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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
england_n	henry_n	king_n	pope_n	16,586	5	6.9376	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A56252	The history of popedom, containing the rise, progress, and decay thereof, &c. written in High Dutch by Samuel Puffendorff ; translated into English by J.C.	Pufendorf, Samuel, Freiherr von, 1632-1694.; Chamberlayne, John, 1666-1723.	1691 (1691)	Wing P4176; ESTC R5058	76,002	238

THE HISTORY OF Popedom Containing the RISE PROGRESS AND DECAY Thereof c. Written in High Dutch BY SAMUEL PUFFENDORFF Translated into English by J. C. LONDON Printed for Joseph Hindmarsh at the Golden Ball over against the Royal Exchange 1691. Imprimatur C. Alston October 2 d. 1690. To the Right Reverend Father in God HENRY Lord Bishop of LONDON Dean of the Chappel Royal and one of the Lords of His Majesties most Honorable Privy Council This TREATISE is most humbly Dedicated By John Chamberlayne CONTENTS Paragraph 1. POlitic Reflections on the Spiritual Monarchy of the Pope Par. 2. Of the Blindness of the Heathens in Matters of Divinity what they proposed to themselves by choosing the Paths of Virtue wherein their Religion consisted Par. 3. Of the Jewish Religion why other Nations did not embrace the Religion of the Jews Par. 4. That the Christian Religion is adapted to the humours of all People that it admits no Respect of Persons that it is not contrary to Civil Government that there is no other sort of Religion or Philosophy that can equal it why many of our Christians live like Heathens Par. 5. Of the External Government of Religion what is here to be understood by the External Government of the Christian Religion of the Ministry of the Church of the calling of the Apostles Par. 6. The Division of this Question that this necessity does not proceed from the nature of every Religion in general how the External Government of Religion was transmitted from the Fathers of the Family to the Sovereigns of each State Par. 7. That it is not inconsistent with the Christian Religion for the Sovereign to have the direction of it as to its External Government Par. 8. The First Progress of the Christian Religion the Divine Conduct in the Establishment of this Religion how the Jesuits Preach the Gospel to the Chineses why God called the Ignorant rather than the Wise and Learned Men. Par. 9. The Persecution of the Primitive Church the New Christians Slandered and Calumniated the Romans upon Reasons of State oppose their Religion the Roman Persecution condemn'd Par. 10. Of the Ancient Government of the Christian Religion Differences arising about Religion Terminated by Assemblies why the Authority of these Assemblies ought to be permitted under Heathen Emperours Par. 11. That the External Government of the Church by being lodged in the hands of the Primitive Christians has produced strange disorders that from hence some have supposed two Powers in the State that Ecclesiastics ought to receive their Call from the Sovereign of each State Par. 12. That it was not in Constantin's Power wholly to change the State of the Church how the Bishops and other the Ecclesiastics came to Vsurp the Sovereign Power that the Sovereign may preside in the Assemblies where Controversies are treated of the abuse of Councils Par. 13. The Jurisdiction of Bishops abused other Abuses concerning Marriages Ecclesiastical Discipline abused the Popes misuse the Power of Excommunication Par. 14. The Rise of the Popes Authority that Ignorance and the Barbarity of the Age contributed much thereto the causes of this Ignorance that ignorance help'd much to the Establishing of the Popedom the Introduction of Pedantry into the Schools that the Politiques of the Greeks and Romans were contrary to Monarchy two dangerous effects of the ignorance of Politiques Par. 15. Why the Monarch of the Romish Church has chosen Rome for the place of his Residence how the Pope Establish'd his Hierarchy of the Metropolitan Bishops how the Bishops of RomeVsurp'd the Preheminence Reflections on the Popes Power Par. 16. How the Pope came to Domineer o'er all the Western Part of the World of the Confirmation of Bishops by the Pope Decisions of the Pope Dispensations of the Popes Vicar in France of the Monk Winifred the Pope makes him his Vicar he advances the Grandeur of the Popes of the Annates the Popes annul the Decisions of Provincial Synods they force the Bishops to swear Fidelity to them Par. 17. The Riches of the Church and how first gotten the Avarice of the Church-men and divers effects thereof the Institution of the Crusado a stratagem of Popes Par. 