Jo. Hawtrey Fellow of Kings Coll. Camb. Robert Hawtrey Esq of Rillip in Middlesex Peter de la Hay of Westminster Tho. Hayes of Crattfield in Suffolk Edward Haynes Esq Nicholas Hayward Pub. Notary of London Charles Hearl Tho. Henshaw Esq of Kensington Middlesex John Herbert Esq Sir John Hewly of Yorkshire Charles Hickman M. A. of Ch. Ch. Oxon. Samuel Hieron M. A. of Huniton in Devon Thomas Hillersden Esq of Elstow in Bedf. Abraham Hill Esq of London Rich. Hill Canon Resid of Sarum Thomas Hill Esq of Silton in Shropsh Samuel Hoadley of Tottenham-Highcross Tho. Holbech D. D. Mr. of Emanuel Coll. Cambridg Tho. Holdsworth Dean of Midleham in Yor. Patrick Home Esq Barth van Homrigh Merchant in Amsterd Robert Hook Esq of Gresham Coll. Lond. Walter Hooper Esq of Stokebury in Kent Anthony Horneck B. D. of the Savoy George Horsnell Citizen of London Sr. Richard How Bar. of Compton in Glouc. Ferd. Hudleston Esq of Millon-Castle Cumb. Mr. Humphries Rector of Barton in the Clay Sr. Tho. Hussey Bar. of Lincolnshire Will. Hussey Merchant of London John Huxley Esq of Broseley in Shropshire Tho. Huxley Fellow of Jesus Coll. Oxon. Harry Hyrne of Kensington in Middlesex Sir LEOLINE Jenkins Principal Secretary of State Will. Jackson M. D. of Nantwich Ja. Jacobson Esq Mr. of the Steel-Yard Tho. James D. D. Warden of All-Souls Coll. Oxon. Will. Jane D. D. Reg. Prof. in Oxon. Nich. Johnson Esq Edward Johnson of Oxford Peter Joy Merchant of London Sr. Tho. Isham Bar. of Lamport Northampt. ANTHONY Earl of Kent Thomas Kerby Merchant of Amsterdam Charles Killigrew Esq Abraham Kick Merchant of Amsterdam Will. Kinsmill of Sydmonton Esq in Hampsh Sir N. Knatchbull Kt Bar. of Marsham in Kent JOHN Duke of Lauderdale GEORGE Earl of Linlithgow General of his Majesties Forces in Scotland FRED Alefeild Count of Langland and Rixingen Great Chancellor to the King of Denmark HENRY Ld. Bp. of London THOMAS Ld. Bp. of Lincoln CHRISTIAN Lindenaw Chamberlain to the King of Denmark and Envoy Extraordinary to the King of England Edward Lake D. D. Sr. James Langham Bar. of Cottesbrook Northamptonshire Sr. William Langham of Walgrave Henry Langly Esq of Shrewsbury John Langley Esq of Amias Shrop. Thomas Langly Esq Henry Lavor Esq John Lawson M. D. London Eldred Lancelot Lee Esq of Cotton in the County of Salopp Esq Dan. Leblon Merchant of Amsterdam Sr. Nicholas Lestrange Bar. of Norfolke Roger Lestrange Esq Sr. Peter Lely of London VV. Levinz M. D. President of St. Johns C. Ox. Thomas Lewis Esq Thomas Lewis Merchant of London John Lewknor Esq of West Dean Sussex Edm. Long Esq of Linehams Court Wiltsh Sr. James Long of Wiltshire Mr. Lovell Cittizen of London John LLoyd D. D. Principal of Jesus Coll. Oxon. Will. LLoyd D. D. Dean of Bangor Robert Lovet Esq Richard Lucas Minister in Coleman-Street London Narcissus Lutterel Esq Edward Lutwych Esq JAMES Duke of Monmouth Chancellor of the University of Cambridg JAMES Marquess of Montross ROBERT Earl of Manchester CHARLES Ld. Vicount Mordaunt WILLIAM Ld. Maynard GEORGE Ld. Dela Mere Sr. JOHN Skiffiington of Fishenwick Bar. Ld. Vicount Massereene LORENG Muller Envoy from the Duke of Brunswick RICHARD Maiteland Esq Sr. GEORGE Mackenzie Ld. Advocate of Scotland Sr. GEORGE Mackenzie Ld. of Torbet Ralph Macro M. D. London Robert Maddox Esq Sr. Thomas Mainwaring Bar. of Pever in Cheshire Rawlin Mallack Esq of Cockington Devon Will. Man Esq Sword-Bearer to the Ld. Mayor of London Thomas Manning of London Gerhardus Martens M. A. and Minister of the German-Church London Narcissus Marsh S. T. P. Provost of Trinity Colledge in Dublin John Marsham Esq of Cuxton Kent Thomas Master Esq of Ciciter Sr. John Matthews Robert Maylin Esq of Binnie John Morris Esq of London Henry Maurice Fellow of Jesus Coll. Ox. Isaac May Merchant of Amsterdam Clement Mayo Esq Edmond Meadow Esq Ro. Meine Esq Postmaster of Scotland Sr. Richard Meredith Bar. of Denbishire Jonas More Esq of the Tower of London John Meriton D. D. Rector of St Michael Cornhill London Roger Meredith Esq Secretary of the Kings Embassy in Holland Sr. Tho. Midleton Bar. of Denbishire John Millington Esq of Newich Edward Mills of the Temple Walter Mills M. D. Adiell Mill Cittizen of London William Molyneux of Dublin Owen Morgan Esq Will. Morton D. D. Dean of Xt. Church Dublin Will. Moses Esq of London Luke Mott Fellow of Caius Coll. Camb. JAMES Earl of Northampton GEORGE Earl of Northumberland JAMES Ld. Norreys FRANCIS Vicount Newport and Baron of High Archoll CHARLES Ld. North and Grey Baron of Kirtling and Rollston ANDREW Newport Esq Sr. John Napper Bar. of Luton Bedfordshire Georg Neale M. D. of Leeds Yorkshire Jasper Needham M. D. London Walter Needham Honorary Fellow of the Kings Coll. of Physitians Sr. Paul Neile of Codnor in Derbyshire Goddard Nelthrop Esq of Charter-House-yard London Edward Nicholas Esq of Hitcham Edward Nicholas Esq John Nicholl Esq Secretary to the Ld. Chancellor John Nicholls Esq of Trewane in Cornw Will. Nicolson Fellow of Queens Coll. Oxon Will. Nott Bookbinder to the Queens Majesty Tho. Novell M. D. London JAMES Duke of Ormond Ld. Lieutenant of Ireland and Chancellor of the University of Oxon. THOMAS Earl of Ossory AWBREY Earl of Oxford JOHN Ld. Bp. of Oxon Sr. Thomas Ogle of Lincolnshire Will. Oliver Bookseller in Norwich Rich. Owen D. D. Rector of St. Swithin and of St. Mary Bothaw London Sr. Henry Oxenden Bar. of Dean in Kent Colleges in Oxford which have Subscribed are All Souls Coll. Tho. James D. D. VVarden Brazen-Nose Tho. Yate D. D. Principal Bailioll John Venn Mr. Christ Church John Ld. Bp. of Oxon Dean Corpus Christi Dr. Newlin President Edmund Hall Stephen Penton Principal Exeter Arthur Berry D. D. Rector Jesus John LLoyd D. D. Principal St. Johns VVill. Levinz M. D. President Lincoln Tho. Marshal D. D. Rector Magdalen Henry Clark M. D. President Merton Sr. Thomas Clayton VVarden New Coll. Dr. Beeston VVarden Oriel Robert Say D. D. Provost Pembroke John Hall D. D. Master Queens Tim. Halton D. D. Provost and Vice-Chancellor Trinity Ralph Bathurst M. D. President University Obadiah VValker Master Wadham Gil. Ironside D. D. Warden WILLIAM Ld. Herbert Earl of Powis CHARLES Earl of Plymouth JAMES Earl of Perth WILLIAM Ld. Bp. of Peterborough WILLIAM Ld. Paget Sr. Tho. Page Provost of Kings Coll. Cambr. Justinian Pagit Esq Allington Painter Esq VVill. Palliser D. D. Reg. Prof. in Dublin Thomas Papilion Merchant in London Richard Parr D. D. of Camberwell George Payn Fell. Com. of Clare Hall Camb. Robert Payn Esq Will. Peachey Esq of New-Grove Sussex Robert Pease Merchant in Amsterdam Will. Peisley Esq of the Temple John Pell D. D. Mr. Pelling of St. Martins Ludgate Lond. Sam. Pepys Esq Sr. Philip Percival Bar. of Ireland Ralph Petley Esq High Sheriff of Kent William Pett Citizen of London Alexander Pitfeild of Hoxdon Middlesex Esq Robert Pleydall Esq Robert Plott L. L. D. of University Coll. Oxon. Sr.
