoner 396 Henry King of Francâ— accuseth his Allyes and for what with their excuses and answers 399 4â—0 Henry the 〈◊〉 of England first King of Ireland 400 Hollanders a brief relation of some Sea-Voyages whereby the United States Wealth was much encreased 405.406 ad 420 Henry besieged by Albertus a description of the Town 428.429 ad 443 The valor and constancy of the besieged 43â— 43â— The Town delivered upon Articles to him 443 Whereat the Hollanders and Zelanders displeased as also with Count 〈◊〉 and why 443 Henry King of France sends Embassadors to Queen Eliz. and who and for what 457 4â—â— Hollanders relation of a third Sea-Voyage made by them to the North to their great profâ— 471.472 ad 4â—â— Hâ—â—â— Matthias slain and by whom 488 Hâ—â—a Anna buried alive at Bruxells and for what 4â—â— Hollanders resolve to clear Over-Issâ—l of the Enemy and their 〈◊〉 thereby 50â— Henry Frederick Prince Mauricesâ—rother â—rother first comes into the War 505 506. Hollanders their thoughts of the Peace between France and Spain and offers to hinder the same 52â— They forbid Traffick with Spain and why 531 Are very unsuccessful and wherein 534 Increase their Wealth much by Traffiquing at Sea and into what parts they use to go 538.539 They are troubled with Pyrats against which they provide remedy and what 541.542 They send Embassadors to France and England for what and who they were 545 The Holland Embassadors speech to Queen Elizabeth against a Pacification with Spain together with the Queens Answer thereto 546.547.548.549.550.551.552.553 Henry King of France Divorced from his wife falls in love with one Estraea and the trouble ensuing thereon 553.554.693 Holland Embassadors Speech to him and his answer to the same 554.555.556 Hollanders Treat with Queen Elizabeth about the payment or the money lent by her to them and the sum agreed and how to be re-paid and a League concluded 560.561.562 Hâ—lle a Town in Henalt famous for Miracles 573 Herembâ—rg Count wasts the Countrey by the Eems and why 597 Hollanders desire to fight with the Spaniards 630 Their Seamen taken and imprisoned in Spain and why 638 They forbid all Traffique with Spain and why 639.640 Set forth a great Fleet to Sea and for what 640 It is divided and part sent home 644 They scour the Sea of Pyrats 691 Henry King of France marryed to Maâ—y Medices 693 Hochstraten surprised by some seditious Spaniards where they settle a new form of Discipline Military 723 Hochstrateners desire aid of the Hollanders which is granted and upon what terms and this made Albertus prescribe them 724.725.752 Hollanders Wealth much increased by the Trade of the Indies 728 They make a League with the people of Banda and the heads thereof 729.730 Several other Leagues with other Indians 731.732.733 849 Their desires to King James and his grants thereupon 743.744 Hochstrateners their strict Discipline 752 They are besieged by Count Herembâ—rg and relieved by Prince Maurice 753 They Forage the Countrey and take many places 766.767 Are reconciled to the Archdukes and upon what terms 772 Hauteen William Admiral of Zeland meâ—ts the Spaniards at Sea and overcomes them 793.794 Made Admiral of a Fleet of Hollanders to intercept the American Fleet and the success thereof 829 830 Hochstraten seized by some seditious Spaniards that desire aid of the Hollanders
which is granted and upon what terms 843.844 Hautcea sent out with a Fleet to intercept the Spanish ships coming out of America and the success thereof 846 Hohenlo Philip his death and character 856 Hollanders averse to Peace 865 Hague Herman Wittenhorsten comes thither from the Archdukes concerning Peace 866 Hollanders averse to Peace and why 876 Obtain a famous Victory at Sea under the command of Jacob Hemskerk at the straights of Gibralter 881.882.883 ad 888 A description of Hercules Pillars 883.884 Hemskerk Jacob Dutch Admiral his speech to the Captains of his Fleet. 