18. Of the great number of Ecclesiastics the Original of Monks and other Religious Orders of the Multitude of Monasteries of the Order of Begging Friars why they chose that sort of Life the Reasons that induce men now adays to choose a Monastic Life that Monks have been very prejudicial to other Church-men that they alone hinder the Bishops from opposing the Pope 's Authority that a great many Bishops would be glad to shake off the Yoke of Rome that it is the Interest of Bishops to submit to the Pope Par. 19. How the Church has shaken off all Temporal Jurisdiction how the Bishops of Rome slipt their Neck out of the Emperours Collar Par. 20. The Pope implores the French Kings Protection against the Lumbards the French enter Italy they bestow the Exarchat on the Pope that the Popes did heretofore hold those Countries under them of the Emperour Par. 21. The Popes Establish an Ecclesiastical Sovereignty Pope Gregory Excommunicates the Emperour Henry the Fourth the Pope endeavours to Domineer o'er the Emperour a quarrel between the King of England and his Bishops that succeeding Emperours have in vain endeavoured to regain their lost Authority Par 22. The Pope exalts himself above all Temporal Powers the use he made of his Excommunicating Power how the Pope colour'd his usurpations the Pope takes upon him the cognisance of Matrimonial Affairs that the Pope allur'd the most knowing Men into his service the unbounded Ambition of Pope Boniface the Eighth Par. 23. The Popes find their Authority oppos'd that the great Schisms in the Church have much weakened their Authority the first Schism the second Schism the third Schism the fourth and last Schism that the Pope has not been able to Lord it over Councils the Confession of several Popes concerning the Authority of Councils that Popes have been Depos'd by Councils Par. 24. The removal of the Popes Seat from Rome to Avignon that it was prejudicial to the Pope 's Authority the Pope reduces to his Obedience the City of Rome the History of Caesar Borgia natural Son of Alexander the Sixth the Ecclesiastical State reunited to the Popedom Par. 25. That the Papal Authority receiv'd a terrible blow by the Doctrine of Luther the Virtues and Vices of Leon the Tenth of Indulgences Luther Preaches against them and against the Power of the Pope Par. 26. That Luther's opposition met with a seasonable juncture of the times the miserable State of Christendom at that time the ignorance of Luther's adversaries Erasmus favours Luther that his silence alone was very prejudicial to Luther's adversaries that the Princes of Germany were unsatisfied with the Pope why Charles the Fifth was willing that Luther's Doctrine should make some progress the Popes ill conduct in the Business of Luther the imprudence of Cardinal Cajetan

be free especially whilst it seem'd very strange to them that the Pope who was a Clergy-man should likewise be a Temporal Prince 't was upon this Account that Rome took up Arms and drove out of their City Pope Leo the third who betaking himself to Charlemain was by him Re-establish'd in his Popedom But on the other side the Pope conjointly with the People of Rome declar'd Charlemain Emperor whereby he became Sovereign over the Exarchate of Ravenna and other places of Italy which had rais'd themselves into free States out of the Ruins of the Western Empire so that afterwards the Pope himself held those Lands dependently of the Emperor who was likewise named Advocatus et Defensor Ecclesiae which lasted till the time of the Emperor Henry the fourth Sect. 21. But at last this Advocacy or Protection of the Emperor began to seem tedious to the Popes because they could not be elected without the Emperors consent and confirmation who us'd likewise to curb them when they grew insolent and proceeded even sometimes to the deposal of them Now to shake off this heavy Yoke of the Emperor the Popes left no stone unturn'd and took a wonderful deal of pains before they could attain to their desire 'T was therefore they labour'd so earnestly to give the Emperors their hands full of work sometimes in Germany sometimes in Italy thereby to weaken their power and authority To which the German Bishops did not a little concurr who were not well pleas'd to be under the Subjection of the Emperor and receive their Bishopricks at his hands Therefore they conspir'd with the Pope to establish an absolute Sovereignty in the Church And to put this their design in Execution they found no time more convenient or proper than the Reign of Henry the fourth who by reason of his dissolute life and Government was in perpetual dissention with his States of Germany