that they so Knighted were at Age and it was a means to spur them on to imitate the Virtues of their Forefathers In this manner proceeded the affairs of Castile and Portugal whilst in Aragon all things succeeded with the Christians All that part formerly called Celtiberia was brought under our Dominion Molina which before payed Tribute surrendered To the City Pamplona was added the Suburb of S. Saturninus which the French Peopled and had all the Priviledges of free Citizens granted them and the immunities of Jaca according to which they were constituted a particular Government among themselves The Moors possessed the Sea Coasts about the Mouth of the River Ebro and from thence did much harm in the Neighbouring Country There was need of a Fleet to curb them therefore the King caused a great number of Vessels to be built at Zaragoça and we read that in the time of Vespasian the Emperor that River was Navigable as far as Logrono 65 Leagues from the Sea Mequinencia supposed to be the same Caesar calls Octogesa a strong Town seated where the Rivers Cinga and Segre met was now taken by the King of Aragon All this joyful success was turned into sorrow in this manner Fraga a Town among the Ilergetes by Ptolomey called Gallica Flavia better known by the disaster that now hap'ned than any thing remarkable in it is seated on a rising ground which being washed away by the River Cinga is difficult of access and may be easily defended by a few against a greater number On the back of the Town are Hillocks all filled which lie so close to the place that no Engines can be brought to batter it After taking Mequinencia the King resolving to carry on his Conquests entered the Country that lies up the River Segre which was very well fortified and great numbers of Moors had fled thither for security This concourse made the Kings of Lerida and Fraga grow Powerful The King of Aragon invested Fraga in the Year 1133. his Preparations were greater than the success for Winter coming on and the rains falling he was obliged to put his Army into Quarters resolving to return early in the Spring About February the Siege began and lasted all March and April without any effect the Besieged being furnished with all things necessary to hold out a long time and encouraged with the hopes of relief Abengamia King of Lerida came to raise the Siege with a good Army The Battle was fought near Fraga the Christians were but few in number and those tired many of them were killed Nevertheless this loss did not oblige them to quit the Siege because the loss sustained by the Moors was not inferor to theirs However the King fearing what might follow went away towards the Frontiers of Castile to gather more Forces in the Territory of Soria By the way he wasted the Enemies Country as far as Monçon The King with 300 Horse following the main Body was on a sudden beset by a great number of the Enemy Seeing the danger with few words he encouraged his Men who fell on and fought as could be expected in such a desperate exigency Above all the King signalized himself being well known by his Garment and bright Armour so that all the Moors bending their fury against him he was at length kill'd Having lost their King some of his Men dy'd bravely others escaped by flight This is the truth of that King 's unhappy end tho' several other false rumours have been spread among the ignorant People Some would have it that after this defeat he went to Jerusalem and dy'd there Others write that his Body was bought of the Moors and bury'd at Montaragon My. Opinion is that his Body was not found which gave occasion to invent many Fables about him Certain it is that misfortune hap'ned near the Town of Sarin̄ena on the 7th of September in the Year 1134. This Prince was a Person of singular Valour and Conduct An Ancient Author affirms he fought 29. Battles and was in most of them Victorious He Reigned 30 Years His Will was made three Years before his Death when he Besieg'd Bayonne which our Histories say he took and that at that Siege Peter Earl of Lara fought with Alonso Earl of Toulouze and was by him slain This Will was very remarkable and caused great troubles and confusion By it he left many Towns and Castles to several Churches in Spain and because he had no Children he made the Knights Templers the Hospitalers and those that kept the Sepulcher of Jerusalem Heirs of all his Dominions It concludes with many heavy Curses upon such as shall presume to infringe any part of it Yet the Aragonians and Navarrois assembled at Borgie a place on the Frontiers of Navarre in order to choose a King Peter Atares a Noble Man as some imagine rather than prove of the Blood Royal held that Town by Gift of the deceased King He was a Person of great merit and had doubtless been declar'd King had not his extraordinary Pride prevented it Thus the assembly broke up without coming to any Resolution The Navarrois hated the Government of the Aragonians and thought it was lawful at all times when occasion offer'd to cast off the Yoke that had been violently forced upon them Hereupon they had a meeting apart and at the perswasion of Sancho Rosa Bishop of Pamplona Proclaimed D. Garcia King He was descended of their Ancient Royal Family for he was Son to D. Ramiro and Grandson to D. Sancho who as was said was killed by his Brother Raimund On the other side the Aragonians assembling at Monçon Proclaimed D. Ramiro Brother to the late King notwithstanding he was a Monk Abbot of Sahagun and elect Bishop of Burgos first then of Pamplona and lastly of Roda and Barbastro There is yet extant an Original Instrument dated at Barbastro in October in which he stiles himself King and Priest Nor was this all for tho' he had been above 40. Years a Monk they obliged him to Marry having to that purpose obtained a dispensation of Pope Innocent II. so that he was at once a Monk a Priest a Bishop a Marry'd Man and a King He Marry'd Agnes Sister to William Earl of Poitiers and Guienne who dy'd two Years after at Santiago in Galicia whither he went in Pilgrimage His eldest Daughter Ellenor was Marryed to Luis the Young King of France from whom after having two Daughters she was Divorced by Command of Pope Eugenius III. on account of Consanguinity After that Divorce the King of France Marry'd Elizabeth the Daughter of Alonso VII King of Castile Ellenor was Marry'd to Henry Duke of Normandy and Anjau afterwards King of England by this Match Poitiers and Guienne or Aquitain were annex'd to the Crown of England whence ensu'd Bloody Wars betwixt those two Nations CHAP. IX The King of Castile aspires to the Crowns of Aragon and Navarre Stiles himself Emperor Ramiro King of
and challenged him as was then usual but some Persons of Piety interposing the business was mitigated yet the hatred betwixt those two Families could not be rooted out Many Towns and Places of strength adhered to Ferdinand de Castro therefore the King forbore for the present contending with him and bending his Force another way recovered many places that were not Garrisoned It was thought convenient to try the Castle of Zurita seated on a Hill at the foot whereof runs the River Tagus Lope Arenas held it as Lieutenant to Ferdinand de Castro Being summoned he excused himself saying The King was not yet at the age appointed by his Father's Will and that he was but Lieutenant and could not surrender without leave of his Lord. No hopes remaining of a surrender it was resolved to use force D. Lope de Haro came from the farthest part of Biscay to serve at that Siege Provisions growing scarce the Besieged resolved to use Fraud and therefore upon pretence of Capitulating getting D. Nun̄o and Suero de Lara into the Castle kept them Prisoners believing the King to save them would raise the Siege There was one Dominick in the Camp who had deserted from the Castle this Man offer'd for a Reward to make them Masters of the Fort. Upon promise of what he demanded he wounded one Peter Ruiz who was consenting to it and flying was admitted into the Castle and to the Favour of the Lieutenant whose Servant he had been He watched his opportunity and kill'd the Lieutenant whereupon the Castle was immediately Surrendred The King caused Dominick's Eyes to be put out as an example of Treachery yet allowed him a Maintenance which was afterwards taken away and he put to Death for that he boasted of his wickedness The Army was dismissed and D. Lope de Haro much commended return'd home having refused Presents that were offer'd him because the King's Treasury was exhausted This Gentleman is said to have built the Town of Haro not far from the River Ebro The King went to Toledo whither he had summon'd the General Assembly call'd Cortes or Parliament and there it was consulted how to settle the Kingdom and recover those places that would not submit This Year was remarkable for great Rains and Floods particularly at Toledo the River Tagus swelled till it came to the Church of S. Isidorus The following Year on the 8th of February there was an Earthquake in that City a thing not usual and therefore thought to presage more Troubles Ferdinand King of Leon had Marry'd Vrraca the Daughter of Alonso King of Portugal by whom he had Alonso who succeeded him notwithstanding he was Divorc'd from the Queen on account of Consanguinity This Divorce produc'd enmity betwixt the Kings and much harm was done on both sides King Ferdinand was busie repairing the Towns ruin'd by the Wars and building others By the advice of a Banish'd Portugues he built Cuidad Rodrigo on the Borders of Portugal to be a check to those People Hence arose Disgusts which ended in open Enmity King Ferdinand tho' Affable and Courteous was Brave and Resolute and feared not at once to engage both the Kings of Castile and Portugal King Alonso of Castile in the beginning of the Year 1170. held the Cortes or Parliament at Burgos where it was Enacted That since he was at the age of 15 appointed by his Father's Will for delivering all Cities Towns and Castles into his Hands there should be War declared against all such as withheld any from him not excepting King Ferdinand who still was possess'd of a considerable part of the Kingdom That War many difficulties intervening was deferr'd for some time The great Men lest they should be reputed Traitors now no excuse was left obeyed Among the first was Ferdinand de Castro who fearing his Enemies and the King's Displeasure renouncing his Country as the Custom was then went over to the Moors whence he ceased not to do harm upon the Lands of the Christians It was also proposed in the Cortes or Parliament to set on foot a Treaty of Marriage between the King and the Lady Ellenor Daughter to Henry II. King of England and Duke of Normandy and Aquitain After this Alonso King of Aragon had an Interview with his Cousin the King of Castile at Sahagun where a League was concluded between them Thence the two Kings about the beginning of July went to Zaragoça From thence an Embassy was sent to treat about the King's Marriage Cerebrunus Archbishop of Toledo was Principal of the Embassy with him went Raymund Bishop of Palencia and other Prelates and Noblemen At Bourdeaux the Treaty was concluded whence the Lady came into Spain attended not only by those that went for her but by Bernard Bishop of that City and many other Persons of Note Mean while the Kings of Castile and Aragon had made a League Offensive and Defensive against all Princes except the King of England in respect to the Marriage in hand For the more security Cautionary Towns were given on both sides the King of Aragon had Najara and Biguerra he of Castile Ariza and Daroca The Bride being come to Taraçona there the Nuptials were Celebrated with great Pomp in the Month of September The King of Aragon gave her Her Joynter was a great part of Castile Burgos Medina del Campo and many other Towns and half of all that should be taken from the Moors For the King ravished with the beauty of his Bride endeavour'd to exceed all his Predecessors in Liberality Lope the Moorish King of Murcia was doubtless in League with the King of Castile for I find he went to Toledo about this time King Alonso of Aragon was about making War upon him on account that he refused to pay the Tribute he paid to his Father but they agreed and he consented to pay upon Condition King Alonso should not uphold the Maçemutes his Enemies All the Solemnities being perform'd at Taraçona the two Christian Kings parted and publick Rejoicings were again Celebrated at Burgos After that the Troop of Avila which till then had attended the King was dismiss'd Great Privileges were granted to the City Avila for its Fidelity to the King in the worst of times Then the King and Queen set out for Toledo At the same time the King of Aragon with the consent of the Bishop of Rhoda had the Head of Valerius Bishop of Zaragoça translated to that City from Rhoda where it had been till then Garsendis Princess of Bearn by the Death of her Father and Brother did Homage to the King of Aragon and confirmed the contract made that she should not Marry without his leave Some are of Opinion she was Marry'd to William of Moncada a Nobleman and Seneschal of Catalonia of which there is no proof and therefore I thought better to leave it dubious than attempt to decide it on either side CHAP. V. The League made against Peter Ruiz de Azagra