884.885 He is killed and his speech at his death 886 Holland Fleet retires to Tituan to repair their ships where they are received with joy 889 Hollanders recal their Fleet from Spain and why 892.896.897 Send Deputies to the King of Britain and for what and his answer to them 894.895 â—â—gue the place appointed for the Treaty 900 Hollanders take a great booty from the Spaniards and how 908.909 I. INquisition the Spanish Inquisition the Original cause and severity thereof one cause of the Dutch troubles 17.18.31 Command sent from Spain to put the same anew in execution 30 Received in the Netherlands and by whom 55 John Don John of Austria sent Governor into the Netherlands his Character 86 He is received by the Netherlanders 86 Accused by them to the King 87 Overthrows the Dutch Army at Gemblin 91 Offers the Confederates Articles of Peace 91 Imbis a great Incendiary at Gaunt his character and death 97.142 John Don John perswaded to Peace and by whom but in vain 99 His Army is recruited he breaks off the Treaty and pitcheth his Army near Namur 100 His death and character 102 103 Imbâ—s moves a new sedition in Gaunt 104.138 Ipre a Town joyns with the United Provinces 110 Issel a City submits to Parma 111 Ipre besieged by Parma 140 It is surrendred to him 142 Issel the derivation of the name 329 Iesuits hated in France and why banished 342 The original description and character of that order 342.343.344 Ireland Rebels there assisted by the Spaniards with a short description of the Countrey 402.403 First invaded by the English under Richard Earl of Pembroke 402 Beginning of a Rebellion there and by whom 403.404 Indies Holland ships first return thence with a description of the Countrey by them made 502.503 Isabella Clara Eugenia betrothed to Albertus and why 529 She writes to Albertus to take possession of the Netherlands which he doth privately 566.567 Iselburg forceably taken by Mendosa 611 Isabella sets an Edict out against the Hollanders and to what purpose 638.639 Isabella Fort besieged by Prince Maurice 687 Indian Company first rise thereof in Holland and the form of ordering the same 733 734 James King of Scotland Successor to Queen Elizabeth in the Throne of England and Proclaimed King 740.741 An Embassy sent to him by the United States and the Embassadors Speech to him with his Answer 741.742.743 Embassadors come to him from the King of Spain and the Archdukes 743 Indian Company send ships to Sea and whither 764.816 848. James King other Embassadors sent to him from the King of Spain and the Archdukes 777 Jesuits banished out of Britain and why but restored in France 780 Indies several ships return thence very rich 815 816 847 A Description of some part thereof 848.849 ad 856 Indian Company confirmed by Edict of the States 856 Indies West a new Company for those parts raised in Holland the Form and Government thereof 870.871 872 Several Opinions thereof 873 874.875 James King sends Embassadors to the Hague who they were and what they did 895 Indies ships come home thence rich and others sent thither 910 Janinus goes into France and for what 929 His Speech in the Councel of the States 941 942.943 K. KNights of the Golden Fleece the Original thereof and causes of their Institution 5â—6 Drawn into Parties and for what and when and by whom 24 King the Presence of the King necessary in the Netherlands to keep the Peace as the Emperor Charls was sensible 42.43 Knodsenburg Fort built and by whom 253 Knodsenburg besieged by the Duke of Parma 270 Relieved by Prince Maurice and the Duke of Parma's men worsted in sight 272.273 L. LOw Countreyes the antient situation and limits the original language Dukes Earls and how they attained and hereditary Succession 3.4 The antient form of its Government untill they fell to the Burganâ—â—ans and after that to the house of Austria 5. â— Liberty chiefly and first sollicited for at Philips departure 22 League between Philip the second of Spain and Henry the third of France and the effect thereof 30 Divers Lords of the Netherlands against the Inquisition and by