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england_n	henry_n	king_n	scotland_n	18,184	5	9.4926	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A56345	The true portraiture of the kings of England, drawn from their titles, successions, raigns and ends, or, A short and exact historical description of every king, with the right they have had to the crown, and the manner of their wearing of it, especially from William the Conqueror wherein is demonstrated that there hath been no direct succession in the line to create an hereditary right, for six or seven hundred years : faithfully collected out of our best histories, and humbly presented to the Parliament of England / by an impartial friend to justice and truth.	Parker, Henry, 1604-1652.	1650 (1650)	Wing P429; ESTC R33010	38,712	46

end her raign with this Character That she was the best Queen that ever England had and the glory of her Sexe to all Ages The English Line is now ended we must go into Scotland to seek for a King because a daughter of Henry the seventh was married to James the fourth King of Scotland but I will not question his title King James the sixth of Scotland and first of England succeeded on the English Throne A Prince that had many advantages to set up Prerogative which he improved he was too timorous to act but most subtile in Councel and designs and no King did more insensibly and closely undermine the Liberties of England then himself he gave us cause to remember from whence he came but his peaceable raign was the rail to his design and did choak suspition we were brought by him very nigh Rome and Spain and yet knew it not he had an inveterate hatred against Puritans as he had a fear of Papists and made more of Bishops then ordinary by remembrance of the Scots Presbytery He had as much of Royalty in his Eye as any Prince could have but had not so much courage to prosecute it the Puritan alwayes lay in his Spleen the Papist on his Lungs that he durst not that he could not breath so clearely and strongly against them but the Bishops lay in his heart I will not rip up his personal failings after his death he was the most profane King for oaths and blasphemies that England had besides c. He now grows old and was judged only fit to lay the Plot but not to execute it the design being now ripe and his person and life the only obstacle and Remora to the next Instrument he is conveyed away suddenly into another world as his son Henry was because thought unsuteable to the Plot it being too long to waite untill Nature and Distemper had done the deed We are now come to our last Charls who is like to end both that race and its tyranny the perfect Idea of all the rest and the most zealous prosecutor of the designs of all his ancestors who if Divine Providence had not miraculously prevented had accomplished the utmost of their intentions and for ever darkned the glory of the English Sun so much I must say of him that he got more wisedom by action then could possibly be expected by his nature experience that teacheth fools made him wise he endeavoured to act what others designed he dissembled as long as he could and used all parties to the utmost But his zeal and hardiness brought him to his death He needed no physick for his body had he remembred his soul But what need I mention him he is the last of English Monarchs and the most absolute monument of Monarchy and example of tyranny and injustice that ever was known in England he would have been what other Kings are and endeavoured to attain what others would be he lived an enemy to the Common-wealth and died a martyr to Prerogative Thus you have seen a faithfull representation of the Norman race under which we have groaned for about six hundred years the first Title made onely by the Invasion and Conquest of a Stranger and Bastard continued by usurpation and tyranny that take away but two or three persons out of the list and yet these bad enough if we consider all things and all this while England neither had a right heir or good King to govern it and yet by delusion and deceit we must be bound to maintain that Title as Sacred and Divine which in the beginning was extorted and usurping as if gray hairs could adde reverence to injustice England hath now an advantage more then all its Ancestors of freeing it self from this successive slavery and interrupting that bloody line and after an apprentiship to bondage for so many hundred yeers Providence hath given us our own choice If we take it we are made if not the old judgement of God lies on us for our stupidity and blindness For my part as I do not give much to that Monkish Prophecy from Henry the Seventh times Mars Puer Alecto Virgo Vulpes Leo Nullus yet I wonder how the Devil could foresee so far off and must needs say that it hath yet been literally fulfilled both in the Characters of the persons and the issue yet I must so far give way to the power of divine actings on my faith as to think that either we shall never have a King more or else we shall have one sent of God in wrath as the Israelites had seeing we are not contented that way which God hath from Heaven led us to As for the Title of this Prince who would fain be accounted the right heir Let us but remember from whence he had it and how it s now tainted were it never so just the Treason of the Father hath cut off the Son and how unwise an act besides all other considerations will it be for England to set up the Son to propagate both his Fathers design and death We may prophecy soon what a Governor he is like to be which hath both suck't in his Fathers principles and his Mothers milk who hath been bred up under the