and received in Exchanges at Venice 380 Terms of payments of Bills of Exchange in Venice 381 Exchanges of Valentia 426 Injurious decrees of Venice against the Trade of the English in the Levant Seas 158 The present Trade of Venice surveyed ibid. W. THe World divided into 4 Parts 1 The Weigh-House or Kings-beam 36 Weights in general used in Merchandizing 6 The difference of Weights in all Countreys ibid. Two manners of Weighing in use ibid. Weighing by Beam ibid. Weighing by Stadiero ibid. Weights are authorized by Magistrates ibid. Weights to be sworn ibid. By what Weights the Weights of this Book are authorized ib. How to accord the Weights of any two several places ibid. The Weights of Spain reduced to the English Hundred 120 Woad or Pastel of Tholousa 123 Weights and Measures of France reduced to the English 134 Weights of Italy reduced to the weights and measures of London 176 West-Frisland 180 Weights of Netherlands reduced to the weights of London ibid. Westphalia 183 Worms and the Trade thereof 187 Wittenburg 186 Westburg ibid. Wallen a samous Mart 196 Wittenburg and the Trade thereof 198 Weights of Germany with London 207 Weights of Denmark with London 213 Ware-houses in Norway 216 Weights and measures of Eastland reduced to that of England 231 Wallacia 235 Willowbeys Island 262 Wight Island ibid. Wales and its bounds 268 Wiltshire 269 Warwickshire ibid. Worcestershire ibid. Westmorland ibid. Weights used in England 271 Y. YPres 279 Yorkshire 269 Z. Zones five 1 Zanibar 27 Zagatora 36 Zagatai and the Provinces 86 Zutphen 179 Zealand 180 Zuriche and the Cities thereof 192 Zante and the Trade thereof 253 Zeffalonia and the Trade thereof ibid. Zara Island and the Trade thereof 255 Nova Zembla 262 The End of the TABLE A Table of the Longitude and Latitude of all the principal Cities mentioned in this Map of Commerce  Lat. Long.  D. M. D. M. A.     ADrianople 42 45 22 45 Alba regalis 46 48 42 0 Albâ—m castrum 48 35 50 45 Amsterdam 52 40 27 34 Alexandria in Aegypt 31 00 60 30 Alexandria in Italy 43 10 30 00 Alsfild in Hassia 51 00 72 00 Abbevile in Picardy 49 50 22 30 Amberge in Bohemia 49 26 32 40 Ancona 43 22 39 40 Antioch 37 20 70 15 Antwerp 51 58 26 36 Acquilla 43 30 38 20 Argentina 48 45 28 14 Angusta 47 42 33 00 Anglers 47 25 18 10 Avignon 44 40 22 40 Aleppo 38 00 72 30 Arming 41 00 76 00 Ava 27 50 142 30 Agacles 30 00 66 33 Agasimba 7 00 24 0 Algiers 25 20 30 0 Almara S. L. 30 00 63 30 Angola S. L. 07 00 45 10 Asna 25 00 66 30 Ascentia S. L. 19 00 363 20 Santa Anna S. L. 27 30 318 30 B.     Boriquen S. L. 19 40 273 20 Bangamodrum 06 00 62 36 Bernagasum 13 00 70 0 Benomotapa 26 00 55 0 Bona 35 40 37 10 Brava  30 74 30 Bugia 35 10 34 30 Babylon 33 00 82 20 Bethlem 31 50 65 45 Baccu 42 00 88 50 Bulgar 54 30 88 30 Bengala 21 20 125 10 Bensanson 46 30 20 30 Burges 46 20 22 10 Buda 47 00 42 0 Burdeaux 44 30 17 50 Bollonia 43 33 35 50 Basil 47 40 31 0 C.     Constantinople 43 05 56 0 Cales 37  05 10 Conimbre 40 00 11 25 Collen 51 00 30 30 Copenhagen 56 50 34 30 Corâ—nth 36 55 51 15 Cracovia 50 12 42 40 Cane 49 42 19 20 Compostella 20  06  Caminetsa 50 40 50 20 Calicut 10 38 112 40 Casan 35 10 96 10 Cappha 48 00 68 5d Cambalu 51 10 161 10 Cambaia 11 40 142 20 Cantan 25  149 00 Chile S. L. 36  299 30 Coanum 31  259 40 Canada 50 20 305 10 Cartagena nova 20 10 300  Casco S. L. 13 30 297 20 Caxamalca S. L. 11 30 298 30 Cuba 31 40 296  Capua 41  39 10 Carenge 31 50 31 48 Cairo 29 50 63  Cesena 43 40 34 40 Cephalonia 37 10 47 10 Colmar 48 12 26 0 Constance 47 30 28 30 Cordova 37 50 28 0 Corfu 38 45 45 10 Corsica Island 40 50 31 0 Crema 44 20 31 15 Cremona 44 40 32 25 Cyprus 35 30 65 30 Cuma 41 40 41 0 Cap bona speransa S. L. 35 00 50 30 Cape verde 40 10 9 50 D.     Dabul 31 00 112 20 Damascus 35  69  Doway 50 30 25  Dole 46 10 27 0 Dublin     Dort 44 0 30â— Â Dantsick 54 44 44 15 Dresden 51 00 23 45 Dirraccium 40 50 54 0 Decan 14 00 113 20 Delle 5 00 114 19 Damieta 32 40 69 00 Dara 12 0 66 50 Dancali 17 10 66 50 E.     Edenburgh 58 00 19 20 Ephesus 37 40 57 40 Erford 51 10 34  Epidauro 36 25 51 45 F.     Francford upon Oder 50 30  24 Francford upon Mentz 50 30  30 Florence 34  43  Ferara 36  44  Friburg 48 13 28  Famagusta 30 30 69 20 Fassum 45 40 57 50 Favencia 43 40 35 20 Fess 34 30 5 30 Flanders 52 30 22 45 G.     Guatimala 24 20 303  Guaiachil S. L. 2 30 294 30 Goa 14 40 112 20 Gaza 33  70 50 Guinea S. L. 9 10 18  Guangala 25 50 37 30 Goaga 22  55  Geneva 45 45 28  Granado 37 30 17 15 Genoa 15 20 45 20 Gaieta 40 50 38 20 Gallipoli 41 30 45 10 Gelderland 52 20 27 40 Gotland 60 00 48  Golmon 54 6 33 54 Gorlits 51  34 45 Gulich 52 0 27 30 H.     Hidleberg 49 25 33  Havana 20 0 292 10 Hochlaga 44 10 300 50 Hamburg 54 20 30 15 Hamaria in Norway 60  31 45 Halbestad 52 11 35 20 I.     Jerusalem 31 40 66  Ireland the midst 57  12  Ingolstad 48 42 31 20 Jamaica 17 0 298 30 St. Jaco 32 10 298 10 Isabella 10  10 32 India the midst 28  105 40 Jerico 33  73  L.     London 51 30 20  Leiden 52 10 27 20 Lions 44 30 25 40 Lovain 51  23  Lisbon 38 50 10 50 Leigh 50 30 29  Liampo 34 40 160 20 Lima S. L. 23 30 296 40 Lucaio 30 0 299 27 Lansano 47 40 35 30 Leoburg 54 10 28 2 Legorn 42 12 33 10 Lovain 51 0 26 45 Lubeck 54 48 34 0 Lucca 42 40 32 40 Luneburg 54 40 34 20 Lucern 46 34 26 0 Lipsick 51 25 35 45 M.     Maragna 19 30 281 30 Margarita 10 50 314 10 Martha 10 40 301 20 St. Michael S. L. 6 10 291 40 St. Michael 27 20 327 10 Mexico 38 30 283  Madagascar S. L. 19  77 Â
late levied aâ— Imposition of ten Ducates upon every thousand of Currans bought and shipped from the said Islands and of later times have also inforced the payment of the said Impost at Venice which formerly and at first was free and have discharged their own Subjects thereof to the special damage and prejudice of the English 2. Secondly they have to burthen the Trade of the English thither or rather seeing aâ— the Trade of that Fruit wholly sought out and coveted by the English to which end they use to vent in those Islands some few English Commodities they have I say of late burthened the Native Commodities of England brought into these Islands with new Impost a levying upon an English Cloth 7 Ducates upon 100 weight of Tin 2 Ducates and upon a Kersey 2 Ducates and so upon all other English Commodities thereby to inforce all Commdities of England to be brought into the City of Venice and though sometimes English Merchants find it necessary in those Seas to transfer some English Goods out of one English Vessel into another and yet not land the same when as Ships do happen to meet together and to be bound for several Ports yet the same is not permitted them unless they pay the said Impost abovementioned as if the said Goods were there really landed and sold contrary to the common Custom of the Mediterranean Seas 3. Thirdly they have prohibited that any Turkey Commodities should be landed their out of English Shipping or any other Commodities that are afterward to be shipped for the Kingdom of England which for the conveniency of English Shipping the English Merchaâ—… Trading in those Seas have often occasion of but they do compel the English first to send such Goods and Wares to the City of Venice purposely there to pay the duty of Custom and the duty of Cottimo before they will suffer them to ship the same for England 4. They have made an Act for the imployment of their own Shipping and Mariners and for the restraint of all Foreiners that no Commodities of the parts of Turkey may be brought into any the Seigniory of the State of Venice but only in Venetian Shipping wherein they have been found to have been so strict and severe that if any English Ships happen to be Fraighted either by their own Subjects or by the Merchants of any other Nation when any of their own Shipping are in Port or happen to come into the Port or within the space of twenty days after upon the firming of a bare Protest against the said Ship so Fraighted they have no law nor remedy left them in Law to recover any Fraight-Money due for the said Goods so laden by them 5. Fifthly they will not permit nor suffer any English Ship to relade at Venice except they come first fully laden thither neither will they suffer freedom of Trade from Venice to any parts of the Levant for the English Nation neither in their own nor yet in the Shipping belonging to the Venetians but do straightly prohibit and forbid it as also they do prohibit the bringing of some particular Commodities by any whatsoever themselves and their Subjects only excepted 6. To these I might add some others but I will conclude it with this last point of slight and fallacious subtilty some years past when as the Seigniory of Venice had here a permission from His Majesty of England to contract with divers Merchants for their Ships to serve against the Spaniards in the Gulf of Venice when the said service was performed and that they came to receive their contracted payment they raised their Moneys 12 per centum above the rate of the same at the time of their agreement by which rate His Majesty's Subjects came to lose a great Sum of Money by the said service to their great prejudice and to the great dishonour of that so Honourable Seigniory Having by these few particulars given the ingenious Reader a taste of these present policies Enacted by this State of late for the support of their decaying Trade and also given a touch of the Subtilties used by them to preserve that little that is yet remaining and their Endeavours to augment the same I will now in a word view the State of the present Traffick of this City The present Trade of Venice surveyed It is not to be questioned but that this City hath in all Ages afforded many eminent Merchants and hath not been ashamed to make Merchandizing a prop and supportation to their Nobility who amongst them are intitled Clarissimi so that this their School of Commerce hath afforded such apt Scholars and which have so notably profited therein that they have with as much honour worn the Gown as valiantly handled the Sword and he that shall heedfully peruse their Histories shall find that not a few of them have with general approbation both of their Subjects and Neighbours struct the principal stroke in the Government of that Dukedom The fit situation of their City the large extent of their maritim Coasts the common aptness and addiction of the Citizens have much furthered the great Traffick of the same what it hath been in times past when their Potency and Opulency was at the highest and when they set out and gave imployment both in War and Peace to 300 Sail of Gallies besides all other sort of Vessels I refer to their own Histories Their then rich Trade to Egypt for the Commodities of India Arabia and to Constantinople and Aleppo for the Commodities of Grecia Armenia and Persia to Germany France Flanders and England for the Commodities of those Countries must needs make this City famous for the Traffick thereof but their covetous Appetite that could not be satisfied with this Fame and the great Wealth each in particular drew thereby envied to themselves that Honour which all other Cities of the World was constrained to give them for their great Customs imposed joyned with the accidents of that age and time brought them to the present State of Traffick wherein now they are found to be which is at present comprehended within a narrow scantling for their Trade to Egypt is vanished and seen only in the relicks thereof for tho' in Alexandria and Cairo they maintain Consuls serving in outward appearance for the protection of their Merchants yet indeed they serve to little purpose as having lost the former famous Trade of Alexandria and Cairo in Sidon Acria Smyrna and other places of Turkey they have their Consuls as also their Agent in Constantinople and Consul in Aleppo which now are the principal who give Life to their Designs as indeed the places where their Trade is of greatest Eminency yet it is not so great but may be fathomed within a small Line and as many things have notably concurred in the loss of their former Traffick abroad and in other Kingdoms as the discovery of India by the Portugal the subversion of the Greek Empire by the Turks and the favourable Countenance