whom drawn up and when 33 Lutherans formidable in the Netherlands and why 36 Law utterly laid aside and an Arbitrary Power set up and by whom 56.57 Lumey Admiral of the Prince of Aurange's Fleet his character 60.61 Luyden besieged beats off the Enemy 77.78 Lamot Philip reconciled to the King by the surrender of Gravelin draws in many others 105 Lyra won treacherously by Parma 127 Lâ—chem siege thereof raised and why 128 Lorrain Family of Lorraign claims the Crown of France which much troubles the King 152 153 League with England the heads thereof 164 Leicester Earl sent General into Holland his character 165 Much honoured at first by all and why 166 167.176 He grows ambitious and raises Factions 167.168.175.176 He takes ill the meetings of the States and why 174 And returns to England 17â— He comes back to Ostend for the relief of Sluys but marches thence and doth nothing 180.181 He renews the old factions in Holland 181 Endeavors to seize the Government but is prevented 182 He returns to England is forced to abjure his Authority and dyes 183 â—eban the place of meeting the Spanish Fleet. 207 Besieged by the English and Hollanders 239 Leige Bishopric is difference between is and the Hollanders and for what 259.260 Lopeâ— Lodewick his Treason against Queen Elizabeth and by whom 〈◊〉 341.342 Lutzenburg wasted by the French 360 361 Lâ—ere taken by Heraugier and lost again presently 397 398 Leyden in Holland and University when begun and 〈◊〉 Learned Men bred there 464.465.466.467 Lingen Besieged by Prince Maurice 520 521 And delivered together with the Castle â—â—2 Lisbone beset by the Earl of Cumberland with a Fleet and the success thereof 541 Lovestreyn a City that first threw off slavery 626 Lingen Besieged by Spinola and yielded 801 802 803 Lochem Besieged by Spinola and taken 836 Retaken by Count Ernest of Nassau 844 Lipsius Justus his Death and Character 857 Luther his Opinions 951 M. MOntiny John Count Horn's Brother and the Marquess of Berghen sent into Spain and to what purpose With the King's Answer 34 35 Margaret Lady Regent forced to give way to the Times and agree to the Counsel of the Confederate Lords 38 39 She raiseth more Souldiers and why 41 Maximilian the Emperour's
so do other places 319 320 Namur and Lisle refuse Spanish Garrisons 325 Nassau Philip of Nassau slain 392 Netherlanders Letters to King Philip concerning his Daughters Marriage with Albertus 529 530 Netherlands turned over to Albertus and Isabella the causes and Aâ—cles thereof declared by King Philip. 562 563 564 Several Opinions concerning his 〈◊〉 564 565 Netherlanders set 〈◊〉 to their obedience 567 568 Their desires to the Arch-Dukes 651 652 Newport a Town in Flanders besieged by Prince Maurice 667 Nassau Count Ernests worsted 〈◊〉 fight by Albertus at Leffingen Bridge 670 671 Newport Battel the beginning and end thereof and Victory gotten by Prince Maurice 678 679 ad 680 The number of the slain and names of the prisoners 685 686 Netherland States summoned to meet at Bruxells and the Arch-Dukes Speech to them 688 Notte Colonel succeeds Dorpe in the Government of Ostend 760 Nassau John his death and Character 856 857 Naya Francis who he is employed by the Arch-Dukes about making peace with the Hollanders 878 His desires to the States and their Answer 889 890 Netherlands under the Arch-Dukes their bounds 892 Naya appointed to rende at Delf and why 893 He hath a private meeting with Cornplius Asten Secretary to the States and the effect thereof 983 984 Nassau Adolphus slain and how 949. O. OAth imposed by the Regent on the Commander and why and who took the same 4â— Ocean breaks over its bounds with a great distruction 5◠〈◊〉 Issell Doway and other places submit to the Duke of Parma upon Condition and the heads of the same 105 106 Oâ—denard besieged stormed and taken by Parma 127 Oath imposed by the Confederate States when why and on whom 1◠〈◊〉 Michael his Ship burned and â—ow becomes a booty to the English 2â—1 â—arson Garrisoned by the Prince 