wings of Popery and Episcopacy and doubtless suckt both brests one who was engaged from the beginning in the last war against this Parliament who hath the same Counsellors his Father had to remember him both of the design and the best wayes of effecting it one who hath never yet given any testimony of hopefullness to this Nation who was in Armes when a Subject against the Libertyes which England and Scotland spilt much blood for to maintain one who hath both his Fathers and his own scores to cleer and is fain to make use of all Medium's though never so contrary attended with all the crew of Malignants of three Nations who is so relatively and personally engaged that both old and new reckonings are expected to be payd only by him To his Father He is endebted for His Crown and bound to pay His Debts both Ecclesiastical and Civil which will amount to no small summe To the Papists He is engaged for their old affections and hopes of new besides the obligation of duty to his Mother and freeing her from her Monastry and Hermitage To the Prince of Orange he owes more then his ransom besides the States courtesies to Ireland he is in more arrears then his Kingdom of Scotland will be able to pay and to Scotland for his entertainment and enstalment more then England for present or in many years can repay without a morgage or community of lands and liberties besides what he owes England for helping his Father to make the Parliament spend so many millions of treasure besides blood which would have weighed down all expences besides and helping as a prime Agent the utter destruction of England all which must be reckoned for with much seriousness and if men have so

THE TRVE PORTRAITVRE of the KINGS OF ENGLAND Drawn from their Titles Successions Raigns and Ends OR A Short and Exact Historical description of every King with the Right they have had to the Crown and the manner of their wearing of it especially from WILLIAM the Conqueror Wherein is Demonstated that there hath been no direct succession in the line to create an hereditary right for six or seven hundred yeers faithfully collected out of our best Histories and humbly presented to the Parliament of England By an impartial Friend to Iustice and Truth Psal. 146. 3. Put not your trust in Princes Psal. 62. 9. Men of high degree are a lye to be laid in the Ballance they are altogether lighter then vanitie Nihil est imperium ut sapientes definiunt nisi cura salutis alienae Ammianus lib. 39. LONDON Printed by R. W. for Francis Tyton at the three Daggers in Fleet-street neer the Inner Temple-Gate 1650. To the READER READER IN the Study of Politicks the more confident we are commonly the less proficient we are For there is no other study wherein the Passions of men do more impetuously contravene and overturn right Reason Men born in popular States think themselves bound to abhor all Kings as being De genere Bestiarum rapacium So Rome it self pronounced from the mouth of Cato the Censor Others on the contrary born under Monarchs speak as odiously of Democracies and make this reply to Cato That even Rome her self when she plundred a third part of the world and graced her own Captains with the pompous titles of Africanus Asiaticus Achaicus c. was as ravenous a beast as any other See what strong Byasses wisemen have and obey The Question is not Whether this or that form be free from oppression and injustice or not we know well all Forms have their peculiar advantages and disadvantages and that at some times they all transgress their own Rules and Interests as it were by accident and not out of misconstitution The question is Whether the one constitution or the other be more free {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} from oppression and injustice Now for solution of this greater light shines and breaks in upon us from demonstration and sensual proof then from Syllogisms and logical inductions Reading assures us that Rome was not so just to other Nations nor so constant to the Interest of her own Citizens when she was under Kings and Emperors as she was when she chose her own Consuls and limited Magistrates T is as apparent also at this day that the people of Venice the German Hans-Towns Switzerland the United Provinces c. do more flourish and truly injoy the due benefits of Liberty there the French Turkish or any Royalists whatsoever T is further as visible by the publike banks of Treasure kept in Democracies and the strange splendor which Traffick brings to them beyond Monarchies that Faith is not kept so sacred and inviolable where one raigns as where Majesty and Supream Power remains vested in the people and most sure it is the sanctity and untemerated chastity of publike Faith is the best and firmest basis of all Government To dispute these things is to undervalue the report of our own senses and to deny our own senses is to deny our selves to be men The enemies of our present Government ubraide this our popular model the rather because it exasperates all our neighbours against us whereas this is a great argument for us that our neighbours are troubled at the ejection of Monarchy For neighbours are more apt to envie then pitty and the condition of him that is envied is far better then his that is pitied The main advantage that commends Hereditary Monarchy is the unity of it for that it is not so liable to civil broils and commotions as other temperaments where the Magistrate is elective Yet Reader if thou wilt strip thy self of thy passions and prejudices and peruse this Treatise thou shalt see that even Hereditary Monarchy it self is far from being a soveraign a remedy against civil breaches