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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A53222	America : being the latest, and most accurate description of the new vvorld containing the original of the inhabitants, and the remarkable voyages thither, the conquest of the vast empires of Mexico and Peru and other large provinces and territories : with the several European plantations in those parts : also their cities, fortresses, towns, temples, mountains, and rivers : their habits, customs, manners, and religions, their plants, beasts, birds, and serpents : with an appendix containing, besides several other considerable additions, a brief survey of what hath been discover'd of the unknown south-land and the arctick region : collected from most authentick authors, augmented with later observations, and adorn'd with maps and sculptures / by John Ogilby ...	Ogilby, John, 1600-1676.; Montanus, Arnoldus, 1625?-1683. Nieuwe en onbekende weereld.	1671 (1671)	Wing O165; ESTC R16958	774,956	643

Retreat for the Protestants at that time cruelly persecuted and Durande sensible of the Admirals thoughts privately inform'd him That in his American Design he chiefly aim'd to plant a True Church of God in America where the Professors might enjoy themselves peaceably This Report being spread amongst those that call'd themselves Protestants fled from Switzerland in great numbers to France made many of them venture upon the Design who having fitted themselves and setting sail with three Ships after some time arriv'd on the Coast of Brasile and landed on the Rock-Island in the Haven Januario Here Durande built several Watch-houses and the Fort Coligni which he fortified with a considerable number of Guns Not long after he writ to John Calvin That he would please to furnish this new Plantation in Brasile with good and able Teachers of the Gospel which Request being immediately taken into serious consideration by the Classes one Philip Corguileray a Gentleman near Geneva set Sail out of the Haven Honfleurs with three Ships freighted with some Provisions several Persons of divers Trades and two Ministers Peter Richer and William Chartier But he had scarce made Africa Dissention in the new Colony when they began to have a scarcity of Victuals wherefore they turn'd their Design of setling the Gospel in America to Pyracy where they made small scruple or difference whether Friends or Foes but made Prize of all they could light upon though indeed their Ministers both preach'd and perswaded the contrary amongst whom a Controversie happening put other Business into their Heads for one John Cointak formerly a Parisian Sorbonist was also amongst those that remov'd from Geneva who pretended that Coligni had promis'd him a Ministers place so soon as he landed at Brasile but Richer and Chartier not satisfied that there was any such Promise and consequently thinking themselves not obliged by his bare Assertion told him That themselves being able under God to perform the Work they needed no such Coadjutor This bred so great a Rancor between them that Cointak accus'd them for teaching false Doctrine Wickedness of Cointak against the Ministers and chiefly that they did not mix the Wine at their Sacraments with Water which Father Clemens had strictly commanded Durande being prevail'd on by the Cardinal of Lorein joyn'd with Cointak and thereupon so sharply persecuted the Protestants that he starv'd several of them which others to escape fled to the Brasilians Nay he took John Du Bordell Matthias Vermeil and Peter Bourdon out of their Sick-Beds Durande drowns three Religious Men. and tying their Hands and Feet threw them headlong from a Rock into the Sea Soon after which the bloody Persecutor return'd with ill success to France where he wrote a Book against the Reform'd Religion but all the Honor which he gain'd was that all Parties on both sides accounted him a distracted Person SECT XIII The Expeditions of John Ribald Renatus Laudonier and Gurgie Florida unhappily discover'd FLorida being upon the Continent of America and so call'd by John Pontaeus who landed there upon Palm-Sunday though Sebastian Gaboto a Venetian imploy'd by Henry the Seventh King of England landed there before may well be term'd the Europeans Bloody Stage Pontaeus being slain here But Ferdinand Sotto exercis'd against the Inhabitants inhumane Cruelty five years together yet at last died of a deep discontent because he could not reach his Aims having condemn'd so many Floridans fruitlesly to dig for Gold in the Mines However since that Julian Sumanus and Peter Ahumada undertook the Work anew but with the like bad Success Auno 1545 one Lodowick Cancello a Dominican thought to effect great things with four of his Associates but landing on Florida was destroy'd by the Natives But Gasper Coligni the Marshal neither discourag'd by these miserable Proceedings nor the former Treachery of Durande prepar'd for a new Expedition thither Ribald's Voyage and accordingly John Ribald was fitted with two Ships from Diep at the Charge of Charles the Ninth King of France wherewith having sail'd thirty Degrees Northern Latitude he came before the Promontory of Francisco where he ran up into the Mouth of a wide River to which he gave the denomination of Dolphin upon whose Banks were whole Mulberry-Woods which nourish'd Silk-Worms in strange abundance From hence he sail'd by the Wolves Head a Point so call'd because great numbers of Wolves breed there and leaving the Cedar-Island landed on Florida where he built a Triangular Fort and having furnish'd it with Men Guns and Provisions sail'd back for more Supplies to France but coming thither found all things in disorder occasion'd by a War amongst themselves so that the French which guarded and dwelt in the Fort The Garrison in Florida in great want waited in vain for Relief and their Provisions growing scant thought it fittest and their best way to build a Vessel and sail from thence which having effected and being gone about the third part of their Voyage there hapned such a Calm for twenty Days that they made not the least way which drove them to so great extremity their Provisions being spent that they drank their own Urine and fed upon their old Shoes which also in a short time failing they agreed amongst themselves to kill and eat one of their Sea-men call'd Henry Lacher Unheard-of Hunger on whose Flesh they liv'd some days but being again driven to the greatest want imaginable in this extremity of Desparation their Condition being altogether hopeless an English Frigat discovering them and observing by their manner of Sailing that they were in some great want drawing near sent their Long-boat aboard and found them so weak that they were not able to handle their Tack whereupon generously taking pity of them they reliev'd them and conducted them to the Coast of England and then brought them to Queen Elizabeth who had formerly design'd to rig a Fleet