291 Delivered to the Spaniard 316 323 â—al an Irish Title abjured by whom and why 403 Ostend the Siege thereof threatned but no more blocked up by Albertus 50â— â—sen 〈◊〉 by Prince Maurice 519 Ostend taken also by the same and dismantled 519 〈◊〉 and Mulsem fortified and why and by whom Orseo besieged 592 593 〈◊〉 blocked up with Form by the Spaniards 6â— Besieged by Albertus with a large descriptiâ— of the Town and the whole Siege from the beginning to the end with the Surrender thereof upon honourâ— Conditions and the names of the several Governments during the time 698 699 700 701 ad 705.708 ad 710.713 ad 717.760 ad 762.774 ad 777 Oldeâ—zpole besieged by Spinola and yielded 800 801 〈◊〉 French Colonel killed 812 〈◊〉 Burnâ—velt perswades to peace 877 In suspected and layes down his Offices in the Common-wealth had â—on desire takes them up again 944 945 P. POpe when he attained his heighth of Power and how and by what degrees 14 Philip the second King of Spain departs out of the Netherlands 21.23 〈◊〉 to consent to the States Request for removal of the Souldier 22 〈◊〉 great affection to the Netherlanders but quite contrary 29 Send his Wife Elizabeth with the Duke of Alva to a Conference at â—ajon with the French King and his Mother 30 Displeased with several of the great Men and why 32 Disappointed of rising Forces and how 36 Popes Authority denyed and by whom 38 Publike Commotions first begin in the Low-Countries and why and by whom 37 Philip talks of going into the Netherland 43 Hâ—s churlish answer to the Emperours Message by his Brother to him 52 53 His name used in all Cases by the Union 70 75 Peace Treaty of Peace at Breda between whom and the refuse thereof 76 77 Philip dischargeth his Creditors without payment 82 Approves the Peace made at Gaunt 85 Desired to make peace with the Hollanders and by whom and why 90 Parma the Duke of Parma succeeds Don John in the Government of the Netherlands his Character 103 104 He besiegeth Maestricht and takes it 104 110 111 Peace Treaty at Colen and the result thereof 104 105.110 Portugall Kingdom claimed by King Philip and Conquered by Alva to his use 114 115 Parma Duke receives Recruits from the King 1â—8 170 He pitcheth his Camp between Gaunt and Bruges 141 Takes Dendremuâ—d and Vâ—lvorde 148 Plicentia a Castle in Italy delivered to Parma by the Spaniard and why 161 Parma made a Knight of the Golden Fleece 162 He wins divers Towns and Forts to the Spaniard 172 Peace Treaty of peace between England and Spain and the heads thereof 184.186 187 Provinces under the Spanish obedience which and how many and which under the United States 188.193 Pope sets out Bulls against Q. Elizabeth and exposeth it to Conquest 205 Parma's Councel and the Marquess of Santa Cruz rejected 206 Parma collects above 30000 men with other Provisions to help the Spanish Fleet. 207. He is kept close in Dunkirk 209. Wants Seamen and why 210 Piementel Didaco with his Ship taken in Zeland 214 Parma blamed envied and hated by the Spaniards and why 231 232. He falls sick and goes to the Spaw 232 Philip of Spains pretence to the Kingdom of France 240 Parma receives gracious Letters from Spain 253. He takes a new Journey into France 254. Frees Paris from a Siege 260 The many troubles attending his return 261. Discontented at his loss before Knolsenburg He goes to the Spaw waters 273. He marcheth into France with an Army 282. Returns thence into the Netherlands having first received a wound 283. While he intends another Journey into France he dyeth 298 The causes of his death and his Character 299.300 Philip King his Declaration against the French King 348 Peace desired by all and a Treaty to that purpose between whom and what Commissioners 368. Their Speech to Prince Maurice and his Answer 369 370 371 The Treaty broken off and why with several opinions thereon 371 372 373 Philip King of Spain in great distress for money and why 454 He dischargeth all his Creditors without payments and the â—ssue thereof 455.456 