mentioned If an Exchange was made of but about 200 M. Irish and the like number of British brought over in their rooms then the natural strength of the British would be equal to that of the Irish but their Political and Artificial strength three times as great and so visible that the Irish would never stir upon a National or Religious Account 3. There are among the 600 M. above-mentioned of the poor Irish not above 20 M. of unmarried marriageable Women nor would above two thousand per Ann. grow and become such Wherefore if ½ the said Women were in one year and ½ the next transported into England and disposed of one to each Parish and as many English brought back and married to the Irish as would improve their Dwelling but to an House and Garden of 3 l. value the whole Work of natural Transmutation and Union would in 4 or 5 years be accomplished The charge of making the exchange would not be 20,000 l. per Ann. which is about 6 Weeks Pay of the present or late Armies in Ireland If the Irish must have Priests let the number of them which is now between 2 and 3 thousand Secular and Regulars be reduced to the competent number of 1000 which is 800 Souls to the pastorage of each Priest which let be known persons and English-men if it may be So as that when the Priests who govern the Conscience and the Women who influence other powerful Appetites shall be English both of whom being in the Bosom of the Men it must be that no massacring of English as heretofore can happen again Moreover when the Language of the Children shall be English and the whole Oeconomy of the Family English viz. Diet Apparel c. the Transmutation will be very easy and quick Add hereunto That if both Kingdoms now two were put into one and under one Legislative Power and Parliament the Members whereof should be in the same proportion that the Power and Wealth of each Nation are there would be no danger such a Parliament should do any thing to the prejudice of the English Interest in Ireland nor could the Irish ever complain of Partiality when they shall be freely and proportionably represented in all Legislatures The Inconveniencies of the Not-Union and Absurdities seem to be these viz. 1. It is absurd that English-men born sent over into Ireland by the Commission of their own King and there sacrificing their Lives for the King's Interest and succeeding in his Service should therefore be accounted Aliens Foreigners and also Enemies such as were the Irish before Henry the VII time whom if an English-man had then killed he had suffer'd nothing for it for it is but Indulgence and Connivance that now the same is not still in force For such formerly was the Condition of Irishmen and that of English-men is now the same otherwise than as Custom has relieved them It is absurd that the Inhabitants of Ireland naturally and necessarily bound to obey their Sovereign should not be permitted to know who or what the same is i.e. Whether the Parliament of England or that of Ireland and in what Cases the one and in what the other Which uncertainty is or may be made a pretence for my Disobedience It is absurd that English-men in Ireland should either be Aliens there or else to be bound to Laws in the making whereof they are not represented It is absurd if the Legislative Power be in Ireland that the final judgment of Causes between man and man should be in England viz. the Writs of Error should remove Causes out of Ireland to the King's Bench in England That the final determination of Admiralty-Causes and of some Causes-Ecclesiastical should be also ended in England nor that men should know whether the Chancery of England have jurisdiction in Ireland and whether the Decrees of Chancery in one Chancery can be executed in the other As for Inconveniences it is one That we should do to Trade between the two Kingdoms as the Spaniards in the West-Indies do to all other Nations for which cause all other Nations have war with them there And that a Ship trading from Ireland into the Islands of America should be forced to unlade the Commodities shipt for Ireland in England and afterwards bring them home thereby necessitating the Owners of such Goods to run unnecessary hazard and Expences It is inconvenient that the same King's Subjects should pay Customs as Aliens passing from one part of the same their own King's Territories to another The chief Objection against the remedy of these Evils is That his Majesty would by the Union lose much of his Double-Customs Which being true let 's see what the same amounts unto and if it be sufficient to hinder the remedy of these Evils and if it be irreparable by some other way Ann. 1664. which was the best year of Trade that hath been these many years in Ireland when neither Plague nor Wars impeached it and when men were generally disposed to Splendor and Liberality and when the Act for hindring Cattel coming out of Ireland into England was not yet made nor that made for unlading in England Ships bound from America into Ireland I say in that year the Customs upon exported and imported Commodities between Ireland and England was but but not â…™ thereof which since how easily may it be added to the other Charges upon England and Ireland which are together perhaps 1500 M. per Ann 2. If it be for the good of England to keep Ireland a distinct Kingdom why do not the predominant Party in Parliament suppose the Western Members make England beyond Trent another Kingdom under Commerce and take Tolls and Customs upon the new Borders Or why was there ever a Union between England and Wales the good effects and fruits whereof were never questioned And why may not the entire Kingdom of England be farther Cantoniz'd and infinitely for the advantage of Parties As for the Practice The Peers of Ireland assembled in Parliament may depute so many of their number as make the â…› part of the Peers of England to be call'd by Writ into the Lords House of England And the Commons in Ireland assembled in like manner may depute the like proportion of other Members to sit with the Commons of England the King and that House admitting of them But if the Parliament of England be already the Legislative Power of Ireland why may they not call a competent Number out of Ireland 〈◊〉 or in some other more convenient manner All these Shifts and Expedients are necessary but for the 〈◊〉 timâ— until the matter be agreed upon by both Nations in some one Parliament 'T is sâ—ppos'd that the Wealth of Ireland is about the â— or â— of that of England and the King's Revenue in both Kingdoms seems about that proportion Of the Government of IRELAND THE Government of Ireland is by the King 21 Bishops whereof four are Arch-Bishops and the Temporal Peers whereof some
part by reason of the late Rebellion do not sit in Parliament By about 3000 Freeholders and the Members of about 100 Corporations the University at Dublin reckoned for one represented in the House of Commons by about 270 Knights Citizens and Burgesses The Parliament so constituted have a Negative upon any Law that the Lord Lieutenant and Councel shall offer to the King and which the King and his Councel in England shall under the Great Seal remit to the said Parliament The Sheriffs of Counties and of Cities and Counties in Ireland are 40 finally appointed by the Lord Lieutenant each of which hath about Ten Bailiffs The Chief Governour called sometimes Lord-Lieutenant sometimes Lord-Deputy sometimes Lords Justices with a Council at this time consisting of about 50 Members do govern in all Matters belonging to the Peace Prerogative c. There be five Courts viz. a Chancery consisting of a Lord-Chancellor Master of the Rolls and two three or four Sallariated Masters of Chancery The King's-Bench of a Lord-Chief-Justice and two other Judges The Common-Pleas of the like The Exchequer of a Lord-Chief-Baron and two other Barons with the Treasurer and Chancellor of the Exchequer And a Prerogative whereof the Primate of Armagh is Judge There is also a Palatinate-Courtih Tipperary whereof the Duke of Ormond is Lord of the Liberties and Regalities to it belonging There is also a Court of Admiralty Every Bishop hath also two Courts And there have been formerly and lately but now An. 1672. suspended a Presidency of Munster and another of Connaght who meddle not with Life or Limb nor Titles of Land There is also a Court Marshal for the Affairs of the Army who in times of peace often transmit accus'd persons to the Civil-power To all these Courts do belong Officers Councellors of Law whereof I reckon are of the first Classis gaining by Estimation about 600 l. per Ann. each of the 2d gaining about 300 l. per Ann. And of the 3d gaining not above 100 l. per Ann. There are also sworn Attornies gaining about 120 l. per Ann. one with another There are in Ireland about 950 Justices of the Peace appointed by the Lord-Chancellor an Head-Constable for each Barony or Hundred being 252 and a Petty Constable for each Parish whereof are about 2278. The Ecclesiastical Government is by Arch-Bishops Bishops Arch-Deacons Deans of Cathedral-Churches in all which there are now actually but one Quire entire and that in Dublin serving both at Christ-Church and St. Patrick's And the Parsons Vicars and Curates for the Protestant-Religion are in all Ireland at this day near 500 and about half the Tythes are Impropriate and belonging to Lay-men This is the State of the External and Apparent Government of Ireland so far as it concerns the Number and Species of Persons managing the same But the Internal and Mystical Government of Ireland is thus viz. 1. There are always about Twenty Gentlemen of the Irish Nation and Popish-Religion who by reason of their Families good Parts Courtly Education and Carriage are supported by the Irish to negotiate their Concernments at the Court of England and of the Vice-Roy in Ireland These men raise their Contributions by the Priests who actually and immediately govern the People The Priests are govern'd by at least 24 Romish Bishops all of whom have a long time been conversant in France Spain Italy Germany England whereas Chaplains and Almoners c. they have made an interest with the governing Men and Ministers of State in those several Kingdoms and have obtained some Benefits and Preferments from them So as the Body of the Irish-Papist's being about 800 M. whereof near 700 M. do live in wretched Cabbins without Chimney or Window are govern'd by about 1000 Secular Priests and 2500 Friars and Regulars of several Orders whereof most are Franciscans next Dominicans and Augustins but few Capuchins and Iesuits or Carthusians These I say are govern'd by their respective Bishops and Superiors whom the Ministers of Foreign States do also govern and direct So as upon the whole matter the Irish who are the Bulk of the Nation are govern'd indirectly by Foreign Power and so are the aforenamed Lay-Patriots their support coming from the Clergy constituted as aforesaid and who do notoriously exercise their Spiritual Jurisdiction in Ireland And do also exert a Temporal Power by prevailing with Papist Justices of the Peace to send such to Gaol as are disobedient to the Clergy upon feigned or frivolous Complaints which they cause to be brought against them The Judges aforenamed all but the Chancellor go Circuits whereof there are five twice every year excepting only the one County of Kerry There is an University at Dublin but lying for the most part within one College wherein are a Provost and seven Senior and Ruling Fellows Nine Junior Fellows sixty Sch lars and at this time Commoners and other Students There was about the year 1669 erected a College of Physicians consisting of a President and 13 Fellows There are belonging to the Prerogative Arch-Deacons Courts Court-Martial and Admiralty-Courts not above to Advocates and 30 Proctors There are in the City of Dublin a Lord-Mayor 2 Sheriffs 24 Aldermen 48 Sheriffs Peers and 96 of the Common-Council There are besides Companies or Corporations of Trades-men There is lately instituted an Hospital for poor Children not yet fully perfected nor endowed There is also an Hospital for Sick Lame and Old Soldiers but without Endowment and standing but at discretion and pleasure There are in and near Dublin three Publick Prisons and one House of Correction Lastly I must intimate that the Footmanship for which the Irish 40 years agone were very famous is now almost quite lost among them every man now keeping a small Garran to ride on unless in such rocky and craggy places where 't is easier to go a foot than to ride Of the Militia and Defence of IRELAND THERE be in Ireland as elsewhere two Militias one are the Justices of Peace their Militia of High and Petty Constables as also the Sheriffs Militia of his Servants and Bailiffs and Posse Comitatus upon extraordinary occasions Of these all together there are in Ireland near 3000 all of which are bound within their several Districts there to act and not elsewhere There is or hath lately been an Army in Ireland of about thirty Troops of Horse and sixty Companies of Foot with a Regiment of Guard at Dublin as a Life-Guard for the Lord Lieutenant making in all about five thousand Men. There is also a Protestant Militia of about 24000 Men viz. about ten thousand Horse and the rest Foot The people of Ireland are all in Factions and Parties called English and Irish Protestants and Papists Though indeed the real distinction is vested and devested of the Land belonging to Papists Ann. 1641. Of which the Irish that are vested by Restoration seem rather to take part with the devested And the chief Pique which the Popish-Clergy have at the Protestants is