6½ quar 64 l. 23 26 yards All sorting cloths of divers Shires of 6½ quar 60 l. 24 26 yards Broad-cloth Taunton Bridgwater and Dunst 7 quar 30 l. 12 13 yards Broad and narrow of Yorkshire of 4 quar 30 l. 24 25.  Devonshire Kersies and Dossens of 4 quar 13 l. 12 13.  Check Kersies strait and plain Grays 4 quar 24 l. 17 18.  Ordinary Penistens or Forests 5½ quar 28 l. 12 13.  Sorting Penistons of 6½ quar 35 l. 13 14.  Washers of Lancashire and others   17 l. 17 18.  Tin in England See further the said Statute for the manner of making of all the said woollen Cloths and orders for Workmen with the viewing searching and all other needful circumstances there and thereunto belonging for further direction whereto I refer you As for Tin which is also one of the Staple Commodities of this Kingdom many good orders are enacted for the true casting and assay thereof and is accounted as the Princes peculiar Commodities farmed to certain Merchants who have the sole preemption thereof and thereto belongeth a peculiar weight called the Stannery weight the hundred thereof making 120 l. suttle Averdupois as I said before Lead in England Lead is also one of the Staples of this Island known throughout all the parts of the World and is in England sold likewise by a particular weight called the Foder which is 19½ hundred of 112 l. to the hundred and making suttle pounds 2184 l. For other the Staple Commodities of England I need not further insist referring the same to the search of the Inquisitor at his own leisure I have already noted that sundry Commodities are in England weighed and measured by sundry and distinct Weights and Measures the principal thereof being of Silver and Gold I have already shewed the Standard of our English Coins and shewed how the same agreeth with other places then of Salt Wine and Corn which in the next place I mean here to shew and withal demonstrate how the same holdeth correspondency with other Countries which in the most Cities I have omitted as purposely intended here to be inserted by it self as reducing all others to the City of London Corn measure with other Countries Corn then as the most necessary Commodity is sold as I have shewed before in England by the Quarter accounting 5 Quarters for one Tun lading ordinarily though otherwise 10¼ Quarters is a Last of Corn and this Last then of Corn doth make In Embden 55 Werpes whereof 61 made a Last there or 15½ Barrels of 4 Werpes In Hamburg 83 Schepels whereof 90 make a Last there In Lubeck 85 Schepels whereof 96 make a Last In Dantzick 56 Schepels whereof 60 there make a Last the 4 Schepels make one Muid which is the the Skip-pound of 340 l. In Fameran 78 Schepels whereof 96 to the Last In Haleger haven in Denmark 80 Schepeli 96 to the Last In Copenhagen 23 small Barrels whereof 16 to the Last In Ebbetroffe Danick 23 Barrels whereof 36 to the Last In Nelbogge 23 Barrels whereof 42 to the Last In Sweden 23 Barrels In Conixburg 6 7 of a Last the 6 Last are 7 at Amsterdam In Millan 17 21 of a Last In Statin in Pomerland 6 7 of a last In Riga 42 loops In Antwerp 37½ vertules In Bruxels 10½ mudden and differ in all places in Brabant In Gant 4 muds 7 halsters of 12 to 1 mud is 55 halsters In Bruges 7½ hoots In Bunkirk 18 raisere water measure In Middleburg 40 sacks is 41½ to the last in all Holland In Dort 28 sacks In Rotterdam and Delf 87 achtelings In Schoon haven 88 achtelings In Erchusen Horn Medenblick 42 sacks In Groeningen 33 muds In Tenel 58 loops In Calais 18 rasiers In Rouers 20 to 30 mines every mine is 4 bushels In Rachel 128 bushels 4 to every sestier In Bourdeaux 38 boiseaux whereof 33 to the last In Sevil 54 hanegas a last is 4 cahis of 12 haneg as In Lisbon 225 alquieres whereof 240 to the last or 4 moyos of 60 alquiers to the moyo and so in all the Islands of Portugal In Venice 32 stares In Genoua 23½ minas In Sicilia 38 medinos of 6 moyos In Paglia 32 cara 36 timans In Cyprus 40 medinos of 2 cipros In Amsterdam a last and it is observable here that Corn is found so far to differ in Goodness that the Measure of this place will weigh of East-land wheat 156 l. of French wheat 180 l. of Suilia wheat 224 l. and of Africa 236 l. and this last of Amsterdam is 27 moyos or muddens each mudden is 4 schepels or every last is 29 sacks and each sack 3 achtelings so that a last may be said to be 108 schepels or 87 achtelings Measures of Salt compared with other places Now for as much as Salt is not a native Commodity of our Country we must borrow the Original of the Measure thereof from those places which produce the greatest quantity or from those Cities which hold the principal Staple thereof It will be necessary then we bring it to tho great hundred of Zealand which is accounted for 4 small hundred and because it is best known in all places they measure their Salt with barrels 18 barrels to a last and 7 last to the bâ—…drea which is 126 barrels In Armuyden in Zealand they reckon 8â— weighs for one hundred every weigh is 11½ sacks every sack 4 measures and 15 weighs of Browage Salt make the great hundred The sack of Salt of Armuyden being 122 small barrels for the 122 sacks shall be my Computation and it maketh In â—rewâ—ge 4 7 parts of one hundred of 28 moyos and 12 sacks to the Moyo also by charges or loads ten loads to the hundred and 48 moyos or moys to the last of 21 barrels In Lisbon 25 moyos In Sâ— Mary Port 28 moyos In Saintubal 20 cays In Calis 22 cays In Saintlucar 21 cays In Gant 108 sacks or barrels In Antwerp 144 vertels of 24 to the last and 6 last to the hundred and the white Salt is measured with a lesser measure of 12 upon 100. In Dunkirk 92 water measures or 104 land measures In Ostend 98 measures In Damme and Axiels 102 measures In Bruges 104 measures In Ypres 144 measures In Rotterdam 100 whereof 6 make 1 mud of 18 to the 100. In Amsterdam Utrecht Druenter 102 schepels In Calais 130 barrels 19 to the last but 20 by Fraighting In Rouen and almost all France 6½ muys In Hamburgh 7 lasts whereof 80 barrels make 100. In Denmark 6 â— lasts In Sweden 111 tuns or barrels 16 to the last In Emden 100 barrels 14 to the last In Lubeck 7 lasts of 18 barrels In London 7½ lasts of 18 herring-barrels but by weight 11½ In Venice and Prian 70 mose Measures of Sea-coal compared with â—other places Pit-coal is a Commodity peculiar
s. Concerning Accompts they are kept in Muscovado Sugar according to which all the other Countrey Commodities are regulated Concerning Interest ten in the Hundred is accounted reasonable but no Law being made they take from 10 to 30 per cent and some more Concerning Weights and Measures they are according to the Standard of England and only differ in that they buy and sell by the single 100 l. instead of the 112. And the measure for all sorts of Commodities Linnen and Woollen is the Yard only in Salt they allow 84 pound to the Bushel and for all sorts of Grain 56 pound to the Bushel The growth of this Island and parts adjacent as for Trade is Sugar Ginger Indico Cotton-Wooll also Tobacco Logwood Fustick and Lignum vitae but of these four last no quantity now to be had here but in the Leeward Islands greater store For the first four every one makes as they please that is to say few so good as they might especially if intended to pay away here being no Law of compulsion in the case In some places of this Island Sugars will require five weeks to Cure in and in other places near the Sea three weeks the soonest but some will make payment of it in three or four days Curing c. which if refused by the Merchant he may stay one year's time the longer besides the Charges of a Sute in Law e're he get it This cannot well be remedied because the Laws are made by Freeholders which are Planters no Merchant being capable of being chose into the Assembly unless he have to Acres of Land c. The first four mentioned Commodities receive prejudice in their product by abundance of Rain or Drought when more than usual happen in their proper Seasons Also violent winds lodge the Sugar-Canes whereby the quantity is lessened and the goodness abated The chief season for Exportation is from January to September or October when comes in the wet season that makes the ways not Cartable c. and usually puts an end both of making and transporting Wines of all sorts are here imported and vended but of French and Portugal the greatest quantities viz. of Madera Wines come in about 1300 Tuns yearly of Spanish about 300 Tuns and of French Wines about 700 Tuns per annum besides Brandies and English Spirits but of these now few quantities Imported by reason of the general use and virtue of the Spirit of Sugar-Canes called Rum which by the meaner fort as servants and slaves is not only drunk in great abundance but also much thereof is hence transported to Virginia Barmudos and New-England c. Salted Meats as Beef Pork Fish c. from Ireland New-England Virginia Barmudos New-found-Land c. Also Pease Flower Butter Cheese and Bisquet Likewise Timber Board Pipe and Hogshead Staves c. Also Negro-slaves from Guinny and live Cattel as Bulls Cows Astenegoes and Horses from the Cape de Verde Islands new-New-England c. And from England Servants and all other Commodities fit for Plantations and for Apparel c. of all which great quantities are hither brought and sold Concerning Drapery that is here chiefly in use and vendible which is in England and althô by reason of a constant temperate warmth Stuffs in great quantities are made use of yet sine Broad Cloth is much worn here and in good request And for Linnens c. all sorts are here worn as in England but more especially of the finest Together with Shoes Stockings Hats and all other manner of Apparel is here used as in England Coppers and Stills for boiling of Sugar and making of Rum with all other Necessaries belonging to Plantations to Sugar-works and Windmills as all kind of Iron-work and Brass is here vendible also Fire-stones to set Coppers with and New-Castle Coals for Smiths c. Here is no Excise nor Custom payable on any Commodities imported or exported save only on Liquors as Wines and Brandy Beer and Cider Spanish and Portugal Wines at present pay for Excise 270 pounds of Muscovado Sugar per Tun and French 200 pound Brandy 3 pound of Sugar per Gallon Beer 54 pound per Tun and Cider the like And this Duty is sometimes more and sometimes less and all Ships which come to Trade here pay half a pound of Powder for each Tun entred at Factorage or Factory Provision is 10 per cent 5 per cent for Sails and 5 for Returns together with 3 per cent for Store-house room this is the ordinary rate but some agree to have their business done cheaper No Prohibition for Exportation or Importation of any Commodity only the Governour 's consent is to be asked if any will export Provisions as Corn c. that is the growth of the Island The shipping which comes and trades to this Island belongs generally to England some few small Vessels belong to this place and pass to and fro here and to the Leeward Islands and some belongs to new-New-England Barmudos c. The number of Vessels which come hither to Trade in one whole year namely in 1660. is found to be 201 Ships of all sorts as Ketches Sloops Barques c. and contain in burthen 15505 Tuns according as they are here entred which is at the least three pound less than their true burthen Great part of which Ships reload for England and many go for New-England Barmudos Virginia Guinny and other places almost empty and with but little of this Country Growth No other fishing then for present spending such fresh fish is taken round the Island of divers sorts great quantities The usual fraight or Rate for Tunnage from hence for London is about 4 and 5 l. per Tun sometimes when Ships are plentiful at 3 l. and when scarce at 6 and 7 l. the Tun. No publick Office of Assurance and seldom any private Contracts Seldom any Exchange from hence to any other place sometimes Sugar is here received and Bills given for England for Money Cracas Cracas lieth 4 Leagues from the Sea-side is pleasantly situated and inhabited by at least 250 Families beautified with a fair Church three Convents two of Friers one of Mersedes the other of Dominicans and one of Conception Nuns an Hospital and a Chappel dedicated to St. Maurice the Town accommodated with a fresh River whose Original is not above a furlong distant which is divided into two little Rivulets entring the Town and there so subdivided that scarce a house but is supplied with a branch thereof The Inhabitants are some Gentlemen and Merchants but for the most part such as live upon their Cattel or rather upon their Hides and their Plantations of Caquo which of late years are grown very considerable the passage to this place from the Port or Sea-side is very difficult by reason of the many steep Rocks some as high as St. Paul's-Steeple London and narrow passages where but one Horse can go at a time and often in great danger of tumbling from those narrow passages