for Florida Mean while no News having been heard of the foremention'd French Plantation in Brasile and Coligni's Difference with the King being decided he prevail'd so much Laudonier's Voyage that Renatus Laudonier should with three Ships sail to relieve the Garrison in the late deserted Fort. Laudonier landing in Nova Francia found a Stone with a French Inscription plac'd on the Shore by Ribald and hung full of Laurel Garlands Then he visited the King Saturiona whose Son Atorcus had several Children by his own Mother according to a Salvage Custom observ'd in that Countrey Whilst they stay'd here a Fiery Meteor appear'd in the Sky with such fervor that some Rivers boyl'd with the heat of it and the Fish parboyl'd died nay more it scorch'd all the Plants far and near The Natives ascrib'd this Plague to the French Cannons by which means they stood in great fear of the French who might have done great things had not they differ'd amongst themselves Remarkable difference in the French Fleet. For a Sea-man nam'd Rubel Patracon pretending to have

aptness for Cultivation or Tillage that is because by the painful Hand of the Labourer or Husband-man it may be rendred so fertile as to yield all sorts of Grain and Fruits haply in allusion to that fruitful Countrey of Campania in Italy vulgarly known by the Name of Terradi Lavoro As for the Appellation of Terra Corterealis it need not be question'd but that it derives it self from Gaspar Corterealis a Portuguese Gentleman who about the Year of our Lord 1500. is thought by some to have made the first discovery of these Parts though Sir Sebastian Cabot a Venetian is more generally believ'd to have been the Man that under the favour and countenance of Henry the Seventh King of England first discover'd them at least the adjoyning Island Terra Nova or New-found Land but just onely discover'd being hinder'd the farther prosecution of that Design by the important Affairs in which the said King was about that time involv'd neither did Corterealis whether he was the first or came after do any more for returning within a year after his first setting out he was never heard of nor as Osorius a Portuguese Historian writes any of his Company being all suppos'd to have been drown'd by Shipwrack and in like manner Michael Corterealis who the year following set forth with two Ships in quest of his Brother Gaspar Upon which series of Misfortunes the Portuguese being wholly discourag'd and giving over this Design the French of Armorica or Bretany succeed them in it with somewhat better success about the Year 1504. whereupon it came to be term'd Nova Britannia or New Britain The ancient Inhabitants of this place were formerly of a Nature like the generality of the American People somewhat bruitish and salvage but by long conversation with the French are said to have cast off their original wildness and become more civilly manner'd they are very jealous of their Wives by report much addicted to Soothsaying though otherwise having little of Religion or of any other kind of Learning they dwell for the most part in Caves under Ground feed chiefly upon Fish and are accounted most expert Archers Whatever places the French have built here besides those of chiefest note are St. Maries Cabo Marzo and Brest SECT IV. Canada or New France CAnada as it is taken for one and the same Province with New France contains New France properly so call'd Nova Scotia Norumbega and some adjoyning Islands as the Canada of Cluverius lying more North-Westerly comprehends as we have already intimated Estotiland Laboratoris and Corterealis and according to the most modern Division for that of Cluverius neither consents with the latest Authors nor agrees with exact Survey it being nam'd Canada in respect the River Canada runs through it hath on the North Terra Corterealis on the South New England and on the East the Ocean and hath between forty five and fifty two or fifty three Degrees of Northern Latitude Situation The River Canada is judg'd to be the largest of all the Rivers of America as those Rivers generally the largest of all in the World besides it rises in the Western parts of this Province which remain yet undiscover'd and in some places spreads it self into huge Lakes some of them a hundred Miles in compass with many little Islands dispersed up and down in them and so running from the West about a hundred Leagues falls at last into the North part of St. Lawrence Bay being that wide Emboucheure of thirty five Miles breadth already mention'd This River is extraordinary full of Fish among which there is one sort more remarkable than the rest call'd by the Inhabitants Cadhothuis having Heads resembling the Heads of Hares and Bodies as white as Snow they are taken for the most part before the Isle de Lievres The Countrey on both sides of the River is pleasant and indifferently fertile especially towards the South-West where upwards from the River the Ground rises into many little Hills invested most of them with Vines with which and several other sorts of Trees this Countrey abounds being well water'd with a great many lesser Streams all of them falling into the River Canada That this Countrey is term'd New France First discovery from having been discover'd by the French at least more fully than before there needs no question to be made but whether Joannes Verrazanus under Francis the First of France or Sebastian Cabot before spoken of were the first in this Discovery may admit of some dispute the Cabots indeed for John the Father is by some mention'd to have accompanied his Son who by all are own'd the first Discoverers of New-found-Land and Terra de Baccalaos are also commonly reputed to have first found out the Province of New France together with some parts adjacent though perhaps it might be upon this Ground that Terra de Nova or New-found-Land not being known at first to be an Island New France and that might be taken for one continu'd Province and it appears so much the more probable because Canada or Nova Francia is by some call'd Terra Nova however it be or whoever were the first Adventurers Quarteri and Champlain are the two French-men that have gain'd so much fame by making a more ample and particular search into these parts that this Province may seem from thence to have sufficient claim to the Title of New France whereof that part more especially so call'd lies on the North-side of the River Canada and Southward to Terra Corterealis The Winter is here very long and so much the more severe by reason of a cold North-West Wind which blows most part of the Winter Season and brings with it so thick a Snow that it continues upon the Ground most commonly till after May. The Countrey is for the most part wooddy but in the Champain parts thereof very fruitful of Corn and all sorts of Grain especially Pulse It hath also Fish Fowl wild Deer Bears Marterns and Foxes in abundance and of Hares such plenty that one of the little Islands belonging to this Province is by the French nam'd L' Isle des Lievres or The Island of Hares But the most peculiar Commodity belonging to this Countrey is the Esurgnuy a kind of Shell-Fish extraordinary white and approv'd of singular vertue for the stanching of Blood to which purpose they make Bracelets of them not onely for their own use but also to vend them to others but John de Laet and others have observ'd no other than a superstitious use of them amongst the Salvages in their Funeral Rites for the Dead the manner of their taking it is very remarkable for when any one is condemn'd to die or taken Prisoner they cut off all his fleshy parts in long slices and then throw him into the River where they let him lie twelve hours and at last pulling him out again find his Wounds full of Esurgnui Quadus and Maginus make mention of three ancient Towns namely