that they have the Church Livings and Jurisdictions for the exercise of their Function they have most freely and had when they undertook their Project in 1641. The differences between the Old Irish and Old English Papists is asleep now because they have a Common Enemy The Old Protestants of Queen Elizabeth and King Iames's Plantation till of late did not much love the New English who came over since 1641. or rather since 1646. 1648. because they envied the great Shares which they had gotten of the forfeited Lands from the Late Usurpers But now they also are well enough together since the said Old Protestants have had good Proviso's in the Acts of Settlement and Satisfaction for their Service before Iune 1649. and since the Church-Revenues have been augmented by the Forfeitures but chiefly for that the said Old Protestants have all the Power and Preferments Civil Military and Ecclesiastical Of the New English some are Conformists others not And some have fallen in with other Parties and others not Of the Old Protestants there are also Parties I cannot say Factions chiefly denominated by the Names of their Families as the Butlers and Fitz-Gerralds were of old But to return The chief Factions are the vested and devested of forfeited Lands all Irish and Papists generally fearing the latter and most English and Protestants the former as appears in all Juries and Testimonies given where the Lands or Lives of one or other are concerned Now in some Counties as in Kerry many Forfeitures happened and few Restorations and there also few English were ever planted nor can well endure to live So as the first sort of Militia in these and other like Counties are Irish-Papists devested and discontented Persons Whereby the few English there can have no Justice executed for want of hand wherewith to do it Nor can they easily get indifferent Juries but that the Sheriffs are English for the most part and most commonly Protestants In which Case some have been of opinion that the other Militia namely the Army may both in Law and Reason supply this defect in times when there is not occasion for them to guard the Land from Invasion and Rebellion For why might not 30 Sheriffs be taken out of 120 Officers of the Army viz. 60 Captains and Lieutenants of Horse and 60 Captains of Foot And why may not such be as responsible for executing just Sentences as any other And what Tenor is there in the Force which a Bailiff useth more than in that which one call'd a Soldier carries with him And why should the Military Officer or Sheriff use more force or terror than to make the Debtor or Malefactor answer the Law and obey the Sentence of a Civil Court And is it not more convenient and easy in great riotous Contempts to bring a Troop or Company whose Trade it is to use Arms and apply Force dexterously than to use the Posse-Comitatus that is to call abundance of men from their Labour and Calling to attempt things of Danger which they do not understand Moreover if the General can quarter the Army where he pleases and that the Sheriffs or Constable can in their respective Precincts call whom he pleases to his assistance then the General can cause such a competent Force to be quartered in those thin peopled Counties And the Sheriffs and Justices can call such to their assistance excepting where such Soldiers are in formal Garisons upon actual Duty or in other cases to be agreed upon between the Civil and Military Powers so call'd although there can be no Countrey without Force nor any Army without a Policy and Discipline But of this let the Lawyers talk further As for the Military Force of Ireland vulgarly and properly so call'd 1. The standing Army is such as the present Revenue can well maintain which perhaps is or very lately was about 6000 and is every year or other year changed as to his Majesty seems best 2. The Protestant Militia now already established and formed is about 24 or 25 thousand men most of them already experienc'd in the Wars of Ireland The Third of grand Force against Foreign Invasions I conceive may be 70 M. Men of the best affected and least Popeaffected Irish for so many I conceive the 30000 of the standing Army and present Militia could well Officer and Command Now that 100 M. may be spar'd to send as Soldiers in a time of extremity I think it plain for that there are 550 M. Males in Ireland whereof 150 M. can perform all the necessary Labor of Husbandmen and Trades-men 200 M. of them are perhaps under 16 and above 60. Nor doth the quality of the remaining exempt them from service who are to stand for a reserve And this Force I take to be sufficient to resist any number of men which any Prince of the World hath Shipping enough to bring into Ireland with such Horse Arms Ammunition and Victuals as are for such an Enterprize To say nothing that the substance of Ireland is chiefly Cattel which be easily removed to waste the Countrey where the Enemy shall land And how considerable the standing Army of 6000 men and the Veteran Militia of above 24000 who have not only the Command but the possession and propriety of all the strong and terrible Places in Ireland and ¾ of all the Horse serviceable in War and at least ¾ of all Shipping and England to help and countenance hath been competently mentioned before and that the Bulk of the Irish are the Inhabitants of the aforenamed 160 M. wretched Cabins-men slavishly bred and dealt with by their own Lords and Patriots and that the restored Irish restored to their Estates almost by Miracle will be careful how they engage any more upon a frivolous impious Undertaking Of the Coelum and Solum of Ireland BY the Coelum or Sky I understand the Heat Coldness Drowth Moisture Weight and Susceptions of Air and the Impressions made upon it viz. The state of the Winds as whether the Wind blows in Ireland in comparison with or differently from other Places as from what points of the Compass the Wind blows most frequently or fiercely and what proportion of the whole year from each Point 2. As to Heat and Cold I conceive the same ought to be measur'd by the Weather-Glass or Thermometer 3. As to Wetness or Moisture by the shrinking of Lute-strings by the quantity of Rain falling upon a certain quantity of level superficies and by the quantity of Water dried up with the same time out of a Vessel of like Figure and equal dimensions As for other changes in the Air supposed to depend upon the gravity or levity thereof I suppose the same is to be known by the Instrument call'd the Barrimeter Lastly To the much or â—ittle Sunshine whereof Ireland hath beâ—n much abus'd the same is to be measur'd by an Instrument found for that purpose Wherefore since it is small satisfaction to say the Air of Ireland is mild
who they pretend do usurp their Estates It then seems just and convenient That both Kingdoms should be United and Governed by one Legislative Power Nor is it hard to shew how this may be made practicable nor to satisfy repair or silence those who are Interested or Affected to the contrary 13. In the mean time it is wonderful that men born in England who have Lands granted to them by the King for service done in Ireland to the Crown of England when they have occasion to reside or negotiate in England should by their Country-men Kindred and Friends there be debarred to bring with them out of Ireland food whereupon to live nor suffered to carry money out of Ireland nor to bring such Commodities as they fetch from America directly home but round about by England with extream hazard and loss and be forced to trade only with Strangers and become unacquainted with their own Country especially when England gaineth more than it loseth by a free Commerce as exporting hither three times as much as it receiveth from hence In so much as 95 l. in England was worth about 100 l. of the like Money in Ireland in the freest time of Trade 14. It is conceived that about â…“ d of the Imported Manufactures might be made in Ireland and â…“ d of the remainder might be more conveniently had from Foreign parts than out of England and consequently that it is scarce necessary at all for Ireland to receive any goods of England and not convenient to receive above th part from hence of the whole which it needeth to Import the value whereof is under 100 Thousand Pounds per Annum The application of the Premisses in order to remedy the defects and impediments of the Trade of Ireland 1. Forasmuch as the consideration of Raising Money hath already and so lately been before your Lordships therefore without giving this Board any further trouble concerning the same We humbly offer in order to the regulation of the several species thereof That whereas Weighty Plate pieces together with Ducatoons which estimate to be three quarters of the Money now currant in Ireland do already pass at proportionable Rates and for that all other species of Silver Money are neither rated proportionably to the said weighty pieces nor to one another That Whole Half and Quarter Cobbs of Sterling Silver if light may pass at 5 s. 7 d. per Ounce but that the other Species of courser Silver as the Perrues c. may pass as Commodity or at 5 s. per Ounce until there shall be conveniency for new Coyning thereof into smaller Money 2. That forthwith Application may be made unto England to restore the Trade from the Plantations and between the two Kingdoms and particularly that of Cattel as heretofore and in the mean time to discover and hinder by all means possible the carrying of Bullion out of Ireland into England to the end that those in England who are to receive Moneys from hence may be necessitated to be very earnest in the said Negotiation 3. That Endeavours be used in England for the Union of the Kingdoms under one Legislative Power proportionably as was heretofore and successively done in the case of Wales 4. For reducing Interest from Ten to Five or Six per Centum for disposing moneyed men to be rather Merchants than Usurers rather to trade than purchase and to prevent the bad and uncertain payments which Gentlemen are forced to make unto Tradesmen whose Stock and Credit is thereby soon buried in debts not to be received without long and expensivâ— Suits and that a Bank of Land be forthwith contrived and countenanced 5. That the Act of State which mitigates and compounds for the Costoms of some Foreign goods purposely made high to hinder their Importation and to encourage the Manufacture of them here be taken into consideration at least before it be renewed 6. That the Lord Lieutenant and Council as also the Nobilit Courts of Justice and Officers of the Army and other Gentlemen in and about Dublin may by their engagement and example discountenance the use of some certain Foreign Commodities to be pitched upon by your Lordships And that Gentlemen and Freeholders in the Country at their Assizes and other Country meetings and that the Inhabitants of all Corporations who live in Houses of above two Chimneys in each may afterwards do the same 7. That there be a Corporation for the Navigation of this Kingdom and that other Societies of men may be instituted who shall undertake and give security to carry on the several Trades and Manufactures of Ireland and to see that all goods Exported to Foreign Markets may be faithfully wrought and packt Which Societies may direct themselves by the many several proposals and reports formerly and of late made by the Council of Trade and which they are now again ready to enlarge and accommodate to the said several proposals respectively and more particularly to the Manufactures of Woollen Linnen and Leather 8. That the Corporations of Ireland may be obliged to engage no Manufactures but according to their Primitive Instructions which was to carry on such great works as exceeded the strength of single Persons and particularly that they may cause some such like proportions of Yarn Linnen and Woollen as also of Worsted to be Spun as Mr. Hawkins hath Propounded 9. That the Pattents which hinder the working of Mines may be considered 10. That the Justices of Peace may be admonished to protect the Industrious and not suffer their Labours to be interrupted by vexatious and frivolous Indictments 11. That the Inhabitants of the wretched Cabbins in Ireland may be encouraged to reform them and also compelled thereunto as an easy and Indulgent Committing for the Penalty of Nine-Pence per Sunday payable by the Statute and likewise to make Gardens as the Statute for Hemp and Flax requires And that other the wholesome Laws against Idlers Vagabonds c may be applied to the prevention of Beggary and Thievery Whereunto the orderly disposing of the said Cabbins into Townships would also conduce 12. That the People be dissuaded from the observations of superfluous Holy-Days 13. That the exorbitant Number of Popish-Priests and Fryars may be reduced to a bare competency as also the Number of Ale-houses 14. That the Constable Sheriff and Bailiffs may also be English Protestants though upon Salary From all which and from the settlement of Estates it is to be hoped that men seeing more advantage to live in Ireland than elsewhere may be invited to remove themselves hither and so supply the want of People the greatest and most fundamental defect of this Kingdom CAROLUS Secundus Dei Gratia Angliae Scotiae Franciae Hiberniae Rex Fidei Defensor c. Omnibus ad quos praesentes literae pervenerint salutem Cum praedilectus perquam fidelis consanguineus Consiliarius noster Jacobus Dux Ormondiae in râ—gno nostro Hiberniae qui plurima egregia servitia serenissimo patri
