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estate_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n we_o boniface_n by_o the_o mercy_n of_o god_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n primate_n of_o england_n f._n of_o london_n h._n of_o ely_n s._n of_o worcester_n e._n of_o lincoln_n w._n of_o norwich_n p._n of_o hereford_n w._n of_o salisbury_n w._n of_o durham_n r._n of_o excester_n m._n of_o carlisle_n w._n of_o bath_n e._n of_o rochester_n t._n of_o st._n david_n bishop_n apparel_v in_o pontificial_o with_o taper_n burn_v against_o the_o breaker_n of_o the_o church_n liberty_n and_o of_o the_o liberty_n and_o other_o custom_n of_o this_o realm_n of_o england_n and_o namely_o these_o which_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o charter_n of_o the_o common_a liberty_n of_o england_n and_o charter_n of_o the_o forest_n have_v denounce_v sentence_n of_o excommunication_n in_o this_o form_n by_o the_o authority_n of_o almighty_n god_n the_o father_n the_o son_n and_o the_o holy_a ghost_n etc._n etc._n of_o the_o bless_a apostle_n peter_n and_o paul_n and_o 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shortness_n will_v not_o suffer_v so_o much_o delay_n as_o to_o give_v knowledge_n to_o all_o the_o people_n of_o england_n of_o these_o present_n in_o writing_n we_o therefore_o enjoin_v all_o person_n of_o what_o estate_n soever_o they_o be_v that_o they_o and_o every_o of_o they_o as_o much_o as_o in_o they_o be_v shall_v uphold_v and_o maintain_v these_o article_n grant_v by_o our_o sovereign_a lord_n the_o king_n in_o all_o point_n and_o all_o those_o that_o in_o any_o point_n do_v resist_v or_o break_v or_o in_o any_o manner_n hereafter_o procure_v counsel_n or_o in_o any_o wise_a assent_n to_o testify_z or_o break_v those_o ordinance_n or_o go_v about_o it_o by_o word_n or_o deed_n open_o or_o privy_o by_o any_o manner_n of_o pretence_n or_o colour_n we_o the_o aforesaid_a archbishop_n by_o our_o authority_n in_o this_o write_n express_v do_v excommunicate_a and_o accurse_v and_o from_o the_o body_n of_o our_o lord_n jesus_n christ_n and_o from_o all_o the_o company_n of_o heaven_n and_o from_o all_o the_o sacrament_n of_o holy_a church_n do_v sequester_v and_o exclude_v we_o may_v here_o see_v that_o in_o the_o obscure_a time_n of_o popery_n they_o be_v not_o leave_v without_o a_o sense_n of_o justice_n and_o the_o papist_n who_o many_o think_v no_o friend_n to_o liberty_n and_o property_n under_o dreadful_a penalty_n enjoin_v a_o inviolable_a observance_n of_o this_o great_a charter_n by_o which_o they_o be_v confirm_v and_o though_o i_o be_o no_o roman_a catholic_n and_o as_o little_a value_n their_o other_o curse_n pronounce_v upon_o religious_a dissent_n yet_o i_o declare_v ingenuous_o i_o will_v not_o for_o the_o world_n incur_v this_o curse_n as_o every_o man_n deserve_o do_v that_o offer_v violence_n to_o the_o fundamental_a freedom_n thereby_o repeat_v and_o confirm_v and_o that_o any_o church_n or_o church_n officer_n in_o our_o age_n shall_v have_v so_o little_a reverence_n to_o law_n excommunication_n or_o curse_n as_o to_o be_v the_o man_n that_o either_o vote_n or_o countenance_v such_o severity_n as_o bid_v defiance_n to_o the_o curse_n and_o rend_v this_o memorable_a charter_n in_o piece_n by_o disseize_v freeman_n of_o england_n of_o their_o freehold_n libâ—â—ties_n &_o property_n mere_o for_o the_o inoffensive_a exercise_n of_o their_o conscience_n to_o god_n in_o matter_n of_o worship_n be_v a_o civil_a sort_n of_o sacrilege_n i_o know_v it_o be_v usual_o object_v that_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o charter_n be_v spend_v on_o the_o behalf_n of_o the_o roman_a church_n and_o other_o thing_n