into this Countrey by reason they are furnished with all the Commodities that this place did formerly yield at the first hand from India and what else they want being Commodities either of Arabia or Aegypt they furnish themselves from Aleppo where many English are resident But here are found Consuls for both the Venetion and French Nations which continue still some Trade hither as indeed more proper for them wanting the Trade of India which the English enjoy of which I have made mention before and therefore leaving Aegypt and with it the firm land I shall take leave now to view the Islands that belong to Africa by modern Cosmographers CHAP. XXXV Of the Island of Madagascar Madagascar I Find belonging to Africa many Islands which are found to afford many notable Commodities for Merchandize which for brevities sake I will only touch that the Factor may know whence those Commodities do come which are found amongst us Madagascar Otherwise S. Lawrence otherwise called the Island St. Lawrence giving name to a Town the principal of that Island was discovered by the Portugals Anno 1506 The Inhabitants willingly permit no man to land upon their Countrey for traffick sake it yieldeth Cloves Ginger and some Silver to the Inhabitants own use but not for Exportation and their Moneys in use are the Gloss-Beads of Cambaia which in Merchandize and Barter currently pass amongst them CHAP. XXXVI Of the Island of Zocotara Zocotara THE Island of Zocotara lieth in the mouth of the Red-Sea 10 degrees North from the Equator wherein the Portugals have fortified two Towns for Traffick it is replenished with Drugs for Physick and especially with that so excellent and well known in Christendom by the name of Aloes Zocatrina which is sold there by a Quintal which by observation makes in England 93 l. CHAP. XXXVII Of the Island of Saint Thomas St. Thomas SAint Thomas Island lieth just under the Equinoctial Line the prime City is Povoasan Inhabited principally by Portugals and Negro's abounding only in Sugar which here groweth in Canes and are made so that yearly 50 great Ships are here laden with that Commodity for Spain and Portugal whereto I am not able to add any other material point of Trade because of my ignorance therein CHAP. XXXVIII Of the Islands of the Canaries and the Trade thereof Canaries THese Islands are seven in number and under the command of the Spaniard formerly called The Fortunate Islands They abound in Sugars whereof great quantity of Marmalade and other Conserves are made in Birds which hereof take their names excellent in Singing in Wines which hence are known by these Islands names excellent in taste and in Woad found excellent for dying The Trade thereof To these Islands is now found and practised some small Trade by the English to which place they import some Seys Serges Bays Linnens and such like and export thence Woad and Sugars and Wines of the growth of these Islands which last is vended thence into England and Holland above two thousand Tuns yearly to the great inriching of the Inhabitants Weights Measures c. concur with Sevil. Their Weights Measures and Coins are altogether concurrent with the Weights Measures and Coins current in Sevil to which place it was annexed by the Spaniards the first discoverers therefore I shall not need to say ought here further thereof CHAP. XXXIX Of the Assores commonly Tercera Islands Island Aâ—… called Tercera THE Tercera Islands were first discovered by the Flemmings and a while bare their names upon which is placed the Meridian Line dividing the East from the West part of the World it only aboundeth in Oad or Woad used by Dyers and is now in the hands of the Spaniards and in special use to them in their Voyage to the East or West-Indies and affording them for refreshment good Water and store of Goats flesh Other matter of Trade it affordeth not therefore this shall serve to have said of the Islands willingly omitting the Hesperides the Gorgades the Princes Islands and others of lesser moment and proceed in my MAP to view the Trade of ASIA somewhat better known to us than AFRICA OF ASIA AND THE Provinces and Cities of Trade THEREOF CHAP. XL. Of ASIA and the Provinces thereof Asia ASIA the Third Division of the World is separated from EUROPE by the Egean Propontis and Euxine Sea by Paulus Maeotis Tanais Duina and from AFRICA by the Red Sea and the Aegyptian Isthmus as I remembred in the beginning of this Work Five notable things in Asia Five notable things have made this Country famous and have given it the Garland of Supremacy over all the other parts of the World First the Creation of Mankind Secondly the Birth of our Saviour his Miracles wrought and place of his sufferance Thirdly the Actions memorized by the holy Pen-men of the Old and New Testament Fourthly the famous Monarchies of the Babylonians Assyrians Persians and Medes And Fifthly being the common Mother of us all from whence innumerable troops of men issued to people the other parts of the uninhabited World of which see other Authors further at large The Principal Regions of ASIA are 1. Anatolia 2. Syria 3. Palestina 4. Armenia 5. Arabia 6. Media 7. Assyria 8. Mesopotamia 9. Chaldea 10. Persia 11. Parthia 12. Tartaria 13. China 14. India 15. The Islands thereof And of these in brief according to my first intention CHAP. XLI Of Anatolia or Natolia in general Anatolia ANatolia is limited on the East with the River Euphrates on the West with Thracius Bosphorus Propontis Hellespont and the Egean on the North with Pontus Euxinus on the South with the Rhodian and Lycian Seas In this Country was anciently accounted 4000 Cities and Towns those seven famous amongst the rest to whom St. John dedicated his Revelation but now the ruines of them are hardly to be seen and the Provinces that are found in this Region are these First Cilicia Secondly Pamphilia Thirdly Lycia Fourthly Caria Fifthly Ionia Sixthly Lydia Seventhly Molis Eighthly Phrygia minor Ninthly Phrygid major Tenthly Bithynia Eleventhly Pontus Twelfthly Paphlagonia Thirteenthly Galatia Fourteenthly Cappadocia Fifteenthly Lycaonia Sixteenthly Pisidia and Armenia major Of these in order CHAP. XLII Of Cilicia and the Cities thereof Cilicia and the Cities thereof CIlicia is not found at this day to have any Town of note or consequence in it save Alexandria built by Alexander the Greaâ— Scanderone or Alexandretta and to distinguish it from Alexandria in Aegypt is named Alexandretta now known to 〈◊〉 by the name of Scanderone a famous Haven Town serving for the scale to Aleppo for all such shipping as come thither either out of the Ocean or Mediterranean and where the English French and Venetians have their Vice-Consuls to protect their Merchants Goods and Ships and where all Merchandize are either landed or laden that go to or from Aleppo of which it will be more
75  Madera 57 v.  Lucques 111 Br. Florence 113â…”  Millan 124¾  Genoa 267â…ž Pal. The liquid Measures are these Of Wines Wines are sold in Venetia two ways either in gross or by retail the gross by the Amphora and Bigonsa and by retail by the Quart the Sachio and Lire where note That the Amphora is four Bigonsa and the Bigonsa is 4 Quarts and 1 Quart is 4 Sachi and 1 Sachi is 4 Liras or pounds but buying the same in gross that is by the Amphora and the Sachi 1 Amphora is â—4 Quarts and 1 Bigonsa is 3 Quarts and half Of Oyl Oyl is here also sold two ways first by Measures and next by the Weight of the Staliero the Measure is called the Miaro and is 40 Mire and by the gross Weight is 120 l. and 1 Mira makes by measure 25 l. and by weight makes 30 l. 3 ounces Of Corn. Corn is sold by the Staio which is 132 l. gross Venetia and in Florence 175 l. which is divided to 4 4 and to 8 8 and to 16 16 parts by which is made the Scandalios the ¼ being 32 l. the â…› 16 l. the 1 16 8 l. of gross Accounts in Venetia Their Accounts are kept in Venetia divers ways as by some in Ducates and Grosses at Livers 6 and 4 sold per Ducate accounting 24 Gross to a Ducate Others again by Livers Sols and Gross which are valued at 10 Ducates the Liver accounting 20 Sold. to the Liver and 12 Deniers gross to a Sold. Exchanges of Venetia The Exchanges made in Venice I have inserted in the 281 and 368 Chapters together with all circumstances thereto belonging where by the way it is to be noted That in time past the goodness of their Moneys both in payment for Merchandise and in payment for Bills of Exchange was alike and of equal goodness and value but these wise Senators fearing to lose what they cannot keep I mean that little Trade they yet hold in comparison of what they had lost by their providence and circumspection set a distinction between the Moneys payable for commodities Difference betâ—een money in banco and out of banco in Venice 20 per centum which they term their current Moneys and out of banco and between their Moneys paid by Bills of Exchange which they term in banco which hath had its original upon such unfit grounds that the very naming thereof and the particular circumstances of this difference is dishonourable to this Republick which therefore I will omit only thus far the necessity thereof is to be remembred and to be well known and understood by all Merchants and Exchangers that Trade and Traffick to this City that the difference now at this time holds in proportion between 20 and 21 per cent so that it doth appear to all men that reside here or have any commerce into this City that their payment made in banco and by Bills of Exchange is accounted better by near 21 per cent than the payments made for Commodities bought and sold between Merchant and Merchant Customs of Venetia The Customs of Venice are several altering upon many Commodities and though the wisdom of this Republick do manifestly discern a great diminution of their Customs in general yet it so falls out that they impose still greater as it were endeavouring thus to make up the annual rents thereof as of late they have done upon Currans under pretence that if the English will come and lade them in the Port of Venice or otherwise come thither laden they are then freed of a new Impost which is lately levied in Zant upon a Commodity but they being of the condition of many Princes that finding their Countrey enriched with an eminent commerce and a plentiful Trade never leave imposing new Customs and Imposts thereon till the Trade and Customs and Imposts and all other the benefits thereof are slipt out of their fingers and fled for protection to some other more friendly and neighbouring State or place where the same finds a greater ease and a lesser charge and that have Venice Anvers Lions and Genoa lost that famous Trade which for many years hath made those Cities renowned and by their fall and easie Customs have Leghorn Marselia Amsterdam and London risen to that height wherein they are now found to be which if the Prince thereof do wisely cherish and content themselves with a reasonable Duty such as Trade in it self may well bear and the Trader live and ceherfully proceed in his Negotiations they may see their Countreies daily to flourish and grow both rich and renowned thereby otherwise Tradâ— will insensibly she from them the Merchants will give it over or find out new paths and divert it into some other place Shipping will in an Age rot and perish and Navigation will quickly be forgotten and these Kingdoms must have other Nations to supply them at the second hand and by strangers Shipping with those necessary Commodities which the Countrey stands in need of and the same both at dear rates and to the too late Repentance of the State it self as may now be verified by this of Venetia who would with many Millions redeem that lost Trade and would with free liberty of Customs entertain that Commerce which themselves peradventure by their too great Customs and Imposts levied thereon by little and little in times past have of their own accord wilfully or willingly lost and thrust from them as I shall declare further in the Trade of Leghorn and other places which have of themselves no commodity to maintain a Traffick yet have all things and want nothing that all other Countreies can afford only by the benefit and commodity of an easie light duty of Custom imposed upon Merchandise by the liberty and freedom of the place and Traders thereinto and forasmuch as this State have by their wisdom made of late days divers subtle Decrees for the benefit of their own Traffick and for the regaining of their lost Trade which are in themselves prejudicial to many other Nations but principally to the English I hold it not improper in this place to mention some of the principal thereof that thereby if any the able furtherers of the English Traffick shall happen 〈◊〉 peruse this Tract fit remedies may be enacted to meet these Decrees Injurious Decrees of Venice against the Trade of the English in the Levant Seas which I may call particularly injurious to the English Subject and Merchant and tending to draw the whole Trade of the Levant Seas to the City of Venice only to the general prejudice of the Shipping of his Majesty of England Trafficking in those Seas which I conclude under 〈◊〉 Points 1. First they have considered the late great Exportation of Currans out of Zant and Zeffalonia two Islands of their Signiory into England and that the principal Trade of the English into their Signiory is only for this Fruit therefore they have of