THE Political Anatomy OF IRELAND WITH The Establishment for that Kingdom when the late Duke of ORMOND was Lord Lieutenant Taken from the RECORDS To which is added VERBUM SAPIENTI or an Account of the Wealth and Expences of England and the Method of raising Taxes in the most Equal manner Shewing also That the Nation can bear the Charge of Four Millions per Annum when the occasions of the Government require it By Sir WILLIAM PETTY late Fellow of the Royal Society and Surveyor-General of the Kingdom of Ireland LONDON Printed for D. Brown and W. Rogers at the Bible without Temple-Bar and at the Sun over-against St. Dunstans Church Fleetstreet 1691. To His Grace the Duke of ORMOND MY LORD THE Celebrated Author of the following Treatise had not only the Honour to be known to Your Grace's Grand-Father the late Illustrious Duke of ORMOND but was likewise held by Him in that just Esteem which he never fail'd of expressing towards Men of Learning and Ingenuity This was a sufficient Encouragement to me having the Manuscript-Copy deliverâ—d into my Hands by a Worthy and Intimate Friend of the Authors to dispose of it to the Press for the publick Benefit to Address it to Your Grace's Patronage You are so true a Successor in all the generous Virtues of Your Ancestry that I cannot doubt of Your favourable Reception of this Posthumous Work Your Generosity that takes all occasions of exerting it self towards the Living cannot fail in doing Justice to the Memory of the Dead More especially to such Persons as in their Life took care to oblige Posterity The usefulness of the ensuing Discourse at this time when there is so fair a prospect of a new Settlement in IRELAND were sufficient to recommend it to Your Grace's Protection Your Grace's Interest in the Re-establishment of that Kingdom tho it be considerable yet is much less than your Share in the glorious Enterprize towards its Recovery You had the Honour of accompanying His MAJESTY in an Adventure that shall shine in the Annals of Fame as long as the Boyne shall maintain its Course But a single Gallantry appear'd not sufficient for the Heir of ORMOND and OSSERY You have since accompanied our Royal Master to other Shores to be partaker with him in new Scenes of Action Undertakings of no less Consequence and Importance than the Deliverance of Europe This will afford sufficient matter for Panegyrick and oblige the Muses to place you in the same high Rank of Renown with Your Noble and Heroick Predecessors In the mean time be pleas'd to permit this useful Treatise to wait on you to the Camp and bring you the hearty wishes of all good Men here for Your happy Expedition and Your safe Return which is desir'd by none with a more particular Zeal than by Your GRACE'S Most Devoted Servant N. TATE THE Author's Preface SIR Francis Bacon in his Advancement of Learning hath made a judicious Parallel in many particulars between the Body Natural and Body Politick and between the Arts of preserving both in Health and Strength And it is as reasonable that as Anatomy is the best foundation of one so also of the other and that to practice upon the Politick without knowing the Symmetry Fabrick and Proportion of it is as casual as the practice of Old-women and Empyricks Now because Anatomy is not only necessary in Physicians but laudable in every Philosophical person whatsoever I therefore who profess no Politicks have for my curiosity at large attempted the first Essay of Political Anatomy Furthermore as Students in Medicine practice their inquiries upon cheap and common Animals and such whose actions they are best acquainted with and where there is the least confusion and perplexure of Parts I have chosen Ireland as such a Political Animal who is scarce Twenty years old where the Intrigue of State is not very complicate and with which I have been conversant from an Embrion and in which if I have done amiss the fault may be easily mended by another 'T is true that curious Dissections cannot be made without variety of proper Instruments whereas I have had only a commoÌ„n Knife and a Clout instead of the many more helps which such a Work requires However my rude approaches being enough to find whereabout the Liver and Spleen and Lungs lye tho' not to discern the Lymphatick Vessels the Plexus Choroidus the Volvuli of vessels within the Testicles yet not knowing that even what I have here readily done was much considered or indeed thought useful by others I have ventur'd to begin a new Work which when Corrected and Enlarged by better Hands and Helps I believe will tend to the Peace and Plenty of my Country besides which I have no other end ADVERTISEMENT THE Reader is desired to take notice That by Letterâ—es are meant persons restored to Land by virtue of the Letters of King Charles the Second and by Nominees such persons are intended as were restored to their Lands by being named in the Act of Settlement and Papists per Proviso were such as had Provisoes in that Act for their Lands And by the 49 Officers are meant such Commission Officers under the King who served in Ireland before the year of our Lord 1649. The following Treatise of Sir William Petty's Political Anatomy of Ireland is Printed after a Copy Transcribed from the Original writ by the Author 's own hand and all the Blanks as here Printed were in that Original And which tho' it may be suppos'd he could easily have fill'd up yet was it not held proper for any other to attempt or to add to any thing done by so great a Master This his work of The Political Anatomy of Ireland ends in page 113. P. 114. begins the famous Report from the Council of Trade in Ireland which was not only Drawn but wholly Composed by Sir William Petty and with which that Council concurred unanimously P. 132. followeth the Copy of the Commission of the late Duke of Ormond to be Lord Lieutenant and an Account of the Establishment of the Civil and Military List in his time faithfully and carefully taken out of Authentick Records And to the Nature of which the continued Title of The Political Anatomy of Ireland on those Pages agrees well enough The Volume concludes with Sir William Petty's Verbum Sapienti which relates wholly to England and shews how Taxes may be equally laid and how the Nation may well bear the Tax of Four Millions per Annum The Reader is now left with his most Critical attentive Judgment to enjoy the benefit of the great Political knowledg that Sir William Petty hath taught the Age and for which as one of the greatest Ornaments of it he deserveth perpetual celebrations Know Reader in a word That Nulla ferent talem saecla futura virum The CONTENTS of the Political Anatomy of IRELAND OF the Lands of Ireland with the present distribution and Values of the same Page 1 Of the People
Houses and Smokes their Number Differences and Values 7 Of the Church and Benefices 16 Concerning the late Rebellion and its effects 17 Of the future Settlement of Ireland Prevention of Rebellions and its Union with England 25 Of the Government of Ireland Apparent and Internal 36 Of the Militia and Defence of Ireland 42 Of the Coelum Solum Fruges or the Air Soil and Product of Ireland 48 Of the Rate which the Lands in Ireland do bear to each other with the History of the several Valuations of the same 58 Of the Money of Ireland and the Causes of its Decrease with the Remedy for the same 68 Of the Trade of Ireland and its Impediments the Commodities and aptitude for Traffick and incidently of the Cloaths and Dyet of the People Of Sumptuary Laws Absentees c. 75 Of the Religion Language Manners and Interest of the present Inhabitants of Ireland as also of the Present and Ancient Divisions and Names of the Lands 93 Some Miscellany Remarques and Intimations concerning Ireland and the several matters aforementioned 103 A Report from the Council of Trade in Ireland to the Lord Lieutenant and Council c. 114 Considerations relating to the Improvement of Ireland 115 Inferences from the Premises 120 Propositions to His Majesty concerning the Government of Ireland 146 The List for Civil Affairs c. 157 The Establishment and List containing all the Payments to be made for Military Affairs c. 181 Officers Provincial 184 Constables 186 Sundry Ministers belonging to the Ordnance viz. in Lemster 188 Connaught 189 Munster 190 Ulster 191 Temporary Payments 196 A Catalogue of the Peers 199 A List of the Arch-Bishopricks and Bishopricks 200 Barons 201 A List of those Places that return Parliament-Men c. 202 Verbum Sapienti INtroduction Page 1 Chap. 1. Containing several Computations of the Wealth of the Kingdom 3 Chap. 2. Of the Value of the People 7 Chap. 3. Of the several Expences of the Kingdom and its Revenue 10 Chap. 4. Of the Method of apportioning Taxes 11 Chap. 5. Of Money and how much is necessary to drive the Trade of the Nation 13 Chap. 6. The Causes of Irregular Taxing 15 Chap 7. The Collateral Advantages of these Taxes 16 Chap. 8. Of the Expence of the Navy Army and Garisons 18 Chap. 9. Motives to the quiet bearing of Extraordinary Taxes 19 Chap. 10. How to imploy the People and the end thereof 22 LICENSED May the 11th 1691. THE Political Anatomy OF IRELAND 1672. Of the Lands of Ireland THERE are in Ireland of Acres of Land Irish Measure whereof 121 Acres makes 196 English Measure near about M. Ac. 10,500 Whereof there is of Rivers Highways Loughs unpassable Bogs Rocks and Shrubs about M. 1,500 Of very course Land commonly call'd unprofitable 1,500 Consequently of good Meadow Arrable and Pasture 7,500  10,500 Of which Anno 1641 there did belong to Papists and Sequestred Protestants 5,200 To the Church viz. Bishops Deans Chapters and Glebes 300 To the Protestants planted by Queen Elizabeth and King Iames 2,000  7500 Of the 5,200 belonging to Papists and Sequestred Protestants Anno 1641. There was restored to 26 that proved their constant good Affection per est 40 210 To His Grace the D. of Ormond 130 To the Lord Inchiquine Lord Roscommon and others 40 To innocent Papists near 1,200  To the Church near 20 140 To the Duke of York near 120 To Letterees and Nominees Irish-men 60 420 To Papists per proviso with Collonel Vernon 360 Left in the Common-Stock of Course-Land 80 470 To Adventurers 390 To Soldiers since 49. 1,440  To the 49 Officers 280 550 To Protestants per proviso 270 Upon Transplantation Decrees 700  Restored to Mortgagees Protestants about 100    5,200 So that of all the Lands seiz'd by the Usurpers the Papists have recovered about M. 2,340 The new Protestants and Churches Additions 2,400 Of a more indifferent Nature ut supra 460 5200 Mem. That Protestants in Connaught purchased of the Transplantees per estimate M. 60 Wherefore of the whole 7500 M. of good Land the English and Protestants and Church have this Christmas 1672. 5,140 And the Irish have near ½ as much viz. 2,280  7,500 Remains in the Common-Stock near 80 M.  The said 7,500 Acres of good and the 1,500 of course making together 9000 M. is worth per Annum M. l. 900,000 Out of which the King's Quit-rents Old-rents and Composition 90,000 Rests 810,000 The Tythes whereof are one fifth viz. 162,000 Rests 648,000 The benefit of Leases and the value of Tenants Improvements upon the said Lands is ⅓ viz. 216,000 For the Landlords 432,000 If the whole 7500 be clearly worth but 432000 l. per Ann. then the 2,520 gain'd by the Rebellion is worth but about ⅓ thereof the 80 M. in the Common Stock being worth very little viz. 144,000 And the Adventurers and Soldiers Lands who served since 1649 worth about ¾ of the same viz. 108,000 And the said Soldiers alone ⅗ of the whole viz. M. 86,400 per An. Mem. That by the Successes of the Army who serv'd since 1649. and who have 854 col per An. for their labour His Majesty hath received the several Advantages following viz. 1. Augmented the Church the Duke of York and by Provisoes 770 M. Acres 2. Hath paid the Adventurers and 49 Officers besides Housing in Walled Towns 670 M. Acres 3. Gain'd a Revenue worth above 80000 l. per Ann. and 15 Years Purchase l. 1200,000 4. Gain'd the Years value c. worth 300,000 5. Hath freed himself from the 1648. Articles with the Irish. 6. Restored many of his Friends to their own Estates The value of the said Army's Lands at ten Years Purchase is 854000 l. Out of which deduct a years value and charge there remains now but l. 700,000 Mem. That whereas until Anno _____ England always sent Money and other Supplies into Ireland now the Revenue is 200,000 l. and the charge Civil and Military but 170,000 l. which is the gain or ease of England The Debentures of Commission Officers who serv'd eight years till about December 1649. comes to l. 1,800,000 Wherefore the Pay of private Soldiers to 5,400,000  7,200,000 The ⅛ whereof is 900,000 l. The one half whereof being for Foot was 450,000 l. per Ann. which at 15 l. each maintains 30,000 Foot and the rest 15000 Horse General Officers and Train of Artillery included so as there was a British Army for eight Years of at least 45000 Men. The Army who reduced the Rebelllon did Anno 1652 consist of near 35000 Men as per Debentures The Irish transported into Foreign parts between 1651 and 1654. were 34,000 Men. The Irish Army could not but be more than double to the English The Claymants of Land or the number of Proprietors before the War was Of all that claimed innocency 7 in 8. obtained it The restored Persons by innocence and proviso have more than what was their own
Anno 1641. by at least ⅕ They have gotten by forg'd Feofments of what was more than their own at least ⅓ Of those adjudged Innocents not 1 20 were really so The King's Revenue in Ireland Anno 1641. The yearly charge of the Army for 20 years last past Of People Houses and Smoaks their Number Differences and Values THere are of People Men Women and Children 1,100,000 There are of Families 200,000 Of Smoaks 250,000 VIZ Of the People there are English 200,000 Of Papists 800,000 Of Non-Papists 300,000 Scots 100,000 Irish 800,000  2,200,000 The Scots are Presbyterians and the Irish Papists But the English are above 100,000 legal Protestants or Conformists and the rest are Presbyterians Independants Anabaptists and Quakers Of the Families Such as have no fix'd Hearths are 160,000 Such as have but one Chimney 24,000 Such as have more than one 16,000 Of Smoaks The Single-Smoak-houses are ut supra 184,000 And those Houses that have more than one Chimney have but one with another above four in each House viz. in all 66,000  250 M. The Number of them of all degrees who paid Poll-money Anno 1661. was about 360,000 Dublin hath Houses of more than one Smoak 3,400 Other Cities Towns and Corporations of the like 6,000 The rest of Ireland of the like 6,600  165 M. And of Smiths Forges near the same number or rather more A more particular Account of the Houses in Ireland which have more than one Chimney viz. The Castle of Dublin hath Chimneys 125 The Earl of Meath's House in Dublin 27 The Houses of Dublin which have above 10 are 164 T he Number of Coaches besides Hackneys near the same Number or rather fewer There be ut supra 160,000 Cabins without Chimneys whose worth are not reckoned but as for the others we rate as follows viz. Houses of 1 Chimny of 24000 at 5 l. each 120,000 l. of 2 and 3 6800 at 40 l. 272,000 l. 4 5 6 5600 at 100 l. 560,000 l. 7 8 9 2500 at 300 l. 750,000 l. 10 11 12 700 at 600 l. 420,000 l. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20. 400 at 1000 l. 400,000 l.   2,522,000 For 20 Transcendental-houses per estimate  78,000  Total 2,600,000 Memorandum That not ◠8 part of the Value of all those Houses do belong to other than English Protestants  325,000  To the English 2,275,000 There are of Non-papists in Dublin  28,000 In the other Cities Towns Corporations c.  72,000 In the Country  100,000   2,000,000 There is in Nature but one in 500 at most who are Blind Lame and under incurable Impotence so as not above 2000 in Ireland whom 12000 l. would maintain without Scandal The number of young Children under seven years old and not fit for Labour is ¼ of the whole viz. 275,000 The said number of Impotents 2000 The number of Soldiers 3000  280,000 The Masters and Mistresses of 360 Families wherein are above six Smoaks are 7,200 Their Servants to their Persons 14,400 The Servants to the Persons of such as live in 5600 Families of 4 5 6. Smoaks are 11,200 Servants in Families of 2 and 3 Smoaks 6800 Ministers Students c. 400  320,000 People in all 1100 M. Of above 6 years old 704 16 462 26 297 36 198 46 132 56 88 66 77 So as there are in Ireland fit for Trade 780,000 Which are Imployed as followeth viz.  