Forreign Princes and their manners modell'd by different Laws The second great Epocha in the Swedish Chronicles is from the reign of 108. Ericus IX surnam'd the Saint a virtuous and pious Prince He never lay'd any Taxes or Impositions upon his Subjects but was content with the Crown-Patrimony and when Money was offer'd him by his people he refus'd to accept it He built the Cathedral Church at Vpsal and propagated Christianity to the Finlanders This King new modell'd all the Swedish Laws and expung'd those that any way favour'd Paganism He was murther'd by a Party of Rebels and in the very place where they cut off his head there presently issued out says Loccen a spring of pure water famous for curing diseases 109. Charles VII a peaceable and religious King who founded several Monasteries and had an Arch-bishops see granted him in his own Dominions 110. Canutus son to Ericus 111. Suercherus II. 112. Ericus X a quiet and peaceable King 113. John I surnam'd the Meek He propagated the Christian Religion amongst the Leiflanders 114. Ericus XI surnamed the Stammerer He rooted out Paganism in Tavastia and brought over the Inhabitants to the Christian Faith 115. Waldemarus son to Bergerus Jerl who upon the death of Ericus in his Fathers absence was clected King which his Father being dissatisfied with at his return declaring his displeasure that an unexperienc'd youth his Son should be advanc'd to the Crown and himself disregarded he was thereupon desir'd to take upon him the management of all publick affairs After his death Waldemarus had absolute power in his Kingdom and ruled by his own unfortunate commands He was depos'd by his people and his Crown given to 116. Magnus I surnam'd Ladulaus i. e. the Lock to Granaries because he made such severe Laws against stealing Corn and breaking up Granaries that in his reign the people used neither Lock nor Key his Laws being sufficien to secure them from Thieves and Robber He built many Churches and made several wholsom Laws ordering that all Offenders instead of paying mulcts should be obliged to assist in building some Tower or Fort. 117. Birgerus son to Magnus in his time and by his means Carelia received the Gospel He manag'd affairs imprudently and thereupon was depos'd and banish'd by his Subjects and his Kingdom conferr'd on 118. Magnus II. surnam'd Smeek i. e. the flatter'd or cocker'd Prince In the former part of his reign he ruled peaceably and had the affections of his people but falling into sottishness and following strange women he lost the love of his Subjects and was in a Senate at Stockholm publickly arraign'd for his misdemeanors call'd for to answer for himself and not appearing in his own defence by them depos'd Ericus XII son to Magnus sometime during his Fathers reign manag'd all business of State and therefore he is by some reckon'd amongst the Kings of Sweden though without good reason for he was only an assistant to the King in Council not a Partner in the Government The fourth Swedish Epocha is reckon'd from the remarkable alteration of affairs under 119. Albertus of Mecklebourg elected by the Suffrages of the people For some time he rul'd well but preferring Germans to the chief places of trust in his Kingdom he thereupon lost the love of his Subjects and his Crown to boot After he was depos'd he retir'd into a Monastery The person who succeeded was 120. Margaretta Queen of Denmark and Norway She vex'd her Subjects with intolerable Taxes admitted Danes English-men and Italians into publick Offices and was thereupon assaulted by the Nobles of the Kingdom who had certainly slain her had she not given them fair promises and propos'd to them one to succeed her viz. 121. Ericus XIII her Nephew son to Wartislavus Duke of Pomeren He was King of Denmark Norway and Sweden at the same time He marryed Philippa Daughter to Henry IV. then King of England for some time he reigned happily but breaking the Laws of the Kingdom and not observing his Coronation-Oath he fell into great troubles and at last after he had enjoy'd three Crowns for five and forty years was dethron'd by his Subjects this King after he was depos'd is said to have turn'd Pirat and very much infested the Brittish Coasts his Kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden were given to 122. Christophorus Duke of Bavaria This King revis'd and corrected the municipal Laws of Sweden and caus'd them to be promulgated from him call'd Christopher's Laws He dyed suddenly at Helsinburg as he was going to consult with his Nobles at Jenecopia After this Kings death there was an Interregnum for some small time during which all publick business was manag'd by one Benedictus Bielke and Nicolaus Baner two Principal Officers of State in the time of King Christophorus The fifth Epocha is reckon'd from the ending of the Interregnum which was when the Government was undertaken by 123. Carolus VIII Canuti Marshal of the Kingdom who was descended from the Stock of the ancient Gothish Kings As soon as he was setled in the Throne he pretended Title to Gotlandia which the Danes then possess'd and thereupon made war with Christianus I King of Denmark but with small success He lay'd upon his Subjects heavy and grievous Taxes and attempting to take away Church Lands and pious Donations lost the favour of his Subjects and was by them expell'd or rather by the Danish forces driven out of his Dominions His friend whom he in his Banishment trusted himself with was Casimirus King of Poland who entertain'd him nobly for seven years during which time Sweden was govern'd by 124. Christiernus I. King of Denmark call'd hither by the prevailing Faction but seizing the publick Treasure of the Kingdom and committing many cruelties he was shortly after deposed from being King and 125. Carolus Canuti recall'd from Dantzick and restor'd to the Throne but being troubled with civil Commotions at home chiefly manag'd by the Arch-bishop of Vpsal and endanger'd by the Danish Forces from abroad commanded by the depos'd King Christiernus I. he voluntarily left the Government of the Kingdom and appointed for his Successor his Nephew 126. Steno Sture Senior who was receiv'd by the Senate at Stockholm rather as a Protector then an absolute Governour of the Kingdom he manag'd all publick affairs very happily and with great satisfaction to the people for a long time till in the year 1491 at which time he was accus'd by the Senate for acting in several matters without their knowledg and advice for making a League with the Inhabitants of Riga against the Teutonick Order of which the Russes taking advantage had made some inrodes into Livonia and Finland and such-like Crimes and thereupon by them turn'd out of all office the Kingdom was conferr'd on 127. John II. son to Christiern I. King of Denmark He took Steno Sture into favour and going as was then the custom to visit his dominions left him Vice-roy at Stockholm to manage all the affairs of