Castile to try whether his Native Air would recover him Sickly Persons especially at the Point of Death fancy whatever they desire Besides he was solicitous to promote the Interest of Castile on account of his Kindred with that King and as Governour to him during his Minority He also was desirous that Kingdom should cast off Pope Benedict as Aragon had done To this purpose he return'd from Perpignan to Barcelona and at the beginning of the Summer set out for Castile Travelling increas'd his Distemper and he was forc'd to take up at Igualada 6 Leagues from Barcelona There the Physicians gave him over and having receiv'd the Sacraments he dy'd like a good Christian upon the 2d of April He was a Prince endu'd with excellent Perfections of a graceful Presence and dextrous at gaining the good Will of all Men. Some accuse him of being very slow for abandoning Pope Benedict for making his Advantage of the Revenue of Castile for being lavish of his own and covetous of what belong'd to others to supply his Extravagances He reign'd 3 Years 9 Months and 28 Days His Body lies at Poblete in a very mean Tomb. By his Will made some Months before at Perpignan he provided for his Children in this manner To Prince John he gave the Estate of Lara and Medina del Campo also the Town of Monblanc with the Title of Duke in Catalonia and several other Towns To Prince Henry he left Albuquerque and to D. Sancho Montalvan He appointed Alonso his eldest Son Heir to the Crown In case all the Brothers should die without Issue he order'd the Sons and Grandsons of his Daughters Mary and Ellenor should succeed yet excluded the Mothers King Ferdinand's Death was the cause that Castile for some time continu'd to give Obedience to Pope Benedict He had many Friends whom he had oblig'd in Castile and particularly the Arch-bishops of Toledo and Sevil D. Sancho de Rojas and D. Alonso de Exea stickl'd for him Fresh Tumults began in Castile which shew'd how necessary the Prudence and Valour of King Ferdinand had been for the Peace of that Country Queen Catherine immediately entred upon the whole Government of the Kingdom She committed the Education of the King to the Arch-bishop of Toledo and joyn'd with him John de Velasco and James Lopez de Zuniga the chief Justice Many complain'd they had no share in the Preferments given and among them were D. Alonso Enriquez the Admiral and D. Ruy Lopez Davalos the Constable At the beginning of the Year 1417 a Truce was concluded with the King of Granada for two Years by which he was oblig'd every Year to release 100 Christian Slaves The Prelates at the Council of Constance attended to all that was for the Advancement of the Church To pacify the Rebellion in Bohemia and reduce the Hereticks they brought their Heads John Hus and Hierome of Prague to that City having obtain'd them a safe Conduct from the Emperor Heresy once fix'd is hard to be rooted out They both fled from the City and being apprehended by Parties sent out after them were publickly Burnt The Hereticks being punish'd and their Heresy condemn'd the Bishops again apply'd themselves to make up the Divisions in the Church On the 26th of July they excommunicated Pope Benedict who only remain'd of the three and depriv'd him of any Right he could pretend to S. Peter's Chair This Sentence being made publick they proceeded to the Election of a new Pope There were present 22 Cardinals of those that had follow'd the three Popes to these were joyn'd 30 other Electors some of them Bishops the others Men of Note all which were shut up in the Conclave All of them to a Man agreed to the Election of the Cardinal Otho Colonna a Native of Rome This was done on the 11th of November and he took the Name of Martin the Vth. The Joy for this Choice was universal for all Nations laying aside former Prejudices submitted to the new Pope Only the King of Scotland and Earl of Armegnac with some few Cardinals for a while stuck to Pope Benedict but they also in a short time forsook him Soon after the Council was dissolv'd but it was decreed they should meet again within 5 Years and the second time 7 Years after that and then at the end of 10 Years and that for ever after there should be a General Council once in 10 Years The new Pope sent two Cistercian Monks to advise Benedict to submit to the Decree of the Council and admonish his Cardinals to leave him They prevail'd not upon Benedict but his four Cardinals who were Spaniards and whom he had retain'd upon promise of Preferment left him and repair'd to the new Pope at Florence This Year was unhappy to France and no less fortunate to Castile for the renewing of the Voyage to the Canaries by consent of the Queen of Castile by which means John de Betancour a French Man who undertook this Expedition subdu'd 5 of those Islands Menante his Kinsman succeeded him Pope Martin gave the Bishoprick of those Islands to a Fryer call'd Mendo. These two fell at Variance and Peter Barba was sent by the King to compose them He bought the Islands for a Sum of Mony of Menante and sold them again to Peter Peraça a considerable Citizen of Sevil whose Heirs possess'd them till the time of King Ferdinand the Catholick who intirely subdu'd and annex'd them to the Crown of Castile This is what relates to Spain The Misfortunes of France happen'd in this manner Henry the Vth King of England demanded of Charles the VIth of France his Daughter Catherine in Marriage which he refusing King Henry sail'd over into Normandy overthrew the French Army took the Dukes of Orleans and Bourbon Prisoners and after a troublesom Siege made himself Master of Roan the Metropolis of that Province This was not all for Elizabeth Queen of France left her Husband and with her Daughter Catherine fled to Tours whence she sent to the Duke of Burgundy who not only secur'd the Queen and her Daughter but also the King and City of Paris Charles the Dauphin made what Head he could against the English and Burgundians The Dauphin and Duke of Burgundy agreed to have a Conference upon a Bridge over the Seine on the middle of which was a strong Barrier the Dauphin invited the Duke to come over to him and some Words arising kill'd him Whether his Life or Death were most fatal to France is doubtful for his Son Philip to revenge the Death of his Father deliver'd up the City of Paris with the King Queen and Princess Catherine to the English whence ensu'd innumerable Calamities which happen'd later and are forreign to our purpose CHAP. V. The Death of the Queen of Castile Marriages of Princes Prince Henry of Aragon seizes the King of Castile Tumults in that Kingdom Strange Prodigies Many Colledges built in Castile QUeen Ellexor of Aragon
that held out for the French The Garrison of the Castle agreed to surrender upon the same Articles if not relieved in 21 days This same day being the 25th of October the Spanish Army mustered at Castanerola near Bressa It was found above 8000 Foot strong Commendary Solis was left in that City with 1000 Men the rest of the Army marched to besiege the Castle of Bergamo the City being already surrendered Admiral Villamarin sailed from Naples with 7 Galleys to join those of the Pope at Civita Vecchia in order to besiege the Castle of the Lantern at Genoa which held out for the French They found there 3 Galleys of Venice sent to the same effect Four other Galleys the Duke of Genoa had furnished but ill equipped The Siege went on slowly At Marseilles the French had but 6 Galleys and one Galleon The Schismatick Cardinals continued their Council at Lions and made large Offers to several Princes D. Hugo de Moncada Viceroy of Sicily sailed over to Tripoli to give Orders for fortifying that Place The Duke of Urbin lay between Ravenna and Bologna with 500 Men at Arms and 1000 Swiss His Italians who were more numerous daily ravaged the Country but did nothing considerable Maximilian Sforcia stayed at Trent till the French were quite expelled the Dukedom of Milan and the Milaneses had satisfied the Swiss who as they stood firm to his Interest so they would have their share in the Booty The Milaneses agreed to give them 150000 Ducats in hand and 40000 yearly for ever and offered Three Strong-holds in that Dukedom for their Security The Emperor coveted that Dukedom for one of his Grandsons but the Princes of Italy were against it In fine to put an end to all Disorders Maximilian Sforcia entred that City upon the 29th of December immediately preceding the Year 1513. He was received with the Pomp and Joy usually expressed to the former Dukes The Swiss Ambassadors presented him the Keys with much Ceremony Next care was to reduce those Places still held by the French The Marquess of Padula with the Spanish Infantry soon took the strong Castle Trezo on the Banks of the River Abdua That of Novara was surrendered to the Duke's Forces In order to conclude a Peace betwixt the Emperour and the Venetians the Truce which was expired in January was continued till the end of March The Cardinal of Gurse would have the same Conditions the Pope promised the Year before to the Emperour but the Venetians would hear of nothing unless Verona were restored to them It was thought convenient to make War upon them with the Forces of the Emperour Spain and Milan without making mention of the Swiss who it was believed would soon agree with the French through the Negociation of Monsieur de la Trimouille sent to that purpose which was the beginning of new Troubles The Viceroy to secure Milan where the French had still footing and Trivulcio had gathered 5000 Foot more Supplies daily resorting to them placed Prosper Colona at Aste with a good Body of Men to secure that Pass The Catholick King thought it convenient to make use of the Power of England against the French and because the English were not willing to mix with other Men he perswaded that King by the way of Calais to invade Normandy while at the same time he undertook to conquer Guienne and deliver it up to him King Henry fitted out 50 Sail to transport 9000 Foot all choice Men and well Armed and and at the same time sollicited the Catholick King to send him 50 Ships more It was not easie to answer in so many places at once for besides all other things in hand King Ferdinand was sick and Andaluzia in an uproar The occasion of his Sickness was a certain extravagant Potion the Queen made him drink at Medina del Campo in hopes of conceiving so Dr. Carvajal and Peter Martyr relate it as a thing allowed by all Men. The effect of it was such that the King grew very weak and delighted in nothing but being in the Woods His Disease daily encreased he had fainting Fits and Signs of a Dropsie Andaluzia mutinied upon the death of Henry Duke of Medina Sidonia He had a Sister by the same Father and Mother called Mencia and married to D. Peter Giron and also a Brother only by the Father's side called D. Alonso Perez de Guzman In his Will he appointed his