Peace concludeâ— between England and France and the heads thereof as also the like with the Hollanders 461 462 463 Poland the ingrateful Speech of the Polish Embassador and upon what occasion with the States Answer thereto 492 493 Peace Reasons why the Hollanders refused peace 494 495 496 Padilia sent from Spain with a Fleet to invade Brittain being broken by Tempests and returning is removed from his Command 501 502 Philip King of Spain incline to peace and why 515 Peace treated off between France and Spain at St. Quintins by whom and upon what tearms 526 527. The Treaty goes forward to which are sent English and Holland Embassadors 544 545.553 Various opinions concerning it in the English Court and what and among whom 551 552. Treaty removed to Verbin where a Peace is concluded and the heads thereof 557 558 Philip King his death and the manner thereof 575 576. His Character 576 577. His Son Philip named the 3d succeeds him 578 Priest the noble Speech of a Priest to Mendosa 611 Peace
Treaty between Q. Elizabeth and Albertus and upon what tearms with the event thereof 662 663 Portugal Fleet K. fought with and worsted by the Hollanders 728 729 Peace Treaty between K. James King of Spain and the Arch-Dukes and the effect thereof 777 778 779. Several opinions concerning a peace between the Spaniard and Hollanders 783 784 785 Poland troubles there and whence arising and how concluded and upon what tearms 858 859 Portugueses their Petition to King Philip. 863 864 Philip King inclinable to peace and why 864 865 Peace Treaty desired by King Philip but put off by the Hollanders 866 867. Treaty first begun and how and upon what 917 918 919. The first branch agreed conditionally others positively 918 919 920. The point of Commerce debated both by the Commissioners and by Books 919 920 921 922 923. The chief remaining heads to be treated on both sides 924 925 926. Whereupon the Commissioners proceed with much dissention 926 927 928. Treaty lengthened for 6. weeks 929. A Truce resolved on and why 933 934. Great differences concerning the same 935.944 945. The Embassadors of the Kings interpose for reconciling the same 945 946 947 948. Provinces all agree and upon what terms 967 Peace Treaty renewed at Antwerp the heads thereof 968. The points formerly differed on agreed how 969. The heads of the League concluded 970 971. The Commissioners on both sides meet at Antwerp 〈◊〉 conclude 972 973 974. The League absolutely concluded and publickly proclaimed both by the Arch-Dukes and States 975 976 Q. QUeen of England refuseth to ayd the Hollanders for take the Soveraignty over them 79 163 16â— 177. She inclines towards them and moves the King of Spain to peace 90. She sends them a supply of Souldiers 94.151.164 She sends to them to condole the Prince of Aurange his death so doth the French King 150 She declares her self for the Hollanders 164. Is troubled at the Irish Rebellions and many other things and what they were 181 She hearkens to a Treaty with the Spaniard against the will of the Dutch 185 186. She fills the Thames Banks with Souldiers to resist the Spaniards She is praised for her Valour 208 Almost deceived by Rumours 209 R. Religion Christian Religion when Ceremonies were 〈◊〉 thereto and why Instructors thereof first sent from Rome 〈◊〉 Reformation when begun and the Authors of several Sects among the Reformed People 15 16. Edicts concerning Religion which first set in the Netherlands and by whom and the punishments appointed thereby 18 19 20 21 Roman Ceremonies thrown out of the Churches and Romanists debatâ— of imployment 71 Revenues of all sorts and Tributes brought into a common Treasury 72.89 Requesens Lewis succeeds Alva in the Government of the Netherlands his Character 74. His death whereby the Government revolves to the Senate 8â— Rodolfus Emperor of Germany 88. His brother Matthias Archduke of Austria chosen Governor by the Netherlanders in opposition to Don John yet the Prince of Aurange manageth all 88.89 Reformers