coming of the Asians into these parts says Odin or Woden the great Captain of the Asae spread his language over Saxony as well as Denmark Sweden and Norway Adding further That within awhile the Asian tongue was generally spoken in all the neighbouring Countries The strongest argument to prove a difference between this tongue and the old Teutonic may be had from a diligent enquiry into the various phrases and proprieties of speech used in both of them But when we consider how much the idioms of the High and Low Dutch differ and how vastly the Syntax of our English Language is alter'd from the Danish and German we shall have reason to confess before we pronounce these last two distinct primitive languages that time is able strangely to alter the physiognomy of tongues as well as men However the dispute is like shortly to have an end and the Danes will in a little while if they do not already speak good Dutch For the German tongue is now ordinarily spoken in Copenhagen and most of the chief trading Cities in Denmark To let pass the stories of King Dan Government whom some Historians make to reign in this Kingdom three hundred years before the birth of our Saviour it is manifest from the unquestionable testimonies of the best Roman writers that Denmark was a Monarchy in the Consulship of Catulus and Marius near an hundred years before Christ Afterwards we have a certain account of Gothric King of the Danes in the days of the Emperor Charles the Great from whom the present Kings of Denmark are descended in a lineal succession except what Pontanus seems not to allow of the line of the ancient Kings failed upon the death of King Christopher III. A. D. 1448 The power of the Danish Nobility in Council is exceeding great but not so large as to make the supreme Government Aristocratical Some would argue That the Nobles are above the King since 't is well known they denied to Crown Frederic II. in the year 1559 till he had sworn never to pretend to be able by his own authority to put any Nobleman to death From this and some other like instances Bodinus endeavours to prove the Kings of Denmark petty Princes rather then absolute Monarchs not remembring that even in France it self as well as all other Kingdoms of Europe it has always been thought requisite for the satisfaction of the people that every King at his Coronation should make some solemn Vow to maintain the ancient Laws and Priviledges of his Country and Subjects And if in the case mentioned the Nobility of Denmark required their King to lay a stricter obligation on himself then was usual the performance was arbitrary and not constrain'd The Subjects might possibly upon the Kings refusal to gratifie them have rebell'd against their lawful Sovereign but could not justly have compell'd him to a compliance Before the year 1660 King the Kingdom of Denmark was not as Norway Hereditary but Elective yet so that the Senators usually chose the eldest son of their King who thenceforward was styled the Prince The rest of the Kings sons had the Titles of Dukes and Heirs of Norway The Election in ancient times was commonly had in this solemn manner As many of the Nobles as were Senators and had power to give their voices agreed upon some convenient place in the fields where seating themselves in a circle upon so many great stones they gave their votes This done they placed their new elected Monarch in the middle upon a stone higher then the rest and saluted him King In Seland to this day there is such a company of stones which bear the name of Kongstolen or the Kings seat And Olaus Magnus tells us the same story of a great stone call'd by the Vicenage Morastaen near Vpsal in Sweden Near St. Buriens in Cornwall in a place which the Cornish-men call Biscow-Woune are to be seen nineteen stones set in a round circle distant every one about twelve foot from the other and in the very center one pitched far higher and greater then the rest This Cambden fancies to have been some Trophee erected by the Romans under the later Emperors or else by Athelstane the Saxon when he had subdued Cornwal and brought it under his dominion But Wormius more probably guesses that in this place some Danish or Saxon King was elected by his followers And I conceive the same may be said of Long Meg and her daughters near little Salkeld in Cumberland But to return to Denmark of later years the Danes in their elections have follow'd the customs of other Countries till Frederic III. in the year 1660 who was the first that ventur'd to exercise the authority of an absolute Prince and to shake off the dependance his Ancestors were wont to have upon the good will of their Subjects procuring with fair words and threats a Law to be established That for the future the Kingdom of Denmark should immediately upon the Kings death descend upon his lawful Heir Whereupon the present King Christian V. was the same night his Father dyed without any previous election or consent asked of the Nobility proclaimed King The Rites of Coronation are usually perform'd at Copenhagen where the King is anointed by the Bishop of Roschild The Chronicles of the Kings of Denmark which have hitherto been publish'd Catalogue of their Kings are so imperfect and contradictory one to another that 't is utterly impossible to give an exact Catalogue of their Kings Saxo Grammaticus who liv'd saith Stephanus in the twelfth Century has made a shift to collect a great many stories out of the scatter'd fragments of old Runic Inscriptions and ancient Ballads and to relate them in a better method and stile then could be well expected from the age he liv'd in But when we consider that the best he met with could not possibly be of more authority then such venerable scraps of Chronicles as are published by Wormius at the end of his Monumenta Danica and see how these two run counter it is hard to rest satisfied with the relation he gives us and yet as difficult to provide our selves of a better The first rational account given us of any of the Danish Kings which we may safely rely upon for truth is in our English Chronicles which as the Learned Sir Henry Spelman in an Epistle to Ol. Rosecrantz formerly Danish Ambassador in England treat more fully and clearly of the affairs of Denmark then any of the Danish Historians Wherefore omitting the relations given of Dan Humblus and the rest of their Heathen Kings as either false or frivolous we shall content our selves with a short Register of the Kings of Denmark since the first planting of Christianity in that Kingdom And 1. Harald being beaten out of his Kingdom by his brother Reinferd's accomplices fled to the Emperor Ludowic for help who assisted him in regaining of his Crown upon condition he would forsake his Idolatry and turn