able with wind and Oar to break through them and the Country is the pleasantest of all Denmark Blesida In Blesida is found the City of Malmogia and the strong Castle of Colmar against the Sweedlande◠The principal Trade of this Kingdom is contained in Copenhagen and Elsinour therefore under the title of these two I will comprehend the Traffick of this Kingdom CHAP. CCXI. Of Copenhagen and the Trade thereof Copenhagen and the Trade thereof COPENHAGEN is the Seat of the Kings of Denmark in Winter and may be interpreted the Merchants Haven on the East-side is the Kings Palace or Castle which bordereth on the Sea shore where the Haven is found to be the Sea being not far distant from the North side thereof the City is of a round form affording little beauty as being but meanly built of wood and clay and the Castle of stone Here are found some Merchants yet for the mostipart of no great eminence for the Country affordeth no rich commodities that may allure others thither or serve to be transported to other regions whereby a gain may be expected The Coins of Copenhagen The Monies of this Kingdom commonly current is the Dollar and shilling two Danish shillings make one Lubeck shilling and 66 Danish shillings accounted for a Rix Dollar which is five shillings Sterling Accounts in Denmark Their accounts are kept by marks of 16 shillings Danish Their exchanges are here practised by the Rix Dollar above mentioned the common current Coin of these Countries Measures and Weights c. Their Measures and Weights I will briefly observe by themselves and therefore hasten to Elsinour CHAP. CCXII. Of Elsinour and the Trade thereof Elsinour and the Trade thereof ELSINOVR of it self is but a poor Village but much frequented by Sea-men by reason of his neighbourhood to that straight Sea called the Sound where the King of Denmark hath laid so great Impositions upon all Ships and Goods coming out or going into the Baltick Sea as this sole profit surpasseth far all the Revenues of his Kingdom the strong Castle of Cronburg lies in this Village upon the mouth of this straight to which on the other side of this narrow Sea in the Kingdom of Norway another Castle is opposite called Elsburg which two are the keepers of this Straight that no Ship can pass in or come out of the Baltick Sea without their leave and consequently without due payment of this Imposition On the South side of Cronburg Castle is the largest Road for Ships toward the Baltick Sea where the King is said to have his lodgings which cannot choose but be a delectable prospect to all men but especially to him for Ships go in and out here by Fleets of a hundred and he is certain that none do pass either way but according to their burthen and loading adds somewhat to his treasury The Haven is able to contain a great Fleet for it hath Cronburg Castle on the North side the Castle of Elsburg on the East side and Seeland the chief Island of the Kingdom on the West side and the Island Fimeria or Whern on the South side in which I noted before that Tycho Brahe the samous Mathematician had his residence The Danes conceive this Island to be of such importance as they have a Fable That Henry the seventh of England offered for the possession of it as much Scarlet Cloth as would cover the same with a Rose Noble at the corner of each cloth If any such offer were made doubtless the wildom and judgment of that Prince knew how to make that Island being fortified peradventure to return him his charges again with good Interest but it is not credible by reason that it cannot benefit a foreign Prince whole Territories heth out of the Sound by which he must needs enter those before mentioned Castles commanding the entrance though it might prove more beneficial to some Prince bordering upon the Baltick Seas and to whom the Sea is open for passage CHAP. CCXIII. Weights in general of Denmark reduced to that of London Weights in general of Denmark NOw for the Weights of this Kingdom they are found to differ in many places so many as have come to my hand I have reduced to the suttle hundred of London which suttle hundred is found to produce in these Cities of Traffick and some others adjoyning  l. Aldar 87 Copping ham 92 Cracou 119 Dantzick 116 Hamburg 92 Wilde 116 Elsinour 92 Lubeck 92 Melvin 120 Revel 116 Rhiga 116 Stacar 108 Stralsont 88 Bergen Norway 92 Where it is to be noted that generally in Copenhagen and in most parts of Denmark they hare a great and small hundred one of 112 pound to the hundred and another of 120 pound to the hundred accounted twelve stone of ten pound to the stone Also they have a Skip-pound 32 stone of ten pound the stone or 20 Lispound of 16 mark pound is a Skip-pound and 20 times 16 pound is 320 pound CHAP. CCXIV. Measures in general of Denmark reduced to London Measures in general of Denmark AS I have done with their Weights so I will proceed with their Measures reducing then to the hundred yards English and makes in  Ells. Arsnis 166⅔ Breme 162½ Breslow for cloth 148 Ditto for Silks 160 Connixborough 166 Lubeck 160 Munster 80 Ockermond 141½ Revel 166 Rhostick 158⅓ Wismar 157¾ Dantzick 162½ Doinin 163 Embden 163 Gripswould 163 Hamburg 163 Melvin 162 Narva 166 Ossenbrighs 84 Rhiga 166 Statin 141½ And thus much shall serve to have said for the Measures of this Country whereto I have added the Measures of some other the adjoyning eminent Cities of Trade and Commerce CHAP. CCXV Of the Trade in general of Denmark Of the Trade in general of Denmark TO conclude the Trade of Denmark driven by the Inhabitants is not great their Country partly not affording Commodities for Merchandize and their Seas I mean principally the Baltick not being for many Months in the year navigable for Frost The Inhabitants are frugal in Food and Apparel and therefore not much addicted either to Silks or Spices and the great Traffick and Concourse of other Nations through the Sound that furnisheth them with all Necessaries makes the Inhabitants less desirous to sail abroad to fetch the same at the first hand Stock-fish and other Salted Fish they send into forein Countries and so also they do their Oxen and Cattel in great Quantity besides the Commodities which the Country doth naturally afford mentioned in the former part of this Country's Description neither have I heard any great fame of their Navigations or Mariners which principally sail Northward and little to the Southward tho otherwise it is conceived that next to the English their Vessels are the strongest built to indure the Blasts of the colder Climates and the Scorchings of the warmer Regions yet of late days I have understood they have undertaken some new Discoveries and Trade to the East-Indies
in Barcelona and Velentia and they account 7 Rials Spanish and two Marvedes to make a Liver Accounts by which their Accounts are kept being in Livers Sold Deniers 12 Deniers to the Sold and 20 Sold to the Liver which Liver is 3 s. 8 d. sterling but all Commodities are here sold by the Sold 20 making a Liver which may be accounted 3 s. 8 d. sterling as aforesaid and they account 17 Doublers is a Rial Span. Weights of Majorca Their Weight is in Majorca and Minorca two the one the Rotolo which 100 Rotolos make a Cantar called the Cantar Barbaresco which is 117 l. of the other weight which they call a Cantar of Majorca or Majorina and consists of 104 l. The Cantar Barbaresco hath made in Pisa and Florence 141 l. Venetia suttle 163 l. Venetia gross 103 l. London 110 l. The Cantar Majorca which is 104 l. hath made in Valentia 116 l. 104 l. Cantar Majorca in Florence 120 l. Venetia suttle 140 l. Venetia gross 110 l. Genoa 130 l. London 117 l. Cargo Some Commodities are also sold by the Cargo of three Cantars but each Cantar contains 104 l. by which Cargo is Pepper Ginger Cinnamon Rice Spices and other things and the Cargo hath made in Venice 420 l. suttle by the Cantar Barbaresco is weighed Wooll Hides Skins Metals Lead Tin and such gross Goods and fine Goods by the other Cuintar or the Cargo aforesaid Measures in Majorca c. Their measure of length is a Cane which hath made in London 67 in 68 Inches which is 1 â— â— Yards London measure Their measure of Oyls is a quarter or quartano 12 whereof is contained in an Odor or skin of Oyl and 212 Quartans I have found herein 1617 to be a Tun of 236 Gallons and 214 a Tun of 252 Gallons or thereabouts and 41 â— 4 Quartans hath made in Venice one Miara and in Alexandria hath weighed 5 Cantars and 20 Rotolos Of Oyls and how they are laden and the account thereof made up in Majorca Oyls are commonly laden at Porcupin and were found in my time to have there these charges for Custom 8 Doublers per Liver which is 7 Rials and 2 Marved. Spanish and 17 Doublers as I said before being a Rial for part 3 Doublers per Odâ—r for measuring 3 Den. per Odâ—r for Pipes at 3 Livers the Pipe for Sea Custom at 9 Doub per Liver brokered at 1 Den. per Liver for Halledge of the Pipes at 5 s. the Pipe Stowage at 8 Den. the Pipe Barkage to Parcapin 2 Sol. 6 Den. the Pipe Provision according to the custom of the place at 3 per cent A brief of all which charges may be comprehended in this rule certainly observe That accounting 214 Quartans to a Tun and for every Soldo that a Quartan doth cost here first peny if you reckon 47 s. 6 d. sterling for every the said Soldo so much infallibly will your Tun of Oyl stand you in clear aboard of all charges And thus much out of my own trial I have thought good to insert in lading of Oyls in this place Ivisa Near unto these Islands are the Islands of Ivisa 100 miles in circuit the chief City is Ivisa the chiefest Commodity that it affordeth is Salt of the Trade of which a word CHAP. CCLXI Of Ivisa and the Trade thereof Ivisa and the Trade thereof THE Island of Ivisa the chief City whereof being Ivisa consisteth wholly in making of Salt Of Salt which is here sold by a measure called the Modino which weigheth in Summer by the weight of Valentia which is here in use is 33 Cantars and in Winter 36 Cantars gross of the said place of Valentia and corresponds with other places thus In Majorca it maketh Cantars 38. In Florence Staros 50 in 52. In Genoa Mine 9 in 9½ In Valentia Cassico 8. In Flanders 100 Lutos which is in Ivisa 13 Modini In London Bushels Their measures and weights I must refer to the better skilled Lesser Islands of the Mediterranean Seas Here is also Promentary Pantcleria and Lipara Isles with the Isles of Naples as Caprae Ischia â—…gitu Elba Gades or Cales and some others which I pass by and so sail into the Ocean and observe the Islands thereof CHAP. CCLXII Of the Ocean Islands and the Trade thereof BEing entred into these Seas Northern Islands I will begin with the most Northen Islands thereof and so drawing towards England the place of our abode and there determinate my Traffick and peregrination In the North then the report is credible that the end of Nature and of the world is wherein by late discovery are found these Islands Willoughbies first Sir Hugh Willoughbie's Island who by his death gave life and knowledge to us of this Island searching here a new way to China Cathai and Moluccos Nova Zembla then there is Nova Zembla only discovered else not famous