now_o abolish_v and_o if_o one_o part_n of_o the_o great_a charter_n may_v be_v repeal_v or_o invalidate_v why_o not_o the_o other_o to_o which_o i_o answer_v this_o render_v nothing_o that_o be_v fundamental_a in_o the_o charter_n the_o less_o valuable_a for_o they_o do_v not_o stand_v upon_o the_o leg_n of_o that_o act_n though_o it_o be_v make_v in_o honour_n of_o they_o but_o the_o ancient_n and_o primitive_a institution_n of_o the_o kingdom_n if_o the_o petition_n of_o right_o be_v repeal_v the_o great_a charter_n be_v never_o the_o less_o in_o force_n it_o be_v not_o the_o original_a establishment_n but_o a_o declaration_n and_o confirmation_n of_o that_o establishment_n but_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v abrogable_a or_o abrogate_a in_o the_o great_a charter_n be_v never_o a_o part_n of_o fundamental_o but_o hedge_v in_o then_o for_o present_a emergency_n or_o conveniency_n beside_o that_o which_o i_o have_v hitherto_o maintain_v to_o be_v the_o common_a and_o fundamental_a law_n of_o the_o land_n be_v so_o repute_v and_o further_o ratify_v by_o the_o petition_n of_o right_n 3_o car._n 1._o which_o be_v long_o since_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n lose_v she_o share_v in_o the_o great_a charter_n nor_o do_v it_o relate_v to_o matter_n of_o faith_n and_o worship_n but-temporalities_a only_o the_o civil_a interest_n or_o propriety_n of_o the_o church_n but_o with_o what_o
tam_fw-la cleri_fw-la quam_fw-la populi_n in_o ina_n time_n suasu_fw-la &_o instituto_fw-la episcoporum_fw-la 22._o omnium_fw-la senatorum_fw-la &_o natu_fw-la majorum_fw-la sapientum_fw-la populi_fw-la alfred_n after_o he_o reform_v the_o former_a law_n consulto_fw-la sapientum_fw-la likewise_o matter_n of_o public_a and_o general_a charge_n in_o case_n of_o war_n etc._n etc._n we_o have_v grant_v in_o the_o assembly_n regi_fw-la baronibus_fw-la &_o populo_fw-la and_o though_o the_o saxon_a word_n proper_o import_v the_o meeting_n of_o wise_a man_n 139._o yet_o all_o that_o will_v come_v may_v be_v present_a and_o interpose_v their_o like_a or_o dislike_n of_o the_o present_a proposition_n as_o that_o of_o ina_n in_o magna_fw-la servorum_fw-la dei_fw-la frequentia_fw-la again_o commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la seniorum_fw-la &_o populorum_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o elder_n and_o people_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n the_o council_n of_o winton_n ann._n 855._o be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o great_a man_n aliorumque_fw-la fidelium_fw-la ingulph_n infinita_fw-la multitudine_fw-la &_o a_o infinite_a multitude_n of_o other_o faithful_a people_n which_o be_v nigh_o four_o hundred_o year_n before_o the_o great_a charter_n be_v make_v my_o last_o instance_n of_o the_o saxon_a age_n shall_v be_v out_o of_o the_o glossery_n of_o the_o learned_a english_a knight_n h._n spelman_n 261._o the_o saxon_a wittangemote_a or_o parliament_n say_v he_o be_v a_o convention_n of_o the_o prince_n as_o well_o bishop_n as_o magistrate_n and_o the_o free_a people_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o that_o the_o say_v wittangemote_a consult_v of_o the_o common_a safety_n in_o peace_n and_o war_n and_o for_o the_o promotion_n of_o the_o common_a good_n william_n of_o normandy_n choose_v rather_o to_o rely_v upon_o the_o people_n consent_n than_o his_o own_o power_n to_o obtain_v the_o kingdom_n he_o swear_v to_o they_o to_o maintain_v 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ego_fw-la stephanus_n dei_fw-la gratia_fw-la assensu_fw-la cleri_fw-la &_o populi_n in_o regno_fw-la angliae_fw-la electus_fw-la etc._n etc._n i_o stephen_n by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n