the Stars had a sick Husband who Dreamt that he should be restor'd to his former health so soon as he could but taste of the Fruits which grew on a Tree whereby the Family of Heaven were kept alive but that the Tree must needs be cut down which Ataensic obeying gave onely two blows when the Tree to her great amazement fell out of Heaven down to the Earth there being by this means nothing more left to eat in Heaven Ataensic follow'd the fallen Tree and being big with Child bare a Daughter which growing up to years was Deliver'd of two Daughters viz. Taoviscaron and Jouskeha the eldest of which slew the youngest By these Fables we may discern their obscure knowledge of Noah's Flood Eve's Fall and Cain's Murder No less ridiculous is that which they believe concerning the Creation viz. That the Waters were inclos'd within a Frog which Jouskeha causing to be cut open all Streams and Rivers issuing out had their Original from thence This done Jouskeh● open'd a Pit out of which came all sorts of Beasts they ascribe a Bodily shape to the Soul As also of the Creation and Souls of the Deceased as also Immortality but that they live together in a great Village towards the West from which removing sometimes they knock at the Doors of their former Friends in the Night and sow deserted Grounds That the Journey towards the Village in which the Souls reside is very strange the High-way thither beginning at a Rock nam'd Ecaregniendi where they first Paint their Faces which done they go to a Hut inhabited by an old Man nam'd Osotrach who takes the Brains out of the Souls Head after which they walk to a broad River which they cross on a narrow Plank or Bridge on which a Dog encountring forces them to leap into the Water which carries them down to the foremention'd Village They acknowledge one Oki for the Governor of the Sea and seasons of the Year Strange Rock They also Religiously Worship the Rock Tsankchi Arasta which they believe some ages ago was once a Man but afterward Transform'd into a Rock in which a Daemon resides who can make their Journies either successful or dangerous wherefore they offer him Tobacco Thunder Their opinion of Thunder is likewise very ridiculous for they say that the Devil endeavoring to vomit a horrible Serpent by straining to evacuate the same rents the Clouds and occasions Thunder Lastly Thakabech Idol They relate of a Dwarf call'd Thakabech who climb'd on the top of a Tree which by his blowing thereon grew so high that it touch'd the Clouds and Thakabech easily stept into them where he found all sorts of delight and pleasure but having a Sister on Earth descended again along the Tree and fetching his Sister conducted her above the Stars mean while Thakabech going in the Night to see if he had taken any thing in his Net which he had pitch'd found it full of Fire and observing the same very narrowly saw that he had taken the Sun but durst not approach the same by reason of its great heat but making a Mouse sent her to gnaw the Net in pieces and set the Sun at liberty Every twelfth year they keep an extraordinary great Funeral-Feast Funeral-Feast for on the Set-time they flock from all parts to the appointed place every one carrying thither the Bodies or Bones of their Deceas'd Friends wrapt up in Clothes and hang them over their Meat which they eat singing such fond and Superstitious Conceits make up the Religion of these poor deluded People SECT V. Accadia or Nova Scotia NOva Scotia or New Scotland formerly call'd Accadia is commonly accounted a part of New France viz. that part which lying on the South side of the River Canada and shooting South-Easterly into a bosom of the Sea forms it self into a Peninsula between the Gulph of St. Lawrence and the Bay Francoise nevertheless because of the different concernments of this part of the Countrey in regard the right of claim to several places in this district most especially of all Nova Francia besides hath been long in dispute between Us and the French it will be most convenient to Treat of it apart and because the Series of Affairs from its first discovery till of late years appears faithfully represented on the English part in a Remonstrance Address'd to the King and Council by Sir Lewis Kirk and his Brother John Kirk Esquire it will not be amiss onely adding some few things upon occasion to follow exactly the Narration of Affairs deliver'd in the said Remonstrance to this effect 1. THe whole Tract or Space of Land in America lying on either side of the River Canada which a long time since were known by the Names of Nova Francia and Nova Scotia were at first discover'd and found out by the English in the time of Henry the Seventh King of England which Expedition was first undertaken at the Command and Charges of that King afterwards further'd and carry'd on by the favorable Aspect of Queen Elizabeth so that in process of time for many years together the said Tract of Ground with absolute Priviledge of free Commerce fell under the Jurisdiction and Power of the Crown of England Neither was it unto any other Christian Princes or their Subjects more clearly known or discover'd untill about the year 1600. some of the French understanding the benefit arising by Traffique in the River of St. Lawrence having formerly seiz'd upon that Tract of Land situate on the North side of the said Floud or River Canada did afterwards in Anno 1604. under the Conduct of Peter de Gua Lord of Monts who in the year 1606. was follow'd by Monsieur de Pourtrincourt Possess themselves of L' Accadie lying on the South side of the said River naming the whole Nova Francia challenging to themselves for many years at least de facto the Possession thereof with sole liberty of Commerce there 2. In Anno 1621. King James of England looking upon the Possession gotten there by the French as upon an Invasion did by his Letters Patents Grant unto Sir William Alexander a Scotchman Created afterwards Earl of Sterling by King Charles the First L' Accadie by the Name of Nova Scotia who in the year 1622 and 1623. after Sir Samuel Argal had driven out Biard and Masse and demolishing their Fort carry'd them Prisoners to Virginia having obtain'd the Possession thereof they Planted a Colony therein and kept Possession for about two years after until such time as upon the Marriage of his Majesty King Charles the First with the Lady Henrietta Maria the said L' Accadie or Nova Scotia was by Order of the King of England return'd into the Possession of the French 3. Afterwards a War arising between his Majesty King Charles the First and Lewis the XIII Anno 1627 and 1628. Sir David Kirk and his Brethren and Relations of England did by vertue of his Majestie 's Commission send to Sea