For the Tillage of 500,000 Acres of Land for Corn Men and their Wives 100,000 For Cowherds and Shepherds to Cattel grazing upon Seven Millions of Acres viz. six Millions of black Cattel or their equivalent in Horses and Sheep Men and their Wives 120,000  220,000 By the other side 220,000 Imployed about the taking of 5000 Hogsheads of Pilchards Boats Nets Hewers c. Men and Women 1000 Imployed about making 1000 Tuns of Iron Men and Women 2000 Smiths as by account Men and Women 15,000 Their Servants to the Trade 7,500 Taylors and their Wives 45,000 Carpenters and Masons and their Wives 10,000 Shoemakers and their Wives 20,000 and Servants 2500 Millers and their Wives 1600 Workers of Wooll and their Wives 30,000 Tanners and Curriers and their Wives 10,000  331,600 Trades of Fancy and Ornament and their Wives 48,400  380,000 Wherefore if the present Employment be performed with 380,000 Persons it follows that there are to spare for other uses 400,000 Memorandum That in Dublin where are but 4000 Families there are at one time 1180 Ale-houses and 91 publick Brew-houses viz. near ⅓ of the whole it seems that in Ireland there being 200 M. Families that about 60 M. of them should use the same Trade And consequently That 180,000 viz. 60 Men 60 Women and 60 Servants do follow the Trade of Drink 180,000 So as there are yet to spare who are Casherers and Fait-neants 220,000  400,000 Whereas it is manifest that ⅔ of the Alehouses may be spared even although the same quantity of Drink should be sold then there will yet be further to spare of them 120,000 and 220,000  340,000 Having shew'd that 340,000 of spare hands are in Ireland it follows to find Employments for them which is at 7 l. per head to earn per Ann. 2,380,000 This Imployment may be either in order to Local Wealth or Universal Wealth Local Wealth I understand to be the building of 168,000 small Stone-wall Houses with Chimneys Doors Windores Gardens and Orchards ditch'd and quicksetted instead of the lamentable Sties now in use the which may cost 3 l. each in all l. 544,000 The planting 5 Millions of Fruit-Trees at 4 d. each 83,000 Planting 3 Millions of Timber-Trees upon the Bounds and Meers of every Denomination of Lands at 3 d. each 360,000 l. Of Inclosures and Quicksets one Million of Perches at 12 d. per Perch l. 50,000 Fortifying the City of Dublin 30,000 Building a new Palace for the chief Governour 20,000 Making there a Mold for Shipping 15,000 Making several Rivers navigable and mending High-Ways 35,000 Building of 100 Churches at 200 l. each 20,000 Workhouses of several sorts Tan-Yards Fishing Crofts Rape-Mills Allom and Copperas-works as also Madder Lead Salt c. 50,000 In order to Money and Vniversal Wealth For Ten Thousand Tuns of Shipping 100,000 For a Stock of Wool Hemp Flax and Rawhides for one Years Work 400,000 For the Labour of Men to Manufacture the same 1000,000 Of the Church and Benefices IF 1 ◠the Non-Papists are Non-Conformists then there are but 50000 Legal Protestants in Dublin and all other Cities Towns c. which require but 50 preaching Ministers And if there are but 50 M. Legal Protestants in the rest of Ireland they require but 100 Ministers at 500 to a Flock whereof ◠3 viz. 166 are Children If there be in England and Wales about 9000 Parishes and under 30 Bishops then every Bishop must have above 300 Parsons in his Charge So as one Bishop in Ireland is more than
30 in England Wherefore 25,000 l. would afford 150 l. per Ann. of each of 150 Ministers and 2500 l. to the Bishop The value of the Church Lands and appropriate Tythes is per Ann. above the Kings Rent due out of them If 100 Ministers can serve all Ireland they must have Precincts of neer 13 14 Miles square and consequently they must be Itinerants and as Lecturers on week-days and other honest ordained Men must be Priests If 150 nay if 250 Ministers would serve all Ireland then 10 per Ann. will supply their Mortality And consequently a Nursery of 100 will send forth 10 yearly of 10 years standing Perhaps the Nursery need not be above half so large Concerning the Late Rebellion THE number of the People being now Anno 1672 about 1100,000 and Anno 1652. about 850 M. because I conceive that 80 M. of them have in 20 years encreased by Generation 70 M. by return of banished and expelled English as also by the access of new ones 80 M. of New Scots and 20 M. of returned Irish being all 250 M. Now if it could be known what number of people were in Ireland Ann. 1641. then the difference between the said number and 850 adding unto it the encrease by Generation in 11 years will shew the destruction of people made by the Wars viz. by the Sword Plague and Famine occasioned thereby I find by comparing superfluous and spare Oxen Sheep Butter and Beef that there was exported above ⅓ more Ann. 1664. than in 1641. which shews there were ⅓ more of people viz. 1466,000 Out of which Sum take what were left Ann. 1652. there will remain 616,000 destroyed by the Rebellion Whereas the present proportion of the British is as 3 to 11 But before the Wars the proportion was less viz. as 2 to 11. and then it follows that the number of British slain in 11 years was 112 thousand Souls of which I guess ⅔ to have perished by War Plague and Famine So as it follows that 37,000 were massacred in the first year of Tumults So as those who think 154,000 were so destroyed ought to review the grounds of their Opinion It follows also that about 504 M. of the Irish perished and were wasted by the Sword Plague Famine Hardship and Banishment between the 23 of October 1641. and the same day 1652. Wherefore those who say That not ⅙ of them remained at the end of the Wars must also review their opinions there being by this Computation near ⅔ of them which Opinion I also submit There were transported of them into Spain Flanders France 34,000 Soldiers and of Boys Women Priests c. no less than 6000 more where not half are returned 40,000 If Ireland had continued in peace for the said 11 years then the 1466 M. had increased by Generation in that time to 73 M. more making in all 1539 which were by the said Wars brought Anno 1652 to 850 viz. 689 M. for whose Blood some body should answer both to God and the King M. 689 Anno 1650. there were before the great Plague above one Million of People viz. 2½ more than in London Anno 1665. But in that year there died in London by account 97,000 people but really were 110 M. Wherefore if the Plague was no hotter in Ireland than in England there must have died in Ireland 275 M. But 1300 dying in a Week in Dublin the Plague of London was but ⅔ as hot Wherefore there died in Ireland M. 450 So as substracting 412 M. 500 dying of the Plague and 37 Massacred English it follows that 167 M. died in 11 years by the Sword and Famine and other Hardships Which I think not incredible for supposing ½ the Number viz. 87 M. died in 11 years of Famine and Cold Transportation to Spain and Barbadoes c. it is not hard to believe that the other 87 M. perished by the Sword when the British had Armies of near 40 M. Men and the Irish of near double sometimes on Foot Ann. 1653. Debentures were freely and openly sold for 4 s. and 5 s. per l. And 20 s. of Debenture one place with another did purchase two Acres of Land at which rate all the Land of Ireland if it were 8 Millions of profitable Acres might have been had for a Million of Money which Ann. 1641. was worth above 8 Millions M. 1. The Cattel and Stock which Ann. 1641. was worth above 4 Millions reckoning one Beef of 20 s. value or the Equivalent in other Stock to two Acres but Ann. 1652. the people of Dublin fetch'd Meat from Wales there being none here and the whole Cattel of Ireland not worth l. 500,000 Corn was then at 50 s. per Barrel which is now and 1641. under 12. The Houses of Ireland Ann. 1641. was worth 2½ Millions but Ann. 1652. not worth ⅓ of the same l. 500,000 The value of people Men Women and Children in England some have computed to be 70 l. per Head one with another But if you value the people who have been destroyed in Ireland as Slaves and Negroes are usually rated viz. at about 15 l. one with another Men being sold for 25 l. and Children 5 l. each the value of the people lost will be about 10,355,000 The Forces kept on Foot by all Parties for the said 11 years were at least 80,000 Horse and Foot for even Ann. 1652. the English were 35,000 and 34,000 Irish transported the Charge whereof Train of Artillery and General Officers included cannot be less than 15 l. per Head per Ann. which for 11 years comes to 13 Millions and 200 M. l. 13,200,000 The superlucration above expressed of all which adult Men among which were no Women nor Children cannot be reckoned at less than 5 l. per Head or ⅓ of the last mentioned Sum viz. M. 4,400,000 Wherefore the effects of the Rebellion were these in pecuniary value viz. By loss of people 10,335,000 By loss of their superlucration of Soldiers 4,400,000 By the superlucration of the people lost at 10 l. per Head for the whole 11 years deducting 80 M. Soldiers 6,000,000 By impairing of the worth of Lands 11,000,000 Of the Stock 3,500,000 Of the Housing 2,000,000  37,255,000 And the 20 years Rent of all the Lands forfeited by reason of the said Rebellion viz. since the year 1652 to 1673. hath not fully defray'd the Charge of the English Army in Ireland for the said time nor doth the said Rents at this day do the same with ½ as much more or above 100 M. l. per An. more And the Adventurers after 10 years being out of their Principal Money which now ought to be double by its Interest they sold their Adventures for under 10 s. per l. Ann. 1652. in open and free Market The Number of Landed Irish-Papists or Freeholders before the Wars was about 3000 whereof as appears by 800 Judgments of the Court of Claims which fate Ann. 1663. upon the Innocence and Effects of the Irish
there were not above 1 7 part or 400 guilty of the Rebellion unto each of whom I allow 20 Followers which would have made up an Army of 8000 But by the 49 Officers account the British Army before 1649. must have been about 40 M. men upon whom the said 8000 Nocent Irish so prevail'd as that the Peace ended in the Artâ—cles of 1648. By which the Irish were made at least equal Partners with His Majesty in the Government of Ireland which sheweth that the Irish were men of admirable Success and Courage Unless we should rather think that the said Court of Claims were abused by their Perjuries and Forgeries which one would think that a Nation who caus'd the destruction of so many thousand Lives for the sake of God and Religion should not be so guilty of The Estates of the Irish before the Wars was double to that of the English but the number and natural force of the Irish quintuple to that of the English The Cause of the War was a desire of the Romists to recover the Church-Revenue worth about 110 M. l. per Ann. and of the Common Irish to get all the Englishmens Estates and of the 10 or 12 Grandees of Ireland to get the Empire of the whole But upon the playing of this Game or Match upon so great odds the English won and have among and besides other Pretences a Gamester's Right at least to their Estates But as for the Bloodshed in the Contest God best knows who did occasion it Of the future Settlement of Ireland Prorogation of Rebellions and its Union with England THE English invaded Ireland about 500 years since at which time if the Irish were in number about 1,200,000 Anno 1641. they were but 600 M. in number 200 years ago and not above 300,000 M. at the said time of their Invasion for 300,000 people will by the ordinary Course of Generation become 1200 M. in 500 years allowance being made for the Extraordinary Effects of Epidemical Diseases Famines Wars c. There is at this Day no Monument or real Argument that when the Irish were first invaded they had any Stone-Housing at all any Money any Foreign Trade nor any Learning but the Legend of the Saints Psalters Missals Rituals c. viz. nor Geometry Astronomy Anatomy Architecture â—nginery Painting Carving nor any kind of Manufacture nor the least use of Navigation or the Art Military Sir Iohn Davys hath expressed much Wit and Learning in giving the Causes why Ireland was in no measure reduced to English Government till in Queen Elizabeths Reign and since and withal offers several means whereby what yet remains to be done may be still effected The Conquest made by the English and described in the Preamble of the Act of Parliament past Ann. 1662. for the Settlement of Ireland gave means for any thing that had been reasonable of that kind but their Forfeiters being abroad and suffering with His Majesty from the same usurping hands made some diversion Wherefore Rebus sic stantibus what is now to be done is the Question viz. What may be done by natural possibility if Authority saw it sit Some furious Spirits have wished that the Irish would rebel again that they might be put to the Sword But I declare that motion to be not only impious and inhumane but withal frivolous and pernicious even to them who have rashly wish'd for those occasions That the Irish will not easily rebel again I believe from the memory of their former Successes especially of the last had not many Providences interpos'd and withal from the consideration of these following Particulars viz. 1. That the British Protestants and Church have ¾ of all the Lands â…š of all the Housing â—â—â— of all the Housing in wall'd Towns and Places of strength â…” of the Foreign Trade That 6 of 8 of all the Irish live in a brutish nasty Condition as in Cabins with neither Chimney Door Stairs nor Window feed chiefly upon Milk and Potatoes whereby their Spirits are not dispos'd for War And that although there be in Ireland 8 Papists for 3 others yet there are far more Soldiers and Soldierlike-Men of this latter and lesser Number than of the former That His Majesty who formerly could do nothing for and upon Ireland but by the help of England hath now a Revenue upon the Place to maintain if he pleases 7000 Men in Arms besides a Protestant Militia of 25000 more the most whereof are expert in War That the Protestants have Housing enough within Places of strength within 5 Miles of the Sea-side to receive and protect and harbour every Man Woman and Child belonging to them and have also places of strength of their own properly so situate in all parts of Ireland to which they can easily travel the shortest day of the year That being able so to secure their Persons even upon all sudden Emergencies they can be easily supplied out of England with Food sufficient to maintain them till they have burnt 160 M. of their afore-described Cabins not worth 50 M. l. destroy'd their Stacks and Haggards of Corn and disturbed their Tillage which the embody'd British can soon and easily atchieve That a few Ships of War whereof the Irish have none nor no Skill or Practice of Navigation can hinder their relief from all Foreign help That few Foreigners can help them if they would But that none not the King of France can gain advantage by so doing even tho he succeeded For England hath constantly lost these 500 years by their medling with Ireland And at this day than when Ireland was never so rich and splendid it were the advantage of the English to abandon their whole Interest in that Countrey and fatal to any other Nation to take it as hath been elsewhere as I think demonstrated and the advantage of the Landlords of England to give them the Equivalent of what they should so quit out of their own Estates in England Lastly Let the Irish know That there are ever were and will be men discontented with their present Conditions in England and ready for any Exploit and Change more than are sufficient to quell any Insurrection they can make and abide by Wherefore declining all Military means of setling and securing Ireland in peace and plenty what we offer shall tend to the transmuting one People into the other and the thorough union of Interests upon natural and lasting Principles of which I shall enumerate several tho seemingly never so uncouth and extravagant 1. If Henry the II. had or could have brought over all the people of Ireland into England declining the Benefit of their Land he had fortified beautified and enrich'd England and done real Kindness to the Irish But the same Work is near four times as hard now to be done as then but it might be done even now with advantage to all Parties Whereas there are now 300 M. British and 800 M. Papists whereof 600 M. live in the wretched way above