and_o consent_v of_o the_o clergy_n and_o people_n choose_a king_n of_o england_n etc._n etc._n so_o king_n john_n be_v choose_v tam_fw-la cleri_fw-la quam_fw-la populi_n unanimo_fw-la consensu_fw-la &_o favore_fw-la by_o the_o favour_n and_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o the_o clergy_n and_o people_n and_o his_o queen_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v crown_v de_fw-la communi_fw-la consensu_fw-la &_o concordi_fw-la voluntate_fw-la archiepiscoporum_fw-la comitum_fw-la baronum_fw-la cleri_fw-la &_o populi_n totius_fw-la regni_fw-la i._n e._n by_o the_o common_a assent_n and_o unanimous_a goodwill_n of_o the_o arch-bishop_n bishop_n count_n baron_n clergy_n and_o people_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n king_n ed._n 1_o also_o desire_v money_n of_o the_o common_a concilium_fw-la or_o parliament_n as_o they_o have_v give_v in_o my_o time_n and_o that_o of_o my_o progenitor_n king_n all_o which_o show_v that_o it_o be_v antecedent_n to_o the_o great_a charter_n not_o the_o right_n therein_o repeat_v and_o confirm_v but_o the_o act_n itself_o and_o king_n john_n resignation_n of_o the_o crown_n to_o the_o pope_n be_v question_v upon_o some_o occasion_n in_o edward_n the_o 3d_n 78_o time_n it_o be_v agree_v upon_o that_o he_o have_v no_o power_n to_o do_v it_o without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o duke_n prelate_n baron_n and_o commons_o and_o as_o paradoxal_a as_o any_o may_v please_v to_o think_v it_o it_o be_v the_o great_a interest_n of_o a_o prince_n that_o the_o people_n shall_v have_v a_o share_n in_o the_o make_n of_o their_o own_o law_n where_o it_o be_v otherwise_o they_o be_v no_o king_n of_o freeman_n but_o slave_n and_o those_o their_o enemy_n for_o make_v they_o so_o leges_fw-la nulla_fw-la alia_fw-la causa_fw-la nos_fw-la tenent_fw-la quam_fw-la quod_fw-la judicio_fw-la populi_fw-la recepta_fw-la sunt_fw-la the_o law_n say_v ulpian_n do_v therefore_o oblige_v the_o people_n because_o they_o be_v allow_v of_o by_o their_o judgement_n and_o gratian_n in_o dec._n distinct_a 4._o tum_o demum_fw-la humanae_fw-la leges_fw-la habent_fw-la vim_o svam_fw-la cum_fw-la fuerint_fw-la non_fw-la modo_fw-la institutae_fw-la sed_fw-la etiam_fw-la firmatae_fw-la approbatione_fw-la communitatis_fw-la it_o be_v then_o say_v he_o that_o human_a law_n have_v their_o due_a force_n when_o they_o shall_v not_o only_o be_v devise_v but_o confirm_v by_o the_o approbation_n of_o the_o people_n 1._o it_o make_v man_n diligent_a and_o increase_v trade_n which_o advance_v the_o revenue_n for_o where_o man_n be_v not_o free_a they_o will_v never_o seek_v to_o improve_v because_o they_o be_v not_o sure_a of_o what_o they_o have_v 2._o it_o free_v the_o prince_n from_o the_o jealousy_n and_o hate_n of_o his_o people_n and_o consequent_o the_o trouble_n and_o danger_n that_o follow_v and_o make_v his_o province_n easy_a and_o safe_a 3._o if_o any_o inconveniency_n attend_v the_o execution_n of_o any_o law_n the_o prince_n be_v not_o to_o be_v blame_v it_o be_v their_o own_o fault_n that_o make_v at_o least_o consent_v to_o it_o i_o shall_v now_o proceed_v to_o the_o three_o fundamental_a and_o by_o plain_a evidence_n prove_v it_o to_o have_v be_v a_o material_a part_n of_o the_o government_n before_o the_o great_a charter_n be_v enact_v 3._o the_o people_n have_v a_o influence_n upon_o and_o a_o great_a share_n in_o that_o judicatory_a power_n etc._n etc._n that_o it_o be_v a_o british_a custom_n i_o will_v not_o affirm_v but_o have_v some_o reason_n to_o suppose_v for_o if_o the_o saxon_n have_v bring_v it_o with_o they_o they_o will_v also_o have_v lest_o it_o behind_o they_o and_o in_o all_o likelihood_n