there Captain Francis Drake set Sail from Plymouth Anno 1577. and after much hardship getting through the Straights of Magellan arriv'd in the Haven Guatulco having before his coming thither taken as many rich Spanish Ships in the Southern Ocean as he could possibly have wish'd for so that his onely care now needed to have been how to get safe home yet he put on a Resolution not to come short of Ferdinandus Magellanus who Saild about the World Which brave Resolution of Drake's was approv'd of by all his Sea-men whereupon he set Sail along the North of California the fifth of June being gotten into forty two Degrees which was the farthest that Cabrillo went he came on a sudden out of a warm Air into so frigid a Climate that the Sea-men were almost kill'd with Cold and the farther they went the colder it grew wherefore falling down three Degrees more Southerly they got into a convenient Haven where the Natives who liv'd along the Shore brought them Presents which Drake left not unrequited by returning them others that were to them more novel and not unuseful Nature and Habit of the People These People are exceeding hardy for notwithstanding the extraordinary coldness of the Climate the Men go naked but the Women wear Garments of pleited Flags or Rushes which being put about their Middle hang down to their Ancles on their Stomachs hang the ends of a hairy Skin ty'd together which hanging also over their Shoulders cover their hinder Parts They shew great Respect and Obedience to their Husbands Each House is surrounded with an Earthen Wall and all the Corners thereof being close stopp'd and Fires made in the midst of them they are very warm Rushes and Flags strow'd thick on the Ground near the Walls serve them in stead of Beds Drake's Entertainment by the King of the Countrey The rumour of these Strangers arrival spreading all over the Countrey made the Inhabitants far and near desirous to see them the King himself sending Ambassadors to Drake to inform him that he was on the Way coming to see him all which the Agents related at large and desir'd some Presents as a testimony that their King should be welcome which he being assur'd of came with a Retinue of above twelve thousand Men before whom walk'd one of a Gygantick size carrying a costly Scepter on which by three long Chains made of Bones hung a great and a small Crown made of Feathers next follow'd the King himself in a Sute of Cony-Skins then came a great confus'd company of People each of them carrying a Present whereupon Drake putting his Men into good order march'd to meet the King at which the Mace-bearer made a long Preamble and when he had done Danc'd to the Tune of a Song which he Sung himself then the King and his whole Retinue also fell a Singing and Dancing so long till being weary the King went to Drake and humbly desir'd of him that he would accept of the Realm assuring him that all the People should be under his Obedience which said he put the fore-mention'd Crown on his Head and hanging three double Chains about his Neck call'd him Hioh whereupon Drake took possession of the Countrey in Queen Elizabeths Name The King staying alone with Drake his Retinue went amongst the English every one looking very earnestly upon them and to those whom they lik'd best being the youngest they falling down and crying proffer'd Offerings as to Gods and held their Cheeks to draw Blood out of them which the English refusing they desisted but shew'd them great Wounds and desir'd some Plaisters of them which they suppli'd them with The English going up into the Countrey found the same well grown with Woods which abounded with Coneys whose Heads differ'd little from the European but having Feet like Moles long Tails like Rats and in their Sides a Bag wherein when they had fill'd their Bellies they put the remainder They also saw numerous Herds of Deer with whose Flesh having been courteously Entertain'd in several Villages they return'd to the Fleet. Drake just before he weighed Anchor caus'd a Pillar to be set in the Ground with a Silver Plate on the same A Monument erected by Drake before his departure with an Inscription mentioning the Day of his Arrival Name and Arms of Queen Elizabeth and free delivering of that Realm to him by the Indians he also nail'd a Sixpence with the Queens Effigies on the Plate under which he caus'd his own Name to be Engraven THE ISLANDS OF Northern America CHAP. XI Terra Nova or New-found Land with the Island of Assumption HAving treated at large of all the several Regions and Provinces of the North part of the Continent of America we come now to those Islands that lie within the same Degrees of Northern Latitude with that part of the Continent The first is Terre Neuve or New-found Land discover'd together with several other Parts upon the Continent before mention'd by Sir Sebastian Cabott by the Countenance and Charge of King Henry the Seventh of England whereupon a rightful Claim thereunto and Interest therein hath been own'd by the succeeding Kings of England as hereafter shall be more particularly related Situation and bound of New-found Land New-found Land is situated betwixt the Degrees of forty six and fifty three of Northern Latitude and is divided from the Continent of America by an Arm of the Sea in like distance as England is from France The Island is as large as England in length greater in breadth and lies near the Course that Ships usually hold in their Return from the West-Indies and is near the mid-way between Ireland and Virginia INSULAE AMERICANAE IN OCEANO SEPTENTRIONALI cum Terris adiacentibus We shall not much need to commend the wholsom temperature of this Countrey Temperature seeing the greatest part thereof lieth above three Degrees nearer to the South than any part of England doth so that even in the Winter it is pleasant and healthful as England is Nature of the Inhabitants The natural Inhabitants of the Countrey as they are but few in number so are they something a rude and salvage People having neither knowledge of God nor living under any kind of Civil Government In their Habits Customs and Manners they resemble the Indians of the Continent from whence it is to be suppos'd they come they live altogether in the North and West part of the Countrey which is seldom frequented by the English but the French and Biscainers who resort thither yearly for the Whale-fishing and also for the Cod-fish report them to be an ingenuous and tractable People being well us'd and very ready to assist them with great labour and patience in the killing cutting and boyling of Whales and making the Trayn-Oyl without expectation of other Reward than a little Bread or some such small Hire It hath the most commodious Harbours in the World Commodious Harbors and the most safe