and divisions The Author of this Book is unknown to me and the Book it self came casually to my hands but I have been induced to publish it because it invites thee not to Precepts but Precedents not to Disputable but to visible Politicks I need say no more by the Work rather then report judge of the Author and by Experiment rather then Logick judge of the Work HENRY PARKER The true Portraiture of the Kings of England drawn from their Titles Successions Reigns and Ends c. TO treat of the nature and difference of Governments the distinction and preheminence of Monarchy or Aristocracie with the other kinds and forms which have according to the temper of the People and the necessity of providence had their course in the world will be useless in this discourse which is calculated only for this Nation and to describe not so much the Government as the Persons who have ruled among us and is onely suited to Monarchy as it hath had the sway of the English Throne a Discourse not so pleasing as profitable we are loth to have our old soars launced or to think of change though it be of misery the temper of this Nation being apt to be pleased with any thing that is stately and costly though never so dangerous and miserable yet something must be said in generall to prepare the way for the particulars of this Treatise which is not intended as controversall or definitive of the nature of things but meerly practical and demonstrative fit for every eye that means not to shut himself up in blindness and darkness As the foundation and originall of Government is confest to be of equall Antiquity with the generation and multiplication of mankind so doubless the just and methodicall use and due management of it is as necessary to the well-being of men as the exact proportions and orderly motions of the Heavens are to the preservation of the Globes and certainly without it the rationall world would be more miserable then the materiall without Sun Moon and Stars with all coelestiall influences which as they do beautifie and bespangle the world so they do preserve it from returning to its first Chaos and rude mass of matter nothing being more contrary to that unity and harmony which the God of nature hath moulded and disposed all things at first in then disorder and confusion in which as there is nothing of a deity to be discerned so nothing of peace or happiness can possibly be found And notwithstanding all this the world hath scarce known what the natural sweetness and true benefits of government are but only as comparative and rather as opposite to Anarchy then as advancing really and effectually the just liberties and freedoms of societies or propagating the Commonwealth of mankind for what through the ignorance and sloath of the people and the pride and ambition of Governors the whole order and

institution How the world came to be so blinded as thus to give away their Rights and Liberties and morgage their understandings and freedom as bankrupts do their lands is not to be determined but by supposal of a judgement of God and an over-reach of power and force or by an Ignis fatuus of Policie and subtilty For this naturall and hereditary succession which is now adored as the grand title if truly considered is nothing else but a continuation of conquest or a surprisall by the good nature of the people when they have been either low and in fear and taking advantage of their high esteem of some eminent person who hath been more then ordinary instrumentall to them have got the people to convey the same honor to their posterity after them the peoples consent being thus ravished from them It s made a law both civil and divine to after generations but the world is now or should be grown wise Let us consider the nature and use of this succession both in general and particular especially as it hath been acted in England Among all the Catalogue of vanities which Solomon reckons up in his sacred retractations there is none he puts such a character on as for a man to spend his time and strength in getting of riches and knows not who shall succeed him in the injoyment of the profit and good of his labour or whether he may be a wise man or a fool But what a misery and worse then vanity is this that the supream power of Government in the right execution of which all the concernments of millions of men are interested should be intailed on one man though never so deserving in his own person and the heirs of his body be he good or bad a wise man or very nigh a fool and so all their happiness depend on hap and hazard from generation to generation It cannot be rationally or spiritually supposed that any man should be born a Magistrate or Governor especially not successively when the best men and most choise spirits who have had the highest eminencies of vertue and best improvement of education and natural genius are hardly fit for so great a work If Kings have such a vis formativa in their loyns as to beget Kings in the likeness of their Office as children in the image of their natures it must be necessarily supposed that they must generate all these royall qualifications together with them and by the same naturall necessity transfer all their princely endowments to them also Whereas I had almost affirmed it and I hope no man can account it either Heresie or Treason that God himself cannot intail on any particular line of mankinde the power and authority of Government out of his wisdom and love to their happiness without he meant to do it in judgement and to plague the world and not give them sutable and successive qualifications also fit for that emploiment It being Gods use according