for any thing Frisland Next Frisland subject to the King of Denmark and much frequented by Dutch English and French for fish here taken in great abundance in the Summer season only Island Then have we Island or Icieland plentiful in Ling the chief Towns are Hallen and Schasholton and subject to the King of Sweden Gronland Then Gronland seated under the Northern cold Zone where their longest Summers day is three months and a half abounding in fish of which there is a Society now incorporated in London by the name of Greenland Company the Trade whereof principally consisteth in fishing of Whales for Fins and Oyls and only lasteth the Summer Season and no longer and then they are inforced to return by reason of the extremity of the cold and Frosts Now to come out of those cold Seas to the Ocean as into more temperate Regions Orcades 32. I meet in my way with the Orcades or Isles of Orkney being 33 in number Pomonia the principal of which is Pomonia stored with Tin and Lead next Hethie then Shetland anciently imagined the last Island of the World and called Thule Hebrides 44. Then the Hebrides which are 44 the prime whereof is Ila abounding in red Dear 2. Iona famous for the Sepulchers of the Scotish Kings 3. Mula whose Inhabitants are called the Redâ—…nks the rest of as little note I omit Sorlings 145 Then the Sorlings which are 145. The Principal being Armath Agnes Samson and Silly the name given to the rest and others Here I meet also with 5 Islands which cannot be comprised within the former account Man First the Isle of Man which is ten miles in length and ten in breadth abounding in Flax Hemp Oats Barly and Wheat and some Cattel the chief Towns are Ballacuri and Russin or Castletown Anglesey Then appears the Isle of Anglesey which is accounted a Shire of Wales in length 24 in bredth 10 miles and for its abundant fertility in all things is called
a desire to imploy their Talents in foreign Countries which yet is not seen to be perfected amongst them Nature having to this end fitted them with many goodly Ports and navigable Rivers and will in time I hope fit them with an inclination to second by their endeavours what is so plentifully bestowed by her upon them which by little and little may be brought to pass by the conversation and direction of the civiliz d English that daily are seen to come and reside amongst them and thus leaving Ireland and my good wishes to the increase of her Traffick I hence pass over to Scotland a part of Britain and view the present Trade thereof CHAP. CCLXV. Of Scotland and the Provinces and Cities thereof Scotland and the Trade thereof SCotland is the Northern part of Britain and separated from England by the River Tweed and Salway and the Cheviot hills extending from thence to the other which being a Kingdom and varying in the manner of Trade from England I have thought good here to insert by it self Commodities of Scotland The Commodies that this Country affordeth for Merchandise are coarse Cloths Freezes Fish salted Hides Tallow Lead Ore some Grain Feathers and other Commodities as Sea-coal Allom Iron c. This Country is divided into two parts the High-land and the Low-land and the same into several Sheriffdoms or Provinces in which are found these Towns of consequence CHAP. CCLXVI. Of Edenburg and the Trade thereof Edenburg and the Trade thereof FIrst Edenburg wherin is seated the King's Palace and the Court of Justice consisting principally of one street of a mile in length whereto doth lead many other petty Lanes making the whole near three miles in circuit the second Town is Glascow an Archbishops See and an University the third is Saint Andrews in Fife honour'd with many Prerogatives fourthly Sterling then is Perth Aberdeen Dondes Saint John's Town and some others of lesser note Monies of Scotland Their current monies in Merchandise is the proper Coins of that Kingdom both in Gold and Silver which are usually found to be in Gold In Pieces of 22 shill sterl Pieces of 11 shill sterl Pieces of 5. 6 d. sterl Pieces of 2. 9 d. sterl Pieces of 4. 4⅜ d. sterl Pieces of 1 shill 1½ d. sterl Pieces of ½ the ¾ and ⅛ thereof Pieces of 9. 6 d. being ⅔ of the 13 d. ½ sterl One Mark   Pieces of ½ which is 4½ d. being ⅓ of the abovesaid Again 13½ d. sterl is a Scotch Mark. or 13 shill 4. d. Scotch 6⅔ is a Scotch Noble 6 shill 8 d. 20 d. sterl is 1½ Mark Scotch or 1 Pound Scotch of 20 shill 20 shill sterl is 18 Scotch Marks Besides which are here found current the Coins of England and he that would see further into the intrinsic value and weight of these Coins either of Silver and Gold must have recourse to a Proclamation set out by our Sovereign King James deceased dated in 1609 which will also shew their conformity to the Coins of England in weight and goodness and the current value and estimation thereof through this Kingdom Exchanges in Scotland Here is practised for England an Exchange for monies as is done upon the Scotch Mark for 12 pence sterling in London c. Accounts in Scotland Their Accounts are now kept several ways some following the custom of England by sterling pounds shillings and pence and some by their own ancient manner also in pounds shillings and pence Scottish 20 pence sterling being their pound 13½ being their Mark and pence Scottish of which they had some black or Copper Monies as Babaes esteemed by them for six pence whereof two made a penny sterling Placks which they esteemed for four pence and three of them made a penny sterling and lastly pieces called Hard-heads esteemed by them at 1½ pence but eight of them made a penny sterling mony and some of these are yet current amongst them Weights of Scotland They have in general as is also the custom of England but one weight for weighing of their Merchandise and for buying and selling throughout the Kingdom which is the Pound of 16 ounces 100 of which pounds makes their Quintal which is found to make in London and all throughout England 108 l. Averdupois and the 100 l. London sotile is found to render here 92 l. incirca or the 112 l. to give 103½ l. or thereabouts Measures of length 120 for 100. Their common measure in length for Linens Cloth Silk or Stuffs is an Ell common in use throughout Scotland which is about 4 per cent differing from our English Yard as being greater so that whereas we allow 36 inches to the Yard by Rule their Ell may make incirca 34½ inches it having been observed by Traders hither that 75 Yards in London or Ells 60 Ells hath made here 72 Scotch Ells but in their hundred by tale in measure they account six score or 120 for 100. In other measures of Corn Coal Salt or liquid measures of Beer Ale Wines Oyls and such like imitate the better experienced to supply my defects therein for I hasten now towards England and so to London the City of my abode and the end of my present labours and by the way will observe That the Inhabitants of this Country are much addicted both to Trade and Navigation and have many good helps and furtherances there both by the natural and artificial Commodities of this Country and the good Ports of the same so that in brief I may conclude this Kingdom to be more addicted to Traffick and Navigation than the Irish and yet not so much as the English which yet by the gracious aspect of our Sovereign is seen daily to increase and may in time come to a greater perfection CHAP. CCLXVII Of Britain and the Provinces thereof Britain and the Provinces thereof HAving now set my foot upon the happy shore and run through the Trade of most of the greatest known Cities of Commerce and Traffick in the World give me leave to survey the distinct Ports of this Kingdom that I may not do less to our own than in this Tract I have done to other foreign Countries Britain then the Queen of Islands is found to be in circuit 1836 miles extending it self comprehending England Wales and Scotland as of one entire Island which we now know by the name of Great Britain 800 miles being divided into 3 parts as into England and Wales whose Trade we have now in hand and Scotland whose Traffick we have already declared CHAP. CCLXVIII Of Wales and the Trade thereof Of Wales and the Cities thereof WAles then being the second part of this division is bounded on all sides with the Seas except the East where it is separated from England by the River Dee and a line drawn to the River Wie but by some by Clauda Offa or Offa's ditch or more proper by interpretation Offa's
off called Watchet of the same bigness only the Key is ruined and another Port 7 miles from the Town called Bridgwater in which Town cometh a Salt-water River in which may come in at a full Tide Vessels of 60 Tuns and the River from the main of Severn is above 10 miles by which you may judg how many Vessels may arrive to these Ports there are but few Ships belonging to these Ports their Trade is to Ireland to Wales for Coals and Bristol and sometimes to France and Spain The Ports he against the Sea that runs to Bristol called the Severn What Trade they drive is set forth in the former Articles As for Fishing there is very little not worth mentioning Wiltshire 5. Wiltshire is the 5. altogether an inland Country the chiefest Towns are Malmesbury famours for the Cloths of Wool made here Salisbury for the Bishoprick and Wilton of old the chief of this County now a little Village Hampshire 6. Hampshire is the 6. wherein are found the little fair City of Southampton Winchester the pleasant and Portsmouth the only now Garrison Town of England Barkshire 7. Berkshire is the 7. wherein are found the Towns of Newbery famous for Clothing and Windsor for the King's Castle and where the Ceremony of the Knights of the Garter is solemnized Surrey 8. Surrey is the 8. wherein are seen Oatlands and Richmond two beautiful and stately Palaces belonging to the Kings of England Sussex 9. Sussex is the 9. Chichester being the chief City and Rhy the chief Sea-Town Kent 10. Kent is the next rich in Meadows Pastures Groves Apples and Cherries wherein are found seated the Cinque-Ports Deptford the King's Yard for building of his Ships Rochester the Seat of a Bishop Eltham and Greenwich two Palaces of the Kings Dover a famous Sea-Port and one of the Keys of this Island and lastly Canterbury the prime of this County and the Seat of the Archbishop and Metropolitan of all England Gloucester 11. Gloucestershire is the 11. the principal Towns are Tewksbury famous for Cloth-making and Gloucester the chief of the County here are also found the famous Hills of Cotswold upon which great Flocks of Sheep are found to feed yielding that excellent Wool so much esteemed amongst all Nations Oxford 12. Oxfordshire is the 12. which is a fruitful County both in Corn and Pasture and wherein is found Woodstock a House of the King 's an inclosed Park with a Stone Wall imagined the the first of this Land and Oxford an University famous through the World and chief of this Island Buckingh 13. Buckinghamshire is the 13. wherein are found the good Towns of Ailsbury Stony-stratford and Buckingham the principal of the County Bedford 14. Bedfordshire is the next and shews the Town of Bedford for the first of the County Hertford 15. Hertfordshire is the 15. wherein is the stately House of Theobalds a House of the Kings St. Albans a fair Thorough-fare and Hertford the principal of the County Middlesex 16. Middlesex is the 16. wherein are found the King's Palace Hampton Court and London the prime City of this Kingdom and the Chamber of the Kings of England so famous abroad in forein Countries that it needs no Mans Commendation it is beautified with sundry Colleges for the Study of the Municipal Laws with the Churches of Westminster and London besides divers others with the Hall of Westminster where the Parliaments extraordinary and Courts of Chancery Kings-Bench and other Courts are ordinarily kept with the 2 Palaces of Whitehall and St. James with an Exchange or Burse for Merchants to meet in with a sumptuous and wonderful Bridge of Free stone besides many other excellent private and publick Edifices Essex 17. Essex is the next abounding in Pasturage Corn and Saffron and in which are found Chelmsford the chief Town Colchester Coxal and others abounding with Bays Says and other new Drapery and lastly Harwich a safe Haven for Ships Suffolk 18. Suffolk is next which affords quantity of Butter Cheese and Cloths known by the names of Suffolk-cloth wherein is found St. Edmunds bury and Ipswich which hath a