know not where another Here also is added by St. Jerom Hieron in c. 2. Ephes what an antient Writer saith Great care hath been taken in Computing the Age of this World and if there be another which Commenc'd not with ours as Clemens mentions in his Epistles where are scituate those Seas and Lands that make that second World Or is it a part of that in which Adam was Created Or may it not rather Metaphorically be taken for Worldly Affairs govern'd by the Prince of the Air ruling in the Hearts of the Children of Disobedience The Antients opinion of an unknown world But Pliny Cicero and Virgil the best in their kind of Latin Writers concur That there may be a habitable World under our Horizon in the temperate Southern Zone beyond the extream heat and on this side of the Antartick colds But what signifies all this to the Discovery of America which lies not onely under the scorching Heats of the Equinox but under the Frosts and Snows of the Artick and Antartick-Poles In Comment super Obad. v. 19 20 21. And they of the south shall possess the mount of Esau and they of the plain the Philistines and they shall possess the fields of Epharim and the fields of Samaria and Benjamin shall possess Gilead And the captivity of this host of the children of Israel shall possess that of the Canaanites even unto Zarepath and the captivity of Jerusalem which is in Sepharad shall possess the Cities of the south And saviors shall come upon mount Zion to judge the mount of Esau and the kingdom shall be the LORDS If America is known in the Scripture Yet less probable is that which Lodowick Leo an Augustine Frier takes out of Obadiah as if that Prophet in the three last Verses of his Prophecy should speak of the Spaniards which should not onely discover and Conquer America but also Convert the Inhabitants to the Christian Faith because those that are in Sepharad should Inherit and Possess the Cities of the South And Saviours shall arise from the Mountains of Zion to judge the Mount and Wealth of Esau But certainly Obadiah meant no other than the Restauration of the Jews from the Captivity of Babylon who after their return should grow more powerful than ever and they led by their Messias obtain the height of all felicity who would send his Evangelists and Apostles to declare Salvation to the utmost Borders of the Earth It is true that the Rabins Expound Sepharad to be Spain and therefore he concludes that Obadiah Prophesi'd of the Spaniard and their Conquests in America so they would prove that America was long known before Christ And lastly It signifies as little what Pineda and Levinus Lemnius drive at That Solomon first finding the use of the Compass Solomon's Fleet sail'd not to Peru. Rigg'd a Navy at Ezion-Geber which from the Red-Sea had no indirect Course to the Straights of Magellan from whence he might Lade his Vessels with the Gold of Peru. In whose Description it shall be manifested that Peru is not Ophir as some without any shew of Reason or Truth would make us believe Solomon did not find the Compass But as concerning King Solomon's finding out the use of the Magnet it is soon said but not easily prov'd for though that Prince exceeded all Man-kind in Wisdom and Learning and was perfect in the Operations and knew the Occultest Secrets of Nature understanding what e're belong'd to Plants from the Cedar of Libanus to Hysop and the meanest Shrub that grows upon the Wall yet it nothing makes out that he knew the Mystery of the Navigable use of the Load-Stone But suppose he did know there is no where any mention of it and if this excellent thing the Compass had been found in Solomon's time how came it afterwards so utterly to be lost Albertus Magnus mistakes when he ascribes the knowledge of the Compass to Aristotle of which he himself makes not the least mention neither Galen Alexander Aphrodisiensis Pliny Lucretius nor any of the Roman Greek Arabian or other Countrey Writers whatsoever Load-stone by whom found Some give the honor thereof to an Indian others to a Shepherd in Mount Ida whose Clouted Shooes being full of Hob-Nails the Iron sticking fast to the Stones on which he stood stopt his motion And although the Antients found but many Secrets of Nature amongst which this of the Load-Stone Attracing Iron as being its proper Food and the three sorts of the Magnet of which some will not draw Steel found by Theamedes a Greek Author and other since well known Properties Yet they never attain'd that knowledge that the Load-Stone would ease Pain Strange operations of the Loadstone and stop the effusion of Blood though the edge piercing the Skin open'd the Vein as Hieronimus Cardanus experienc'd on himself and others De subtilitate l. 7. which he had from Laurentius Guascus a great Chyrurgeon Much less that the Needle of the Compass being touch'd by the Load-Stone on the Northside of the Equinox respects the North but depressing the Artick and raising the Antartick Pole it looks as stedfastly towards the South But far less dreamt they of its several variations Variance of the Compass according to the Coasts that are nearest as when you come from the Island del Cuervo the Point varies more West but Sailing towards the Equinox it varies Eastward by which we may absolutely conclude that without this use of the Load-Stone first found by Flavius Melvius a Neapolitan Genebrad Chron. in the Year 1303. it was altogether impossible to reach America So that Joseph de Acosta mistakes When and by whom the Compass was found who gives the honor of the finding so great a benefit to Navigation to some Mahumetan Sea-men which Vasques de Gama met with near Mosambique who had Sail'd those Seas by the use thereof whereas Gama's Expedition was above a hundred years after Melfius who liv'd in such a juncture of time for Mathematical Learning that few Ages boasted the like For then flourish'd in England and were Contemporaries besides others abroad Richard Wallingford Nicolas de Lynna John Halifax Walter Britte John Duns and John de Lignarijs all eminent in Astronomical Arts belonging to Navigation and doubtless no small helps to Melfius in this his happy Invention Lastly We will relate what hath been held as a seeming Testimony that America was known to the Europeans before the Birth of our Saviour by an antique Meddal of the Emperor Augustus digg'd out of the Ground in Peru and sent to his Holiness at Rome which may well be reckon'd with the like Cheat contriv'd by Hermicus Cajadus Anno 1505. near Syntra a Town in Portugal where three Marbles Ingraven with antient Characters concerning a Prophecy of discovering the East-Indies by the Portuguese in the Reign of King Emanuel were privately bury'd under Ground and not long after by a pretended accident digg'd out which made