to his wisdom and righteousness neither ordinarily nor extraordinarily to call out persons to any place but he anoints them with proportionable gifts to it And yet the poor people whom God hath naturally made free and to make use of their own understandings and affections for their own good are by this succession bound up from the improvement either of soul or body fain to be content with what they can get for present and to shift it out from age to age with the loss of all opportunities of choice only with what corrupt nature brings them forth which oftentimes travels sorely in pain with the curse of the Fathers who begat these Governors Hence also it comes to pass that oftentimes children are made Kings and though they are uncapable at present for the actuall exercise of that office yet are proclaimed as having the right and title and all things acted in their name and the whole Commonwealth it may be of many Nations must wait for his capacity with fear and hope which capacity is also at best to be judged by his years rather then fitness or qualification for so high a trust and in the mean while the Kingdom must be governed by some Favorites of the last King or some next kinsman to this and while the King is thus in pupillage we may well ask who governs the Kingdom And yet oftentimes it hath faln out that their Government hath been better ordered in their nonage by others then in their own by themselves as appears especially in the raign of Henry the third and Henry the sixth Kings of England the first being but nine years old when his father died the latter but nine moneths who while they were yong and under the protection of certain wise and sober men the Laws were administred uprightly and with much Justice but when they themselves came to the years of Kingship and Prerogative so Royalled that both Laws Liberties were soon altered and abolished as anon the Reader shall have a more exact account And how sad is it that when Government may be advanced as well if not better by others in their minority without their presence or influence the world must be at such vast charges for a title and to maintain it ere they can use it and which is worst that when they come to exercise it themselves should make their title the ground of their Tyranny But if it so happen for its a meer chance that the next heir prove somewhat more then ordinary capable yet what the next may prove who knows If he be an Infant as it many times falls out then there must be patient and hopefull waitings to see what he will be when grown up untill that there can be no further progress made in the alteration or reformation of affairs though of never so great and present concernment and when he comes to these years which Custom pronounceth him capable how unreasonable is it that nothing can hinder or exclude him from his Authority but that he is incapable of being beg'd for a fool It being enough if he can koow his own name and be able to write himself Rex though he knows little what belongs to the Office or relation of a King If he be one of riper years and stature on which this Su●●●ssion falls then must all the observation of his nature and the ominous and more then Astrological aspects of his constitution and education be forgotten and although silenced in his pretended title and a full complyance looked after though opprest with never so many fears and secret wishes of a more hopefull Governour yea and though he hath been never so active against the liberties of the people when but a Prince and given demonstrations what a Governor they may expect yet his succession must be his qualification and indemnity and his Title his vertue On this ground also it comes to pass that oftentimes women come to hold the rains of government and to steer at the Helm as wel as

a little back to those which preceded the Norman race especially among the Saxons and Danes the ancient competitors for the Government of this Nation and it will appear that the right Heir hath been commonly past by and Strangers or Usurpers preferred to go no further back then to Alfred King of the West Saxons and the twenty fourth Monarch of the Englishmen as soon as he died Athelstan his Bastard was preferred before his legitimate son Edmond after him got his own brother Edmond to succeed him and though this Edmond left two sons Edwin and Edgar yet as he his former brother had usurped the Goverment so Edred his brother stept into the Throne and put them by until he had finished his Raign then they took their turns Edwin first and Edgar after him this Edgar had two wives Ethelfled his first and Elfrida the second by the first he had issue Edward sirnamed the Martyr who succeeded his father in title but having hardly felt the Crown warm and fast on his head was cruelly murthered to make way for the second wives son Ethelred who succeeded him as Daniel well expresseth it whose entrance into his Raign was blood the middle misery and the end confusion and though he left his son Edmond sirnamed Ironside to succeed him yet Canutus the Dane by compact got half of the Kingdom from him and soon after the whole setting up his Danish title and murthering the two sons Edmund had left with his brother Edwin that no further pretence might be made by them of their title and now come the Danes to convey their title by Canutus and yet Harold his bastard gets the Crown before Hardicanute who was his legitimate son and among these three Kings for the Government under the Danes continued but twenty six years and only under these three was aone Usurper immediatly interrupted the right of succession And the Danes Government being ended which