and its people too stiff-necked to be kept in subjection In the days of our Saxon Kings a continual and uninterrupted war between this Nation and the Northern Kingdoms put a stop to all trade in the British and Norwegian Seas But as soon as the Danes had made themselves Masters of this Island commerce was again renewed which lasted till the English took their opportunity to-shew the world by rejecting the power of Denmark and all manner of communication with that people how highly they resented the tyrannical usurpation of foreign Princes Since the Conquest England has seldom or never wanted a considerable Fleet of Norway Merchant-men William of Malmesbury who dyed in the year 1142 tells us That in his time Bristow was a place much frequented by the Irish and Norwegians Hackluit gives an account of certain Treaties concerning the Northern trade between our King Henry the third and Haquin King of Norway He that will take the pains to read over the agreement between Henry IV. King of England and the Company of Merchants from the Hans Towns set down at large by Mr. Hackluit in the first Volume of his English Voyages p. 146. will find a considerable Register of our Merchant-men taken on the Coasts and out of the Havens of Norway and may thence be enabled to give a tolerable guess at the number of our Norway Merchants in those days In the twenty-fifth year of the reign of our present Soveraign Charles II. an Act pass'd for the encouragement of the Greenland and Eastland trades c. In which 't was order'd That it should be lawful to and for every person and persons Native or Foreigner from and after the first day of May 1673 at all times to have free liberty to trade into and from Sweden Denmark and Norway This and several other clauses of the same Act which take off a great part of the custom formerly paid upon the importation of any East-land commodity have encouraged great numbers of Merchants and others to traffick in these Northern Seas and improv'd the trade of Greenland and Norway far beyond the example of former ages For tho the advantages that can be hoped for from these kind of Voyages be not answerable to what may be expected out of the Levant and American plantations yet the small danger and charges these men are exposed to are strong inducements to venture a voyage wherein the hazard is not great nor any way proportionable to the prospect of gain Besides in the Act before mention'd 't is provided That whatsoever person or persons subjects of this Realm shall desire to be admitted into the fellowship of Merchants of Eastland shall be admitted into the said fellowship paying for his admission the sum of forty shillings and no more Which is a sum exceedingly inconsiderable if compared with the fees paid upon admission into some other companies The Islands of FERO THE Fero Islands are only so many high and rocky mountains in the Northern Seas divided from one another by narrow Friths and rapid Currents and inclosing a larger or lesser circuit of stony valley cover'd over with a turf of about two foot thick They are so called from Fare which in the language of the Natives signifies a Ferry from the many Ferries or Crossings of the water from one Island to another They are sixteen in number 1. Fugloe or Fowl-Island about three English miles long and two broad 2. Swino in which is a pleasant valley of a mile in length 3. Videroe six miles long and three broad 4. Bordoe six miles in length and a mile broad famous for a good harbour call'd by the Natives Vaag 5. Cunoe of the same bigness 6. Kalsoe something longer and broader then either of the former 7. Osteroe twenty miles long and in some places two in others four miles broad 8. Stromoe twenty-four miles long and eight broad In this Island stands Thors-Haven the Metropolis and Town of greatest Traffick in all the Fero Islands 9. Wagoe a round piece of ground of about eight miles in Diameter 10. Migness 11. Rolter a mile long and half a mile broad 12. Sandoe eight miles long and four miles broad 13. Sknoe three miles long and one in breadth 14. Storetdiemen 15. Lille-Diemen 16. Sideroe twenty miles long and eight broad The air in these Islands is in summer temperately warm not very hot at any time In the coldest winter the frost is never so violent as to cause ice in any of the Bays so that Horses and Sheep lye in the fields the whole winter long They have never any Thunder in the Summer but frequently in the Spring Autumn and Winter which is then generally accompanied with a storm and followed by showers of rain The air of it self is wholesome free from the Plague Small-Pox or any contagious disease except brought in by foreigners so that the inhabitants are commonly long-liv'd However in some of the Islands the Natives are exceedingly subject to rheums which cause violent coughs and head-achs both which diseases they cure by drinking soure Whey as hot as they can endure it Besides these the Scurvy Leprosie and a kind of feaverish distemper called by the Natives Landfarsoet are Epidemical illnesses which reign in several of the Isles but seldom or never turn to mortal diseases The Southern Islands produce great store of Barley tho hardly any other grain comes to maturity insomuch that a Tun of seed will ordinarily yeild twenty or thirty Tun of grain The pasture grounds afford great plenty of good and sweet grass These the inhabitants call Fiedelands and take care commonly that they lye open to the North and North-East winds In some of these fields they have stocks of as large and fat Oxen as any other part of Europe affords The Islands are all of them plentifully stor'd with all manner of medicinal plants requisite for the cure of those distempers to which the inhabitants are most inclined Amongst the rest you may every where meet with great quantities of Scurvy-grass Water-cresses Sorrel c. They have great store of Angelica which grows as well on the tops of high hills as in the open fields This commonly makes one of their most delicate dishes at all entertainments Besides the Radix Rhodia call'd in their language Hielpe-Rod is no where met with in so great plenty as in these Islands upon the banks of running streams and Lakes The distilled water of this plant is here made use of upon all occasions as Rose-water with us in England Here are several sorts of Fowl as Doves Stares Owls Sparrow-Hawks Crows and Ravens many of which are white Grellings c. Their chief Sea-fowl is a kind of Teal about the bigness of a Crow with a yellow long and round bill a great enemy to and persecutor of the Raven The Eyder a sort of Duck which yeilds the Eyder-down is a Fowl peculiar to these Islands This Bird usually pulls the down from her own breast to build her nest