inform'd of his just Pretences to all that Usurp'd Territory call'd New Netherland the same having been formerly part of New England and of how great prejudice to the Act of Navigation and how dangerous Intruders the Dutchmen are generally upon other Princes Dominions what mischief might ensue to all our English Plantations in time of War if the Dutch were permitted to strengthen themselves in the very heart of His Majesties Dominions being Masters of one of the most commodious Ports and Rivers in America His Majesty resolv'd to seize upon the same as his undoubted Right and in May 1664. having design'd four Commissioners to the perfecting of Affairs in New England Collonel Richard Nichols Sir Robert Carr George Cartwnight and Samuel Mawrick Esquires with three Ships of War to convey them to Boston The matter was so order'd that the same Ships serv'd for the reducing of the Town and Fort of New Amsterdam upon conditions advantageous to His Majesty and easie to the Dutch Now begins New Netherland to lose the Name for His Majesty having conferr'd by Patent upon his Royal Highness the Duke of York and Albany all the Acquisitions made upon Foraigners together with Long-Island the West end whereof was wholly setled and Peopled by Dutch-men his Royal Highness impower'd by Commission as his Deputy-Governor Colonel Nichols Groom of his Bed-chamber to take the Charge and Direction of Reducing and Governing all those Territories it was by him thought fit to change some principal denominations of Places viz. New Netherland into York-shire New Amsterdam into New York Fort-Amscel into Fort-James Fort-Orange into Fort-Albany and withal to change Burgomasters Schepen and Schout into Mayor Aldermen and Sheriff with Justices of the Peace so that all the Civil Policy is conformable to the Methods and Practise of England whereas New England retains only the name of Constable in their whole Rolls of Civil Officers It is plac'd upon the neck of the Island Manhatans looking towards the Sea encompass'd with Hudson's River which is six Miles broad the Town is compact and oval with very fair Streets and several good Houses the rest are built much after the manner of Holland to the number of about four hundred Houses which in those parts are held considerable Upon one side of the Town is James-Fort capable to lodge three hundred Souldiers and Officers it hath four Bastions forty Pieces of Cannon mounted the Walls of Stone lin'd with a thick Rampart of Earth well accommodated with a Spring of fresh Water always furnish'd with Arms and Ammunition against Accidents Distant from the Sea seven Leagues it affords a safe Entrance even to unskilful Pilots under the Town side Ships of any Burthen may Ride secure against any Storms the Current of the River being broken by the interposition of a small Island which lies a Mile distant from the Town About ten Miles from New York is a Place call'd Hell-Gate which being a narrow Passage there runneth a violent Stream both upon Flood and Ebb and in the middle lie some Rocky Islands which the Current sets so violently upon that it threatens present Shipwrack and upon the Flood is a large Whirlwind which continually sends forth a hideous roaring enough to affright any Stranger from passing farther and to wait for some Charon to conduct him through yet to those that are well acquainted little or no danger It is a place of great Defence against any Enemy coming in that way which a small Forticfiation would absolutely prevent and necessitate them to come in at the West end of Long-Island by Sandy Hook where Nutten Island forces them within the Command of the Fort at New York which is one of the best Pieces of Defence in the North parts of America It is built most of Brick and Stone and cover'd with red and black Tyle and the Land being high it gives at a distance a pleasing prospect to the Spectators The Inhabitants consist most of English and Dutch and have a considerable Trade with Indians for Beaver Otter and Rackoon-Skins with other Furrs as also for Bear Deer and Elke-Skins and are supply'd with Venison and Fowl in the Winter and Fish in the Summer by the Indians which they buy at an easie Rate and having the Countrey round about them they are continually furnish'd with all such Provisions as is needful for the Life of Man not onely by the English and Dutch within their own but likewise by the adjacent Colonies Manhattans River The Manhattans or Great River being the chiefest having with two wide Mouths wash'd the mighty Island Watouwaks falls into the Ocean The Southern Mouth is call'd Port May or Godyns Bay In the middle thereof lies an Island call'd The States Island and a little higher the Manhattans so call'd from the Natives which on the East side of the River dwell on the Main Continent They are a cruel People and Enemies to the Hollanders as also of the Sanhikans which reside on the Western Shore Farther up are the Makwaes and Mahikans which continually War one against another In like manner all the Inhabitants on the West side of the River Manhattan are commonly at Enmity with those that possess the Eastern Shore who also us'd to be at variance with the Hollanders when as the other People Westward kept good Correspondency with them On a small Island near the Shore of the Makwaes lay formerly a Fort provided with two Drakes and eleven Stone Guns yet was at last deserted Wholesom Waters This Countrey hath many removable Water-falls descending from steep Rocks large Creeks and Harbors fresh Lakes and Rivulets pleasant Fountains and Springs some of which boyl in the Winter and are cold and delightful to drink in Summer The Inhabitants never receive any damage by Deluges neither from the Sea because the Water rises not above a Foot nor by the swelling Rivers which sometimes for a few days covering the Plains at their deserting them leave them fat and fruitful The Sea-Coast is Hilly and of a sandy and clayie Soil which produces abundance of Herbs and Trees The Oak grows there generally sixty or seventy Foot high Trees and for the most part free from Knots which makes it the better fit for Shipping The Nut-trees afford good Fuel and a strange Prospect when the Wood is set on fire either to hunt out a Deer or to clear the Ground fit to be Till'd Some Plants brought hither grow better than in Holland it self as Apples Pears Cherries Peaches Apricocks Strawberries and the like Their Vines grow wild in most places and bear abundance of blue white Vines and Muskadine Grapes Sometime since the Inhabitants made a considerable advantage by the Wine of them which is not inferior to either Rhenish or French Water Lemmmons All manner of Plants known in Europe grow in their Gardens The Water-Lemmons no less pleasing to the Palate than healthful when grown ripe they are about the bigness of an indifferent Cabbage the English press