was but an intervall of conquest the Saxons regain their title and Edward called the Confessor the seventh son of Elthelred who came in with the murther of the right heir being kept as a reserve in Normandy is elected King and the Saxons title now begins to revive but soon it s extinguished not onely by the Norman pretence but by the next successor Harold the second son to Goodwin Earl of Kent who came in with the expulsion of Edgar Athlings the proper successor And with Harold ended the Saxon race which had lasted about five hundred years after the coming in of Hengist and their Plantation in this Kingdom and yet you see what have been the titles successively of these former Kings wherein the Line hath not onely been now and then through force and violence cut off and discontinued but usurpation solemnized with as much ceremony as any natural pretence but these Instances are but as representations of objects afar off which may seem otherwise then they are we will go on and review the title of our Kings from William the Norman Sirnamed the Conqueror and by whom not onely the line but all the whole fram of Laws and Liberties were not onely curtail'd but changed for though in the raigns of the former Kings every Conqueror made his impression and drew his Picture in England yet never was the whole Scene of State changed untill now and a new Modell so peremptorily and without repeal introduced as by him The first jus or right of his title the onely foundation of all the rest of our latter Kings we all know was by meer Conquest which as it is a disseisin in Law so an unjust title in Reason and common to one as unto another yet he though a Bastard and so had less title to his Dukedom then to England which he won by the Sword made himself the principal of that divine Succession we now stand upon and all our Kings have no other pretence then by the succession of his Sword and certainly if the Fountain and Head-Spring be corrupt the stream cannot be Christall and pure and yet as Baron Thorpe declares in his Charge given at the Assizes holden at Yorke the twentieth of March 1648. and now in Print of all these twenty four Kings which have King'd it amongst us since that William there are but seven of them that could pretend legalty to succeed their former predecessors either by lineal or collaterall title and he might have contracted that number and have been modest enough But that the Reader may not be prejudiced or wrap up his understanding in any expression let him but follow the discents of the Kings of England in the line and pardon the first strange and exotick way of right and he will discover that as the first title was created by force so the succession hath been continued by usurpation Speed too Royall a Writer gives us a hint to go on upon in the Life of Henry the Fourth page 746. asketh by way of Interrogation What right had Will the Conqueror the Father of all our glorious Tyrants What right we speak saith he of a right of equity had his son William Rufus and Henry the first while their elder brother lived and so he goes on But to give a more particular account to the Reader how every King came to his Crown Let us begin with the first of the first After that the first William who laid the foundation of his right in the blood of the English had left this world as well as his Kingdom great strivings there were who should succeed and though he left three sons Robert William and Henry yet could leave but one Heir which was Robert yet William surnamed Rufus gets the crown set on his head notwithstanding the elder brothers title and though Robert fights for his right yet being too weak in the field is fore't to a composition on these terms that he should injoy it after his decease if he hapned to survive and yet notwithstanding Henry the youngest brother called Henry the first steps in and makes use of his brothers absence to set up himself in his place and Robert yet surviving he weares it in his stead and however he strove to regain his right he at last was fain to yield up not only his title but his person to Henry who not only unjustly excluded him from the succession to the Kingdom but cruelly put out his eyes that he might only feel his misery and never see his remedy The line male of the Conqueror is now extinct as well as it was irregularly diverted as William got his right by his Sword so all his successors maintained it in imitation of him rather then by any legal pretence they could derive from him But Henry the first though he had come in over the back of his elder brother that he might make more sure work for a succession wanting issue male living pitcheth on Maud his daughter formerly married to the Emperor Henry the fourth who left her a

widow and died without issue and having sworn all the Nobility especially Stephen to her ordained her her issue to be his successors in Englands Throne and married her again to Jeoffrey Plantagenet the son and heir apparent of Fulk then Earl of Anjou by whom she had three sons Henry Jeffrey and William to Henry the Crown belonged as next heir after his mother by the usurped title of his father yet Stephen Earl of Mortain and Bulloign son to Adelincia the third daughter of William the Conqueror by Maud his wife notwithstanding his oath to the last King gets the Crown set on his own head and excludes her and her issue for the present yet after he died Henry called the second sirnamed Shortmantle though his mother was alive enjoys it This Henry had six sons William Henry Richard Jeoffrey Philip John the two first dying Richard the third son the first of that name Sirnamed Ceur de Lyon succeeded his