there_o will_v have_v be_v some_o footstep_n in_o saxony_n of_o such_o a_o law_n or_o custom_n which_o we_o find_v not_o i_o will_v not_o enter_v the_o list_n with_o any_o about_o it_o this_o shall_v suffice_v that_o we_o find_v it_o early_o among_o the_o saxon_n in_o this_o country_n and_o if_o they_o a_o free_a people_n in_o their_o own_o country_n settle_v themselves_o here_o as_o a_o new_a plant_v colony_n do_v supply_v what_o be_v defective_a in_o their_o own_o government_n or_o add_v some_o new_a freedom_n to_o themselves_o as_o all_o planter_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v which_o be_v as_o those_o first_o and_o corner_n stone_n their_o posterity_n with_o all_o care_n and_o skill_n be_v to_o build_v upon_o that_o will_v serve_v my_o turn_n to_o prove_v it_o a_o fundamental_a that_o be_v such_o a_o first_o principle_n in_o our_o english_a government_n by_o the_o agreement_n of_o the_o people_n diffusive_o that_o it_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v violate_v i_o will_v not_o be_v understand_v of_o the_o number_n but_o of_o the_o way_n of_o trial_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o man_n be_v not_o to_o be_v condemn_v but_o by_o the_o vote_n of_o the_o freeman_n n._n bacon_n think_v that_o in_o rude_a time_n the_o multitude_n try_v all_o among_o themselves_o and_o fancy_n it_o come_v from_o grecian_n that_o determine_v controversy_n by_o the_o suffrage_n of_o 34_o or_o the_o major_a part_n of_o they_o be_v it_o as_o it_o will_v jury_n the_o saxon_n have_v for_o in_o the_o law_n of_o king_n aetheldred_n about_o 300_o year_n before_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o norman_a duke_n we_o 675._o find_v enact_v in_o singulis_fw-la centuriis_fw-la etc._n etc._n thus_o englisht_v in_o every_o hundred_o let_v there_o be_v a_o court_n and_o let_v twelve_o ancient_a freeman_n together_o with_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o hundred_o be_v swear_v that_o they_o will_v not_o condemn_v the_o innocent_a or_o acquit_v the_o guilty_a and_o so_o strict_a be_v they_o of_o those_o age_n in_o observe_v this_o fundamental_a way_n of_o judicature_n that_o alfred_n put_v one_o of_o his_o judge_n to_o death_n for_o pass_a sentence_n upon_o a_o verdict_n corrupt_o obtain_v upon_o the_o vote_n of_o the_o juror_n three_o of_o twelve_o
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shameful_a pennace_n as_o pillory_n or_o whip_n the_o last_o whereof_o as_o usual_a as_o it_o may_v be_v with_o we_o be_v inflict_v only_o upon_o their_o bondman_n then_o may_v the_o penance_n be_v reduce_v to_o a_o ransom_n according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o fault_n but_o it_o must_v be_v so_o asse_v in_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o judge_n and_o by_o the_o twelve_o that_o be_v the_o jury_n of_o frilingâ—_n or_o freeman_n hitherto_o story_n tell_v we_o of_o trial_n by_o juries_n and_o those_o to_o have_v consist_v in_o general_a term_n of_o freeman_n but_o per_fw-la pares_fw-la come_v after_o occasion_v by_o the_o considerable_a saxon_n neglect_v that_o service_n and_o leave_v it_o to_o the_o inferior_a people_n who_o lose_v the_o bench_n their_o ancient_a right_n because_o they_o be_v not_o think_v company_n for_o a_o judge_n or_o sheriff_n and_o from_o the_o grow_a pride_n of_o the_o dane_n who_o slight_v such_o a_o rural_a judicature_n and_o despise_v the_o fellowship_n 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lump_n of_o other_o privilege_n but_o in_o one_o notable_a case_n for_o all_o that_o may_v be_v bring_v to_o prove_v that_o the_o fundamental_a privilege_n mention_v in_o the_o great_a charter_n 9_o hen._n 3._o be_v before_o it_o the_o story_n be_v