and temperate inclin'd to moisture c. And since the true and clear knowledge thereof depends upon several long tedious and râ—terated Observations simple and comparative made in the several parts of Ireland in the several Seasons of the Year and compar'd with the like Observations made with the same or like Instruments in the several parts of the Earth we must for the present only say that there are in being the several Instruments following viz. 1. An Instrument to measure the motion of the Wind and consequently its strength 2. How many Hours in the day in the whole year it blows from any point of the Compass 3. To measure what quantity of Rain falls in the year upon any quantity or space of ground 4. What Air is most desiccative of moistness 5. What Alterations are made in the gravity and levity of the Air from Hour to Hour 6. The Thermometer or Weather-Glass of the better sort 7. The Instrument to measure and foretel Frost and Snow Which Instruments many men must make use of in the several parts of Ireland and the rest of the World and corresponding with each other communicate and correct their Observation by Reason In the mean time let it suffice to say that at Dublin the Wind blows 2 parts of 5 from the South-West to the West one part from South-West to the South one other from the West to North-East and the rest from the North-East to the South 3 parts of 10 between West and South-West 2 10 between S. W. and S. S. â— 2 10 between S. S. E. and N. E. by N. 2 10 N. E. by N. to N. W. or very near thereabouts 2. That from the 10th of Septemb. to the 10th of March it blows a kind of Storm for some time or other almost every day 3. That the Snow lies not long in the lower ground of Ireland Nor doth it freeze more than what it doth in France Holland or England 4. The Rain falling at Dublin and London for the Month October 1663. was but 20 to 19. That the windiness of the same Month was at Dublin 20. and at London but 17. 5. As for the healthfulness of the Climate City or other space of Land It must be first known how many people are in a certain day living in it and then the quota pars which die per Ann. for many years together and for the fruitfulness how many Births 6. As to Longaevity enquiry must be made into some good old Register of suppose 20 persons who all were born and buried in the same Parish and having cast up the time which they all lived as one man the Total divided by 20 is the life of each one with another which compared with the like Observation in several other places will shew the difference of Longaevity due allowance being made for extraordinary contingences and Epidemical Diseases happening respectively within the period of each Observation Wherefore Matters being not as yet prepared for these Experiments I can say nothing clearly of them Only That it seems by the best Estimates and Approaches that I have been able to make that London is more healthful than Dublin by 3 in 32. Having said thus much of the Coelum or Air or rather of the Ingenium and way of distinguishing Airs in a better manner than usual We come next to try the nature of the Soil by the like Expedients To which purpose first know that the Perch of Ireland is 21 Foot that of England but 16½ Wherefore the Acre of 160 Perches is as 121 to 196 that is 121 Irish Acres do make 196 English Statute Acres Now in Ireland a Milch-Cow if English breed upon two Acres of Pasture and with as much Hay as will grow upon ½ Acre of Meadow will yield praeâ—er propter 3 Gallons of Milk for 90 days one with another and one Gallon at a Medium for 90 more and for 90 more scarce ¼ of a Gallon one day with another and for 90 more dry Wherefore it follows that such a Cow upon such feeding gives above one Tun and half nay 384 Gallons of Milk per Ann. And that if the Rent of the said two Acres of Pasture be 5 s. per Ann and of the half Acre of Meadow 3. in all 8 s. That the Gallon of Milk comes but to a Farthing expecting what the value and hazard of the Cow and the labour of milking and looking to her shall add unto that price which I suppose not above as much more The said quantity of Milk will make 2â— C. of Raw-Milk-Cheese and 1 C. of Whey-Butter besides Whey for the Swine Or else 2 C. of Butter and 1 C. of Skim-Milk-Cheese besides Whey as abovesaid for Drink to the People and Food for Swine Mem. That one Bull suffices for about 20 Cows That a Cow continues Milch and bearing from 3 or 4 years old to 12 sometimes 20 tho seldom suffer'd to live so long And that three Dairy-women will manage 20 Cows and do much work of other kind between while and that one Man will look to them and their Food An Ox of 6 or 7 years old will not require so much feeding as a Milch-Cow but will be maintained with two Acres of good Pasture only or with 1½ Acres of Pasture and ½ Acres of Hay in hard Winters An Horse requires 2½ Acres as a Garran and a small Horse or Irish Garran â…” or thereabouts Eight or ten Sheep are equivalent for feeding to an Ox. It is further to be noted that a Calf at a Month old weighs 1. C. ½ That an Ox is come to its full growth at 6 years old and then may weigh alive 7 C. The 4 quarters of such an Ox weighs 5 C. The Hide ¾ The Tallow 80 l. And consequently the said Ox gaineth every year of weight in Flesh to eat l. In Hide In Tallow The Offal Worth besides half of the whole  The difference between lean-Beef and fat Beef in value is as 5 to 9. In Sheep the increase of their Flesh Skin and Tallow is about the same proportion And yet Sheeps Flesh is sold dearer than Beef because of the great trouble and hazard about Sheep A Fleece of Wool in Ireland is about 2 l. weight An Hog eats such things as Sheep and Oxen do not viz. Roots Acorns and consequently the same Land will maintain a proportion of Hogs above Sheep and Oxen. One-Cowherd will serve an hundred Oxen one Shepherd 1000 Sheep From all that hath been said we collect that the natural and genuine Rent of Lands in Ireland not that of Money or Gold and Silver is Of Milk deducting Charges Gall. Of Beef and Mutton Of Hides and Skin Of Offall Of Wooll So as where Lands produce more or less per Ann. communibus annis of these Commodities the same is to be accompted more or less fertil than that of Ireland Moreover from hence we shall endeavour to gather the number of Cattel in Ireland as followeth viz. There
Peoples feeding may be estimated by the visible part of their Expence which is their housing But such helps of knowing the Value of Lands I am not yet able to furnish Of the Money of IRELAND MOney is understood to be the uniform Measure and Rule for the Value of all Commodities But whether in that sence there be any Money or such Rule in the World I know not much less in Ireland tho most are perswaded that Gold and Silver Money is such For 1. The proportion of value between pure Gold and fine Silver alters as the Earth and Industry of Men produce more of one than of the other that is to say Gold has been worth but twelve times its own weight in Silver of late it has been worth fourteen because more Silver has been gotten That of Gold proportionably i. e. about twelve times as much Silver has been raised as of Gold which makes Gold dearer So there can be but one of the two Metals of Gold and Silver to be a fit matter for Money Wherefore if Silver be that one Metal fit for Money then Gold is but a Commodity very like Money And as things now stand Silver only is the matter of Money and that elsewhere as well as in Ireland 2. The value of Silver rises and falls it self for Men make Vessels of coyned Silver if they can gain by the Workmanship enough to defray the Destruction of the Coynage and withal more than they could expect by employing the same Silver as Money in a way of Trade Now the Accidents of so doing make Silver rise and fall and consequently take from the perfect Aptitude for being an uniform steady Rule and Measure of all other things The Mischiefs and Inconveniences hitherto mentioned are common to all times and places but in Ireland are more particular and stand thus viz. A piece of 8 Rials being full 17. penny weight passeth for 4 s. 9 d. if it want but ½ a grain of the weight tho half a grain of Silver be worth but the ¼ of a Farthing or ⅙ of a Penny then it passes for 3 d less viz. 4 s. 6 d. and if it weigh ten grains above 17 d. weight it passes but for 4 s. 9 d. On the other hand if it weigh but 12 d. weight it passes nevertheless for 4 s. 6 d. And if the Silver be course if not so course as not to be called Silver yet still it passes for the same Moreover the fineness cannot be determined by common Eyes scarce at all by the best not within 4 d. in an Ounce by the Touchstone not within 2 d. and by the Test it self not within an half-penny Lastly The Scales and Weights differ so much from each other as what is 4 s. 9 d. in one House is but 4 s. 6 d. in the next vice versa From whence it comes to pass that all pieces weighing above 17 d. weight are cull'd out to buy or make pieces of 14 d. weight pass for 4 s. 6 d. 2. Other Species of Coyn which pro rata contain the same quantity of the like Gold and Silver with the piece of eight Rials goes in one Species for more in another for less What hath been said of the Silver-species may be said of the Gold-species and what differences are between Silver and Silver and between Gold and Gold is also between Silver and Gold Coyns So as it becomes a Trade to study and make Advantages of these Irregularities to the prejudice of the good People who are taught that whatever is called Money is the same and regular and uniform and a just Measure of all Commodities From whence it hath happened that all English Money which hath a great and deserved Reputation in the World for its intrinsick Goodness is quite carried away out of Ireland and such Money brought instead of it as these studied Merchants do from time to time bring in for their Advantage upon the Common People their Credulity and Ignorance But Money that is to say Silver and Gold do at this day much decrease in Ireland for the following Reasons 1. Ireland Anno 1664. did not export to a much greater Value than it imported viz. about 62 M. Since which time there hath been a Law made to prohibit the Importation of great Cattel and Sheep alive or dead into England the Value whereof carried into England in that very year 1664. was above 150 M. l. The which was said to have been done for that Ireland drained away the Money of England Whereas in that very year England sent to Ireland but 91 M. less than it received from thence and yet this small difference was said to be the reason why the Rents of England fell ⅖ that is 1600 M. in 8 Millions Which was a strange conceit if they consider farther That the value of the Catrel alive or dead which went out of Ireland into England was but 132 M. the Hides Tallow and Freight whereof were worth about ◠that Money 2. Whereas the Owners of about ¼ both of all the real and personal Estate of Ireland do live in England since the business of the several Courts of Claims was finished in December 1668. all that belongs to them goes out but returns not 3. The gains of the Commissioners of that Court and of the Farmers of the Revenue of Ireland who live in England have issued out of Ireland without returns 4. A considerable part of the Army of Ireland hath been sent into England and yet paid out of Ireland 5. To remit so many great Sums out of Ireland into England when all Trade between the said two Kingdoms is prohibited must be very chargeable for now the Goods which go out of Ireland in order to furnish the said Sums in England must for Example go into the Barbados and there be sold for Sugars which brought into England are sold for Money to pay there what Ireland owes Which way being so long tedious and hazardous must necessarily so raise the exchange of Money as we have seen 15 per Cent. frequently given Anno 1671 and Anno 1672. Altho in truth exchange can never be naturally more than the Land and Water-carriage of Money between the two Kingdoms and the ensurance of the same upon the way if the Money be alike in both places But Men that have not had the faculty of making these Transmissions with dexterity have chose rather to give 15. per Cent. Exchange as aforesaid than to put themselves upon the hazard of such undertakings and the mischief of being disappointed Now the extraordinary decrease of Gold and Silver put Men whose Affairs were much disturb'd thereby upon extraordinary Conceits and some very absurd ones for Remedy as namely the raising of Spanish pieces of Eight called Cobs in Ireland from 4 s. 9 d. to 5 or 6 Shillings which were before about 5 d. above the Value of English that is 4 s. 4 d. English Money weighed the same with a Cob called 4 s.