Sister to Inherit affirmming the Second Marriage of his Father was invalid Upon this account D. Peter Giron thought to possess himself of that Estate and secure◠Medina and Sidonia The Lady Ellenor de Zun̄iga Stepmother to D. Mencia and the late Duke stood up for her Son who had the true Title and the King favoured his Cause intending he should marry the Lady Anne of Aragon Daughter to the Archbishop of Zaragoça This Dispute was like to be decided by force of Arms both Parties having powerful Supports Justice prevailed and the Brother of the Duke carried the Estate Gonçalo Marin̄o commanded at Bugia and Martin Argote at Oran as Lieutenant to the Marquess of Comares Some Skirmishes hapned with the Moors but nothing remarkable only that Muley Abdalla with some Forces came up to Bugia and burnt the Suburbs No part was left standing but one Tower where the Jews saved themselves Gon\l = c \alo Marin̄o breaking the Articles concluded with the Moors was the cause of this Misfortune for which he was removed from that Post and D. Raymund Carroz sent in his Place CHAP. VI. Pope Julius dies Leo X. Succeeds him The Truce betwixt Spain and France The War in Navarre and Revolutions at Genoa POpe Julius being sick and his Recovery despaired of Advice was sent to Milan Florence Siena and Luca to secure the Roads that the Schismatick Cardinals might not come to the Conclave At length the Pope died on the 20th of February The People mutinied at Rome and there was great Contention betwixt the Coloneses and the Ursini The Monastery of S. Paul of Benedictine Monks was plundered and other disorders committed Hierome Vic the Spanish Ambassador contributed much to pacifie the Multitude On the 4th of March the Cardinals entred the Conclave having first discharged the Son of the Duke of Mantua kept as a Hostage till then and on the 11th by Votes of almost all of them Cardinal John de Medicis was chosen Pope and took the Name of Leo X. That very day he declared he would continue in the League and bring the Emperor and King of England into it The Cardinals Carvajal and Sanseverino who were at Lions but in no great Esteem designed to go into Italy and get into the Conclave Prosper Colona favoured them and designed himself to go to Rome and have a Pope of his own creating But the Viceroy would not suffer him to go lest he should raise some Mutiny and put a restraint upon the Conclave The Cardinals came in a Galeon to Leghorn but
Alonso of Portugal takes the Title of King His Wars with the Moors War betwixt the Christian Princes and Peace concluded Baeça and Almeria taken by the King of Castile and Lisbon by him of Portugal p. 169 The Eleventh BOOK Chap. I. THE coming into Spain of the Moors call'd Almohades The Death of D. Garcia King of Navarre by a fall from his Horse his Son Sancho succeeds him King Alonso and his Daughter both Marry'd Many Places taken from the Moors p. 171 Chap. II. King Luis the Younger of France comes into Spain Alonso of Castile and Leon call'd the Emperor dies His Sons Sancho and Ferdinand inherit the Crowns of Castile and Leon. Original of the Knights of Calatrava p. 174 Chap. III. The Death of Sancho King of Castile The great Commotions that ensu'd The Death of Raymund Prince of Aragon his Issue Alonso his eldest Son succeeds in his Dominions p. 176 Chap. IV. Alonso the young King of Castile takes upon him the Government recovers most of his Dominions joyns in League with the Aragonian and Marries Ellenor the Daughter to Henry II. King of England Some Actions of Ferdinand King of Leon. p. 178 Chap. V. The League made against Peter Ruiz de Açagra The Original of the Knights of Santiago The taking of Cuenca by the Christians Increase of the Knights of Santiago or S. James the Apostle Several Places in Navarre taken by the Castilians p. 180 Chap. VI. Rebellion in the Kingdom of Leon suppress'd Alonso King of Portugal taken by Ferdinard of Leon and set at liberty Being Besieg'd in Santarem by the Moors is reliev'd by him He Vanquishes the Infidels Actions of his Son Sancho p. 182 Chap. VII The Death of the Kings of Leon and Portugal Alliances betwixt the Kings of Spain The Defeat of the Christians at Alarcos Sancho the Wise King of Navarre dies Sancho I. King of Portugal Alonso IX of Leon. p. 183 Chap. VIII King Alonso of Aragon dies and his Son Peter succeeds him The King of Leon Divorc'd Castilians and Aragonians over-run Navarre Alonso King of Castile 's two Daughters Marry'd to the Kings of England and Leon. Plague and Famine in Spain p. 186 Chap. IX The Marriage of the King of Aragon and Death of some Persons of Note Peace concluded and Alliance betwixt all the Christian Kings of Spain The beginning of the War with the Moors A vast Multitude of Foreigners comes to the Assistance of the Christian Kings of Spain p. 187 Chap. X. The further Progress of the Christian Army which obtains a most signal Victory over the Infidels of whom 200000 are slain and this call'd the Battle of Navas de Tolosa Many Towns taken after this Success p. 189 The Twelfth BOOK Chap. I. THE Original and Growth of the Heresie of the Albigenses which spread all over France and some part of Spain Preaching against them unsuccessful War is resolv'd upon p. 191 Chap. II. The Death of Peter King of Aragon and of Alonso King of Castile Simon Earl of Montfort General of the Catholicks Overthrows the Hereticks and takes the Towns they had possessed themselves of p. 193 Chap. III. Disorders in Castile and Aragon under the two Infant Kings Sancho King of Navarre altogether decripid The Lateran General Council Honours done there to the Archbishop of Toledo p. 195 Chap. IV. The Family of Lara take the Government of Castile into their Hands They commit many Insolencies and oppress the Nobility Young King Henry Marry'd and Divorc'd The King of Aragon escapes from his Keepers p. 197 Chap. V. Great Disorders in Castile rais'd by the Family of Lara Young King Henry kill'd by the fall of a Tile Ferdinand Prince of Leon succeeds his Mother Berengaria renouncing her Right Orders of S. Dominick S. Francis and La Merced Instituted p. 198 Chap. VI. The Marriages of two Kings Ferdinand of Castile and Jayme of Aragon King Ferdinand quells many Commotions Death of the Kings of France and Portugal p. 200 Chap. VII King Ferdinand of Castile 's great Success against the Moors King Jayme of Aragon seiz'd by some Rebellious Nobles makes his escapes and commences War against the Rebels p. 202 Chap. VIII The War with the Moors renew'd The Island of Majorca Conquer'd by the Aragonians The Popes Legate disanuls the Marriage of King Jayme on account of Consanguinity Raymund Earl of Toulouze a Heretick reduc'd p. 204 Chap. IX Alonso King of Leon defeats the Moors takes Merida and Badajoz and dies Crowns of Castile and Leon united under Ferdinand Sancho King of Navarre dies Theobald succeeds him Interviews of several Kings p. 205 Chap. X. The beginning progress and end of the War against Cordova with the Conquest of that Noble City p. 206 Chap. XI A Moorish King Baptiz'd Description of Valencia its Siege and Surrender to the King of Aragon who is wounded before it Theobald King of Navarre goes with others to the Holy-War p. 207 The Thirteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE taking of many Towns by the Christians The Kingdom of Murcia surrendred to King Ferdinand His Marriage Salamanca made an Vniversity 20000 Moors defeated by the Christians p. 208 Chap. II. A defeat of the Christians who recover and are successful take Jaen and many other Places The King of Granada made Tributary King Sancho II. of Portugal expell'd by his Rebellious Subjects p. 209 Chap. III. The beginning of the War against Sevil. Aragon under a General Interdict The Siege and Surrender of Sevil. Carmona and several other Places p. 210 Chap. IV. S. Luis King of France sends Presents to the Church of Toledo and makes an unfortunate Expedition to the Holy-Land Aragon embroyl'd King Ferdinand of Castile after gaining much from the Moors dies p. 211 Chap. V. The beginning of the Reign of King Alonso he is chosen Emperor by part of the Electors and Richard Duke of Cornwal by the rest Theobald I. King of Navarre dies his Son Theobald II. succeeds him p. 212 Chap. VI. Aragon and Castile at variance and reconcil'd Sancho King of Portugal dies in Exile Death of the Queen and Prince of Aragon Portugal under an Interdict Marriages of the King of of Navarre and Prince of Aragon p. 213 Chap. VII The Family of the Merines obtains the Empire of Africk The War against the Moors renew'd in Spain Cuidad Rodrigo built Troubles in Aragon The City Murcia taken and the King of Granada made Tributary p. 214 Chap. VIII The Kingdom of the Normans in Sicily extinguish'd by the French The Empress of Constantinople comes into Spain and Jayme King of Aragon to Toledo p. 215 Chap. IX The King of Aragon 's Expedition for the Holy-Land The Kings of France and Navarre and the eldest Son of the King of England move upon the same Enterprize The Nobles of Castile revolt Troubles in Aragon p. 216 Chap. X. Rodulphus of Ausburg chosen Emperor Henry King of Navarre dies His Daughter Joanna Inherits Alonso King of Castile agrees with his Nobles then goes into France
Henry of Castile Created a Duke p. 404 Chap. IV. Proceedings and Defeat of the Rebels in Catalonia Death of Ismael King of Granada Progress of the Rebellion in Castile and most Villanous Action of the Rebels who Proclaim Prince Alonso King The King and they Disband p. 406 Chap. V. Peter Constable of Portugal dies The Rebels in Catalonia chose the Duke of Anjou for their King The Battle of Olmedo The Death of the Queen of Aragon and Prince Alonso of Castile The King recovers Toledo The Rebels of Castile affront the Pope's Legate and are Excommunicated p. 408 Chap. VI. John Duke of Lorrain supports and heads the Rebels in Catalonia for his Father Ferdinand Prince of Aragon declar'd King of Sicily The Crown of Castile offer'd to the Princess Elizabeth she refuses it Peace betwixt the King and Nobles p. 410 Chap. VII The Marriage of Ferdinand King of Sicily with the Princess Elizabeth of Castile and of the Duke of Guienne with the Princess Joanna who is sworn Heiress of Castile Differences betwixt the Knights of Alcantara and their Master and Troubles in Biscay The Portugueses take Arzila and Tangier in Africk p. 412 Chap. VIII The Tumults and Confusions in Aragon Sardinia and Navarre The King of Castile labours to reduce his Rebels Pope Paul II. dies Sixtus IV. chosen King Alonso of Portugal takes Arzila and Tangier in Africk p. 414 Chap. IX Catalonia reduc'd Charles Duke of Guienne dies Cardinal Borgia the Pope's Legate comes into Spain Interview of the Kings of Castile and Portugal The Master of Santiago strengthens himself against his Enemies Barcelona surrendred to the King of Aragon p. 416 Chap. X. The Pope's Legate's Practices against King Henry of Castile Massacre of the Jews Signal Loyalty of Peter de Peralta Traiterous Practices of Elizabeth Sister to King Henry of Castile A Synod at Aranda p. 417 The Twenty Fourth BOOK Chap. I. THE Princess Elizabeth pretends to be reconcil'd to her Brother and openly aspires to the Crown upon his Indisposition D. John Pacheco Master of Santiago dies Differences betwixt the French and Aragonians King Ferdinand goes to Barcelona Jews Massacred in Sicily Ferdinand and Elizabeth Proclaim'd King and Queen of Castile The King of Portugal undertakes the Protection of the Princess Joanna his Niece p. 420 Chap. II. The Death of Henry King of Castile Ferdinand and Elizabeth Vsurps the Crown of Castile from Joanna the Rightful Heiress and are Proclaim'd King and Queen The King of Portugal undertakes the Protection of the Rightful Heiress his Niece p. 422 Chap. III. The King of Portugal calls himself King of Castile and is assisted by many of the Nobility being contracted to Joanna the Rightful Heiress He takes several Places in Castile The French make Peace with England and engage to assist Portugal against Ferdinand p. 424 Chap. IV. Prince John of Portugal comes into Castile with Forces to his Father's assistance The Battle of Toro betwixt