commodious Haven Norfolk 19. Norfolk is the 19. a large champain Country abounding in Conies and Sheep affording the two good Haven Towns of Lin and Yarmouth and Norwich the first of the County which deserves to be numbred amongst the chiefest Cities of England A Description of the City of Norwich and the Trade thereof It is seated in the County of Norfolk and is situate upon the River Yare which runs to Yarmouth and gives name to that Town passable for small Boats only on which River are 5 Bridges the City is well walled with many Turrets and hath 12 Gates for Entrance containing 36 Parishes in the midst whereof is a very fair Market-place â—and Town-Hall for the City Courts and Elections and one other Hall wherein the Citizens keep their great Feasts This City is also beautified with a fair Cathedral and Cloister not much inferior to any in the World tho now much ruinated by these unhappy Times There is also in this City the Ruines of an old Castle 3 Palaces viz. one belonging to the Dukes of Norfolk one formerly belonging the Earls of Surrey and one other for the Bishop of Norwich Here are also 3 Hospitals one for aged Persons one for Boys and one for Girls The Government of this City is by a Mayor 2 Sheriffs 24 Aldermen and 16 Common Council-Men This City being an Inland Place about 30 miles from the Sea by Water tho not above 16 by Land hath little forein Trade save only with Holland and that not considerable or worth taking notice of the chief Trade of this City being to London and that in these two Commodities especially viz. Stuffs and Stockings the Stuffs here vended in a time of Free Trade may be estimated at 100000 l. per annum and upward which said Stuffs are under the Government of two Companies one called the Worsted Company and the other the Russel Company those Manusactures under the Government of the Worsted Company and approved by the Wardens thereof have a Seal affixed to each End thereof the one Seal having this Word Norwich on one side and certain Letters on the other which stand for such of the Wardens Names as are present at the Sealing thereof the other Seal hath on one side these Words Worsted reformed and on the other side thereof in Figures the Quantity of Yards the Piece contains and those Manufactures under the Government of the Russel Company and approved by them have but one Seal which hath on one side the Representation of a Castle and on the other side these Words Fidelitas Artes alit This Stuff Trade is chiefly managed in Partnership between the London and Norwich Merchants great Quantities whereof have in formertimes in a Free Trade with other Nations been exported beyond the Seas to several places but
briefly run over the Shires of England it will be necessary I should here add the like cursory View of Wales comprehended under the Government of England and included within the same Limit and omitted to this place as having parts of the said Kingdom which I find to be in number these Anglesey 1. Anglesey I account the first which is toucht amongst the Islands being esteemed a County of Wales Beaumaries being the principal Town of the County Flint 2. Flintshire is the second plentiful in Corn and Pasture famous for the Spring of Holy Well called here St. Winifreds Well and Flint Town being the chiefest of the County Denbigh 3. Denbighshire is the next affording some Mines of Lead wherein are found Wrexham that boasts of its Holy Tower and Musical Organs and Denbigh the chief of the County Canarvan 4. Canarvanshire is the next antiently called Snowden Forest before that Wales was reduced to Counties wherein are found the high Hills the Alps of Britain also Aberconway a strong and fair little Town Bangor the Seat of a Bishop and Canarvan the chief of this Province Famous for the Birth-place of Edward II. the first Prince of Wales of English Blood Merioneth 5. Merionethshire is the next a mountainous Country affording notwithstanding good Pasture for Cattel The chief Town is Balla tho poor yet principal of these Mountaincers Montgomery 6 Montgomeryshire is the next having its chief Town of the same Name Cardigan 7. Cardiganshire is the seventh and hath the Town of Cardigan for the chief of the County Pembroke 8. Pembrokeshire is the eighth Pembrâ—… is the chief Town and here a long Neck of Land makes a Haven called Milford Haven than which Europe hath not a more noble more safe and more large with many Creeks and safe Roads wherein 1000 Sail may ride out of sight one of another and made more famous by the Landing of Henry VII Caermarden 9 Caermardenshire is the next abounding in Corn Sheep and Pit-Coal Caermarden being the chief Town Glamorgan 10 Glamorganshire is the next Cardiff is the chief Town having a commodious Haven for Shipping Monmouth 11 Monmouthshire is the next wherein are found Chepstow and Monmouth the last is glorious in giving Birth to Henry V. Conqueror of France Brecknock 12. Brecknockshire is the next Brecknock being the chief Town Radnor 13. Radnorshire is the last wherein is sound Radnor the chief These are in brief the Shires of Wales Commodities of England To observe now my former Method having thus particularly survey'd the Continent let me now search into those Commodities which England in general affords for Merchandize and is thence exported into forein Regions as being the principal Motives of Trade in all Kingdoms which it produceth several ways First by Manufactures it yieldeth Woollen Cloths of all sorts broad and narrow known and called by the name of several Shires also Perpetuanos Bays Says Scrges Cottons Kersies Buffins Mocados Grograms Sattins Calimancas Velvets Plâ—shts Worsteds Fustians Durances Tukes and infinite others there is made in this Island yearly 250000 Cloths by computation and by this may be guess'd the Quantity of the resâ— of other sorts also Furs and Skins as Coney-skins Squirrel-skins Fitches Calf-skins Hides and sundry others Also it produceth by Mines out of the Earth 1. Tin 1200000 l. yearly Lead 800 Foders yearly Allom 800 Tuns yearly Copper 500 Tuns yearly Iron of all sorts 800 Furnaces daily set on work besides Ordnance of Iron and such like Sea-coal yearly Chaldrons Salt Tuns also all manner of Grain Oats Pease Barly Rye and Wheat in great plenty also Linen Cloth all Iron Wares Tallow Leather Glass and Glasses of all sorts Venice Gold and Bilver Train-Oyl Salmons Pilchards and Herrings Hake Conger and Haberdine Hops Wood Butter Cheese Beer Salt-petre Gun-powder Honey Wax Alabaster and some other Stones Wools Woolfels Yern Yernsey c. and to conclude many other good and rich Commodities is here found Beauty of England The Beauty and Wealth of this Kingdom is demonstrated in 325 Rivers 8 thereof being great and navigable for some Miles whereon are found 857 Bridges 30 Chases 55 Forests 745 Parks here are also reckoned 26 Deanries 60 Archdeaconries 504 Dignities and Prebends 5439 Parochial Benefices besides Impropriations and Vicarages and the whole divided into 6 Circuits for the Administration of Justice into 22 Episcopal Dioceses for Ecclesiastical Discipline and into 2 Archbishopricks under whom the rest are subordinate and lastly into 40 Shires over each of which is yearly a Sheriff appointed who is to assist the Itinerary Judges in executing Justice and to gather in the King's Amercements and these Shires are divided into Hundreds and these Hundreds into Tithings and to conclude in England are found 145 Castles 9527 Parishes besides Chappels whereof 585 are Market Towns and 22 Cities the principal whereof are these 1. Oxford 2. Cambridge both being Universities 3. Exeter in Devonshire 4. Norwich in Norfolk 5. Bristol watered by Severn accounted the second for Trade in this Country 6. York on the River Ure accounted the second City for Beauty and Greatness in England and lastly London under which I will comprise the Trade of this whole Island CHAP. CCLXX. Of London and the Trade thereof London and the Trade thereof LOndon the Metropolis of England the prime City of Trading this day in the World is pleasantly seated on the River Thames which divideth it into two parts her Circuit may be 8 miles wherein are found 122 Parish Churches with the Palace of the King the Houses of the Nobility Colleges for the Study of the Laws and divers other stately publick Edifices and may contain 400000 People Merchants of London Here have their Residence the rich and most eminent Merchants of this Island whom divers Princes of this Kingdom have incorporated into several Societies and Companies partly to encourage their Endeavours and partly in reward of the Discoveries of those Countries and Regions whereof they take their Name and by the Power and Immunities granted them do make Acts and Orders for the Benefit of Commerce in general and of their Companies in particular Merchants Adventurers and their Original and places of Residence The antientest of which Companies have had their Original and Continuance since Edward I. his Reign called the Company of Merchant Adventurers grounded at first upon the Exportations of Wool only as the prime and Staple Commodity of this Kingdom since which it is grounded upon Clothing into which this Wool is now converted for he at the request and being in league with the Cities and Towns in Flanders made Bruges which was then the greatest Mart of Christendom the Staple for his Wools where it continued for 15 years whenas by some Discontent with the Flemings and by experience seeing what the Benefit of these Staples were removed them from Bruges to England and for the ease as well of his Subjects
those Exchanges that are used beyond the Seas and therefore limited but to some few places as to Antwerp for Flanders to Rouen and Paris for France to Amsterdam and Rotterdam for the Netherlands to Dantzick for the East Country to Venice for Italy to Edinburgh for Scotland to Dublin for Ireland all the other parts of the Exchanges practised in England have their derivation hence and he that would exchange for any other forein Country these aforenamed excepted must first have recourse hither and by a secondary Exchange have his Desire fulfilled all which Exchanges and the manner how the same are calculated and the places with which London hath in former time been seen to exchange I have at large demonstrated in the 443 444 445 446 and 447 Chapters of this ensuing Treatise whereto for better satisfaction I will refer the Reader CHAP. CCLXXIII Of the Trade in general of England Of the Trade in general of England WHen I consider the true dimensions of our English Traffick as at this day to me it appears to be together with the inbred Commodities that this Island affords to preserve and maintain the same with the present Industry of the Natives and the Ability of our Navigators I justly admire both the Height and Eminence thereof but when again I survey every Kingdom and great City of the World and every petty Port and Creek of the same and find in each of these some English prying after the Trade and Commerce thereof then again I am easily brought to imagine that either this great Traffick of England is at its full perfection or that it aims higher than can hitherto by my weak Sight be either seen or discerned I must confess England breeds in its own Womb the principal Supporters of its present Splendor and nourisheth with its own Milk the Commodities that give both Lustre and Life to the Continuance of this Trade which I pray may never either decay or suffer the least Diminution But England being naturally seated in a Northern Corner of the World and herein bending under the Weight of too too ponderous a Burthen cannot possibly always and for ever find a Vent for all those Commodities that are seen to be daily exported and brought within the Compass of so narrow a Circuit unless there can be by the Policy and Government of the State a Mean found out to make this Island either the common Emporium and Staple of all Europe or at leastwise of all these our neighbouring Northern Regions The real worth of the English Trade The staple Commodities of England are Cloths Lead Tin some new late Draperies and other English Real and Royal Commodities shipped hence in former times yielded by their Returns from forein parts all those Necessaries and Wants we desired or stood in need of but the late great Traffick of this Island hath been such that it hath not only proved a bountiful Mother to the Inhabitants but also a courteous