Therefore when Gregory the seventh who was before nam'd Hildebrand ascended the Papal Chair being a proud ambitious and resolute man he began to exclaim against the Emperor giving out that the distribution of Ecclesiastical Benefices did not belong to him because he made a scandalous Traffick of them selling them to people of an ill repute and installing them therein before they had taken Holy orders and because the Emperor undertook to defend his just Rights the Pope thunder'd out an Excommunication and animated the Bishops and the other Sates of Germany against him and gave him so much trouble and vexation that at last he was fain to abandon his Right of bestowing the Bishopricks and leave them wholly in the Pope's disposal But the Pope's main aim was not so much to free the Bishops from the Emperor's jurisdiction as to make himself Supreme in Italy and to bring all the Princes in Subjection to the Papal Chair And some are of opinion that he might at last have effected what he had begun whilst Europe at that time was divided into so many little Lordships and most of 'em had weak and inconsiderable Princes and a great many of them either out of devotion or else for fear of being swallow'd up by the Great Ones chose freely to submit themselves to the Papal Chair and to pay him Tribute So that if there had but succeeded three or four Popes as Couragious and cunning as Gregory covering their design with the veil of Religion and taking the specious pretext of Defending the peoples interest against the oppression of their Princes they had made themselves temporal as well as Spiritual Monarchs And the Pope did not only pretend to slip his neck out of the collar and free himself from the Emperor's power but he did likewise endeavour to make him take his turn and to submit him to his own Authority for he made himself Judge of the Emperor's Actions summon'd him to appear before his Tribunal and answer to the Complaints which his Subjects made against him and by reason of his Non-appearance he declar'd him Excommunicated and fallen from the Empire and altho' his Son Henry the fifth endeavour'd to recover what the Popes had squeez'd out of his Father and seizing upon Pope Paschal obliged him to restore to him his right of investing the Bishops yet the Clergy of Europe were so discontented therewith and teas'd him continually till they had forced him in the Year 1122. to resign for ever that Right to the Pope Not long before the same dispute arose in England which at last in the Year 1107. was thus adjusted The King should no longer insist upon his Right of investing the Bishops and they in acknowledgment of that Favour should do him Homage which Article was not very pleasing to the Pope who had been better contented if they had refus'd to pay any sort of submission to their King as he did effectually forbid the Bishops of France to do but Lewis the sixth and his Successors stood up so stoutly in defence of this their Right that the Pope was forced with shame to quit his pretensions Besides fearing to draw upon his Head two Powerful Monarchs of Germany and France he thought it better to keep in with one whom he in time of need might oppose against the other especially whilest it was not so much his interest to weaken the French King with whom he had not so many Feathers to pluck as to humble the Emperor who was then very Powerful in Italy and endeavoured to bring into subjection the City of Rome besides he knew that Germany was not so streightly United as France and whilest the other Princes were jealous and apprehensive of the Emperor's Greatness they easily agreed with the Pope to humble him a little which design they palliated with the pretence of Protecting the Papal Chair and the Church's Authority 'T is true Frederick the first and the second used all their efforts to re-establish the Imperial Power o'er the Pope but ineffectually whilest Italy was divided into the two Factions of the Guelphs and Gihelines the former of which held with the Pope the latter with the Emperor and caus'd so obstinate and implacable quarrels that it was impossible for the Emperor to reduce Italy to a perfect Obedience And after the death of Frederick the second whilst all things were in a strange confusion by reason of the long Interregnum that then Succeeded the following Emperors thank'd God that they could maintain themselves Peaceably in Germany without troubling their Heads any more with the affairs of Italy so that the Popes have quietly exercis'd their Sovereignty as well personally as in respect of the Goods of the Romish Church Sect. 22. But this Greatness could not terminate the Pope's Ambition but was the occasion of his starting another Doctrine which serv'd to extend his power far beyond that of all other Princes for it maintain'd a sort of an indirect Authority right of examining and animadverting on the actions of all the temporal Soveraigns and tho' it was not said in