King Ferdinand and him of Portugal The latter defeated The Castilian Nobility forsake him and he returns home p. 426 Chap. V. The Tumults of Navarre The King of Portugal 's Zoyage into France Toro recover'd by the Castiliano from the Portugueses Several other Places retaken Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy and Galcazzo Duke of Milan murdred p. 428 Chap. VI. King Ferdinand possesses himself of the Mastership of Santiago in trust which has ever since continued in the Kings of Spain War with the Moors of Andaluzia The King of Portugal after having Abdicated his Crown returns home and is restor'd by his Son p. 429 Chap. VII Sardinia entirely reduc'd The Birth of John Prince of Castile The Inquisition first setled in Spain Peace concluded betwixt France and Castile The Death of King John of Aragon p. 431 Chap. VIII Ellenor Queen of Navarre The Troubles of that Kingdom and her Death The Countess of Medellin raises Tumults in Castile Portugueses overthrown by the Castilians Heretical Opinions started and condemned in Spain King Ferdinand goes into Aragon p. 434 Chap. IX Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Portugal The Turks get footing in Italy and are again expell'd King Alonso of Portugal dies Henry the late King of Castile 's Grants vacated by the Cortes Prince John Son to King Ferdinand Sworn Heir of Castile p. 435 Chap. X. Francis King of Navarre comes out of France is Crowned and soon after dies A Conspiracy against the King of Portugal punished and the Conspirators punished Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal ratified Luis XI King of France dies p. 437 The Twenty Fifth BOOK Chap. I. THE beginning of the War with Granada King Albahazen surprizes Zahara Alhama taken from the Infidels and in vain besieged by them again p. 440 Chap. II. Preparations for carrying on the War against the Moors Loxa in vain besieged and that War laid aside for some time Some Tumults in Galicia A great slaughter of Christians on the Mountains of Malaga p. 441 Chap. III. The Moors defeated and Boabdill their King taken and afterwards released The Affairs of Navarre Pope Sixtus dies Innocent VIII succeeds him Marquess del Gasto and Pescara from whom descended p. 444 Chap. IV. Alora and other Places taken from the Moors Albohardil Vsurps the Crown of Granada and defeats the Earl of Cabra The Rebellion in Naples Birth of the Princess Katherine of Castile afterwards Wife to Henry VIII King of England p. 446 Chap. V. The Tumults in Aragon and Catalonia Several Towns taken from the Moors A Sedition in Galicia King Albohardil attacks the Castle called Albayzin in Granada and is repulsed Azamor on the Coast of Africk delivered to the Portugueses p. 448 Chap. VI. King Ferdinand takes Malaga and other Places from the Moors Albohardil King of Granada having been defeated by the Christians is expelled by his Subjects and Boabdil Proclaimed King Mighty Discoveries made by the Portugueses in the East p. 450 Chap. VII Tumults in Aragon the Cities Associate there The War with the Moors renewed and several Places taken from them which they with the same facility recover Maximilian King of the Romans aims to Marry the Princess Elizabeth of Castile p. 452 Chap. VIII The Masterships of all the Military Orders in Spain annexed to the Crown for ever Three Cities and other Places taken from the Moors Elizabeth Princess of Castile Married to Alonso Prince of Portugal His and his Father's Death p. 453 Chap. IX The War with the Moors now effectually renewed The Description of the City of Granada King Ferdinand lays Siege to it and Builds a Town for his Army to Quarter in during the Siege to shew his Resolution not to depart without being Master of that City p. 456 Chap. X. A mighty Mutiny raised in Granada by a Phanatick Moor. The City surrendred to King Ferdinand The Character of King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth Their Triumphal Entry into Granada and Vniversal Joy for their Success p. 457 The Twenty Sixth BOOK Chap. I. THE Affairs of Britany The
in that City No settlement in the Government of Castile Amidst their Confusions Duke Valentine makes his escape p. 522 Chap. II. Queen Joanna departs from Burgos Is wholly incapable of having any part in the Government The Affairs of Naples Queen Joanna brought to Bed of a Daughter at Torquemada Great Disorders in Castile p. 524 Chap. III. The Death of Duke Valentine and Troubles in Navarre The Treaty betwixt the Emperor and King Ferdinand The Great Captain courted to Command the Venetian and Pope's Forces King Ferdinand settles the Affairs of Naples p. 526 Chap. IV. The King of France enters Italy with an Army to reduce Genoa has an Interview with King Ferdinand who returns to Castile The Spaniards defeated in Africk The Emperor offended at King Ferdinand p. 528 Chap. V. The Designs of bringing Prince Charles into Spain King Ferdinand in Andaluzia to settle that Country Penon in Africk taken by the Spaniards The Portugueses loosers at Azamor in that part of the World yet relieve Arzila p. 530 Chap. VI. Discovery of Conspiracies in Spain The Soldan 's Fleet worsted in India Death of Henry VII of England Henry VIII succeeds him p. 532 Chap. VII The Cardinal of Spain takes Oran in Africk The War against the Venetians and their losses They recover Padua and other places p. 534 Chap. VIII The accord betwixt the Emperor and King Ferdinand Bugia and Tripoly in Barbary taken by the Spaniards and Goa in India by the Portugueses p. 536 Chap. IX The War in Italy The Pope grants the Investiture of the Kingdom of Naples to King Ferdinand D. Garcia de Toledo defeated and kill'd at Gelves p. 538 Chap. X. Some Cardinals revolt from the Pope Bolonia taken by the French The revolted Cardinals Summon a General Council p. 540 The Thirtieth BOOK Chap. I. AFFAIRS of India The Pope Summons a Council to meet at S. John Lateran The League betwixt the Pope King of Aragon and the Venetians The War in Italy p. 543 Chap. II. The Siege of Bologna The King and Queen of Navarre Excommunicated The Venetians recover Bergamo and Bressa and are overthrown by the French p. 545 Chap. III. The famous Battle of Ravenna That City surrendred to the French Scandalous Proceedings of the Mutinous Cardinals and opening of the Lateran Council p. 547 Chap. IV. The War in Navarre King Ferdinand possesses himself of that Kingdom The Affairs of Italy The Great Captain stopp'd from going thither p. 549 Chap. V. The Siege of Pamplona The Viceroy of Naples takes the City Bressa Duke Maximilian Sforcia recovers Milan King Ferdinand falls Sick p. 551 Chap. VI. Pope Julius dies Leo X. succeeds him The Truce betwixt Spain and France The War in Navarre and Revolutions at Genoa p. 553 Chap. VII The defeat given the French by the Swisse near Novara The Viceroy vanquishes the Venetians near Vincenza Actions of the English and Portugueses Venice Canonaded p. 555 Chap. VIII The Death of the Queen of France Truce betwixt France and Spain prolong'd The Affairs of Portugal p. 557 Chap. IX The Kingdom of Navarre united to that of Castile The Affairs of the Portugueses in India Their defeat on the Coast of Africk p. 559 Chap. X. The King of France recovers Milan The Swiss overthrown Death of the Great Captain and of Ferdinand King of Spain p. 561 THE HISTORY OF SPAIN The First BOOK CHAP. I. Of the first Peopling of Spain by Tubal of the Fruitfulness of the Soil its Situation and Circumference and of its principal Mountains and Rivers TVbal the Son of Japheth was the first Man that Peopled Spain after the Flood Many grave Authors testify that he planted several Colonies in this part of the World and governed Spain with Piety and Justice The motive of his coming was this In the Year 131. according to the best computation after the Deluge the Sons of Adam having at the instigation of the haughty Nimrod attempted to build the famous Tower of Babel in contempt of God's Omnipotence were dispersed and scattered over the Face of the Earth One Language being before common to all through the just Judgment of the Almighty there arose among them such a Confusion of Tongues that not able longer to converse or understand one another they were obliged to part Companies and spread abroad into several Countries The World was divided among the three Sons of Noah after this manner To Shem was allotted all Asia beyond Euphrates Eastward as also the Country of Syria and Palestine To Ham was assigned from Babylon Westward the three Arabia's Egypt and all Africk The Portion of Japheth and his Posterity was that part of Asia which lies North of the Mountains Taurus and Amanus and all Europe The Earth being thus divided the Children of Japheth setled themselves in several Provinces and Tubal who was his Fifth Son was sent to the farthest Regions Westward that is to Spain where he founded the Spanish Monarchy which continues to this time This is that Empire which in all Ages has afforded Men Famous both in Peace and War which has been blessed with Plenty and Prosperity and which has always furnished extraordinary matter to imploy the greatest Pens and yet it has ever wanted Writers to celebrate the great actions and heroick atchievements performed by its People This defect has given many the boldness to write Romances and Poetical Fictions rather than true Histories and has moved me with that little Learning and small talent I have attained to attempt this great Work rather for the sake of truth than in hopes of any honour or reward which I expect not from Man nor can any be proportioned to the labour of this Undertaking I will not fill a Volume with Preambles but fall to the real matter I have in hand and in order thereunto it will be convenient in the first place to give some account of the Soil and Product of Spain of its Situation Extent Division Mountains and Rivers as also of the Language and Customs of the Inhabitants The Country of Spain is no way inferiour to any of the best in the World either in regard of the Climate or of the Plenty of all things necessary for Life which it abundantly produces or of the great quantity of Gold and Silver and other Metals and precious Stones which are found in it It is not scorched with the violent heat of the Sun as Africk nor so subject to stormy Winds Frost and Damps as France but being seated between both enjoys a greater temperature than either so that the heat of the Summer and Winter Frosts and Rain renderit so fruitful that it not only abundantly supplies the Natives but also furnishes other Countries its Product being whatever is necessary for the support of human Life and satisfaction of Man's Pride and Ambition The Fruit is most delicious to the tast the Vines exuberant and the Wines generous The Plenty of Corn Honey Oyl Cattle Sugar and Silk is extraordinary but the quantity