they had several drinking-cups kept in his house beforemention'd which were made of the first Letters he used Angelus Rocha who published an account of the Vatican Library in the days of Pope Sixtus the Fifth tells us that Aldus Junior a learned Antiquary shew'd him a printed Copy of Donatus's Grammar in Vellam in the first page of which were these words Johannes Faustus civis Moguntinus Avus maternus Joannis Schoeffer primus excogitavit imprimendi artem typis aereis Quos deinde plumbeos invenit multaque ad poliendam artem addidit ejus filius Petrus Schoeffer Impressus est autem hic Donatus Confessionalia primo omnium A. D. MCCCCL Admonitus certe fuit ex Donato Hollandiae prius impresso in tabula incisa In which words Mariangelus Accursius for the same Author says 't was his hand assures us that the first man that printed Books in Germany with molten Letters had the first hint of his Trade out of Holland The old Chronicle of the City of Colen which was wrote in the year 1496 confirms this story in telling us wie wail die kunst is vonden tzo Mentz al 's dan nu gemeynlich gebruicht wirt so is doch die eyrste vurbyldung vonden in Hollant vuss den Donaten die dae selffst vur der tzyt gedruckt syn i. e. Notwithstanding the common report of the first invention of this Art at Mentz yet the first hint was had from Holland where Donatus was printed before that time speaking of Guttenburg's first printing at Mentz And indeed most of the German Historians seem very willing to grant that the first printing with wooden Cuts was invented by this Coster before their Country-man found out the way of setting Letters composing words out of the several different characters and making lines up of words and pages of lines but this they look upon as an Art distinct from Typography and no more then in all probability was some thousands of years since practis'd in China and perhaps Mexico too where they used thus to cypher out their Hieroglyphicks But the Hollanders have a second part of their story which if true utterly confutes whatever the High Dutch can pretend to bring against them They tell us further that after Costor had improv'd this new-found Art so far as to print with Tin Letters he began to take more Servants into his House to enable him to carry on his work with greater vigour Amongst these there was one John whom Junius fancies to be Joannes Faustus abovemention'd to whom upon his taking an oath of secresie the whole Art was communicated After this fellow had for some time apply'd himself with all imaginable industry to his trade and attained to as great skill as his Master he resolv'd at the first opportunity to fly and to take with him as many of his Masters Utensils as he and another whom he had made privy to his design could conveniently carry off Accordingly on Christmas-Eve which was a night of as great solemnity in Holland in those days as it is still in the Popish dominions whilst Coster and his whole Family were attending the usual Processions these two seized on as many Cases of Letter and other printing instruments as they were able to convey without the danger of being apprehended in their flight With these carriages John and his Companion got safe to Amsterdam where for some short time they privately printed small Books and Pamphlets Thence they removed to Strasburg and there communicated their Art to Guttenburg who carrying on the Press at his own charges had the honour of being reckon'd the first Printer in the world At last they setled at Mentz where out of danger of being prosecuted by Costor they kept open shop and made public profession of their Trade The first Book they printed in this City was Alexander Gallus's Grammar with Peter Hispanus's small Grammatical Tracts annex'd There is in our public Library at Oxford a Copy of Tully's Offices printed by this Faustus on Vellam which by the irregular and unequal cut of the Letter seems engraven in plates or cut in wood as those Copies of Coster's work which are in the custody of the Prince of Orange and the Citizens of Harlem At the end of it we read these words in red Letters Praesens Marci Tulii clarissimum opus Johannes Fust Moguntinus civis non atramento plumali canna neque aerea Sed arte quadam perpulcra Petri manu pueri mei feliciter effeci finitum Anno M. CCCC LXV Junius says that he often has heard his Master Nicolas Gale tell of an old Bookseller in Harlem with whom he was acquainted in his younger days who had been Servant to Coster and Chamber-fellow witht his Fellow that cheated him of this invention The old man would tell the story with such vehemency of passion as commonly caus'd the tears to gush from his eyes and he was resolv'd to undeceive the world but liv'd not so long as to perform his promise These are the reports we have from both parties whereby each of them pretends a just title to the Invention but whether has the surer grounds I dare not venture to determine Some French Authors have engaged their Kingdom in the brawl and assert that France has as good reason to lay claim to this point of Honour as either Germany or the Low Countries The grounds they have for this conjecture are exceedingly mean and inconsiderable The first original of their mistake as Wimpheling assures us was this About the year 1471 the Art of Printing was first carried to Rome by one Vldaric Hahn a German Now Hahn in the High Dutch signifies as much as the Latin appellative Gallus a Cock whence the Latin writers call'd him Vldaricus Gallus which Campanus and others interpret Vlderic a Frenchman And when those Historians had represented him as the first Founder of Printing in Italy these men very illogically concluded he was the first Inventor of that Art which the world ever heard of Notwithstanding these brags Printing was not only us'd in Holland and Germany but in England also before ever the French were acquainted with it Stow tells us the Hollanders first taught our Nation this Art being brought over into England by William Caxton about the year 1471 and adds that the first printing in this Isle was in Westminster-Abbey But it appears the Art was sooner brought hither then he speaks of For there is in the Archives of our University of Oxford a Copy of St. Jerome's Exposition of the Apostles Creed given by Mr. Moses Pitt the Publisher of this ATLAS printed on Paper which ends thus Explicit exposicio sancti Jeronimi in simbolo apostolorum ad papam laurencium Impressa Oxonie et finita Anno domini M. cccc lxviii xvii die decembris Mr. Wood in his learned Account of the Antiquities of our University at Oxford tells us that Robert Tourner Master of the Wardrobe to King Henry the Sixth was the first that brought from Harlem into England the