so made are in Force there till His Majesty thinks fit to alter them The Chief Court of Judicature is call'd The Quarter-Court because it is held every quarter of a Year where all Causes Criminal and Civil are heard and determin'd and the Judges of this Court are the Governor and Council The present Governor in this Year 1671. is Sir William Berkley who was made Governor by King Charles the First of Great Brittain c. in the Year 1640. And those of the Council are Sir Henry Chichesly who is one of the greatest and most considerable Planters there and Mr. Edward Diggs before-mention'd Mr. Thomas Ludwel Secretary Major-General Robert Smith and divers other worthy Gentlemen That part of the Countrey where the English are Planted is divided into nineteen Counties viz. Northampton-County in Acomack on the Eastern shore and on the Western shore Corotuck Lower-Norfolk Nansemund Isle of Wight Surry Warwick Henerico James Charles York New-Kent Gloucester Middlesex Lancaster Northumberland Westmoreland Rappahanock and Harford-Counties In every one of these Counties there are inferior County-Courts kept every Moneth these take no Cognizance of Causes relating to Life or Member or exceeding a certain limited Value such being refer'd to the Quarter-Courts only to which likewise there lie Appeals from their Inferior Courts There are Sheriffs Justices of the Peace and other Officers in every respective County appointed by the Governor for the Administration of Justice who sit there according to his Order and whereof these County-Courts are chiefly compos'd There are few Towns as yet erected in this Colony the Principal Seat of the English there is at a place call'd James-City in Honor of King James of Great Brittain c. This is situated in a Peninsula on the North side of James-River and has in it many fair Brick and other good Houses In this place are held the Quarter-Courts General Assemblies the Secretary's Office and all other Affairs and greatest Concerns of the Colony are here dispatch'd On the same side nearer the Mouth of this River stands Elizabeth-City containing also several good Houses of Brick and Timber Sir William Berkley the present Governor resides at a place somewhat distant from James-City call'd Green-Spring a fair Brick House which he himself caus'd to be built The other Towns of Note belonging to the English only Henricopolis or Henry's-Town so nam'd from Prince Henry then living built in a very convenient place more within Land about eighty Miles distant from James-City and Dale's-Gift so nam'd and Planted at the Charges of Sir Thomas Dale Deputy-Governor of the Countrey about the Year 1610. Of the Indians of Virginia The Indians of Virginia in Stature Complexion and Disposition differ very little from those of Mary-land Their Laws and Customs their way of Living and Apparel their Religion Money and manner of Burial are the same in both places all which are more particularly express'd in the precedent Description of that Province to which we refer the Reader Yet these Indians far exceed those of Mary-land in Treachery and Cruelty to the English there as will appear by this following Relation of their Proceedings towards them since the first Seating of that Colony wherein nevertheless the Civility of some particular Persons at their first Landing is not to be omitted Transactions between the English and the Natives Upon the first arrival of Captain Amidas and Captain Barlow in Wingandacoa now Virginia they were accosted by Granganimeo the King's Brother of that Countrey who attended with a Train of forty or fifty Men came in a very civil manner to Treat about a Commerce of Trade and Traffick which immediately began between them and several Barters were made Granganimeo who was very just of his Word and always kept his promis'd Day of meeting fancying most a Pewter Dish gave twenty Deer-skins for it and boring a Hole therein hung it about his Neck for a Breast-plate afterwards he with his whole Company and his Wife and Children frequently and familiarly did eat and drink aboard the English Ships the King himself call'd Wingina lying sick at his chief Town six days Journey off of a dangerous Wound which he had receiv'd from a neighboring King his mortal Enemy Some of the English going to Land upon the Isle of Roanoack were met by Granganimeo's Wife who her Husband being absent commanded her Servants some to draw their Boat ashore some to carry them on their Backs to Land others to carry in their Oars into the House for fear of stealing and having caus'd a great Fire to be made to warm them and to dry those that had been wet in their Voyage she afterwards Entertain'd them with a very plentiful Feast or Banquet after that Countrey fashion and when they took alarm at the coming of two or three of her Men with Bowes and Arrows she caus'd the Bowes to be broken and the Men to be beaten out of the House besides several other demonstrations of extraordinary civility and when notwithstanding all this they could not be perswaded to Lodge any where but in their Boat she us'd all means imaginable to make them quit their jealousie and accept of a Lodging in the House In the Year 1585. a Company that went over with Sir Richard Greenvill burnt the Town of Aquascogoc by reason of a Silver Cup that was stoln by some of the Indians took Prisoner Menatonon King of Chawonoc who gave a large Relation of another King about three days Journey off who possess'd an Island wonderfully rich in Pearl which was taken in great abundance in a deep Water that inviron'd it Going towards the Countrey of the Mangoacks among whom in the Province of Chaunis Temoatan they heard of a Mine of strange Copper call'd Wassador with Skiko the King of Chowonock's Son and Manteo a faithful Salvage for their Guide they were treacherously dealt with by Wingina alias Pemissapan for so his Brother Granganimeo being lately dead he had alter'd his Name who endeavor'd to stir up a Confederacy of the Chawonocks Moratocks and Mangoacks against them yet by the urgent perswasions of Ensenore his Father the truest Friend the English had after the death of Granganimeo and seeing them safe return'd from their Journey wherein he thought they had all perish'd and especially upon Menatonon's sending Messengers to them with Pearl and Okisco King of Weopomeock to yield himself Vassal to the Queen of England his Hatred was somewhat cool'd but Ensenore deceasing soon after he return'd to his old treacherous Practises again and in the end while he was contriving mischief against the Planters he himself was shot taken Prisoner and beheaded After the Company left upon Virginia by Sir Richard Greenwill for he himself was return'd tir'd out with hunger hardship and the many extremities they were at last reduc'd to had deserted the Place and obtain'd Passage for England through the civility of Sir Francis Drake pitying their distress fifty Men more were Landed upon Roanoack-Isle by the