or were taken by force and Toledo it self did not escape for it appears that City submitted to King Ferdinand so that a very small part remain'd to the young King On the other side the King of Navarre thinking this a good opportunity to recover his losses having first made Peace with Aragon broke into the Dominions of Castile and possess'd himself of Logron̄o Entren̄a Briviesca and other Towns Thus all the Country was filled with confusion Whilst Castile was thus rent with intestine Divisions the Moors of Andaluzia enjoy'd perfect Peace Only the Forces of Portugal and Aragon kept them in aw Raymund Prince of Aragon was in great renown for his perpetual good Fortune which was such that Lope the Moorish King of Murcia was subject to him and in France he had taken above 30 Strong-Holds and the Town of Trencataye which he destroy'd from the Family of Beauce who invaded Provence The Emperor Frederick who had favoured his Enemies sought his Friendship and a League was concluded betwixt them Raymund had brought out of Castile Rica the Widow of the Emperor Alonso and his Daughter Sancha contracted to his own Son At the instance of the Emperor Frederick it was agreed that Rica who was his Kinswoman should Marry Raymund Berengarius Earl of Provence who thereupon should possess all the said Earldom of Provence and the City Arles with its Territory To ratifie this Agreement it was resolv'd both Raymunds should meet the Emperor at Turin on the first of August in the Year 1162. On the way thither at S. Dalmacius a Town at the foot of the Alps Raymund Prince of Aragon fell sick and dy'd the 6th day of the same Month. Notwithstanding his Death Raymund Earl of Provence obtained of the Emperor all he desired Prince Raymund's Body was brought to his Country and buried in the Monastery of Ripoli as he had ordered Cortes or a Parliament being held at Huesca Raymund's last Will left by word of Mouth was repeated whereby he declared his Son Raymund his Successor who took possession of his Father's Principality by the name of Alonso To Peter his second Son he left Cerdagne Carcassonne and Narbonne Sancho the youngest was to succeed Peter in case he died without Heirs He made no mention of his Daughter Dulcis who was after Queen of Portugal nor of his Bastard Son Berengarius who was Bishop of Taraçona and Lerida and Abbot of Montaragon The King's Minority he being but 11 years old gave an opportunity to turbulent Spirits to raise Commotions An Impostor now openly affirmed he was King Alonso who as has been said was killed 28 years before at the Battle of Fraga He said he had been till then in Asia serving against the Infidels in the Holy-Land His Age and Features but most of all the Love the Multitude has for Novelties gained him some Reputation Great mischiefs might have ensued had not the Impostor been taken at Zaragoça and put to Death in the very beginning of the Tumult In the Year 1163. the Assembly of States or Parliament of Aragon was held at Barcelona The Queen Petronilla by the advice of the Nobility resigned over the Crown of Aragon to her Son then 13 years of Age. Raymund Earl of Provence who had some time governed Catalonia for his Cousin returned home and died in the Year 1166. King Alonso receiving the News at Girona by advice of the Nobility called himself Marquess of Provence for they pretended by the Emperor's Grant that Country was not only given to the late Earl of Provence but to Raymund Prince of Aragon and his Heirs which occasioned Wars in France CHAP. IV. Alonso the young King of Castile takes upon him the Government recovers most of his Dominions joins in League with the Aragonian and Marries Ellenor Daughter to Henry II. King of England Some Actions of Ferdinand King of Leon. IN Castile the People growing weary of the King of Leon invited their young King Alonso to take upon him the Government promising all would declare for him These invitations and the persuasions of the Nobility prevailed and he resolved to depart from Avila and visit the principal places of the Kingdom This was in the Year 1168. as some write I rather believe two years sooner by the computation of time for when his Father died he was 4 years of age and at this time 11. He was not deceived for many Cities received him with Joy and furnished all Necessaries for him and his Retinue which at first consisted of only a few Nobles and a Guard of 150 Horse furnished by the City Avila This was a small Force to recover so many Places as the King of Leon held with strong Garisons The King encouraged by Success resolved to try Toledo but feared Ferdinand Ruiz de Castro who held it would not be prevailed upon to deliver that City Stephen Illan a Citizen of note had built the Church of S. Romanus in the highest part of the City and adjoyning to it a Tower which served as well for Strength as an Ornament He was an Enemy to Ferdinand de Castro and therefore getting privately out of the City he conveyed the King disguised into the Tower Then setting up the Royal Standard he gave notice the King was there whereupon the Citizens running to Arms Ferdinand de Castro fled to Huete a Town then very strong as lying upon the Frontiers exposed to the Moors The People of Toledo as well those who had been against admitting the King as the most Loyal expressed great Joy and nothing resounded but God save the King Stephen Illan for his good Service was much honoured and made Governour of the City After his death the Citizens caused his Picture on Horse-back to be drawn on the Roof of the Cathedral behind the High Altar where it is still to be seen The King entred Toledo upon Friday the 26th of August On Michaelmass-day following died John Archbishop of Toledo when he had governed that Church with much applause 16 years Cerebrunus or Cenebrunus succeeded him a Man grateful to King Alonso having taught him the first Rudiments of Learning He had been Arch-deacon of Toledo and Bishop of Siguença and it is thought was a Frenchman The King after securing Toledo at the instigation of Manrique Earl of Lara his General marched against Ferdinand de Castro who refused not to meet him being supported by the People of Huete that stood firm to him Two Leagues from that Town at a place called Garcinaharro they came to a Battle Ferdinand de Castro fought in a disguise D. Manrique with all his might charged a Gentleman that was armed like a General and killed him believing it had been Ferdinand but was himself soon after slain by one of the said Ferdinand's Followers The General being killed the King's Forces were put to flight Nun̄o Brother to Manrique understanding the deceit used by Ferdinand de Castro laid Treachery to his charge
to reduce the Aragonians to submit to the Jurisdiction of the See of Toledo The Prelates of that Country in a Provincial Synod held at Valencia had Decreed that the Archbishop of Toledo should not have his Cross carry'd before him in that Province and Interdicted any Town that should permit him to do it D. Roderick happening to be there continu'd to have his Cross carry'd as usual for which D. Peter de Alvalete the chief Fomenter of that Contention declar'd him Excommunicate They had recourse to Pope Gregory IX who gave Judgment in favour of Toledo Yet the Aragonians not submitting D. Roderick now undertook this Journey to secure his Prerogative He dy'd in France being upon his way home His Body was brought into Spain and bury'd at Huerta a Monastery of Benardine Monks on the Borders of Aragon Near to the High Altar is to be seen his Sepulchre with an Inscription in unpolish'd Latin suitable to that time to this effect Birth Navarre gave Castile me bred and Paris taught Huerta my Bones receiv'd my Soul Heaven sought His Body dy'd but the fame of his Vertue will last for ever John II. of that Name by some called of Medina succeeded him in the Archbishoprick About the same time dy'd Raymund Earl of Provence leaving four Daughters Margaret Marry'd to S. Luis King of France Ellenor to Henry King of England Sancha to Richard the Brother of the said Henry and Beatrix to Charles Earl of Anjou This Earl tho' his Wife was the youngest by the assistance of King Luis and consent of that People inherited the Dominions of his Father-in-law Mean while King Ferdinand staid at Cordova resolving to lay close Siege to Sevil. He sent Raymund Boniface a Native of Burgos and well versed in Maritime Affairs to fit out a Fleet in Biscay that Country being stor'd with Wood and the People good Sea-men Whilst the Fleet was providing the King laid Siege to Carmona in the Year 1246. or thereabouts The Town was well Fortified had a strong Garison and plenty of Provisions for which reasons it could not be entred yet it submitted to pay down a great Sum of Money and a Yearly Tribute for the future Constantina Reyna Lora Cantillana and Guillena were all taken some by Assault others surrendred Reyna was given to the Knights of Santiago Constantina to the Council of the City Cordova and Lora to the Knights of S. John All things succeeded prosperously only it was fear'd lest the King of Aragon should be some hindrance to the Affairs of Castile for that King was displeased with Prince Alonso upon pretence that he did not keep within the Limits assign'd by agreement to the Conquest of each Crown It was fear'd this might come to a Breach and therefore some Persons employ'd to adjust these Matters sought means to reconcile all differences Nothing appear'd more effectual than a Match betwixt Prince Alonso and Violante King Jayme's Daughter which might be advantagious to both Kingdoms This was no sooner proposed than agreed to by both Parties and the Marriage was Celebrated with all Magnificence at Valladolid in the Month of November King Ferdinand was not present at the Solemnity being wholly bent upon the Siege of Sevil for now Raymund Boniface with a Fleet of 13 Sail had Coasted about by Cape Finisterre and lay before the Mouth of the River Guadalquivir where he Vanquisht the Enemies Navy The Moors of Tangier and Ceuta fitted out a Fleet of 20 Ships and Galleys for the Relief of Sevil and meeting with our Squadron there ensu'd a desperate Fight Those Africans were experienced Seamen and being so much superior in number would not give way to the Biscainers who with the lightness of their Vessels had the advantage to shun the Enemy when there was occasion and to lay them Aboard when they found it for their purpose Three Ships of the Moors were taken two sunk one burnt and the rest fled Aragon was now under an Interdict and all the Churches shut up The occasion was that the King in his Youth had familiarity with D. Teresa Vidaura who now challenged him for her Husband before the Pope pleading a Verbal Contract She having no Witness Sentence was given against her After this the Bishop of Girona to whom some say the King had revealed the secret acquainted the Pope with it upon which the Pope was inclinable to call the Cause over again This being known to the King in a rage he sent for the Bishop and caused his Tongue to be cut out If the Bishop revealed a secret told him in Confession he well deserv'd that Punishment As soon as Pope Innocent who then held the Council at Lions as has been said heard what had been done he laid an Interdict on the Kingdom and Excommunicated the King Hereupon the King submitting begg'd Absolution which was granted and the Pennance imposed on him that he should finish the Monastery of Benifacianum begun 20 Years before in the Mountains of Tortosa and assign it Revenues to the yearly value of 200 Marks of Silver also 600 Marks yearly to the Hospital at Valencia and that he should erect a Chapellany in the Cathedral of Girona where Prayers should be perpetually offered up for himself and Successors This account is taken out of the Records of the Monastery Benifacianum and tho' most Authors make no mention of it I would not wholly omit it The Reader may give credit to it as he thinks the thing deserves In the utmost part of Spain towards the West stands the City of Sevil the Metropolis of Andaluzia and for Riches may be reckoned among the Chiefest in Europe It s strength consists not only in the Walls but the number of Inhabitants its beauty in the numerous stately Buildings and splendour of the People Betwixt this City which is on the left hand and a Suburb called Triana on the right runs the River Guadalquivir hem'd in with high Keys and carrying water enough for Ships of great burden which renders it commodious for the Trade of the Ocean and Mediterranean A Bridge of Wood built upon Boats joyns the Suburb to the City In the City is the old Palace inhabited by the ancient Kings in the Suburb facing the East is another stately Royal House Near the River stands a Tower for the excellency of its Workmanship commonly call'd the Golden Tower Near the Cathedral is another Tower of Brick exceeding all the others being 60 Yards in breadth and four times that height upon it another little Tower now White-washed and Painted with sundry Figures wonderfully beauteous It would be too tedious to relate all that is great and extraordinary in this City There were in it at this time 24000 Families divided into 28 Parishes The first and chiefest is S. Mary and is the Cathedral none in Spain compares with it for greatness It is a common saying of the Churches of Spain that of Toledo is Rich that of Salamanca Strong