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mony they presently begun to set up Mints and Coin peices of their own which they did so accurately that most Nations have granted that the art of coining was here first brought to perfection Whence the Learned Sr. Henry Spelman thinks our English word Sterling came from the Easterlings who coming out of Prussia first taught the art of refining and coining purer silver in England then before their coming had been made use of The species of mony currant at this day in Prussia are these 1. A Schilling which contains six pence or Pfennings none of which are now in use in single peices 2. A Gross which consists of three Schillings Twenty of these Grosses make 3. A Mark. 4. A Gulder is made of thirty Grosses 5. A Dollar or Thaler is worth three Gulders Two Dollars make 6. A Ducate valued at nine shillings English These are the most ordinary and proper Coins of Prussia though Swedish and Danish mony is currant too Some of the late Prussian writers will have the word Schilling fetch its name from one Bernhard Schilling who first stamp'd this kind of Coin But this fancy is confuted by Schottelius who nevertheless is himself baffel'd in the Etymology of the word The Gross had its name given it because 't was the greatest peice of mony made use of in the infancy of coinage The lower Saxons changing according to their manner the high Dutch s into t call it a Grott whence we have our word Great A Mark was formerly no peculiar piece of Coin but a certain weight of mony worth thirty six of the Marks now used in Prussia So that it had not this name as Loccenius guesses from the German word Mark because 't was marked or stamped with some particular Coin but was only used in that Country in reckoning of mony as we count by pounds and marks and the French by Livres though neither of us have any piece of mony of that value Gulder signifies no more then a peice of Gold Coin A Dollar or Thaler as the Dutch write it has its name from the German Thal a valley or dale because first coined at the Mines in Joachim's-dale in the year 1517 whence for a while instead of the word Thalerus they used Joachimicus for a Dollar The worth and value of every one of these are almost yearly changed by the continual allays of brass and copper mixt with silver and other intrigues of state That the Venedi the first inhabitants of some parts of Prussia spoke the Slavonian tongue Language is beyond all controversy After them the Goths brought in a dialect of the Celtick little differing from the German tongue but this wrought little change among the Prussians who till the arrival of the Teutonick order spoke as they do still in many places a language fundamentally the same with what the Russians Polonians and Lithuanians now use Grunovius indeed a Prussian born is of another opinion because the Polanders do not at all understand a Preusner and the Lithuanians very little But how invalid this argument is any one may perceive who shall consider with what difficulty an Austrian Lunenburger and Fleming and how much more a Dane German and Englishman would discourse together A mixture of the Slavonian and German tongues and a revolution of perhaps two thousand years must needs alter the Prussian language considerably from what it was at first What time Prussia Religion with the adjoyning Countries began to leave off their Idolatrous worship and to be converted to Christianity is hard to discover Stanislaus Lubienscius Bishop of Plockzo thinks Andrew the Apostle first planted the Gospel in these Northern Climates Others more punctual in the story tell us That the same Apostle sayl'd out of Greece by the Euxine Sea and coming up the Boristhenes or Dnieper landed at Kiow then the Metropolis of Russia whence he went forward baptizing and converting the Heathens as far as the Baltick Sea Some upon as shallow ground as the former will have St. Bartholomew and St. Thaddaeus first preachers in Prussia However all agree in this That towards the latter end of the tenth Century St. Adalbert or Albert Bishop of Prague in Bohemia and say the Polish writers afterwards Archbishop of Gnesna came through Poland into Prussia where he either first planted or restor'd Christianity But the Heathenish Priests perceiving innovation of religion inconsistent with their interest made the people so incensed against St. Adalbert that they slew him barbarously at Fischhausen in Sambland in the year 997. Upon this Boleslaus the first King of Poland enters Prussia with a great army and brought the inhabitants to these conditions of peace That they should pay tribute to Poland and embrace the Christian religion And to prevent for the future all relapse into Idolatry and superstition he burnt up the great Oak at Romanove the temple of three of their superior Gods But no sooner had he left them then they forsook Christianity and return'd to their Idols After him three of his successours of the same name did several times reduce them to Christianity and homage to the Crown of Poland But all in vain For at the first opportunity they were sure to throw of both yokes In the beginning of the thirteenth Century the Polish Nobility having rent that Kingdome in pieces neglected the conversion of the Prussians for a while However about the year 1215 Christianus a Cistertian Monk was very busy in confirming them in the principles they had received and to that end by the Pope's command took upon him the authority of a Bishop But finding his own power insignificant he was quickly forced to beg the assistance of Conrade Duke of Masovia This expedient also proved unsuccessful For the Knights of Dobrin whom the Duke had opposed to the fury of the Prussians making incursions into Masovia were all vanquished and slain by the Idolaters When all these expedients prov'd unsucccessful the Christians begun to consider of some other means of converting the Prussians since no fair usage would work upon such a stubborn people as they found these were they pitcht upon the Knights of the Teutonick Order famous at that time all Christendom over as most likely either to perswade or force them into Christianity Conrade Duke of Masovia pleased with these proposals immediately dispatches letters to the Master of the Order profering him the land of Culm and auxiliary forces in case he should meet with any opposition Upon this in the year 1226 Herman de Salza fourth Master of the Teutonic Order forthwith sends Herman de Balke one of his Knights among the Prussians with the title of Superintendent afterwards changed into Provincial of Prussia But so vigorously did the Heathens oppose these undertakings that it was fifty three years before they could be brought to renounce their Idolatry After Christianity began to take root among them several Bishopricks and Monasteries were founded Notwithstanding all which many Heathenish Cities were winked