is every where good Anchorage the Road being so deep that a Ship of a thousand Tun may lay his sides to the Shore of the Point and load and unload with Planks afloat 4. On the West is Point Megrill a Port very convenient and secure to Windward from which a little North-West is the Seat of the old Town of Mellilla founded by Columbus as afore mention'd The chief Plantations of this Island are 1. Portmorant above the Harbor before mention'd and by the two Rivers that run into it Here are good Plantations of Sugars Cottons Tobacco's c. 2. Hence about ten Miles lieth Morant where a thousand Acres of Land have been taken up for my Lord Willoughby and a Company of Merchants 3. Hence farther Leeward lieth Yallow having good Plantations of Cotton Tobacco and other Provisions excellent Savana's and some store of tame Cattel 4. Thirty Miles hence on the North side of Cagway is Ligonce where are excellent Plantations of Sugar Cotton and Tobacco very pleasant Savana's and some store of wild Cattel 5. Twenty Miles farther West nines Miles from the Harbor of Cagway is Los Angelos having some Plantations of Sugar Cacao and Tobacco all which were old Spanish Plantations and are less considerable than those made by the English in other places 6. Eight Miles from hence North-West is Guanaboa where likewise were some Spanish Plantations since improv'd by the English who have very many excellent Plantations of Sugar Cacao c. 7. Hence West South-West lieth Guatabacoa a most pleasant rich and fertile part of the Countrey abounding with Cattel and excellent Savana's Here the Negro's setled that revolted from the Spaniards who are endeavouring to make some Plantations of Tobacco's and Provisions and with them are setled some few English who have divers Walks of Cacao The several Governors of the English in Jamaica The several Governors of this Island since the taking of it by the English are as followeth General Robert Venables staid upon the Place about three Moneths after the taking of it and at his coming away for England he left the chief Command to Major General Richard Fortescue who liv'd Governor about three Moneths after which Lieutenant General Edward Doyly was by the Army elected President but upon his coming away soon after for England Lieutenant General William Brain was sent over Governor in his room who living in the Government about three quarters of a year did as it were bequeathe it again to Doyly for he was chosen by vertue of a Blank Commission wherein Brain had inserted his Name whom he would have succeed and remain'd Commander in Chief both by Land and Sea till His Majesty's Restauration and then by His Majesty's Letters Patents was confirm'd in the Government and so was the first that was Governor there for His Majesty The next that succeeded was the Lord Windsor upon whose coming away Sit Thomas Muddiford was sent Governor and after him Sir Thomas Linch who remains Governor at present CHAP. XVII The Islands call'd the Lucaies Situation and Description of the Lucaies HAving done with the four Islands of Barlovento as they are term'd viz. Hispaniola Cuba Porto Rico and Jamaica we come next to the Lucaies so call'd as some think from Lucaioneque one of the biggest of them they lie over against Florida Westward from the Bermudas South-West and North of Hispaniola and the rest of the Barloventi and because they are but small ones and lie so near the Continent Geographers sometimes describe them as a part or appertaining to the Continent The chiefest of these Islands are Lucaioneque afore-mention'd Bahama and Guanahani Lucaioneque is accounted the biggest of them all and lieth in twenty seven Degrees between Bahama and Guanahani Bahama lies nearest to the Coast of Florida and gives Name to the Straights so call'd which run between the Cape of Florida and it with such a violent Course and Torrent that although it be above sixteen Miles broad yet many times neither Wind nor Oars can prevail against it that though the Winds be prosperous Ships cannot enter it and if it be cross they go with the Current yet those Straights the Spanish Fleet must pass in their Return from the Havana towards Spain Guanahani was the first piece of American Ground discover'd by Christopher Columbus and therefore by him call'd San Salvador or St. Saviour because that thereby he was deliver'd from the mutinous rage of the Seamen who threatned to throw him over-board if they discover'd not Land in such a time There are besides a number of small Isles scatter'd up and down which are generally comprehended in the number of the Lucaies one is Little Island encompass'd with a company of Shelves call'd the Bimini so that it is hardly accessible there goes a Tradition that it hath been inhabited by very beautiful Women the fame of whom drew many to attempt to Land there and take up their Habitation in which Attempt many were cast away There is said to be a Fountain in the midst of it of such a Vertue that whosoever drank of the Waters of it had their Youth renew'd Also three Islands or rather Rocks call'd Los Martyres lying to the South-East of Cape Florida and cover'd for the most part with a whitish Sand and a few Bushes growing on them they seem at a distance to bear a resemblance of Men impal'd or bound to Stakes as the Martyrs in the primitive Times usually were which occasion'd the Spaniards so to Name them 't is very dangerous to come too near them but to have sight of them is of great use to Men at Sea for by passing these Rocks and leaving them on the South-East they certainly know that they are now entred the Straights of Bahama that is that they have left the Ocean and are fall'n in amongst those many Islands which do as it were Barracado and Block up the Eastern Coasts of America towards Nombre de Dios and Terra Firma as they call it through which the Continent is sometimes dangerous by reason of contrary Winds and always such that it requires the skill and care of an experienc'd Pilot to conduct the Ships well thither The rest are Abacoa twelve Leagues long Yuma twenty Leagues in length and eight in breadth between twenty four and twenty five Degrees Yumeata fifteen Leagues in length between twenty three and twenty four Degrees Jamana seven Leagues every way Yabague ten Leagues likewise and lying between twenty two and twenty three Degrees Magaguana twenty Leagues long and ten broad Quagua ten Leagues every way and lying between twenty and one and twenty Degrees Caycos five Leagues in length and in the one and twentieth Degree Mackre in the twentieth Degree encompass'd with Shelves Abreo environ'd also with Shelves and fifteen Leagues long also Guatao Cigateo Guanima Jabaka Triangulo and several others The Lucales left desolate by the Spaniards On these Islands are no Inhabitants those that did live there were a harmless simple