9 d. For these distracted People thought that calling their Money by a better Name did encrease its value 2. They thought that no Man would carry Cobs of 5 s. out of Ireland into England where they were called but 4 s. 4 d. altho he was necessitated to pay 4 s. 4 d. in England and had no other effects to do it with They thought that all Men who lived in England would return to their Estates in Ireland rather than pay 15. per Cent. for Exchange not considering that when Cobs were raised that Exchange would also rise proportionably They fancied that he who sold a Stone of Wooll for two Cobs call'd 9 s. when Cobs were rais'd would sell his Stone of Wooll of 1â— Cob when called 9 s. Nor did they think how this frivolous conceit would have taken away a proportionable part of all Land-lords Estates in Ireland As for Example those who acted moderately would have the Money rais'd 1 20 part and the 1 20 part of all the Money of Ireland was then thought to be but about 20,000 l. The whole Cash of Ireland being then estimated but 400 M. l. whereas the Landlords of Ireland whose Revenue is 800 M. l. per Annum must have lost 1 20 part of their whole Estates for ever viz. 40 M. l. per Annum upon that empty expedient But others no less sensible of the distress of the People and the obstructions of Trade by reason of the said decay of Bullion considering that about 600 M. l. would drive the Trade of that Kingdom for that 300 M. would pay one half years Gale of all the Land 50 M. would pay ¼ rent of all the Housing and that 150 M. would more than pay a Weeks expence of all the People of Ireland and that the whole Cash moved chiefly in those Three Circles They therefore thought to make up their 400 M. l. present Cash by a Bank of 200 M. l. more the bottom and support whereof should be Land for the Lands and Houses of Ireland being worth about 8 Millions whereof 200 M. l. was but the 1 4â— part 'T was thought easy to find many Fortieth parts so free from Incumbrances or question as to give a being to such a Bank Note that Interest in Ireland is 10 per Cent which is a great hinderance to Trade since the Interest must enflame the price of Irish Commodities and consequently give to other Nations the means of underselling Of the Trade of IRELAND IF it be true that there are but about 16,000 Families in Ireland who have above one Chimney in their Houses and above 180 M. others It will be easily understood what the Trade of this latter sort can be who use few Commodities and those such as almost every one can make and produce That is to say Men live in such Cottages as themselves can make in 3 or 4 Days Eat such Food Tobacco excepâ—ed as they buy not from others wear such Cloaths as the Wool of their own Sheep spun into Yarn by themselves doth make their Shoes called Brogues are but ¼ so much worth as a Pair of English Shoes nor of more than ¼ in real use and value A Hat costs 20 d. a Pair of Stockins 6 d. but a good Shirt near 3 s. The Taylors work of a Doublet Breeches and Coat about 2 s. 6 d. In brief the Victuals of a Man his Wife Three Children and Servant resolved into Money may be estimated 3 s. 6 d. per Week or 1 d. per Diem The Cloaths of a Man 30 s. per Ann. of Children under 16 one with another 15 s. the House not worth 5 s. the Building Fuel costs nothing but fetching So as the whole Annual expenâ—e of such a Family consisting of 6 in Number seems to be but about 52 Shillings per Ann. each head one with another So as 950. M. Inhabitants of these Edifices may spend 2,375 M. l. per Ann. And the 150,000 who inhabit the 16,000 other Houses may spend 10 l. per Ann. each one with another viz. One Million and half So as the whole People of both sorts spend under 4 Millions whereof 1 10 part viz. 400 M. l. is for Forreign Commodities Tobacco included whereof every 1000 Souls spend one Tun per Ann. or every 1000 Tobacco-takers viz. People above 15. Years old spend two Tuns one with another for it appears by the latest accompt of importance that what is here said is true to a trifle From whence I observe by the way that the King's Revenue viis modis being about 200 M. l. per Ann. that it is â— part of the whole Expence which in some of the Grecian Commonwealths was thought too much although the Israelites allowed 1 10 to the Levites only tho perhaps to defray the whole charge of the Government the Supremacy amongst that People being then Sacerdotal I observe also by the way that the Lands and Housing of Ireland being worth about one Million per Ann. that the Labour of the People may be worth three Millions which is earned by about 750,000 of the 1,100 M. who by their Age and Quality are Fit and Applicable to Corporal Labours and consequently each Labouring Person Earns but 4 s. per Ann. if all Work Or if each earns 8 l. then but half of them work or all but half their full time or otherwise in other proportions But be it one way or the other I am as certain that the Hands of Ireland may Earn a Million per Ann. more than they now do as I am certain that there are 750,000 in Ireland who could earn 2 s. a week or 5 l. per Ann. one with another if they had sutable employment and were kept to their Labour I further observe that if there be naturally but 2000 Impotents in Ireland and that 50 Shillings per Ann. doth maintain the poorer sort of People It follows that 8,000 l. per Ann. would amply maintain all the Impotentâ— of Ireland if well apply'd For other Beggers as also Thieves and Rebels which are but bigger Thieves are probably but the faults and defects of Government and Discipline As for the fitness of Ireland for Trade we say as followeth 1 st That Ireland consisting of above 18,000 square Miles it is not one Place with another above 24 Miles from the Sea because it is 750 Miles about Wherefore forasmuch as the Land-carriage of Gross that will be easy in such a Country it is fit for Trade because the greatest and most profitable part of Trade and the Imployment of Shipping depends upon such Goods viz. Metals Stones Timber Grain Wood Salt c. 2 dly Ireland lieth Commodiously for the Trade of the new American world which we see every day to Grow and Flourish It lyeth well for sending Butter Cheese Beef Fish to their proper Markets which are to the Southward and the Plantations of America Thus is Ireland by Nature fit for Trade but otherwise very much unprepared for the same for
as hath been often said the Housing thereof consists of 160 M. nasty Cabbins in which neither Butter nor Cheese nor Linnen Yarn nor Worsted and I think no other can be made to the best advantage chiefly by reason of the Soot and Smoaks annoying the same as also for the Narrowness and Nastiness of the Place which cannot be kept Clean nor Safe from Beasts and Vermin nor from Damps and Musty Stenches of which all the Eggs laid or kept in those Cabbins do partake Wherefore to the advancement of Trade the reformation of these Cabbins is necessary It may also be consider'd whether the Institution of these following Corporations would not be expedient viz. 1. of Cattel 2. of Corn 3. of Fish 4. of Leather 5. of Wool 6. of Linnen 7. of Butter and Cheese 8. of Metals and Minerals For unto these almost all the Commodities exportable out of Ireland may be referred It may also be consider'd whether the Taxing of those Cabbins with Hearth-money be proper but rather with Days Labour the former being scarce possible for them to have but the latter most easy Insomuch as 't is more easy for them to give 40 Days Labour per Ann. at seasonable times than to pay 2 s. in Silver at a pinch and just when the Collectors call for it The Dyet Housing and Cloathing of the 16,000 Families abovementioned is much the same as in England Nor is the French Elegance unknown in many of them nor the French and Latin Tongues The latter whereof is very frequent among the poorest Irish and chiefly in Kerry most remote from Dublin The Housing of 160 M. Families is as hath been often said very wretched But their Cloathing far better than that of the French Peasants or the poor of most other Countreys which advantage they have from their Wooll whereof 12 Sheep furnisheth a competency to one of these Families Which Wool and the Cloth made of it doth cost these poor people no less than 50 M. l. per Ann. for the dying it a trade exercised by the Women of the Countrey Madder Allum and Indico are importâ—d but the other dying Stuffs they find nearer home a certain Mud taken out of the Bogs serving them for Copperas the Rind of several Trees and Saw-dust for Galls as for wild and green Weeds they find enough as also of Rhamnus-Berries The Diet of these people is Milk sweet and sower thick and thin which also is their Drink in Summer-time in Winter Small-Beer or Water But Tobacco taken in short Pipes seldom burnt seems the pleasure of their Lives together with Sneezing Insomuch that 2 7 of their Expence in Food is Tobacco Their Food is Bread in Cakes whereof a Penny serves a Week for each Potatoes from August till May Muscles Cockles and Oysters near the Sea Eggs and Butter made very raâ—cid by keeping in Bogs As for Flesh they seldom eat it notwithstanding the great plenty thereof unless it be of the smaller Animals because it is inconvenient for one of these Families to kill a Beef which they have no convenience to save So as 't is easier for them to have a Hen or Rabbet than a piece of Beef of equal substance Their Fewel is Turf in most places and of late even where Wood is most plentiful and to be had for nothing the cutting and carriage of the Turf being more easy than that of Wood. But to return from whence I disgressed I may say That the Trade of Ireland among 12 22 parts of the whole people is little or nothing excepting for the Tobacco abovementioned estimated worth about 50,000 l. for as much as they do not need any Forreign Commodities nor scarce any thing made out of their own Village Nor is above â…“ part of their Expence other than what their own Family produceth which Condition and state of living cannot beget Trade And now I shall digress again to consider whether it were better for the Common-wealth to restrain the expence of 150 M. Optimates below 10 l. per Ann. each or to beget a luxury in the 950 M. Plebeians so as to make them spend and consequently earn double to what they at present do To which I answer in brief That the one shall encrease the sordidness and squallor of living already too visible in 950 M. Plebeians with little benefit to the Common Wealth the other shall increase the splendor Art and Industry of the 950 M. to the great enrichment of the Common-Wealth Again Why should we be forbid the use of any Foreign Commodity which our own Hands and Countrey cannot produce when we can employ our spare Hands and Lands upon such exportable Commodities as will purchase the same and more 3. The keeping or lessening of money is not of that consequence that many guess it to be of For in most places especially Ireland nay England it self the Money of the whole Nation is but about 1 16 of the Expence of one Year viz. Ireland is thought to have about 400 M.l. in Cash and to spend about 4 Millions per Ann. Wherefore it is very ill-husbandry to double the Cash of the Nation by destroying half its Wealth Or to increase the Cash otherwise than by increasing the Wealth simul semel That is when the Nation hath 1 10 more Cash I require it should have 1 10 more Wealth if it be possible For there may be as well too much money in a Country as too little I mean as to the best advantage of its Trade onely the Remedy is very easy it may be soon turn'd into the magnificence of Gold and Silver Vessels Lastly Many think that Ireland is much impoverished or at least the money thereof much exhausted by reason of Absentees who are such as having Lands in Ireland do live out of the Kingdom and do therefore think it just that such according to former Statutes should lose their said Estates Which Opinion I oppose as both unjust inconvenient and frivolous For 1st If a man carry Money or other Effects out of England to purchase Lands in Ireland why should not the Rents Issues and Profits of the same Land return into England with the same Reason that the Money of England was diminished to buy it 2. I suppose ¼ of the Land of Ireland did belong to the Inhabitants of England and that the same lay all in one place together why may not the said quarter of the whole Land be cut off from the other three sent into England were it possible so to do and if so why may not the Rents of the same be actually sent without prejudice to the other three parts of the Interessors thereof 3. If all men were bound to spend the Proceed of their Lands upon the Land it self then as all the Proceed of Ireland ought to be spent in Ireland so all the Proceed of one County of Ireland ought to be spent in the same of one Barony in the same Barony and so Parish and Mannor and at length