to teach him and his Subjects in that Religion Ethelred accordingly order'd Sigfridus Arch-bishop of York and with him two Priests Eschillas and Davidus to go into Sweden where the King kindly receiv'd them was by them baptiz'd and at their intreaty built Christian Churches in most Provinces of his Dominions and as some say by reason of his great constancy and zeal in his Religion had the name of Christianissimus given him He among several good Laws and Constitutions order'd that the chief power of electing the Kings of Sweden should not belong to the Goths in any case but principally to the Swedes and that they before call'd Kings of Vpsal should be thenceforth stil'd Kings of Swedland and Gothland This King suppress'd Duelling and the Runick Characters introduc'd the trial by Fire Ordeal and dyed in a happy old age 98. Anundus nick-named Carbonarius because he order'd that whosoever offended against the Laws which he had promulgated should in proportion to the crime either have all his house or part of it burnt down He was educated in the Christian Religion by the care of his father Olaus which in his reign he defended and dyed peaceably 99. Enundus base-son to Olaus and brother to Anundus surnam'd Gammel i. e. base from his contempt of Religion or as some are of opinion because he yeilded up to the Crown of Denmark Schonen Blekingia and Hallandia which belong'd to him as being part of the Kingdom of Gothia 100. Haquinus III. surnam'd Rufus 101. Stenchillus II. bred up in the Christian Religion which he very much encouraged amongst his subjects making his Palace a sanctuary for any that were persecuted in any parts of his dominions for that profession 102. Ingo III. Not descended from the Blood-Royal but for his singular virtues elected King by the voices of the people He is said to have been so exact an observer of his own Laws that he never offended against any of them 103. Halstanus a just and peaceable Prince 104. Philippus 105. Ingo IV. in his progress through his dominions by some of his Courtiers poison'd at a small Village in Ostro-Gothia 106. Ragvaldus surnam'd Knaphofde i. e. cock-brain'd elected by the Swedes without the consent of the Goths which they not enduring as thinking it a breach of their priviledges rebell'd against him and in battel slew him For one to succeed him both Nations pitch'd upon 107. Suercherus II who as he was going to Church on Christmas day was by a Ruffian employ'd by one Scatelerus who hop'd to obtain the Crown after his death miserably assassinated Gothick Kings out of their own Country who reign'd over the Goths while they inhabited about the River Vistula or Weissel and also in Dacia and Thracia near that time when according to some Authors they divided themselves into Ostro and Westro-Goths 1. Anthinus 2. Antheas 3. Gothilas a Famous Queen whose Daughter Medumpa was married to Philip King of Macedonia 4. Sitalcus elected King An. ante Christum 300. He with an army of 150000 men lay'd wast all the Country of Greece 5. Dromgethes 6. Tanobonta 7. Boroista cotemporary with Sylla the Roman Dictator who lived An. ante nat Christ 76. 8. Commositus both King and Priest 9. Corillus under whose conduct the Goths says Lazius first of all invaded Dacia 10. Dorpaneus co-temporary with Domitian the Roman Emperor An. Christ 83. 11. Decebalus 12. Ostrogotha 13. Cinna or Omba 14. Cannabas or Canabandes 15. Hildericus surnam'd Ovida who liv'd in the time of Constantine the Great 16. Gebeticus 17. Armanaricus who was says Damasc suppl Eutrop. overcome by the Hunns and made Tributary to them 18. Vinnitarius 19. Hunimundus 20. Totismundus 21. Alaricus and Fridigernus who as Lazius mentions reign'd at the same time in Thracia they defeated the Roman Forces sent against them commanded by Valens the Emperor whom they put to flight and apprehending him in a small Cottage whither he had fled to hide himself burnt him to death 23. Theomarus who conquer'd Maesia 24. Radagaisus who to Maesia added a great part of Pannonia An. Christ 390. 25. Alvaricus a Potent King 26. Alaricus II. who subdued all Illyricum and extended his Arms as far as Italy Arcadius and Honorius sons to Theodosius the Emperor either for some private ends wishing the success or not being able to withstand the power of his Forces and thereupon not timely preventing his designs he sack'd Rome subdued Naples and overran the greatest part of that Country But at last the Goths were by Stilico General of the Roman Army driven out of Italy and after their departure thence they are said to have sate down in France The Ostro-Gothish Kings who ruled in Italy according to Wolf Lazius 1. Alaricus I. 2. Theodericus whom Leo or as Scalig. Zeno the Emperor made his adopted son he expell'd the Heruli out of Italy and wholly subjected it to the power of the Goths he had one daughter nam'd Amalasuentha 3. Theodatus or as Jornandes has it Eutharicus call'd out of France by the Italick Goths to be their King 4. Alaricus II though he was the first of that name who setled in Italy 5. Alaricus III. 6. Athalaricus who had one only Daughter whom he married to Vittigis who maintain'd a war against Justinian the Emperor for about fourteen years and defended himself bravely against the Roman Power 7. Illovadus he was kill'd in battel by Narses the Roman General 8. Alaricus IV. who reigned only five months 9. Totylas or Odilo 10. Teias the last Gothish King in Italy who himself was kill'd by the Romans and his people almost all rooted out and destroyed by them some few only remaining who mixing and incorporating with the Italians at present pass for the same Nation with them Westro or Wiso-Gothick Kings who reign'd in Gallia Lugdunensis and Aquitanica 1. Alaricus I. who as was said conducted the Gothick people into those parts An. Salut 411. 2. Austulphus son to Alaricus 3. Theodericus kill'd by Attyla King of the Hunns 4. Turismundus son to Theodericus who to revenge his fathers death waged war with the Hunns and overcame them 5. Dietmarus in whose time a great part of the Goths under the conduct of one Vallia went into Spain 6. Gundoccarus in the time of Theodosius junior After his reign the Goths in these parts grew inconsiderable as intermixing themselves with other people and not having a distinct King of their own but being subjected to many other Princes Besides these Gothish Kings which we have mentioned there were many other who ruled over the Wiso-Goths in Spain and the adjacent parts a Catalogue of whom we leave to be set down in Spain and Arragon and the Kingdoms where they reigned for the Goths in those parts blending with the Romani Alani Suevi Mauri Saraceni c. did not so much continue a distinct Nation of themselves as become a people incorporated with those of other Nations or these with the Goths so that they were ruled by