shall find convenient to impose them now these bring no small profit to them for tho' the impos'd pennance mostly consists in Prayers Pilgrimages Fastings Whippings and such like yet the rich are always condemned to some pecuniary mulct which must be converted to the Benefit of the Convents Churches and the Poor under which they comprehend the Begging Friars who therefore them themselves minimos Fratrum according to the fifteenth of St. Matthew that their bag might be the better fill'd Now this interpretation of the Scripture has burthened Christendom with more than an hundred thousand idle Bellies Besides The first sort of Penitence may easily be redeem'd by Money if they on whom 't is impos'd should find it too grievous and in effect What rich man is there that would not shew himself respectful and liberal to his Holy Father that he may be merciful to him and make his pennance more light and easy 'T is no hard matter to guess why good works are reckoned amongst the means of obtaining Salvation for as soon as they proceeded to give the definition of good works they placed in the first rank all Gifts and Liberalities bestow'd on the Clergy Churches and Convents and other acts introduc'd by the Pope and his Creatures out of a principle of Hypocrisy and Superstition to which they added this Doctrine That the Monks and Friars could not only satisfy for their own sins but that they had also an inexhaustible stock of Supererrogatory Merits remaining to be bestow'd for the use and service of the sinful Laity from which Superfluity they have erected a Magazine of an extreamly profitable Merchandice which cost them nothing either to stow or keep which neither grows mouldy nor musty by length of time which never diminishes and which in a word cannot be restor'd by the buyer tho' he should afterwards chance to discover the insignificancy and unprofitableness thereof They have likewise burthen'd the exercise of Religion with so many unnecessary Ceremonies Holy-Days and superfluous Processions built so many useless Churches Chapels and Altars only that the swarming drones of the Clergy may have just something to do and not seem to be always and wholly idle and to the end that they may still get a little by these and the like Fopperies This is likewise the reason of their multiplying the Sacraments to the number of seven since the administration of each one brings in grist to the Priest's Mill They have introduc'd the Mass without Communicants baptizing it a Sacrifice for the Living and for the Dead to the end that the Dead as well as the Living may be put under Contributions Besides nothing of Importance is taken in hand by a pious Catholick till he has made a Mass be said for his good success There is no Man of Quality that dies without ordering a good number of Masses to be said for his Soul for which the Priest must be well greas'd in the Fist It happen'd once by chance or forgetfulness that the Cup was not administred to the Laity afterwards it became a Law and tho' the Institutions of Christ and the practice of the Church for several hundred Years together was directly contrary to this encroachment yet they obstinately persisted therein lest it might be said the Church has err'd and that the Clergy might enjoy a Prerogative above the Laity nay so far their impudence proceeded that as if they design'd to mock both GOD and Man they give the Laity the unblest Cup which in a scornful manner they name the Washing Cup as if they had eaten some unclean thing and must wash their Mouths after it Marriage must be turn'd into a Sacrament tho' it seem never so absurd and ridiculous that the Clergy alone may take cognizance of all Affairs thereunto belonging which being almost innumerable are very profitable to them and of no less consequence for thereon depend the Estates Inheritances and Successions not only of private Persons but many times of Kingdoms also hence it was that Mary the first Queen of England found herself oblig'd to re-establish Popery in her Kingdom whilst without the Pope's Authority she could never have past for Legitimate thus Philip the third King of Spain saw himself indispensably engag'd to espouse the Pope's Interest because amongst other obligations it was not the least that he permitted him to be born of his Father's Sister's Daughter which could hardly have receiv'd a Dispensation