more_o at_o large_a deliver_v by_o our_o learned_a selden_n but_o thus_o the_o norman_a duke_n have_v 197._o give_v his_o half_a brother_n odo_n a_o large_a territory_n in_o kent_n with_o the_o earldom_n and_o he_o take_v advantage_n at_o the_o king_n be_v be_v sâ—igand_n displease_v with_o the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n to_o possess_v himself_o of_o some_o of_o the_o land_n of_o that_o see_v landfrank_n that_o succeed_v the_o archbishop_n inform_v hereof_o petition_v the_o king_n for_o justice_n secundum_fw-la legem_fw-la terrae_fw-la according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n upon_o which_o the_o king_n summon_v a_o county-court_n the_o debate_n last_v three_o day_n before_o the_o freeman_n of_o kent_n in_o the_o presence_n of_o lord_n and_o bishop_n and_o other_o skilful_a in_o the_o law_n and_o the_o judgement_n pass_v for_o the_o archbishop_n upon_o the_o vote_n of_o the_o freeman_n by_o all_o which_o it_o be_v i_o hope_v sufficient_o and_o inoffensive_o manifest_v that_o these_o three_o principle_n 1._o english_a man_n have_v individual_o the_o alone_a right_n of_o possession_n and_o disposition_n of_o what_o they_o have_v 2._o that_o they_o be_v party_n to_o the_o law_n of_o their_o country_n for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o that_o great_a and_o just_a law_n 3._o that_o they_o have_v a_o influence_n upon_o and_o a_o real_a share_n in_o the_o judicatory_a power_n that_o shall_v apply_v those_o law_n make_v have_v be_v the_o ancient_a right_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o common_a basis_n of_o the_o government_n that_o which_o king_n under_o the_o several_a revolution_n have_v swear_v to_o maintain_v and_o history_n afford_v we_o so_o many_o precedent_n to_o confirm_v so_o that_o the_o great_a charter_n make_v in_o the_o 9th_o of_o henry_n the_o 3d_o be_v not_o the_o nativity_n but_o restoration_n of_o ancient_a privilege_n from_o captivity_n no_o grant_v of_o new_a right_n but_o a_o new_a grant_n or_o confirmation_n rather_o of_o ancient_a law_n &_o liberty_n violate_v by_o king_n john_n and_o gain_v by_o his_o successor_n at_o the_o expense_n of_o a_o long_a and_o bloody_a war_n which_o show_v they_o as_o resolute_a to_o keep_v as_o their_o ancestor_n have_v be_v careful_a to_o enact_v those_o excellent_a law_n and_o so_o i_o be_o come_v to_o the_o great_a charter_n which_o be_v comprehensive_a and_o repetitious_a of_o what_o i_o have_v already_o be_v discourse_v and_o which_o i_o shall_v brief_o touch_v upon_o with_o those_o successive_a statute_n that_o have_v be_v make_v in_o honour_n and_o preservation_n of_o it_o i_o shall_v rehearse_v so_o much_o of_o it_o as_o fall_v within_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o forego_n matter_n which_o be_v a_o great_a deal_n in_o a_o little_a with_o something_o of_o the_o formality_n of_o grant_n and_o curse_n that_o this_o age_n may_v see_v with_o what_o reverence_n and_o circumspection_n our_o ancestor_n govern_v themselves_o in_o confirm_v and_o preserve_v it_o henry_n by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n king_n of_o england_n etc._n etc._n 3._o to_o all_o arch-bishop_n earl_n baron_n sheriff_n provose_n officer_n unto_o all_o bailiff_n and_o our_o faithful_a subject_n who_o shall_v see_v this_o present_a charter_n greeting_n know_v you_o that_o we_o unto_o the_o honour_n of_o almighty_n god_n and_o for_o the_o salvation_n of_o the_o soul_n of_o our_o progenitor_n and_o our_o successor_n king_n of_o england_n to_o the_o advancement_n of_o holy_a church_n and_o amendment_n of_o our_o realm_n of_o our_o mere_a and_o free_a will_v have_v give_v and_o grant_v to_o all_o arch-bishop_n etc._n etc._n and_o to_o