Nurse to the adjoining Neighbours for what in matter of Traffick they have lost we have been found to have gained and what they have wanted we have been noted to have supplied them with Hath the proud and magnificent City of Venice lost her great Traffick and Commerce with India Arabia and Persia England hath got it and now furnisheth her plenteously with the rich Commodities thereof Hath all Italy lost Venice that fed it with those Dainties London now supplieth her place and is found both to cloth and nourish it Hath France almost lost the excellent Commodities of Constantinople Alexandria and Aleppo and generally of all Tarky London can and doth furnish it Nay is Turky it self deprived of the precious Spices of Iudia England can and doth plentifully afford them Will you view Moscovia survey Sweden look upon Denmark peruse the East Country and those other colder Regions there shall you find the English to have been the Inhabitants from the Prince to the Peasant wear English woolleâ— Livery feed in English Pewter sauced with English Indian Spices and send to their Enemies sad English leaden Messengers of Death Will you behold the Netherlands whose Eyes and Hearts envy England's Traffick yet they must perforce confess that for all their great Boasts they are indebted to London for most of their Syria Commodities besides what other Wares else they have of English growth Will you see France and travel from Marselia to Calais tho they stand least in need of us yet they cannot last long without our Commodities And for Spain if you pry therein from the Prince's Palace to the Poor Mans Cottage he will Voto a Dios There is no Clothing comparable to our Bays nor Pheasant excelling a seasonable English Red Herring The East-India Company The East India Company of London are yearly seen to visit Persia frequent India and traffick in Arabia and the Coasts thereof and for our English Commodities and some other exported hence they are found to import Pepper Cloves Mace Nutmegs Cotton Rice Callicoeâ— of sundry sorts Bezoar Stones Aloes Borax Calamus Cassia Mirabolans Myrrh Opium Rhubarb Cinamon Sanders Spikenard Musk Civit Tamarinds Precious Stones of all sorts as Diamonds Pearks Carbuncles Emeraulds Jacinths Saphirs Spinals Turquoises Topazas Indico and Silks raw and wrought into sundry Fabricks Benjamin Camphire Sandalwood and infinite other Commodities and tho in India and these parts their Trade equalleth not either the Portugals or the Dutch yet in candid fair and Merchant-like Dealing these Pagans Mahumedans and Gentiles hold them in esteem far before them and deservedly have here the Epithet of far more current and square Dealers And altho for the present this Trals and Company do suffer under some adverse Clouds and groan under some unkind Losses by the Falshood of the Netherlanders and sad Accidents at Sea yet their Adventures and Acts are praise worthy and their fair Endeavours for England's Honour in point of Trade merit due Commendations and just Applause The Turky Company The Turky Company of London for its Height and Eminence is now second to none other of this Land for not yearly but monthly nay almost weekly their Ships are observed to go to and fro exporting hence the Cloths of Suffolk Gloucester Worcester and Coventry dyed and dress'd Kersies of Hampshire and York Lead Tin and a great quantity of the abovesaid India Spices Indico and Callicoes and in return thereof import from Turky the raw Silks of Persia Damasco Tripoly c. Galls of Mosolo and Toccat Camlets Grograms and Mohairs of Angora Cotton and Cotton Yarn of Cyprus and Smyrna and sometimes the Gems of India and Drugs of Egypt and Arabia the Muscadines of Candia the Currans and Oyls of Zant Zeffalonia and Herta with sundry others and in all these Parts are accounted also second to none nor give place to any Nation either in the Greatness of their Traffick or in their fair and Merchant like Performances The Merchant Adventurers The antient Company of Merchant
Adventurers of London hold the same Proportion in the Iotegrity of their Dealings and in the Squareness of their Performance with both the aforenamed their excellent Government and their antient Orders preserved and maintained is every where both applauded and commended The Cities of Hamburgh Rotterdam and others in the Notherlands by their submissive seeking for their Residence and their Privileges and Immunities granted them during that time is a sure Testimony that speaks their Welcom every where and an assured Token of that City's Decay that with Leave from England they furnish them with Cloths of sundry Shires and some other Commodities monthly as by the shortness of their Navigation they find it needful and proper to their Traffick and from thence furnish England with Tapestry Diaper Cambrick Holland Lawn Hops Mather Steel Rhenish Wines and many other Manufactures as Blades Stuffs Soap Latten Wire and Plates and here also this Nation is accounted the most current and Merchant-like Nation that trafficks or hath any Commerce amongst them The Eastland and Moscovia Company The East Country Merchants and the Moscovia Company do also challenge a part in this great Trade of England and add some Perfection to the Traffick of the City of London nor doth their fair Dealing there come behind any of their Fellow-Citizens nor are they less esteemed than any other forein Nation there resident They export hence principally Cloth at the best Commodity also Tin Lead with some Spices of India and other Commodities and return thence Ashes Claphoard Copper Deals Rich Furs Masts Pipe-Staves Rye Tunber Wainscot Wheat Fustians Iron Latten Linen Mather Quicksilver Flax Hemp Steel Caveare Cordage Hides Honey Tar Ropes Tallow Pitch Wax Rosin and sundry others The French Merchants What shall I say to the French Company the Greenland Company the Merchants trading into Spein Barbary Guiney Benyn Italy Scotland and Ireland but that they also challenge a great Interest in the Traffick of this City and Kingdom for the French Merchants carry hence English Cloths Kersies Bays Galls Silk and Cotton of Turky and for the same return Buckrâ—m Canvas Cards Glass Grain Linen Salt Claret and White Wine Woad Oyls Almonds Pepper some Silk Stuffs and some other petty Manufactures The Spanish Merchants The Merchants trading into Spain carry hence Bays Says Serges Perpetuanes Lead Tin Herrings Pilchards Salmon Newland-fish Calf-skins and many other Commodities and in return furnish England with Wines of Xeres Malaga Bastard Candado and Alicant Rosin Olives Oyls Sugar Soap Anniseeds Liquorish Soda barilla Pate and sundry West India Commodities neither have Spanish and Portugal any ill opinion of the Dealing and Traffick of the English Nation for tho of all other Nations they have the best conceit and opinion of their own Greatness and punctual Worth and have of late changed the name of Mercador into Cergador how improper I refer to their own Language yet account they the English next to themselves the principal and fairest dealing Merchants in the World The Italian Company The Merchants of England trading to Naples Sicilia Genoa Legorn and Venice c. which here I term Italy are not observed to have any Joint-Stock or Company yet to the Honour and Benefit of this Kingdom and City transport hence Bays Says Serges Perpetuanes Kersies Lead Tin Cloth and many other native Commodities besides Pepper Indico Cloves and other Indian Commodities in great abundance and for returns have Cloths of Gold and Silver Sattins Velvets Taffaties Plushes Tabins Damasks Allom Oyls Glass Aniseeds Rice Venice Gold and Silver great quantity of raw Silks of sundry sorts and divers other Commodities and here likewise all other Nations willingly give place to the English as the principal Merchants that either abide amongst them or negotiate with them I need not insist here upon the Relicls of that famous Barbary Trade nor yet mention the petty Adventures of the English to Guniney and Benny tho otherwise they are concurrent to the Traffick of this Nation neither go about to particularize the large Traffick of this Island to their Plantations of Newfoundland summer-Summer-Islands Virginia Barbadoes and new-New-England and to other places which rightly challenge an Interest in the present Trade and Traffick of this Kingdom Therefore omitting what may be further said in this point and having thus survey'd the Trade of this Island in particular and shewed the Commodities exported and imported by every noted Company and Society I shall now speak a word concerning the Navigation of this Nation which is one of the main and principal means by which this Traffick is observed to be preserved unto them at this day The Navigation of the English famous throughout Europe I shall not need to look back into former Ages nor trouble my self to search after old Records that express the Worth of the English Nation at Sea in old times it sufficeth me to understand and know that these present times wherein we live are not any ways inferior in this point to the former nor the real Value nor Valour of the English any ways decay'd or alter'd from its former antient Greatness to its present Splendor what they have done let Histories remember and what they now do let the World witness and testifie throughout Europe What Creek or Port in Europe have they not sought out and found Nay how many of them have fought against Hunger Cold and all Extremities to find new Northern Passaget to the Southern Regions In America and tho the South Seas and a great part of America be at this day debar'd to them and their Navigation yet their Wills herein are more bounded to their Princes Pleasure in a faithful obedience to his Treaties of Peace with that Don that challenges those vast Countries than any way in fear of his Greatness or his Naval Power by Sea as may witness their Attempts Navigations and Plantations in many parts of that Country not limited or forbidden by that Treaty In Africa As for their Navigations to Africa begin at Alexandria in Egypt and so sail to Tunis Argier and Ceuta and thence along the Coast of Guiney and Benyn to Cape Bona Esperansa then to Mombasa Melinda Brava Cape Guard fuy and into the Red-Sea Gulf and tell me where it is that they have not been or what Place or Port is not acquainted with them In Asia And if you survey the Maritime Shore of Asia and begin at Sues in the aforesaid Gulf and so to Aclon Dieu Cambaia Ormus Surat Goa Cochin Mesulapatam Pegu Camboi Cauch China Maocau and to the utmost Bounds of China and the Isles of Japan and Cathay and all the adjacent Islands they have all been for many years both well acquainted to our Seamen and not unfrequented by our Merchants and Traders and for the Caspian Sea the Euxine and the other parts of Asia comprised from thence by Constantinople to Scanderoon and so to Alexandria every Week brings us Tidings of the