succeeds him KIng Alonso the Tenth of the Name as was of right succeeded his Father Ferdinand His Reign for the strange variety of Revolutions that happen'd prov'd much more wonderful than glorious For what can be more admirable than to see a Prince bred in War and so Learned that few private Persons could compare with him reduc'd to that Unfortunate State he could neither obtain the Empire offer'd him by Strangers nor secure the Kingdom left him by his Father but to be reduc'd almost to the state of a private Man He sully'd the Title of the Wise purchas'd by his Learning by not knowing how to foresee and prevent the Calamities that fell upon him At Sevil where he was when his Father dy'd he was Proclaim'd King His first action was to renew the League with the King of Granada and he remitted him the sixth part of the Tribute he us'd to pay This was done in respect to his good Services and to encourage him to continue faithful That Prince was so great an admirer of King Ferdinand that tho' a Moor he sent Yearly 100 Wax Torches to Sevil for that Kings Anniversary There was great scarcity of Money to relieve which want it was thought fit that instead of Pepiones a Coin so call'd that was made of pure Metal there should Burgaleses be us'd which were base and full of allay This was no relief to the King's wants for all things grew dear and he was forc'd to raise the Salaries of all Officers But the People were much more inrag'd when another sort of Money was invented call'd Black because it had much Copper 15 pieces of this Money were worth a Crown one Burgales was worth two Pepiones This Method of raising Money has often been found very prejudicial and soon made King Alonso odious to his Subjects King Alonso was troubled for the Barrenness of his Queen Violante Flatterers advis'd there might be a Divorce obtain'd and the King was easy to be perswaded He sent to conclude a Match with Christina Daughter to the King of Denmark and she was brought into Spain King Jayme of Aragon indeavour'd by fair means to alter this resolution but those failing had recourse to Arms. Thus the War broke out incursions were made on both sides and the Frontiers plunder'd Theobald King of Navarre dy'd now on the 8th of July 1253. As he was worthy of praise for his zeal towards the Holy Land so he was Blameable for invading the rights of the Church on which account it is said that Kingdom was for the space of three Years under a general Interdict After that time was expir'd Peter Remigius or Gaçoliz Bishop of Pamplona who had been Banished was reconciled to the King and return'd to his Church Theobald was honourable for other good qualities and especially for his Learning He had Three Wives by the first who was Daughter to the Earl of Lorrain he had no Children Being Divorc'd from her by the Pope's Command he Marry'd Sibila Daughter to Philip Earl of Flanders by whom he had Blanch Marry'd to John Duke of Britanny called the Red. By his third Wife the Daughter of Archimbaud Earl of Faux he had Theobald Henry and Ellenor Theobald succeeded his Father being then not 15 Years of Age but of an Excellent temper and promising hopes Queen Marguerite his Mother fearing Alonso King of Castile being eas'd of the War with the Moors would again set up his pretensions to that Crown had recourse to the King of Aragon with him she had a Conference at Tudela in August and they concluded a League Offensive and Defensive It was also agreed that Theobald should Marry one of King Jayme's Daughters and that neither of them should be given to any of the King of Castile's Brothers without the consent of Queen Marguerite However the King of Aragon sav'd to himself his pretensions to that Crown on account of the adoption of King Sancho That this League might be the firmer they had it confirmed by the Pope It aim'd directly at Castile The apprehensions of a War caus'd the King of Aragon and his Son to be reconcil'd Thus I find that Alonso the eldest Son confirm'd under an Oath what his Father had given to Peter and Jayme the two Younger Brothers A new War ensued Alasarcho a designing Moor promis'd to deliver up the Castle of Reguara King Jayme being a forward Prince easily gave credit to him and was on the way with a small handful of Men. He had fallen into the snare and been taken but that he had intelligence of the design The Moor thus disappointed perswaded those of Valencia to revolt thither the King hasted and it was debated to expel all the Infidels Interest sway'd the Nobility to oppose this advice but the Prelate and Commonalty prevail'd so the Moors were Commanded to depart Valencia and all its Territory within a time prefixt They tho' 60000. strong and in Arms obey'd and dispersed themselves into the Country of Murzia and Granada A considerable number also setled in that part now called La Mancha de Aragon formerly Montaragon of a Town of that Name At that time it was not Tilled nor Improved at present yields Corn that supplies many Places Ferdinand Brother to King Alonso made a considerable profit of the Moors for being Governour of Villena through which they were to pass he obliged every one to pay a Crown of Gold These affairs hindred the King of Aragon from falling upon Castile and this delay proved fortunate At the same time that Christina after her long Voyage came to Toledo which was in the Year 1254. it appeared that the Queen was with Child The King moved at so unexpected an accident changed his hatred into Love and those who before perswaded a Divorce now pleaded for the Queen Such is the Custom of Flatterers Philip the King's Brother notwithstanding he was Abbot of Valladolid and Elect Archbishop of Sevil renounced the Priestly Function and with the King's consent Marry'd Christina who dy'd soon after Queen Violantes Barreness was chang'd into Fruitfulness and she bore many Children These were Berengaria Beatrix Ferdinand called de la Cerda that is of the Hair because of long Hair that grew on his back Sancho Peter John James Elizabeth and Ellenor By a Woman of mean Extraction the King had Alonso Fernandez by D. Mayor Daughter to Peter de Guzman he had Beatrix both Illegitimate In the following Year 1255. Edward the Eldest Son of Henry King of England came into Spain the cause of his coming is not known unless it were on account of Christina who was his Cousin-german He was honourably received by the King at Burgos and by him Knighted according to the Custom of those times Honours directed to appease the Fierce Youth King Alonso had not the same Character in all parts In Spain he was hated by his Subjects and not much beloved by the Neighbouring Princes Abroad the Fame of
Learning gained him renown This moved the Electoral Princes of Germany after the Death of the Emperor William to choose him his Successor But they did not all consent for the Archbishops of Cologne and Mentz and the Count Palatine Elected Richard Duke of Cornwal Brother to Henry King of England This Election was made on the 6th of January in the Year 1256 some say two Years later The Archbishop of Treves and Duke of Saxony looking upon the other as invallid on the last day of March following made choice of King Alonso Embassadors were sent to them both and both took the Title of Emperors but Richard had so much the advantage that he immediately went over into Germany and was Crowned the first time at Aquisgran by the Archbishop of Cologne King Alonso was hindred by his Domestick troubles and forced to put off his departure This delay gave time to his party to cool in their Affections and the other to strengthen it self Richard seemed to have the better Title being chosen within the Year after the Death of his Predecessor and on the day appointed for the Election and also for that within the space of another Year he was Crowned at Aquisgran by the Archbishop of Cologne and seated in the Chair of Charlemaigne in token of possession Besides the Princes and Governours did him Homage All these Circumstances pleaded for Richard's right whereas King Alonso had performed none of the usual Ceremonies Both the Elector Palatine and King of Bohemia who are the Umpires when there is any thing depending had declared for Richard On the other side King Alonso pleaded that he was Elected according to Custom within the City Walls That the Archbishop of Cologne and the Palatine came with great Military Power as it were to force the others and had made a Separate Election without the Town That the Princes in the City had waited so long to reduce them to observe Order and at length the Archbishop of Treves with the Duke of Saxony who had also the Marques of Bradenburgh's Voice had Elected King Alonso the King of Bohemia's Embassador joining with them Besides these formal reasons they exprobrated Crimes to each other one side said The Archbishop of Treves was Excommunicated for oppressing his Subjects with Taxes The other objected he of Cologne had Wounded the Pope's Legate and stricken a Bishop and that the Elector Palatine abused the Churchmen and in the late Confusions had joyned with the Emperor against the Pope King Alonso being far off was detained by many troubles at home besides that he was naturally unconstant and hoped by some Artifice to put an end to that debate Richard was hindred by the Wars at that time betwixt England and France and dy'd the 6th Year after he took the Title of Emperor The end of this contest shall be told in its place CHAP. VI. Aragon and Castile at variance and reconcil'd Sancho King of Portugal dies in Exile Death of the Queen and Prince of Aragon Portugal under an Interdict Marriages of the King of Navarre and Prince of Aragon KING Alonso was naturally Mild had a great Spirit sought Glory rather than Pleasure addicted himself to Learning yet was very inconstant and covetous which drew upon him the hatred of the People and he neglected to gain the Love of the Nobility To shun idleness the ground of all intestine troubles he invaded Andaluzia his Army divided into several Bodies the better to recover divers places the Moors still possessed He in Person took Xeres his Brother Henry Arcos and Nebrixa a Town near the mouth of the River Guadalquivir D. Nun̄o de Lara was appointed Governour of Xerez Now might the Moors have been expell'd all that Country had not another War called away the King Theobald the second King of Navarre being come to Age with the assistance of the King of Aragon with whom he had renewed the League before made resolved to invade Castile pretending that Guipuscoa Alava Rioja and Briviesca belonged to his Crown and had been wrongfully taken from his Predecessors Many Nobles of Castile went over to Aragon and Navarre having first by a publick instrument renounced their Country which was the Custom used then not to be thought Traytors These stirred up and incensed that Young Prince Among them the chief was James de Haro who soon dy'd at Ban̄ares whether he went to be Cur'd Yet his Son Lope de Haro with a great retinue went to Estela where the King of Aragon then was The same did Prince Henry being much disgusted with his Brother These Princes made a League among themselves The People of Castile tho' they had not declared were of the same Opinion They were offended at the baseness of the Coin which caused all things to grow dear and the King having set rates upon all things there ensued a great scarcity because those who had stocks would not sell at that rate King Alonso understanding his danger began to Treat of some Accommodation with the King of Aragon who was not averse to it being again tho' old entangled in the Love of D. Teresa Vidaura to such a degree that he seemed infatuated At Soria the two Kings met and concluded a Peace in the Year 1256. At the same time Marguerite Mother of Theobald King of Navarre dy'd in Champagne whether she went to settle the affairs of that Earldom She was buryed in the Monastery of Claravelle then Famous for the Sanctity of its Monks The following Year dy'd at Toledo Sancho Capelo King of Portugal as Garibay in his History relates but Duarte Nun̄ez will have his Death to have happen'd in the Year 1246. His Brother Alonso who had Governed the Kingdom Thirteen Years only as Regent now took the Title of King He had by Beatrix Daughter to the King of Castile Denis his eldest Son Alonso Earl of Portalegre Blanch who lies bury'd at Huelgas where she was long Abbess and Constance who dy'd Young At this time Henry the King's Brother stirred up both the Moors and Christians at Nebrixa whether he was withdrawn to Rebellion D. Nun̄o de Lara having notice of it repaired thither from Sevil and Prince Henry not being able to oppose him fled by Sea to Valencia The King of Aragon at first received him favourably but for fear of infringing the Treaty concluded with his Brother obliged him to take his flight into Africk Thence after four Years spent at Tun̄ez he went over poor and miserable into France and so into Italy desiring to make War on his Brother if any Prince would support him The King of Aragon having setled Valencia passed over to Mompellier designing to meet the King of France On the 11th of May in the Year 1258. they met at Carbolio and were perfectly reconciled both parties freely resigning what had been before taken on either side Catalonia and Barcelona were also declared wholly independent of the Crown of France for till that