all_o freeman_n of_o this_o our_o realm_n these_o liberty_n underwritten_a to_o be_v hold_v and_o keep_v in_o this_o our_o realm_n of_o england_n for_o evermore_o though_o in_o honour_n to_o the_o king_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v out_o of_o his_o mere_a and_o free_a will_n yet_o the_o qualification_n of_o the_o person_n he_o be_v say_v to_o grant_v the_o ensue_a liberty_n to_o show_v that_o they_o be_v term_n of_o formality_n viz._n to_o all_o freeman_n of_o this_o realm_n for_o they_o must_v be_v free_a because_o of_o these_o law_n and_o liberty_n since_o it_o be_v impossible_a they_o can_v be_v any_o thing_n but_o slave_n without_o they_o consequently_n this_o be_v not_o a_o infranchise_n but_o confirm_v to_o freeman_n their_o just_a privilege_n the_o word_n of_o the_o charter_n be_v these_o 14._o a_o freeman_n shall_v not_o be_v amerce_v for_o a_o small_a fault_n but_o after_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o fault_n and_o for_o a_o great_a fault_n after_o the_o manner_n thereof_o save_v to_o he_o his_o contenement_n or_o freehold_a and_o a_o merchant_n likewise_o shall_v be_v amerce_v save_v to_o he_o his_o merchandise_n and_o none_o of_o the_o say_a amercement_n shall_v be_v assess_v but_o by_o the_o oath_n of_o good_a and_o honest_a man_n of_o the_o vicinage_n 29._o no_o freeman_n shall_v be_v take_v or_o imprison_v nor_o be_v disseize_v of_o his_o free_a hold_n or_o liberty_n or_o free_a custom_n or_o be_v outlaw_v or_o exile_v or_o any_o other_o way_n destroy_v nor_o we_o shall_v not_o pass_v upon_o he_o nor_o condemn_v he_o but_o by_o lawful_a judgement_n of_o his_o peer_n or_o by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n we_o shall_v sell_v to_o no_o man_n we_o shall_v deny_v or_o defer_v to_o no_o man_n either_o justice_n or_o right_n i_o stand_v amaze_v how_o any_o man_n can_v have_v the_o confidence_n to_o say_v these_o privilege_n be_v extort_a by_o the_o baron_n war_n when_o the_o king_n declare_v that_o what_o he_o do_v herein_o be_v free_o or_o that_o they_o be_v new_a
god_n people_n how_o they_o may_v be_v keep_v from_o sin_n in_o quiet_a and_o have_v right_o do_v they_o according_a to_o the_o custom_n and_o law_n nor_o do_v this_o law_n end_n with_o the_o saxon_a race_n william_n the_o conqueror_n as_o he_o be_v usual_o call_v quit_v all_o claim_n by_o conquest_n glad_o stoop_v to_o the_o law_n observe_v by_o the_o saxon_a king_n and_o so_o become_v a_o king_n by_o leave_n value_v a_o title_n by_o election_n before_o that_o which_o be_v found_v in_o gulielm_n power_n only_o he_o therefore_o at_o his_o coronation_n make_v a_o solemn_a covenant_n to_o maintain_v the_o good_a approve_v and_o ancient_a law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o to_o inhibit_v all_o spoil_n and_o unjust_a judgement_n and_o this_o henry_n the_o first_o his_o three_o son_n among_o other_o his_o title_n mention_v in_o his_o charter_n to_o make_v ely_z a_o bishopric_n call_v himself_o son_n of_o william_n the_o great_a who_o spicileg_n by_o hereditary_n right_o succeed_v king_n edward_n call_v the_o confessor_n in_o this_o kingdom_n a_o ancient_a chronicle_n of_o leichfield_n speak_v of_o a_o council_n of_o lord_n that_o advise_v leichf_n william_n of_o normandy_n to_o call_v together_o all_o the_o noble_n and_o wise_a man_n throughout_o their_o county_n of_o england_n that_o they_o may_v set_v down_o their_o own_o law_n and_o custom_n which_o be_v about_o the_o four_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n which_o imply_v that_o they_o have_v fundamental_a law_n and_o that_o he_o intend_v their_o confirmation_n as_o follow_v and_o one_o of_o the_o first_o law_n make_v by_o this_o king_n which_o as_o a_o notable_a