father this Richard dying without issue his yongest brother John usurps the Crown notwithstanding Jeoffrey his elder brother had left a young son named Arthur Plantaganet King of Brittain who was heir apparant to the Crown and after he dyed Henry his son the third of that name succeedes him though Arthurs sister was then alive though in prison who was next to the title such as it was after him Edward sirnamed Longshankes called Edward the first layes hold on the Crown and wore it with much majesty and after him Edward the second his son goes on but still on the old account and on the ruine of the most proper heirs this Edward was deposed by the Parliament for his ill government as anon shall be more fully related and his son Edward the third of that name set up in his room after him followed Richard the second son to the black Prince who was also deposed after whose dethroning Henry called the fourth son to John of Gant Duke of Lancaster and uncle to the former King snatcheth up the Crown though of right it was to discend to Edmund Mortimer Earle of March the son and heir of Lionel Duke of Clarence the third son of Edward the third and an elder brother of John Duke of Lancaster and thus we have nothing hitherto but interruption and usurpation and those which in their own reigns can pretend a divine title by succession which must not be altered can for their advantage put by the succession of the issue of others But to go on Here now began the bloody wars and contests between the house of Lancaster and York which made the world to ring of the misery of the civill wars of England and all about a title and neither of them if seriously weighed had a right title by succession if the first title of their Ancestors were to be the originall But that custome might be the best right he got in his son Henry who was the fifth of that name to succeed and his son Henry the sixt though an infant takes his place untill Edward Duke of York overthrew his Army in the battle at Towton Field and got him deposed and was proclaimed King by the name of Edward the fourth though the title had been carried on in the House of Lancaster thorow three discents thus favor and fortune not lineall succession alwayes gave the best title this Edward left two sons behind him to maintain the succession of the House of York Edward and Richard Duke of York and five daughters His eldest Son Edward who was the fifth of that name succeeded him in claim title but rather lived then raigned being an infant had never any actuall exercise of his government for Ric. Duke of Glocester and Uncle to this Infant and made his Protector that he might set up himself causeth both the young titular King his Brother these two Royall Infants to be barbarously murthered in their beds and so wears the Crown himself by the name of Richard the Third untill Henry Earl of Richmond a twigg of a Bastard of John of Gaunt by his valour at Bosworth field having overthrown his Army slew the Tyrant himself and created by his sword for other he had none a new title to himself and was Crowned King by the name of Henry the Seventh who what by his power and by a marriage of the Lady Eliz. the eldest daughter of Ed. the Fourth confirmed his succession from him do all our later Princes derive their Title as Henry the Eighth Edward the Sixth Queen Mary Queen Elizabeth King James and our last Tyrant Charls This Henry the foundation of our great ones was himself but a private man who as Speed says had scarce any thing of a just title or of a warrantable intention but to remove an Usurper besides there were many naturall heirs of the house of York which were children of Edward the Fourth and George Duke of Clarence Richards elder brother who had better right but when once a title is made it must be maintained and if it can but get thorow two or three Successors it s presently proclaimed to be jure divino and pleaded as the onely just title and right Thus you have a faithfull and true account of the succession of our Norman Monarchs we can onely say we have had so many persons raigning and as Kings of England but for a title by lineal succession there is none but what every man may make aswell as any man and what is as proper to a stranger as to an heir power and favour murther and deceit being the most common principles of the right of most of our Kings to their government over us If it be asked as Speed doth What right had William the Conqueror then it must follow What right had all the rest but supposing his right What right had these who so many times cut off the line and made themselves the Stock of future succession and what misery is it that this broken and usurped title must still be forced on us even by an Ecclesiasticall and Divine Institution who have now a way of redeeming our liberties and bettering our conditions and following the direct line of just and true titles the Election and choice of the people Is not five or six hundred year enough for England to be under the succession of a Norman Bastard pardon the expression its true though plain and to be sold with all its liberties from usurpation to usurpation as well as from generation to generation I need not be very zealous in application the history is enough to make all wise men consider by whom we have all this while been governed and upon what terms How tyranny and usurpation comes to be adored if it have but a royall name added to it Shall the Parliament of England be now blamed for cutting off that race of usurpers and tyrants and reducing affairs to their first naturall and right principle or will the people of England after all their experiences centre