to speak more clearly and Authentically upon this Subject I shall insert the following Tables of exported and imported Commodities and from them make the subnexed Observations viz. The TABLES 1. THAT the Customs managed by the States-Officers yielded Anno 1657. under 12,000 l. but was farm'd Ann. 1658. for above thrice that Sum. 2. That the Stock which drives the Foreign Trade of Ireland doth near half of it belong to those who live out of Ireland 3. That Ann. 1664. before the Cattel-Statute ¾ of the Ireland Foreign Trade was with England but now not ¼ part of the same 4. That the Manufacture bestowed upon a years Exportation out of Ireland is not worth above 8000 l. 5. That because more eatables were exported Anno 1664. than 1641. And more Manufactures 1641. than Ann. 1664. It follows there were more people in Ireland Ann. 1641. than 1664. and in that proportion as was formerly mention'd 6. That the Exportations appear more worth than the Importations excepting that the Accompts of the former are more true but of the latter very conjectural and probably less than the Truth Of the Religion Diet Cloaths Language Manners and Interest of the several present Inhabitants of IRELAND WE said that of the 1100 M. Inhabitants of Ireland about 800 M. of them were Irish and that above 600 M. of them lived very simply in the Cabbins aforemention'd Wherefore I shall in the first place describe the Religion Diet c. of these being the major part of the whole not wholly omitting some of the other species also The Religion of these poorer Irish is called Roman Catholick whose Head is the Pope of Rome from whence they are properly enough called Papists This Religion is well known in the World both by the Books of their Divines and the Worship in their Churches wherefore I confine my self to what I think peculiar to these Irish. And first I observe that the Priests among them are of small Learning but are thought by their Flocks to have much because they can speak Latin more or less and can often out-talk in Latin those who Dispute with them So as they are thereby thought both more Orthodox and Able than their Antagonists Their Reading in Latin is the Lives of the Saints and Fabulous Stories of their Country But the Superior Learning among them is the Philosophy of the Schools and the Genealogies of their Ancestors Both which look like what St. Paul hath Condemned The Priests are chosen for the most part out of old Irish Gentry and thereby influence the People as well by their Interest as their Office Their Preaching seems rather Bugbearing of their flocks with dreadful Stories than persuading them by Reason or the Scriptures They have an incredible Opinion of the Pope and his Sanctity of the happiness of those who can obtain his Blessing at the third or fourth hand Only some few who have lately been abroad have gotten so far as to talk of a difference between the Interest of the Court of Rome and the Doctrine of the Church The Common Priests have few of them been out of Ireland and those who have were bred in Covents or made Friars for the most part and have humble Opinions of the English and Protestants and of the mischiefs of setting up Manufactures and introducing of Trade They also comfort their Flocks partly by Prophecies of their Restoration to their Ancient Estates and Liberties which the abler sort of them fetch from what the Prophets of the Old-Testament have delivered by way of God's Promise to restore the Iews and the Kingdom to Israel They make little esteem of an Oath upon a Protestant Bible but will more devoutly take up a Stone and swear upon it calling it a Book than by the said Book of Books the Bible But of all Oaths they think themselves at much liberty to take a Land-Oath as they call it Which is an Oath to prove a forg'd Deed a Possession Livery or Seisin payment of Rents c. in order to recover for their Countrey-men the Lands which they had forfeited They have a great Opinion of Holy-Wells Rocks and Caves which have been the reputed Cells and Receptacles of men reputed Saints They do not much fear Death if it be upon a Tree unto which or the Gallows they will go upon their Knees toward it from the place they can first see it They confess nothing at their Executions though never so guilty In brief there is much Superstition among them but formerly much more than is now for as much as by the Conversation of Protestants they become asham'd of their ridiculous Practices which are not de side As for the Richer and bettereducated sort of them they are such Catholicks as are in other places The Poor in adhering to their Religion which is rather a Custom than a Dogma amongst them They seem rather to obey their Grandees old Landlords and the Heads of their Septes and Clans than God For when these were under Clouds transported into Spain and transplanted into Connaught and disabled to serve them as formerly about the year 1656. when the Adventurers and Soldiers appeared to be their Landlords and Patrons they were observ'd to have been forward enough to relax the stiffness of their pertinacity to the Pope and his Impositions Lastly Among the better sort of them many think less of the Pope's Power in Temporals as they call it than formerly and begin to say that the Supremacy even in Spirituals lies rather in the Church diffusive and in qualified General-Councils than in the Pope alâ—ne or than in the Pope and his Cardinals or other Iuncto The Religion of the Protestants in Ireland is the same with the Church of England in Doctrine only they differ in Discipline thus viz. The Legal Protestants hold the Power of the Church to be in the King and that Bishops and Arch-Bishops with their Clerks are the best way of adjusting that Power under him The Presbyterians would have the same thing done and perhaps more by Classes of Presbyters National and Provincial The Independents would have all Christian Congregations independent from each other The Anabaptists are Independent in Discipline and differ from all those aforemention'd in the Baptism of Infants and in the inward and spiritual Signification of that Ordinance The Quakers salute not by uncovering the Head speak to one another in the second Person and singular Number as for Magistracy and Arms they seem to hold with the Anabaptists of Germany and Holland they pretend to a possibility of perfection like the Papists as for other Tenents 't is hard to fix them or to understand what things they mean by their Words The Diet of the poorer Irish is what was before discoursed in the Chapter The Cloathing is a narrow sort of Frieze of about twenty Inches broad whereof two foot call'd a Bandle is worth from 3â— to 18 d. Of this Seventeen Bandles make a Man's Suit and twelve make a Cloak According to
not fully proceeded upon There are in the West of Ireland about 20 Gentlemen who have engaged in the Pilchard-fishing and have among them all about 160 Saynes wherewith they sometimes take about 4000 Hogshheads of Pilchards per Ann. worth about 10,000 l. Cork Kingsale and Bantry are the best places for eating of Fresh Fish tho Dublin be not or need not be ill supplied with the same The Clothing-Trade is not arrived to what it was before the late Rebellion And the Art of making the excellent thick spungy warm Coverlets seems to be lost and not yet recovered Near Colrane is a Salmon-Fishing where several Tuns of Salmon have been taken at one Draught and in one Season The English in Ireland before Henry the VII's time lived in Ireland as the Europians do in America or as several Nations do now upon the same Continent so as an Englishman was not punishable for killing an Irish-man and they were governed by differeâ—t Laws the Irish by the Brehan-Law and the English there by the Laws of England Registers of Burials Births and Marriages are not yet kept in Ireland though of late begun in Dublin but imperfectly English in Ireland growing poor and discontented degenerate into Irish vice versa Irish growing into Wealth and Favour reconcile to the English Eleven Iriâ—â— Miles make 14 English according to the proportion of the Irish Perch of 21 Feet to the English of 16â— The admeasurement of Land in Ireland hath hitherto been made with a Circumferencer with a Needle of 3â…” long as the most convenient Proportion but 't will be henceforth better done by the help of some old Geometrical Theoremes joyn'd with this new property of a Circle demonstrated by Dr. R. Wood. The DIAGRAM ALtho the Proâ—estants of Irelâ—nd be to Papists as three to eight yet because the former live in Cities and Towns and the Scots live all in and about five of the 32 Counties of Ireland It seems in other open Counties and without the Corporations that the Irish and Papists are twenty to one A Report from the Council of Trade in Ireland to the Lord Lieutenant and Council which was drawn by Sir William Petty IN Obedience to your Lordship's Act of Council of January the 2â—th 1675. we have spent several days in considering how as well the Wealth of this Kingdom in general as the Money thereof in particular may be increased And in order thereunto we have first set down to the best of our knowledge the state of this Kingdom in reference to Trade Secondly We have noted such Inferences from the same as do shâ—w the several Causes of the smalness of Trade want of Money and the genâ—ral Poverty of this Nation And in the last place we have offered such general Remedies and Expedients in the respective Cases as may be obtained and practised without any new Law to be made in Ireland And we are ready so to inlarge upon the Branches we have offered as to make such of our Proposals practicable as your Lordships shall please to select and approve of for that purpose March the 25th 1676. Considerations relating to the Improvement of IRELAND 1. THE whole Territory of Ireland consists of about 12 Millions of Acres English Measure of Arrable Meadow and good Pasture Land with about two Millions of Rocky Boggy and Scrubby Pasture commonly call'd Unprofitable tho not altogether such The rest being absolute Boggs Loughs Rocks Sands Strands Rivers and High-ways c. Of all which several Lands the yearly Rent comprehending Their Majesties Quit-Rents Tythes and Tenants Improvements is supposed to be about 9â—0,000 l. and worth to be purchased at Nine Millions 2. The value of all the Housing in Ireland which have one or more Chimneys in them excluding all Cabbins which have none is supposed to be Two Millions and a half 3. The Cattel and Live-Stock Three Millions 4. Corn Furniture Merchandise Shipping c. about One Million 5. The Coyned and Currant Money now running in Trade is between 300 and 350 â—00 l. or the 5â—th part of the value of the whole Kingdom which we suppose to be about 16 Millions 6. The number of people in Ireland is about 1100,000 viz. Three Hundred Thousand English Scotch and Welch Protestants and 800,000 Papists whereof â—th are Children unfit for Labour and about 75,000 of the Remainder are by reason of their Quality and Estates above the necessity of Corporal Labour so as there remains 750,000 Labouring Men and Women 5â—0,000 whereof do perform the present Work of the Nation 7. The said 1100,000 people do live in about 200,000 Families or Houses whereof there are but about 16,000 which have more than one Chimney in each and about 24,000 which have but one all the other Houses being 160,000 are wretched nasty Cabbins without Chimney Window or Door shut and worse than those of the Savage Americans and wholly unfit for the making Merchantable Butter Cheese or the Manufactures of Woollen Linnen or Leather 8. The Houses within the City and Liberties of Dublin are under 5,0â—0 viz. in the City 1150. And the Ale-Houses within the same about 1200. And it seems that in other Corporations and Countrey Towns the proportion of Ale-Houses is yet greater than in Dublin viz. about â…“ of the whole 9. The Counties Baronies and Parishes of Ireland are now become marvellously unequal so as some are twe ty times as big as others the County of C rk seeming in respect of people and Parishes to be â—th of the whole Kingdom and other Counties not being above the 2â—th part of the County of Cork It hath been found very difficult to get fit persons for Sheriffs and Juries and the often holding of Assizes and Quarter-Sessions in the said smaller Counties hath been found an unnecessary burthen upon them 10. There are now in Ireland 32 Counties 252 Baronies and 2278 Parishes so as the number of Sheriffs and Sub-Sheriffs Sheriff Bailiffs High and Petty-Constables are about three thousand Persons whereof not above â— are English or Protestants So as the remainder being about 27â—0 are Irish Papists and are the Civil Militia of this Kingdom and have the executing of all Decrees of Courts and of Justices of the Peaces Warrants 11. This Civil Militia and the rest of the Irish Papists being ' about 80â—,000 are influenced and guided by about 3000 Priests and Fryars anâ— they governed by their Bishops and Superiors who are for the most part of the Old Irish Gentry men of Foreign Education and who depend upon Foreign Princes and Prelates for Benefices and Preferments 12. The Irish Papists besideâ— Sundays and the 29 Holidays appointed by the Law do one place with another observe about 24 days more in the year in which they do no Corporal Labour so as they have but about 266 Working-days whereas Protestants not strictly observing all the Legal Holy-days by a total forbearing of Labour have in effect 300 Working-days in the year that is 34 days more than the