the Swedish Nation had made a law amongst his subjects that if any of them kill'd or injur'd a Swede he should pay only half the mulct which was to be pay'd if he had done the like to any other person whatsoever 33. Atislus a warlike and magnificent King 34. Hotherus who waged war with the Danes and Russes and died of a wound he received in battel 35. Rodericus King of Denmark and Swedland at the same time but either leaving or loosing the former he retir'd into the latter and there ended his days 36. Attilus who kill'd Wermundus King of Denmark in single Duel and was himself afterwards slain by Wermundus's two sons After this Kings time the succession for about 600 years was much interrupted who enjoy'd the Kingdom is uncertain Botvildus Charles II Ericus II and six more are mention'd but little more known of them then their names He whom Historians first pitch upon to have certainly succeeded was 46. Alricus who challenging Gestiblindus King of the Goths to Duel thereby lost both his life and Kingdom 47. Ericus III surnamed the Wise and by some the Eloquent a happy and peaceable Prince He reign'd according to Johannes Magnus's computation about four and thirty years before our Saviours Birth A Catalogue of the Gothish Kings who reigned shortly after their Transmigration out of Scandia while they dwelt about the Palus Maeotis near the time of the Trojan War collected out of Wolf Lazius upon whose credit you are to take them 1. Telephus well known for his exploits in the Trojan War 2. Bericus or Beger 3. Filimar 4. Frogradus 5. Aringis 6. Eurypilus 7. Tamyris 8. Antriregus After this succession of Kings in Scythia Europea the Goths either weary of that Country or driven out of it by some of their potent Neighbours are said by the same Author though I find not his opinion seconded by any Swedish writer to have returned into Gothia and particularly to have pitch'd upon the Isle Gotland as the fittest seat for their Kings a long series of whom might seem not very necessary to be set down being for the most part the same with the Swedish Kings before mention'd 48. Haldanus in whose reign the Hunns overrun Gothia and the greatest part of the Kings dominions built Hunnaberg an ancient City in Ostro-Gothia and after some continuance in the Country were by this King at last utterly expell'd 49. Sivardus or Sigvardus in whose time commotions arising in the Kingdom the Goths elected a separate King of their own nam'd Carolus whom some make to be 50. Charles III. 51. Ericus IV. slain by Haldanus King of Denmark 52. Haldanus who got the Kingdom by his valour Of this King are reported several prodigious Stories as of his Gigantick stature his pulling up Trees by the roots and such like not inferiour to those which Poets relate of Hercules and the Giants 53. Vngvinus who to his own Kingdom united Gothia for a long time govern'd by distinct Kings 54. Ragvaldus or Regnaldus 55. Amundus 56. Haquinus in whose reign the Goths elected one Sivardo King of Gothia 57. Ostenus I. who entertain'd an implacable hatred against the Norwegians sent a great Army against them subdued their Country made the Inhabitants Tributary to the Swedish Crown and as an opprobrium to the Nation set a Dog to be chief Governour over them to which they were to pay all subjection and swear allegiance under the penalty of losing one hand and one foot this is mention'd both in the Swedish and Norwegian Chronicles 58. Alverus or Alaricus elected says Krantzius out of the Nobles and in the midst of his happy Reign stabb'd by his Brother Ericus who was impatient to obtain the Crown which he thought he might procure after his death but vainly for the Government was conferr'd on 59. Ingo I. eldest son to Alverus He was the first that order'd the election of Kings to be held at Moresten near Vpsal of the manner of which see what was said in Suecia About this time the Kingdom was governed by Judges the next King is 60. Ingellus I. kill'd by his Brother 61. Germunder in a war against Denmark taken Prisoner and hung up upon a Gibbet 62. Haquinus 63. Egellus after whose time succeeded several Kings Johannes Magnus reckons twenty concerning whom nothing very remarkable is set down by Historians The next great Epocha is counted from the reign of 84. Bero or Biorno III. the first Christian King in Sweden converted to Christianity by one Herebretus at his request sent to him by Charles the Great Emperor of Germany 85. Brautamundus or Amundus in some civil commotions in his Kingdom kill'd by his brother and Successor 86. Sivardus II. who in his expeditions against Norway was with the greatest part of his Army overcome in battel the enemies Forces mostly consisting of Women 87. Herotus or Haraldus 'twixt whom and the King of Denmark a war broke out concerning the Province of Schonen which this King at last freely granted to the King of Denmark as a reward of his signal prudence and valour 89. Charles VI. 90. Biorno IV. 91. Ingellus II. in whose time Helsingia and several other Provinces in Suecia had their distinct Governours these he under colour of friendship invited to a Banquet and when he had made them drunk with strong Liquors he caus'd a fire to be set on the place where they were and so destroy'd them all and seiz'd on their possessions To revenge this cruelty Gramus Duke of Sudermannia and Hauno Duke of Ostro-Gothia rais'd Forces and came against him but with no good success at last for under pretence of a Parley they were taken Prisoners and at Ingellus's command burnt to death 92. Olaus from his commanding many thick woods to be cut down surnam'd Tratelia or Tree-Feller He is said by some to have embrac'd Christianity at the perswasion of Ansgarius a Learned Bishop sent into Sweden by Lewis II. Emperor of Germany But though he himself perhaps did favour Christian Religion it got small footing amongst his Subjects for Paganism is said for a long time to have prevail'd in the Reigns of the succeeding Princes 93. Ingo II. 94. Ericus VI. surnam'd Windy-Cap who is said to have had a Cap by holding up of which he could cause the wind to blow from what Point he pleas'd for which and such like magical exploits he by the consent of the people was elected King 95. Ericus VII surnam'd Victorious 96. Ericus VIII surnam'd Aarsel i.e. Rich in Corn. He is said to have countenanc'd Christianity which had been from the time of Bero 'till his reign very much suppress'd and endeavouring by Law to establish it in his Kingdom to have been by the fury of his Subjects torn in pieces and martyr'd for his good intentions toward them 97. Olaus surnam'd Scotkonung i.e. Infant-King because advanc'd to the Crown when young He embrac'd Christianity and sent to Ethelred King of England to furnish him with able Ministers