was very bloody Conradin and Frederick had their Heads cut off at Naples a hard Judgment upon such great Princes At this time another Debate arose in Aragon Gerard de Cabrera pretending to the Earldom of Vrgel pleading that his Brother Alonso's Children were not Legitimate Raymund Folch their Uncle by the Mother's side and other Men of Note supported them King Jayme seem'd to espouse Gerard's quarrel and that the more for that he had made over his Right to the King as not able to carry it off himself The King of Granada prepar'd to make War upon Guadix and Malaga and was offended that King Alonso contrary to what had been agreed did underhand support them D. Nun̄o de Lara and D. Lope de Haro being disoblig'd by the King blew the Coals They promis'd the Moor if he would take up Arms not only they but many other Men of Note would go over to him There was some rumour spread abroad of these Practices but there wanted Witnesses to prove the Fact This mov'd the King to go into Andaluzia This Year the King chang'd the Name of the Village call'd S. Peter de Ariznoa in Guipuscoa into that of Vergara and made it a Market-Town The Affairs of Andaluzia being setled and Winter coming on King Alonso return'd to Toledo to entertain his Father-in-law the King of Aragon who came to be present at the first Mass of his Son D. Sancho the Archbishop which was to be Celebrated on Christmass-day D. Sancho accordingly said Mass that day the two Kings of Castile and Aragon the Queen and Prince Ferdinand being present King Jayme of Aragon staid but 8 days at Toledo being resolv'd tho' very old to go over to the War in the Holy-Land inflam'd with the desire of restoring the ancient Glory of the Christians in those parts A great and valiant Prince worthy to have succeded better than he did in that Expedition CHAP. IX The King of Aragon 's Expedition for the Holy-Land The Kings of France and Navarre and the eldest Son of the King of England move upon the same Enterprize The Nobles of Castile Revolt Troublesin Aragon THE Affairs of the Christians in the Holy-Land were reduc'd to the last extremity Now unexpectedly a fair opportunity of restoring their losses offer'd it self and stirred up at one-time England France and Spain to take Arms. Whilst Pope Innocent IV. held the General Council at Lyons in France he sent four Preachers of the Holy Order of S. Dominick among the Tartars to try whether that Barbarous People could be reduc'd to embrace Christianity Those Preachers were so successful as to gain Reputation among the Barbarians who began to show some affection towards the Christian Religion These People had now Invaded that part of Syria which was under the Saracens and the great Cham their King sent Embassadors to invite most Princes of Europe to share in that Conquest Particularly he sent Embassadors to the King of Aragon with John Alaricus of Perpegnan whom the King on account of an Embassy receiv'd before had sent into Tartary The Tartar Embassadors staid ar Barcelona Alaricus went to Toledo where in an Assembly of the Nobles he gave an account of his Embassy King Jayme resolv'd to go in Person to that War without regard to his great Age or the Intreaties of King Alonso and Queen Violante King Alonso seeing he was not to be disswaded promis'd him 100000 Ducats towards the Charge of the War Some Nobles of Castile offer'd to bear him Company and among them the Master of the Knights of Santiago and D. Gonçalo Pereyra Grand Prior of S. John From Toledo he went to Valencia where he gave Audience to the Tartars and also to another Embassador from the Emperor Paleologus who promis'd to furnish Provisions and all other Necessaries After all things were in readiness at the request of Queen Violante his Daughter he went as far as Huerta and there took his leave of her his Sons and Grandchildren On the 4th of September in the Year 1269. he set sail with a Fleet of 30 great Ships and some Galleys The Season was not fit for such Expeditions In three days they had sight of Minorca where a violent Storm dispers'd the whole Fleet which was drove to several Ports The King was put in at Marseilles and thence remov'd to the Gulph of Agde Some Ships and among 'em that in which went Fernan Sanchez the King's Son weather'd the Storm and arriv'd at Acre in the Holy-Land After refreshing himself at Montpelier the King now repenting that he had undertaken that Expedition return'd to Catalonia In Castile King Alonso with Edward Son and Heir to the King of England went as far as Logrono to meet his Daughter-in-law who was coming out of France thro' Navarre to her Husband This Marriage was Solemniz'd with greater Splendour than was ever seen before for there were present at it Jayme King of Aragon Grandfather to the Bridegroom Peter his eldest Son Philip eldest Son to the King of France Edward Son and Heir to the King of England the King of Granada King Alonso his Brothers Sons and Uncle Alonso Lord of Molina A great number of French Italian and Spanish Nobility was there and among them William Marques of Montseratte who Jovius says was Son-in-law to King Ferdinand Sancho Archbishop of Toledo was also present some say he Marry'd them This Match was contriv'd that the King of France might quit the Pretensions he had to Castile as being the Son of Blanch eldest Sister to King Henry After the Solemnity King Alonso accompany'd the King af Aragon as far as Tarraçona The English and French went further than the Aragonians in the Expedition of the Holy-Land but without much Success Edward eldest Son to the King of England with a good Fleet arriv'd at Ptolemais and escap'd himself the danger of the Assassins S. Luis King of France set Sail from Marseilles on the first of March 1270. Theobald King of Navarre having committed the Government to his Brother Henry accompany'd S. Luis After a Storm they landed at Tunez Invested the Town overthrew the Infidels twice in the Field and continu'd the Siege the space of 6 Months The great heat caus'd the Plague whereof vast numbers dy'd and among them Prince John the King's Son and lastly the King himself on the 28th of August Charles King of Sicily landing at this Juncture the Besieg'd agreed to pay him 40000 Ducats a Year and then the Army went over into Sicily Theobald King of Navarre dy'd there in the City Trapana on the 5th of December The Body of S. Luis was carry'd to S. Denis near Paris that of the King of Navarre to Champagne Queen Elizabeth his Wife dy'd on the 25th of April the Year following at Hiere in Provence Let us return to Castile King Alonso at this time was perplex'd with many cares The ambition of taking upon him the Empire of Germany had
Abbot of Valladalid for that it was he who started that Discourse and consulted with the Queen how to be reveng'd They thought fit to call him to Aâ—â—ount for the administration of the Royal Revenue which he had Charge of and the Business was committed to the Arch-Bishop of Toledo King Sancho went away to Santiago in 〈◊〉 and by the way in the Monasterâ— of Sahagun finding that the Bonca of King Alonso the VIth and his two Queens Elizabeth and Mary were meanly laterred he â—â—us'd them to be put into decent Tombs with 〈…〉 Being return'd to Valladâ—lid he honour'd D. Lope Diaz de Haro â—â—rd of Biscay to whom chiefly he 〈…〉 Crown with the place of Lord Steward of his Household and his Standard heaâ—ery Besides he made him Governour of many Forth and on the 1st of January gave him the Title of an Earl all these Honours in remainder to his son James Lopez de Haro 〈…〉 de Haro Brother to D. Lope was made General of 〈…〉 Thus that Family increas'd Riches and Power and D. Lope became the King 's Favouriâ—â— all Things were govern'd according to his Will in so much that the other Nobles complain'd he tyranniz'd in the Name of King Sancho Paticularly the People of Leon and Gâ—â—cia found fault that he bestow'd all 〈…〉 upon his own Creatures D. Lope great yâ—t more Hanghty having marry'd his Daughter Mary to Prince John and endeavour'd to have the King put away his Queen that he might Marry his Consin Gulielma Daughter to â—astâ—n Earl 〈…〉 This was not at all pleasing to the King who had now by the Queen another Son call'd Alonso and therefore sought an Opportunity to â—ake off D. Lope yet fearing some Rebellion kept him close about his Person in the same Hâ—â—â—ur whilst he visited the Kingdom of Toledo and went to 〈◊〉 The Design of this burney was to 〈◊〉 the People of Galicia who had revolted and put a stop to the incursions of the 〈…〉 Prince Alonso the King of Portugal's Brother and D. Alvar NunÌ„oz de Lara Son to D. John de Lara a restless Man and us'd to live upon Rapine Prince Alonso was possess'd of the 〈◊〉 of Pertalegâ—â— and Roncaâ— on the Frontiers of Castile and Portugal 〈◊〉 Lope de Haro was lest to reduce the Rebels of Galicia The affair of Portugal was 〈◊〉 of between that King and him of Castile and they agreeing with joynt Forces laid Siege to Ronca destroy'd all the Country and oblig'd it to surrender The two Kings being together at this Siege the Portuguese advis'd the Castilian to take D. Alvar NunÌ„ez de Lara into Favour that his Greatness might serve as a check to D. Lope de Haro which was done accordingly D. Lope diving into that Design upon pretence of visiting his Cousin the Viscount of Bearne withdrew into Navarre The Navarrois were of themselves inclinable to make War against Castile and therefore upon his coming took up Arms. Clement Luna a Frenchman was then Viceroy of Navarre Many Incursions were made by the Navarrois as well into Castile as Aragon but nothing of Note was done except taking the Town of Salvatierra from the later The Aragonians made War into Italy with better success Roger Lauria a brave Commander and famous for his late Victories surpriz'd a mighty Fleet of the Enemy near Naples and after a sharp Dispute obtain'd a compleat Victory taking 42 Sale and 5000 Prisoners among which were many of Note Most of them were ransom'd only Guido de Montfort was not releas'd the Kings of England and Aragon being his 〈…〉 Enemies because this Man was Great Grand-son to Simon Earl of Montfort who as has been said overthrew and kill'd Peter King of Aragon in the War of Toulouze And Simon Grand-son to the other Simon took Richard Brother to King Henry of England Prisoner Guido also cruelly Murder'd Henry the Son of that Richard the Emperour in the Cathedral of Viterbo at Man in Revenge for his Father kill'd in Battle by Edward King of England The French and English Historians affirm 〈◊〉 Guido was deliver'd up to the King of England A Sicilian Writer of that Age positively says he 〈…〉 Sicily of a Disease which could not be cur'd without having to do with a Woman which he absolutely refus'd because he would not wrong his Wife Margueriâ—e who after his Death behav'd not her self so well as she ought to have done The Aragonians were now at Peace and famous for their Riches Strength and the memorable Action