author_n say_v may_v be_v call_v the_o first_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la in_o the_o norman_a time_n by_o which_o he_o reserve_v to_o himself_o nothing_o of_o the_o freeman_n of_o this_o kingdom_n but_o their_o free_a service_n in_o the_o conclusion_n of_o it_o sai_z that_o the_o land_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n 55._o of_o this_o kingdom_n be_v grant_v to_o they_o in_o inheritance_n of_o the_o king_n and_o by_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n which_o law_n do_v also_o provide_v that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o land_n and_o tenement_n well_o or_o quiet_o and_o in_o peace_n from_o all_o unjust_a tax_n and_o tillage_n which_o be_v further_o expound_v in_o the_o law_n of_o henry_n the_o first_o ch_n 4._o that_o no_o tribute_n or_o tax_n shall_v be_v take_v but_o what_o be_v due_a in_o edward_n the_o confessor_n time_n so_o that_o the_o norman_a king_n claim_v no_o other_o right_n in_o the_o land_n and_o possession_n of_o any_o of_o their_o subject_n then_o according_a to_o english_a law_n and_o right_n and_o so_o tender_a be_v they_o of_o property_n in_o those_o time_n that_o when_o justice_n itself_o become_v importunate_a in_o a_o case_n no_o distress_n can_v issue_v without_o public_a warrant_n obtain_v nor_o that_o neither_o but_o upon_o three_o complaint_n first_o make_v nay_o when_o rape_n and_o plunder_n be_v rife_a and_o man_n seem_v to_o have_v no_o more_o right_o to_o their_o own_o than_o they_o have_v power_n to_o maintain_v even_o than_o be_v this_o law_n sufficient_a sanctuary_n to_o all_o oppress_a by_o be_v public_o plead_v 227._o at_o the_o bar_n against_o all_o usurpation_n though_o it_o be_v under_o the_o pretence_n of_o their_o conqueror_n right_n itself_o as_o norf._n by_o the_o case_n of_o edwin_n of_o sharnbourn_n appear_v the_o like_a obligation_n to_o maintain_v this_o fundamental_a law_n of_o property_n with_o the_o appendent_a right_n of_o the_o people_n be_v take_v by_o rufus_n henry_n the_o one_a stephen_n henry_n the_o second_o richard_n the_o one_a john_n and_o henry_n the_o 3d_o which_o bring_v i_o to_o that_o famous_a law_n call_v magna_fw-la charta_fw-la or_o the_o great_a charter_n of_o england_n of_o which_o more_o anon_o it_o be_v my_o design_n to_o show_v that_o nothing_o of_o the_o essential_a right_n of_o english_a man_n be_v thereby_o the_o novo_fw-la grant_v as_o in_o civility_n to_o king_n henry_n the_o three_o it_o be_v term_v but_o that_o they_o be_v therein_o only_o repeat_v and_o confirm_v wherefore_o i_o shall_v return_v to_o antecedent_n time_n tofetch_n down_o the_o remain_a right_n the_o second_o part_n of_o this_o first_o fundamental_a be_v liberty_n of_o person_n the_o saxon_n be_v so_o tender_a in_o the_o point_n of_o imprisonment_n that_o there_o be_v little_a or_o no_o use_n make_v of_o it_o nor_o will_v they_o so_o punish_v their_o bondman_n vinculis_fw-la coercere_fw-la rarum_fw-la est_fw-la in_o case_n of_o debt_n or_o damage_n the_o recovery_n thereof_o be_v either_o by_o a_o delivery_n of_o the_o just_a value_n in_o good_n or_o upon_o the_o sheriff_n sale_n of_o the_o good_n in_o money_n and_o if_o that_o satisfy_v not_o the_o land_n be_v extend_v edw._n and_o when_o all_o be_v go_v they_o be_v accustom_v to_o make_v their_o last_o seizure_n upon_o the_o party_n arm_n and_o then_o he_o be_v repute_v a_o undo_v man_n and_o cast_v upon_o the_o charity_n of_o his_o friend_n for_o subsistence_n but_o his_o person_n never_o imprison_v for_o the_o debt_n no_o not_o in_o the_o king_n case_n and_o to_o the_o honour_n of_o king_n alfred_n be_v it_o speak_v he_o imprison_v 31._o one_o of_o his_o judge_n for_o imprison_v a_o man_n in_o that_o