their Petition to the Archduke Matthias and Prince of Aurange and their answer to the same 95 96 Renâ—berg overthrown by the Naslavians dyes 118 Ringaltius a Renegado Imployed by the Earl of Leicester which was very ill resented 168.173 His miserable end 173 Richardot sent into Spain by Parma and why 232 Roan besieged by the French King 282. The siege raised 283 Ronce Christian Spanish Campmaster-General slain his character 435.436 Râ—es and Emmeric Garrisoned by Mendosa and why 610.611 Recklinhuysen taken by the Spaniards 611 Religion differences thereabout in England at the comming in of King Jamâ—s and how composed 744 745.746 Reâ—s Francis set forth a new book and the effect thereof 787 Roâ—â—qoâ—t fortified by Spinola 797 Richardot leaves his private instructions behind him in the Inn and the Heads thereof 938.939 Religion a difference therein between Arminius and Goâ—narus and their several Tenets with the sauâ—ors of the same 949 950.951.952 Allowed to be argued by the States and before whom and where 953 All the Acts of the Dispute silenced and why 952 S. Spaniards the difference between them and the Dutch with a Description of both 7.8 Spanish Souldier removed out of the Netherlands and why 23 Seditious people owned and aâ—ned by the Confederate Nobles 38 Spaniards begin to look at revenge and against whom and why 43 They are worsted in Friezeland and by whom 77. They harass Holland take Outwater and Coblentz but are worsted at Utrecht 78 Spanish Fleet scattered by disease and the Captain thereof dyed 78.79 Schounen Island taken by the Spaniards 79 Spaniards go out of Holland conducted by Roda. 83 Are put out of the Netherlands but quickly return 86.87 Senate chosen by the Hollanders and for what purpose and by whose advice 119 Stâ—enwick won by Verdugo and how 128 Souldiers their number on both sides and how disposed their pay equal on both sides 128.129.197 Steland Governor of Waese for the Hollanders his treachery to them and revolt to the Spaniard 140.141 Schewck Colonel comes to the Earl of Leicester and fortifies the Isle of Gravewaert 171. Defend Beâ—ck against Parma valiantly 172 Sydney Philip slain where when and by whom 172 Stanley William made Governor of Deventer by Leicester 172 States take Cognizance of all things and why 173.174 Soâ—oy seeks the Government of Friezeland for himself which he held before under the Prince of Aurange 176 Senate care of the Commonwealth left by the Earl of Leicester to the Senate but with reserves of power to himself which they complain of 178 Scots the Queen of Scots put to death and why 178 Stanley William betrayes Deventer to the Spaniard 178 Goes into Spain where he is neglected 179 Sluys besieged and battered by Parma and at last won by him 180.181 States by Edict answer Leicester recrâ—minations 182 Spanish Fleet prepared against England to be manned by Parma 183 Spanish Provinces in the Netherlands how governed 195 Spanish Fleet the description thereof 205 206 Spaniards therein their great confidence 207. Their over-sight and wherein and how excusable 209. They send to Parma but to no purpose 212. They are affrighted at the approach of the English Fire-ships but rally at Gravelâ— 213 The Losses suffered by the Spanish Fleet how great 215.216 Spaniards sent to Surprize Thol overcâ—me and slain by Count Solmes 218.219 Scheack Colonel fights with Verdugo kills his men and hath a great booty in Money 234. He sets upon Nimmeghen but is beaten off with great Loss and drowned in the Râ—ver there his Character 234 Sâ—â—ia Coasts thereof foraged by the English and Hollanders 238 Strenberge won by Prince Maurice 255 Spaniards mutiny 283.284.318 319.320 Steeawle the description of the Town 285. Besieged by Prince Maurice and the manner thereof 286. ad 291. The Valour of the Townsmen 287.288 Delivered to Prince Maurice 291 Spaniards mutiny together with others and why 350.355.524.571 The Sedition â—omented by the Hollanders 351 The Seditious maâ—e a League with the