amongst other Christians Now the same Religion that scruples not to dispense with the nearest Bonds of Consanguinity has introduc'd an endless Roll of forbidden Degrees and likewise forg'd a new sort of spiritual Affinity Why To afford the Priests a more frequent occasion of Dispensations which brings in an inestimable Revenue In the extream Unctions the Clergy have found out a very proper expedient of giving the dying person a friendly admonition to make some pious Legacies all which tends to their profit Nor is there any other design in the Fiction of Purgatory than to wheedle those that are just departing and who then little value the goods they must leave to others to give a good part thereof to the Clergy to the end that by their Prayers and Masses they may the sooner get out of a place so terribly hot and thirsty The adoration likewise of Relicks does not make the least part of the Clergy's Revenue for with an old rotten knuckle-bone they will reward the greatest Services that the Pope's most faithful Creatures shall have rendred to him The Invocation of Saints has furnish'd them with a very fair and specious pretext of building so many the more Churches of Instituting more Holy-Days of providing more Priests to officiate and of extorting more Money from the Laity to maintain them Besides the Canonization of Saints which depends on the Pope's breath does contract a greater respect and admiration of his power as if he could dispose of Charges and Offices in Heaven and that God Almighty were oblig'd to receive all the Candidates the Pope should present him by which means he can dispose of the wills of other Princes Subjects offering so considerable a Reward to their Ambition and Credulity on condition that they will maintain his Interests to the very last To which we may add That since Superstition has got the upper hand none but Ecclesiasticks have been admitted into the number of Saints and especially such of them who by some rare Master-piece of Hypocrisy and a false and affected Devotion have render'd themselves Famous o'er the World And if this Honour has at any time been granted to a Secular Person either he or those that sollicited it for him must have merited it by no common Services As to the rest I shall not trouble my self to particularize how the Clergy have cheated poor simple people of their Money by the invention of Miracles Images Apparitions Exorcisms Indulgences Jubilee-Years forbidden Meats and a thousand such like Tricks and Devices Sect. 34. After these means the

the Holy Chair Sect. 39. As for those that have revolted from the Pope tho' he would not be sorry to find them reduc'd again under his Jurisdiction yet he does not desire that by their ruins any Prince should become so great as to render himself formidable to all Europe for 't is better to give my Enemy his Life than to seek to deprive him of it at the cost of my own thus we see how great fears and jealousies the Victorious Progress of Charles the fifth's Arms against the Protestants occasion'd at Rome since it oblig'd Pope Paul the third to recall those Troups which he had destin'd to the Emperor's Service and had Philip the second subdu'd England Sixtus the fifth would too late have repented his rash promoting that Catholick Design So Gregory the fifteenth in the War of the Valteline sided with the Grisons against the Spaniards tho' the first were of the Reform'd Religion nor was Urban the eighth displeas'd to see the House of Austria mortifi'd by Gustavus Adolphus King of Suedeland because the Emperor in the business of Mantua had shown as little mercy to the Catholicks as before to the Protestants and 't is said that when Ferdinand the second desir'd a sum of Money which the same Pope had promised him instead thereof he sent him and his Army a plenary Indulgence at the hour of Death that they might with greater confidence expose themselves to all dangers Nor was the Court of Rome less apprehensive some years ago when the French King made so great Progresses in the United Provinces that the ruin of the Republick seem'd inevitable But tho' the Pope does not desire the weakning of the Protestant party by which rough means yet it cannot be denied that he uses all sort of slights and devices to allure them from their Religion amongst which the principal are to maintain a discord amongst the Protestants to flatter the Princes of that perswasion and by giving them Popish Wives to place a Serpent in their bosom to entice the cadets or younger Brothers of great Families by Spiritual Dignities and fat Benefices by making all those extreamly welcome that go over to 'em and instead of