case_n and_o we_o find_v among_o his_o law_n this_o passage_n qui_fw-la immerentem_fw-la paganum_fw-la vinâ—ulâ—s_fw-la 〈◊〉_d striâ—xerâ—t_fw-la decâ—m_fw-la solidis_fw-la noxam_fw-la sarcito_fw-la that_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v imprison_v a_o pagan_a or_o heathen_a unjust_o his_o purgation_n of_o that_o offence_n shall_v be_v no_o less_o than_o the_o payment_n of_o ten_o shilling_n a_o sum_n very_o considerable_a in_o those_o day_n nor_o do_v the_o revolution_n from_o saxon_a to_o norman_a drop_n this_o privilege_n for_o beside_o the_o general_a confirmation_n of_o former_a right_n by_o william_n surname_v the_o conqueror_n his_o son_n henry_n the_o 5._o first_o particular_o take_v such_o care_n of_o continue_v this_o part_n of_o property_n inviolable_a that_o in_o his_o time_n no_o person_n be_v to_o be_v imprison_v for_o commit_v of_o mortal_a crime_n itself_o unless_o he_o be_v first_o attaint_v by_o the_o verdict_n of_o twelve_o men._n thus_o much_o forth_a first_o of_o my_o three_o fundamental_o right_o of_o estate_n and_o liberty_n of_o person_n that_o be_v to_o say_v i_o be_o no_o man_n bondman_n and_o what_o i_o possess_v be_v inviolable_o i_o own_o 2._o a_o vote_v of_o every_o law_n that_o be_v make_v whereby_o that_o ownership_n or_o propriety_n may_v be_v maintain_v that_o the_o second_o fundamental_a of_o our_o english_a government_n be_v no_o encroachment_n upon_o the_o king_n of_o more_o modern_a age_n but_o extant_a long_o before_o the_o great_a charter_n make_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o hen._n 3._o even_o as_o early_o as_o the_o britain_n themselves_o and_o that_o it_o continue_v to_o the_o time_n of_o hen._n 3._o i_o shall_v prove_v by_o several_a instance_n caesar_n in_o his_o commentary_n tell_v we_o that_o it_o be_v the_o sever._n custom_n of_o the_o british_a city_n to_o elect_a their_o general_n and_o if_o in_o war_n why_o not_o in_o peace_n dion_n assure_v we_o in_o the_o life_n of_o severus_n the_o emperor_n that_o in_o britain_n the_o people_n hold_v a_o share_n in_o power_n and_o government_n which_o be_v the_o modest_a construction_n his_o word_n will_v bear_v and_o 12._o tacitus_n say_v they_o have_v a_o common_a council_n and_o that_o one_o great_a reason_n of_o their_o overthrow_n by_o the_o roman_n be_v their_o not_o consult_v with_o and_o rely_v upon_o their_o common_a council_n again_o both_o ad_fw-la and_o mat_n westminster_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o britain_n summon_v a_o synod_n choose_v their_o moderator_n and_o expel_v the_o pelagian_a creed_n all_o which_o suppose_v popular_a assembly_n with_o power_n to_o order_n national_a affair_n and_o indeed_o the_o learned_a author_n of_o the_o british_a council_n give_v some_o hint_n to_o this_o purpose_n that_o they_o have_v a_o common_a council_n and_o call_v it_o kyfr-y-then_a the_o saxon_n be_v not_o inferior_a to_o the_o britain_n in_o this_o point_n and_o story_n furnish_v we_o with_o more_o and_o plain_a proof_n they_o bring_v this_o liberty_n along_o with_o they_o and_o it_o be_v not_o likely_a they_o shall_v loose_v it_o by_o transport_v themselves_o into_o a_o country_n where_o they_o also_o find_v it_o tacitus_n report_v it_o to_o have_v be_v general_o the_o german_n liberty_n like_v unto_o the_o concie_n of_o the_o athenian_n and_o lyr._n lacedaemonian_n they_o call_v their_o freeman_n frilingi_n and_o these_o have_v vote_n in_o the_o make_v and_o execute_v the_o general_a law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o ethelbert_n time_n after_o augustine_n insinuation_n have_v make_v his_o follower_n a_o part_n of_o the_o government_n the_o commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la be_v