Papists or at least five of six days in each or â— part of the whole year 13. The expence of the whole people of Ireland is about four Millions per Ann. the â…“ part whereof being 80,000 l. and the Quarter of Annual House-Rent being about 6â—,000 l. together with 450 â—00 l. more being the value of half a years Rent Tythes and Quit-Rent do make 59â—,000 l. as that sum of Money which will compleatly and plentifully drive the Trade of this Kingdom 14. The value of the Commodities exported out of Ireland and the Fraight of the Shipping imployed in the Trade of this Nation together with the fishing of Herrings is about Five Hundred Thousand pounds per Annum 15. The value of the Estates in Ireland of such persons as do usually live in England the Interest of Debts of Ireland due and payable to England the pay of the Forces of Ireland now in England the Expence and Pensions of Agents and Solliâ—itors commonly residing in England about Irish Affairs the Expence of English and Iriâ—h Youth now upon their Education beyond the Seas and lastly the supposed Profit of the two great Farms now on Foot do altogether make up near 2â—0,0â—0 l. per Ann. as a Debt payablâ— to England out of Ireland 16. The value of the Cattel viz. live Oxen and Sheep carried out of Ireland into England was never more than 140,000 l. per Annum the Fraight Hides Tallow and Wooll of the said live Cattel were worth about 60,000 l. of the said 140,000 l. And the value of the Goods imported out of England into Ireland when the Cattel-Trade was free was between Treble and Quadruple to the neat value of the Ox and Sheâ—ps Fleâ—h transported from hence into England 17. The Customs of Exported and Imported Goods between England and Ireland abstracted from the Excise thereof was in the freest Trade about 32,000 l. per Ann. Inferences from the Premisses 1. BY comparing the Extent of the Territory with the number of people it appears that Ireland is much underpeopled for as much as there are above 1â— Acres of good Land to every Head in Ireland whereas in England and France there are but four and in Holland scarce one 2. That if there be 250 000 spareâ—â—ands capable of Labour who can earn 4 or five l. per Ann. one with another it follows that the people of Ireland well employed may earn one Million per Ann. more than they do now which is more than the years Rent of the whole Country 3. If an House with Stone-Walls and a Chimney well covered and half an Aâ—re of Land well ditched about may be made for 4 or 5 l. or thereabouts then â…“ of the spare hands of Ireland can in one years time build and fit up 160,000 such Houses and Gardens instead of the like number of the wretched Cabbins above-mentioned And that in a time when a Foreign-Trade is most dead and obstructed and when Money is most scarce in the Land 4. The other third part of the said spare hands within the same year besides the making of Bridges Harbors Rivers High-ways c. more fit for Trade are able to plant as many Fruit and Timber-Trees and also Quick-set Hedges as being grown up would distinguish the Bounds of Lands beautifie the Countrey shade and shelter Cattel furnish Wood Fuel Timber and fruit in a better manner than ever was yet known in Ireland or England And all this in a time when Trade is dead and Money most scarce 5. If the Gardens belonging to the Cabbins above mentioned be planted with Hemp and Flax according to the present Statute there would grow 120,000 l. worth of the said Commodities the Manufactures whereof as also of the Wooll and Hides now exported would by the labour of the spare hands above-mentioned amount to above One Million per Annum more than at present 6. The multitude and proportion of Alehouses above-mentioned is a sign of want of Employment in those that buy no less than those that sell the Drink 7. There being but 800 Thousand Papists in Ireland and little above 2,000 Priests It is manifest that 500 Priests may in a competent manner Officiate for the said number of People and Parishes And that two Popish Bishops if any at all be necessary may as well Govern the said 500 Priests and two Thousand Parishes as the 26 Bishops of England do Govern near Ten Thousand Parishes 8. If the Protestants according to the present practice and understanding of the Law do work one tenth part of the Year more than the Papists And that there be be 750 Thousand working People in Ireland whereof about 600 Thousand Papists It follows that the Popish Religion takes off 60 Thousand workers which at about 4 l. per Annum each is about 250 Thousand Pounds per Annum of it self besides the Maintenance of 25 Hundred superfluous Churchmen which at 20 l. per Annum each comes to fifty thousand pounds per Annum more 9. The Sheriffs of Ireland at 100 l. per Annum the High Constables at 20 l. per Annum and the Petty Constables at 10 l. per Annum each being all English Protestants with some other incident Charges for the Administration of Justice may be fallarated and defrayed for thirty thousand Pounds per Annum consistent with His Majesty's present Revenue Forces c. which said Sallaries may also be lessened by Uniting some of the smaller Countie's Baronies and Parishes according to the proportion of People Inhabiting within them 10. If there be not 350 â—housand Pounds Coyned Money in Ireland And if 590 Thousand Pounds or near double what there now is be requisite to drive the Trade thereof then it follows that there is not enough in Ireland to drive the Trade of the Nation 11. If the Lands of Ireland and Housing in Corporations be worth above 10 Millions to be now sold and if less than One Million of stock will drive all the Trade afore-mentioned that Ireland is capable off reckoning but two returns per Annum It is certain that the lesser part of the said Ten Millions worth of real Estate being well contrived into a Bank of Credit will with the Cash yet remaining abundantly answer all the ends of Domestick Improvements and Foreign Traffick whatsoever 12. If the whole substance of Ireland be worth 16 Millions as above said If the customs between England and Ireland were neverworth above thirty two thousand Pounds per Annum Iâ— the Titles of Estates in Ireland be more hazardous and expensive for that England and Ireland be not under one Legislative Power If Ireland till now hath been a continual Charge to England If the reducing the late Rebellion did cost England three times more in men and money than the substance of the whole Countrey when reduced is worth If it be just that men of English Bâ—rth and Estates living in Ireland should be represented in the Legislative Power and that the Irish should not be judged by those
Lord Baron of Cahir 11 05 00  484 11 08 Where Creation-Money is granted to one and the same Person for two Honours that Sum which is granted with the highest Title is only to be paid  l. s. d. The Provost and Fellows of Trinity-Colledge near Dublin by Patent dated 12. August 1612. as a perpetuity per Annum 388 15 00 The Dean and Chapter of Christ-Church Dublin grant in perpetuity 12. Iunii 1604 per Annum 045 06 08 The Lord Archbishop of Dublin for Proxies due unto him out of divers Churches belonging to the late Monasteries of Thomas Court St. Maries Abby and St. Iohn of Ierusalem near Dublin per Annum 018 05 06 The Lord Bishop of Meath out of the Mannor of Trim. 003 15 00 The Mayor Sheriffs Commons and Citizens of Dublin per Annum 500 00 00 The Chaunter of Christ-Church Dublin for the Rent of a Plat of Ground near His Majesties Castle of Dublin 027 00 00 983 02 02 The Payments hereafter following are to be continued to the present Granâ—ees during their Grants but to cease afterwards and not to be regranted or paid to any other  l. s. d. The most Reverend Father in God Michâ—el Lord Arch-Bishop of Dublin Lord Chancellor of Ireland 814 17 06 The Right Honourable Richard Earl of Cork Treasurer 365 00 00 Nicholas Lostus Esq Clerk of the Pipe 025 00 00 Maurice Keating Comptroller of the Pipe 008 00 00 Sir Theophilus Iones K t. Clerk of the Pells 061 05 00 Bryan Iones Esq Auditor of the Foreign Accomptâ— and Prests at 6 s. 8 d. per diem granted him by Letters Patents dated 2. April Anno 2 do Caroli primi during his good behaviour per Annum 121 13 04 Edward Cook Esq one of the Masters of the Chancery 020 00 00 Iohn Westly Esq one of the Masters of the Chancery 020 00 00 Anthony Walsh Keeper of the Room as also of the Robes Hanging and Clock in the Castle of Dublin at 12 d. per diem 018 05 00 Iohn Crooke Printer to His Majesty in Ireland 008 00 00 Thomas Mall Esq Surveyor General of the Customs 100 00 00  1649 16 10 William Maule Comptroller of the Customs at Dublin 012 10 00 Marcus Viscount Dungannon Master of the Game 050 00 00 Sir George Lane K t. for his Fee as Keeper of the Records in Brimingham's Tower 010 00 00 Iames Buck Clerk of the Market of all Ireland 020 00 00 The Countess of Tyrconnell 300 00 00 Edward Fitz-Gerrald 100 00 00 Sarah King Widow 080 00 00 Iane Cary Widow 050 00 00 Iohn Dogharty at 18 d. per diem 027 07 06 Iepson Macquire 040 00 00 Sir Robert Meredith 100 00 00 Sir George Blundell at 6 s. per diem 109 10 00 Ann Conocke 050 00 00 William Awbry at 1 l. per week 052 00 00 Patrick Archer 205 00 00 To be paid unto him until he be satisfied the sum of 5883 l. 19 s. 6 d. and 410 l. 5 s. 6 d. by Letters Patents dated 13 March 1662. and His Majesties Letters of the 2 d of May 1663.  l. s. d. Dr. Iohn Sterne 060 00 00 Luke German Esq per annum 100 00 00 Patrick Cowurcey and his Son Iohn Cowurcey per annum 150 00 00 Sir Iames Dillon per annum 500 00 00 Dr. Robert George per Annum 109 10 00 Thomas Piggot Esq per Annum 300 00 00 Mrs. Mary Warren per Annum 080 00 00 Arthur Earl of Anglesey per Annum 600 00 00 Captain William Rosse per Annum 300 00 00  3313 07 06 Commissioners of Accompts for the yearly Accompts by them to be taken by virtue of His Majesty's Commission at 20 l. each of them per Annum 220 l. And to the Clerks and others imployed in the said Accompts 65 l. 10 s. In all 285 10 00 For Fraught and Transportation carrying of Letters and other Expresses Gifts and Rewards Sea-service Repairing and Upholding sufficiently our Houses maintaining our Forts finishing of needful undertakings of that kind begun in other places but not finished erecting of more strengths of the like kind and other fit and necessary places Diets and Charges in keeping of poor Prisoners and sick and maimed Soldiers in Hospitals Printing Riding and Travelling Charges Prests upon Accompt and all other payments by Concordat of our Lieutenant or other chief Governor or Governors and Council not to be exceeded without special direction first had from us or our Privy-Council in England 9000 00 00 Sum total of the payments aforesaid upon the Civil List amounts unto per Annum 25601 4 8 Memorandum That the Impost of Wines for the Nobility Bishops and Councillors the Officers of the Excise and Commissioners-general of the Customs and Excise are not included in the abovesaid Sum. AND Our Pleasure is That no Payment or Allowance be made by Concordat but by Warrant drawn by the Clerk of the Council of Ireland and passed openly at our Council-Board there and signed by our Lieutenant or other Chief-Governour or Governour Chancellor Treasurer or Vice-Treasurer Chief-Baron and Secretary or other four of them at the least the Lieutenant or Chief-Governour being one and in default either by exceeding the Sum limited by anticipation or otherwise or by not observing of this our Direction and Commandment in every Point Our Pleasure is That all Sums which shall otherwise be allowed and paid there shall be set insuper as Debts upon our said Lieutenant or other Chief-Governour or Governours and our Vnder-Treasurer upon his Accounts to be defaulked to Our use upon their several Entertainments And Our further Pleasure is That this Establishment and List containing all our Payments to be made for Civil-Causes be duly paid according to our Directions and be not exceeded nor any of the Payments which are no ed to be but temporary or to cease after Death or surrender of the Party or upon determination of his Grant to be continued or renewed to any other either in concurrence reversion or otherwise And We require our Auditor-General That once every Year immediately upon the passing the Accounts of our Vice â—reasurer or Receiver General a Transcript of the same Accompts both for Receipts of every nature and the particular Payments be returned to our Treasurer of England to the end we may be truly informed both of the increase of our said Revenues yearly and also of the Abatements of Payments contained in this List. ARLINGTON By the Lord-Lieutenant-General and General Governor of Ireland INstructions for our dearest Son Thomas Earl of Ossory nominated by Vs by virtue of His Majesty's Letters Patents under His Great Seal of England bearing date the 21st day of February in the 14th Year of His Reign and constituted by His Majesty's Letters Patents under the Great Seal of this Kingdom of Ireland bearing date the 21st day of May in the 16th Year of His Reign His Majesty's Deputy of this His said Kingdom