amusing themselves unsuccessfully to write Books against the Protestant Divines to cherish those disputes and quarrels that are amongst them and it is visibly certain that the Romish Clergy have made very great progresses in this last Age and are in a condition of making greater comforting themselves with a malicious joy to see that their Adversaries by internal Schisms weaken and destroy each other Sect. 40. From what has been here said may easily be judged Whether ever any Accommodation can be expected between the Protestants and Papists whilst each Party abandoning some of their Tenents shall make such Advances as at last to agree in one common Confession of their Faith and leave the rest as obscure and useless to be disputed of in the Schools or else that both might keep their Opinions and that notwithstanding the difference of Religions they might live with one another as Brethren in Christ and Members of one and the same Communion Yet if we rightly examine the state of affairs and the Principles of the Popish Religion we must own that all such Accommodations are morally impossible for we do not only discover an extream jarring and contradiction of Doctrines but the Interests of each are quite opposite and contrary one to another For first the Pope would willingly re-enter into the possession of the Church-Goods but he will find it hard to get so sweet a Morsel out of the Protestants Clutches Then again the Pope would fain be acknowledged the Head of Christendom but the Protestants will never part with the jus circa sacra the choicest Jewel of their Soveraignty and it is a contradictio in adjecto to live in good intelligence and friendship with the Pope and not own him at the same time the supreme Monarch of the Church Just as if any Stranger should desire to be naturaliz'd and made a free Denison of England and yet refuse to acknowledge the King his Soveraign Lord. The Infallibility of the Pope is likewise the Corner-stone of the Popedom which if once taken away the whole Structure will fall to the Ground and therefore the Pope par raison d'etat cannot yield the least of those points which occasion the Division betwixt the Protestants and Papists for if the Pope should own that any the least part of that Doctrine which he has hitherto maintain'd is false he must grant at the same time that he is not infallible Can he therefore err in one point He may easily err in another But if the Protestants grant that one Article of the Pope's Infallibility they must also give him all the other controverted points Now 't is non-sence to imagine that the Protestants will ever retract all that they have written against the Pope and should the Laity be brought to do it what will the Clergy do Where will they dispose of their Wives and Children c. Therefore how good and how pious soever their Intention may have been who have propos'd any means of an Accommodation between the Protestants and Papists which they call by the name of Syncretism yet they are in reality nothing but pure Whimsies and serve only to furnish matter of Raillery and Diversion to the Papists who are also very well contented that the Protestant Divines should amuse themselves with such Chimaera's since they are sure to get by it but never lose any thing forasmuch as the Protestants do not only fall foul upon one another on the account of this pretended Syncretism but the common and united zeal which they heretofore bare against the Papists is thereby extreamly weakened for any one that does not understand the matter to the botom when he hears them talk of an Accommodation will easily be perswaded that the Difference betwixt us is not so great or capital as has been represented Now he that admits such thoughts will at the same time be apt to revolve in his mind the benefits and advantages he may find in the Roman Communion and then he 'll make no great scruple to bid adieu to the Protestant Religion for 't is with their Religion as with a Maiden-head or Town besieg'd which run a great risque of being lost when once they begin to parley Sect. 41. 'T is a quaere whether the Pope with the united help of all of his Perswasion can bring the Protestants by force under his Jurisdiction We answer That the Papists do considerably excel the Protestants in number for on the Pope's side is all Italy Spain Portugal France and the greatest part of Poland as well as the weakest Cantons of Switzerland In Germany are all the Austrian Provinces the Kingdom of Bohemia almost all Upper Hungary the Bishops and Prelates the House of Bavaria and Newburg the Marquesate of Baden and some other Princes of less consideration a great number of