of Commodities and of weight ibid. Coins of sundry Countries used in Traffick of Merchandizing 5 Coins made of Silver and Gold ibid. A Capital crime to debase or alter any Princes Coin ibid. Cargos in weight what 6 Cain the Inventer of Weights and Measures 8 All Cities of Trade have sworn and publick measures ibid. Of Commodities used in Merchandizing and the knowledge thereof 9 All Commodities are either natural or artificial ibid. All Commodities known by the Sensce ibid. All Coins brought into one by exchanging 10 Castella aurea 13 Chilo ibid. Cuba ibid. Caffaria 27 Cape bona speransa ibid. Carro 29. and the Trade thereof 31 Casir in the red Sea 29 Captus ibid. Caffa in the Euxine Sea ibid. Cilicia and the Cities thereof 42 Colloso 46 Cappadocia and the Cities thereof 51 Celosyria and the Cities thereof 61 Colcos 67 Caldea and the Cities thereof 69 Cabin and the Trade thereof 76 Cusestam 77 Cusan and the Trade thereof 78 Caramania ibid. Carriage of Commodities by Caravans 81 Capha and the Trade thereof containing the Coins Weights Measures and Accounts thereof 85 Cathay and the Provinces 86 Cambalu and the Trade thereof 87 Cannor 88. and the Trade 92 Cambaia 88 Canora ibid. Camboia ibid. Cauchinchina ibid. Cambaia and the Trade thereof 90 Chaul and the Trade thereof 92 Cochin and the Trade thereof ibid. Calicut and the Trade thereof ibid. Coast of Cormandle and the Trade thereof 93 Custom in India for debtors 94 China and the Provinces thereof 98 Commodities of China ibid. Cloves in abundance in Molluccos 103 Celebs Island and the Trade thereof containing Coins Weights c. thereof 107 Cyprus and the Trade thereof containing Commodities Coins Weights Measures 108 Cartagena 114 Castilia and the Trade thereof containing Exchanges Coins Weights Measures 116 Catalonia 118 Callais and the Trade thereof 132 Champaign ibid. Callabria and the Trade thereof 140 Crema and the Trade thereof 157 Cremona and the Trade thereof 166 Como and the Trade thereof 167 Cambray 179 Charlemont ibid Collen and the rade thereof 185 Cleveland ibid. Coins in general of Germany 206 Coins of Stoad Hamburg and Lubeck ibid. Coins of Embden Breme Edenburg Brunswick Mainburg Lipsick Vpper Germany Bohemia Switzerland ibid. Copenhagen 210. and the Trade thereof 211 Candroa in Moscovia 219 Cracovia and the Trade thereof 223 Coninburg and the Trade thereof 226 Corn-measures of Eastland reduced to that of sundry other Countreys 231 Croatia 236 Corono and the Trade thereof 239 Catarro and the Trade thereof 240 Caranto anciently Corinth a samous Mart in Morea 245 Constantinople and the Trade thereof 247 Coos Island 249 C 〈◊〉 ia Island and the Trade thereof 251 Cerigo Island ibid. Cursolari Islands ibid. Corfu Island and the Trade thereof 235 Corsica Island 258 Callary and the Trade thereof 259 Capre Island 261 Cadis or Gades ibid. Conaught in Ireland 263 Four Circuits in Wales 268 Cornwal 269 Cambridgshire ibid. Cheshire ibid. Cumberland ibid. Canarvanshire ibid. Cardiganshire ibid. Caermarthenshire ibid. Six Circuits in England ibid. Cities of Exchanges in Europe 273 Collen Exchanges 290 The Captain of Mosambick the greatest Merchant of that Coast. 28 D. DEscription of Countries conduceth to the description of Cities 1 Division of the World into four parts ibid. Distance of places how found out ibid. Duty of building a Ship belonging to the Shipwright 2 Duty of Ships provision belonging to Owners and Out-readers ibid. Duty of sailing a Ship belonging to Navigators ibid. Duty of Imploying of Ships belonging to Merchants ibid. Denarius how called 5 The best way of Accounts is by Debtor and Creditor 7 Divers Countreys have a diversity in their measures 8 Decaying Commodities what 9 Damietta 29 Damascus and the Trade containing the Coins Weights Measures Commodities thereof c. 62 Derbent 73 Dellia 88 Dieu and the Trade thereof and of that Coast and the Commodities 89 Damain in India 92 Customs in India for Debtors 94 The Dutch Forts and Trade in Amboina Islands 103 Denia and the Trade thereof 118 Dolphine 127 Duke of Florence a great Merchant 159 Dry measures of several Cities in the Levant Seas compared 161 Dukedom of Millan 164 Dunkirk 179 Doway ibid. Delph ibid. Dort ibid. Danubius River 182 Dresden and the trade thereof 199 Denmark and the Provinces 210 Dithmar in Denmark ibid. Dantsick and the trade thereof 224 Dacia and the Cities thereof 235 Dalmatia 236 Delos or Delphos 249 Dublin the Metropolis of Ireland and the Trade thereof 264 Four Dioceses in Wales 268 Devonshire 269 Dorsetshire ibid. Darby-shire ibid. Durham ibid. Denbighshire ibid. Declaration of The Table of Exchanges 274 DoubleVsance what 299 Account of Discounts used in Lions and elsewhere 305 Days and Nights differ according to the Latitude 1 E. Aequinoctial what 1 Europe and its bounds Latitude and Longitude ibid. Eclipse of the Sun and Moon when seen ibid. Exchanging the third manner of Commutation 2 Exchanging drawn into a profitable Art and the reasons thereof ibid. Things considerable in Exchanging ibid. Esterlin moneys in England 5 Of Exchanges in general used by Merchants 10 The Excellency of a Bill of Exchange ibid. The Exchanger rectifieth the disorders of Mints and the necessity of Prices ibid. Estotiland 12 Aethiopia and the Provinces 26 Elephants Teeth 27 Aegypt and the Provinces 29 The Trade of Aegypt in times past ibid. Aegypt weights compared with others 34 Euphesus 44 Eolis the first Merchants 46 Ephrates 54 Three Excellencies in Casbin 76 Exendu and the largeness thereof 87 The English the last Traders into India 107 English Consul at Cyprus 108 Europe and the Kingdoms thereof 110 Escurial 115 English subjection at Blois upon the River of Gerond 124 English Hall in Rouen for Wool 126 East-Frisland 182 Embden and the trade thereof 183 Elsmore and the Trade thereof 212 Elbin and the Trade thereof 225 Epidaurus 245 Epirus 246 The English the greatest Traders of any Christians into Constantinople 247 Mount Aetna in Sicilia 256 Elba Island 261 Edenburgh and the Trade thereof 266 Essex 269 East-India Merchants of London their original 270 Eastland Merchants their original ibid. Of Exchanges in general with the method and manner thereof as practised in Christendom 273 Exchanging places ibid. What Exchanges are c. ibid. Declaration of the Table of Exchanges 274 Of the Exchanges of Placentia 276 The Exchanges of Lions Paris 277 The Exchanges of Rome 278 The Exchanges of Genoa 279 Exchanges of Millan 280 Exchanges of Venice 281 Exchanges of Florence 282 Exchanges of Lucca 283 Exchanges of Naples 284 Exchanges of Leccy 285 Exchanges of Barry 286 Exchanges of Palermo 287 Exchanges of Mesina 288 Exchanges of Antwerp and Collen 289 Exchanges of London 290 Exchanges of Valentia 291 Exchanges of Saragosa 292 Exchanges of Barselona 293 Exchanges of Sevil Alcala Medina del campo in Castilia 294 Exchanges of Lisbon 295 Exchanges of Bolonia 296 Exchanges of Bergamo 297 Exchanges of Frankfort Norimberg Augusta Vienna 298 How the Rates and
Languedoc 129 Lorrain 132 Loretta 147 Leghorn and the Trade thereof 173 Lucca and the Trade thereof 175 Limburge 178 Liege ibid. Luxenburg ibid. Lovain ibid. Lisle 179 Leiden ibid. Lipsick and the Trade thereof 197 Luneburg and the Trade thereof 201 Lubeck and the Trade thereof 205 Lappia in Swethland 218 Livonia 222 Lituania ibid. Larta and the Trade thereof 244 Lepanto and the Trade thereof 245 Lemnos 248 Lesbos 249 Lipar Island 261 Lemster in Ireland 263 Liecestershire ibid. Lincolnshire ibid. Lancashire ibid. London and the Trade thereof 270 Liberty of Exchanging 273 The Exchanges of Lions 277 Lucca Exchanges 283 Leccy Exchanges 285 London Exchanges 290 Lisbon Exchanges 295 Examples upon Exchanges in Lions and how calculated 302 Customs of acceptions of Bills of Exchanges in Lions ibid. The price of Exchanges settled in Lions for succeeding Fairs ib. Recounters in Lions what ibid. Rules of casting up the Exchanges made in Lions ibid. Rates of Exchanges in Lions which may serve for the rates of interest in many other places 303 The reason and benefit of the Rules of Exchanges in Lions ibid. Examples of the Exchanges of Lions with the profit of the profits thereof 304 Accounts of disaccounts in Lions in many other places 305 Exchanges of Lions with Rome 307 Exchanges of Lions with Florence 308 Exchanges of Lions with Lucca 309 Exchanges of Lions with Naples 310 Exchanges of Lions with Palermo 311 Exchanges of Lions with Genoa 312 Exchanges of Lions with Millan 313 Exchanges of Lions with Venice 314 Exchanges of Lions with Bolonia 315 Exchanges of Lions with Placentia 316 Exchanges of Lions with Antwerp 317 Exchanges of Lions with London 318 Exchanges of Lions with Francfort 319 Exchanges of Lions with Sevil 320 Exchanges of Lions with Lisbon 321 Exchanges of Lions with Barselona 322 Orders and Commissions for Exchange in Lions 323 The Fairs of Lions 324 Exchanges of Lisbon 426 Examples of Exchanges practised in London and how calculated 443 Exchanges of London with Lions 444 Exchanges of London with Florence 445 Exchanges of London with Venice 446 Of London with Antwerp 447 Orders and Commissions in draughts and remittances in Exchanges in London 448 Terms of payments of Bills of Exchanges in London 449 M. MErchandising the first School of the present government of many Countreys 1 The use of Maps and Sea-Cards in general ibid. Meridian what ibid. Meridians and their use ibid. Merchandising accounted an Art 2 The materials of Merchandising are Commodities and Moneys ibid. The duty of Merchants ibid. A Merchant ought to know 1. the Form of a Bill of Exchange 2. of all Intimations and Protests 3. of Charter-parties 4. Bills of lading 5. Policies of Assurance 6. of Bills of Debt 7. of a Release 8. of Letters of Atturney 9 of Account-keeping and 10. Arithmetick ibid. The Merchant's purse and person supplies many defects in a City 3 Magazines for commodities ibid Met-house ibid. Merchants must learn what customs are and duly pay them 4 Moneys of Leather in Saint Dominico 5 Moneys of Shells in Tombuto ibid. Moneys of Iron in Massa ibid. Moneys of Lumaches in Congo ibid. Moneys of Glass in Melinda ibid. Moneys of Salt and Paper in Cathay ibid. Moneys of Gansa in Pegu ibid. Moneys of Almonds in Bengala ibid. Moneys of dead mens Sculls in Sumatra ibid. Moneys of Pepper and Cocos in India ibid. Moneys called by three several names ibid. Moneta what and how called ibid. The Merchant must be versed in all weights 6 Of Measures in general 8 False Measures are punishable by the Magistrate ibid. Measures of solid Bodies of dry and liquid Commodities ibid. All Measures to the Merchant must be as one measure ibid. A Merchant must be seen in all Commodities and in all Trades 9 A Merchant must know the value of all Commodities ibid. A Merchant must reduce the knowledge of commodities to a profitable end ibid. Merchants should know how to preserve all commodities ibid. Merchants should know how to better their commodities ibid. The Mystery of Exchange reduced to profitable principles 10 Mexicana and the Provinces 12 Mexico and the commodities ibid. Manoa the Golden City 13 Margarita ibid. Kingdom of Morocco 22 City of Morocco with the Trade containing the commodities coins weights measures and customs thereof 23 Mosambique and the Trade thereof containing coins weights measures and commodities thereof 28 Monomotapa 27 Manica ibid Manicongo ibid. Merchants of six sorts in Cairo 31 Madagascar otherwise Saint Laurence 35 Midium 46 Medina Talnabni and Mecha 68 Mesopotamia and the Cities 69 Mocha and the Trade containing the coins weights measures thereof 70 Media and the Cities thereof ibid. Mallavar Chap 88. and the Trade of that Coast 92 Mandoa ibid. Macin ibid. The Merchants that in general are found to traffick in India ibid. Musulapatam and the Trade of the coast of Cormandil with the coins weights measures of that place and coast 93 Maccau in China 95 Mallaca and the Trade thereof as the weights measures coins c. thereof 97 Moonsons at Mallaca ibid. Maccau and the Trade thereof containing the commodities coins weights c. thereof 99 Macasser and the Trade thereof containing weights measures coins c. 107 Malaga and the Trade thereof containing coins customs weights measures 114 Murcia ibid. Madrid 115 Measures of Spain reduced to the English Yard of London 120 Main 125 St. Mallos and Morlais in Britanny ibid. Moneys lately inhansed in France 127 Molins ibid. Mart of Lions formerly in Geneva 128 Marselia and the Trade thereof 131 Modena and the Trade thereof 145 Millan and the Trade thereof 165 Mantona and the Trade thereof 168 Mirandola and the Trade thereof 172 Mastricht 178 Marquisate ibid. Middleburge 180 Maclin ibid. Measures of the Netherlands reduced to the measures of London ibid. Mentz 186 Meclinburge 196 Measures of Germany reduced to London 208 Measures of Denmark to London 214 Moscovia and the Provinces 219 Mosco and the Trade thereof 220 Massovia 222 Moldavia 235 Modona and the Trade thereof 239 Morea and the Trade thereof ibid. Misene in Morea 245 Marathron 256 Megara ibid. Macedonia ibid. Migdonia ibid. Mastique 248 Mesina and the Trade thereof 257 Malta Island ibid. Majorque and Minorque and the Trade thereof 260 Man Island 262 Munster in Ireland 263 Meth in Ireland ibid. Middlesex 269 Mcrionethshire ibid. Mountgomeryshire ibid. Monmouthshire ibid. Merchants Adventurers of London their Original and places of residence 270 Moscovia Merchants of London their Original ibid. Measures used in England 272 Manner of Exchanging 273 Millan Exchanges 280 Mesina Exchanges 288 Medina del Campo Exchanges 294 Exchanges practised at Millan and how the same are calculated 410 Exchanges of Millan with Lions 411 Of Millan with Placentia 412 Of Millan with Venice 413 Of Millan with Rome 414 Of Millan with Naples 415 Of Millan with Genoa 416 Terms of Payments of Bills of Exchanges in Millan 417 Orders and Commissions given and received in Exchanges in Millan 418 Exchanges of