they had perform'd Only the King of Majorca â—â—â—ested the Coast of â—â—â—alonia but â—â— nothing Remarkable Alonso King of Aragon was renowned and had the Ballance of Peace and War in his Hands keeping the two rightful Princes of Castile Prisoners in Aragon and him of Salerâ—o in Sicily These Princes growing weary of their Confinement inclin'd to admit of any 〈…〉 so they might be enlarg'd and great Kings interceded for them Many 〈…〉 sent from France and Castile upon that Affair but the Authority of Edward King of England was of most Weight because the Aragonian sought to Marry his Daughter Ellâ—â—or â—â—ose Kings resolv'd to meet at the City Oloron in the Province of Bearne and there 〈…〉 of the King of England it was agreed that the Prince of Salerno should be set at Liberty within a Year upon these Conditions That the Kingdom of Sicily should remain to D. Jayme That he should prevail with the Pope to give his consent and take 〈…〉 censures under which the Kingdom of Aragon lay That he should Pay 30000 Marks of Silver That Charles of Valcis should quit his Pretensions to the Crown of Aragon given him by Pope Martin And that if all this were not perfor 〈◊〉 within the Term of three Years that Prince should return in Prison and in the mean while should give his Three Sons Robert Charles and Luis and Sixty Men of Note of 〈…〉 as Hostages Charles Prince of 〈◊〉 being set at liberty went over into France and thence into Tuscany and after having appeas'd the Tumults rais'd by the 〈◊〉 in Rodâ— was at last by Pope 〈◊〉 the IV th declared King of Apulia and Sicily and accordingly 〈…〉 Pope pretended the late Agreement was invalid being made without his Consent that Kingdom being an antient Fleâ— of the Church This highly perplexed the King of Aragon and the Wordâ— for that he understand that Sancho King of Castile was 〈…〉 to break 〈◊〉 him and joyn with the King of France the Queen and Arch-Bishop of Toledo favouring the French and many others oppos'd He â—â— many Troubles ensu'd and D. Lope de Haro dying â—â— shall be related but Friends and 〈…〉 fled to Aragon and were the 〈◊〉 of new Wars This 〈…〉 speedily with the French The Embassadors of both Kings and the Popes 〈…〉 at the â—â—ity Lyons in French and â—here they agreed Thâ—â— King Sancho should give to D. Alonso de la Cerda the Kingdom of Mâ—â—câ—â— upon Condition he
the King of Castile D. Gutierre de Toledo Master of Calatrava leading a Convoy to Monviedro was defeated and kill'd by the Aragonians Martin Lopez de Cordova succeeded him The King of Castile thought to make himself Master of Orihuela but the Aragonian offering him Battel and he refusing the place was relieved and the Aragonian return'd home At the beginning of the Year 1365 the King of Aragon besieg'd Monviedro and had it surrender'd to him On the other side the Castilians after a long Siege took Orihuela D. Gomez de Porras Prior of St. John either because he fear'd King Peter for loosing Monviedro or to curry favour with Count Henry deserted to the Aragonians with 600 Horse that were in that Town From this time the Forces of Castile began to decrease and there being Peace betwixt France and England many French came to serve the King of Aragon These were no better than common Robbers to whom the Pope and King of France gave great Summs of Mony to purchase their absence They were invited into Spain by Count Henry This Body was made up of English and Germans as well as French to the Number of 12000 Frossarte a French Historion says 30000. Bertran Claquin and Hugo Carbolaye were their chief Commanders On the First of January 1366 their advanc'd Parties came to Barcelona the rest of them soon after The King of Aragon receiv'd them joyfully distributed a Summ of Mony among them and promised much more Bertran Claquin he made Earl of Borgia The King of Castile held his Cortes or Parliament at Burgos and demanded supplies of Mony Monsieur de la Brie who came out of France to serve him advis'd to buy off the Strangers that follow'd Count Henry and undertook to manage that affair but King Peter being a Man without fear gave no attention to his Counsel Count Henry and the King of Aragon met at Zaragoça where the foreign Forces were There the League betwixt them was renew'd the limits of their Dominions in case they succeeded determin'd and it was agreed that D. John the Count's Son should marry Ellenor the King's Daughter This done the King stay'd at Zaragoça and Count Henry having assembled all his Army enter'd Castile by the way of Alfaro Ynigo Lopez de Horosco was Governour of that Town which was very strong therefore the Army stay'd not to besiege it but march'd towards Calahorra the chief City in those parts seated on the River Ebro Ferdinand Bishop of that place and Fernan Sanches de Tovar the Governour open'd the Gates to the Count on the 16th of March. Here a Councel was held to consider how to proceed Some were for marching directly to Burgos the chief City of Castile Others advis'd Count Henry to take the title of King that so there might remain no hope of reconciliation with King Peter of Castile Bertran Claquin spoke much to this purpose and all the chief Officers of the Army siding with him they easily perswaded him to accept of the Title and immediately proclaim'd him about the Streets The new-made King was bountiful of what was not his own giving Towns and Cities to all present To Bertran Claquin he gave Trastamara and to Hugo Carbolaye Carrion with the Title of Earls To his Brother D. Tello he restor'd Biscay to D. Sancho he gave Albuquerque the Master-Ship of Santiago to Gonçalo Mexia that of Calatrava to Peter Muniz to D. Alonso de Aragon that King's Uncle the Marquisate of Villena and all that belonged to D. John Manuel and as much more to many others Thus Castile was divided betwixt two Kings striving for the Crown Nothing kept the people in their Obedience to King Peter but fear tho his was the undoubted Right the other being a Bastard Henry advanc'd towards Burgos leaving LogronÌ„o as believing it in vain to attempt it Navarrete and Bribiesca surrendred King Peter was at Burgos doubtful that course to take as confiding but little in his People At length he resolv'd to go to Sevil for there were his Children and Treasure The People of Burgos offer'd to stand by him he thank'd them but would not then make use of their Zeal and absolv'd them from their Oath of Fidelity that if they were put to Streights they might receive Count Henry without being look'd upon as Rebels Before his departure he put to death John Fernandez de Tovar Brother to him that deliver'd up Calahorra On the 28th of March he set out from Burgos sending Orders by the way to the Commanders of the conquer'd places in Aragon to burn them and with all Speed march to meet him at Toledo Thus all he gain'd in some Years was lost in one Day He stay'd some time at Toledo to secure that City and left D. Garci Alvarez de Toledo Master of Santiago to command there No sooner was King Peter gone from Burgos but the Citizens sent to invite Count Henry thither They stil'd him Count but offer'd him the Crown if he would take it in that City according to ancient Custom He accepted their Offer march'd thither and was Crown'd in the Monastery of Huelgas After the Example of Burgos most Cities in that Kingdom within 25 Days submitted to him Thus his Power became equal to his Adversary the Nobility and Commonalty striving to gain the Favour of the new King The Affairs of Castile and Leon being setled he remov'd to Toledo where he was receiv'd with joy Garci Alvarez de Toledo resign'd the Mastership of Santiago in lieu thereof and for deserting his Master had Oropisa and Valdecorneja given him Count Henry being posses'd of Toledo all the rest was easy so that King Peter durst not stay longer in the Kingdom but imbarqâ—ing his Children and Treasure aboard a Galley fled to Portugal The King of Portugal would not receive him Ferdinand his Son favour'd Count Henry and kept correspondence with him Yet King Peter had no Wrong offer'd him but was suffer'd to pass quietly through that Kingdom into Galicia where he design'd to gather a Fleet in order to sail to Bayonne At Compostella he caus'd D. Suero Arch-Bishop of that See and the Dean to be put to death Having got together Twenty two Ships and some smaller Vessels he set Sail for France carrying with him his Son D. John and two Daughters for Beatrix the eldest was dead tho Polydore writes she dy'd at Bayonne There he arriv'd safe that place being then in the Hands of the English with a considerable part of his Treasure for the rest which his Treasurer Martin Yanez had in a Galley was taken by the People of Sevil to please Count Henry who after the surrender of Cordova was expected at Sevil. The new made King Henry being come to Sevil concluded Peace with the Kings of Portugal and Granada That done as if nothing more remain'd to do he disbanded his Army retaining only 15000 Lances of the Foreignes under the command of Bertran Claquin and Bernal
She now dy'd of Grief because he refus'd her Her Body was bury'd among the Kings at S. Denis The King her Husband made himself odious by persecuting the Kindred of those who had been against him Aragon besides the Wars this Year suffer'd by Famine which was somewhat abated by bringing Corn from Africk and did some good by forcing the Enemy to depart the Kingdom Jayme King of Naples who marched into Castile with his Army to look for Provisions dy'd there at the beginning of the Year 1375. His Sister Elizabeth who was with him led the Army back into France there she resign'd all her Claims against the House of Aragon to Luis the King of France his Brother which caus'd new Troubles Now the Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon was concluded on the 12th of April the Conditions were That the Lady Ellenor before promis'd to Prince John should be marry'd to him her Dower 200000 Florins lent by the Araganian to King Henry at the beginning of the Civil Wars That Molina should be restored to Castile and That the Aragonian should pay 12000 Florins towards the Charge of the War This Agreement was celebrated with great Joy in both Kingdoms This Year was Fortunate to all Christendom as well as Spain because Pope Gregory the XIth return'd to Rome after the Popes his Predecessors had resided 70 Years at Avignon Bertran Claquin having for his good Service got the Earldom of Longueville in France ◠sold his Lands in Spain to King Henry for 260000 Doubles At Soria on the 27th of May Prince Charles of Navarre marry'd Ellenor King Henry's Daughter and on the 19th of June Prince John his Son took to Wife Ellenor Daughter to the King of Aragon News was now brought that D. Ferdinand de Castro who the last Year fled to Portugal was dead in England Also that Ferdinand de Tovar Admiral of Castile had done much harm along the Coasts of that Island From Soria King Henry went to Burgos He design'd to assist the French with all his Power against the English His Son Alonso Earl of Gijon to avoid marrying Elizabeth Daughter to the King of Portugal fled into France but was soon brought back by his Father At the end of this Year dy'd D. Gomez Manrique Arch-bishop of Toledo The Chapter having chosen two to succeed him the Decision of the Controversy was left to the Pope who allow'd of neither of them but gave that Dignity to Peter Tenorio then Bishop of Coimbra About this time dy'd some Men of Note of Navarre Particularly D. Roderick Vrriz a Man of a great Estate and Interest was by the King's Command apprehended and Beheaded in Pamplona at the latter end of March 1376. Some private Correspondence he held with the King of Castile was the cause of his Death It was Reported he intended to betray the Castles of Tudela and Caparroso but it is not likely they should so soon design to disturb the Peace D. Bernard Folcaut Bishop of Pamplona dy'd on the 7th of July in Banishment at Agnani in Italy D. Martin Calva a most learned Man was chosen to succeed him Frederick King of Sicily departed this Life at Messina on the 26th of July His Daughter the Lady Mary was left sole Heiress of that Kingdom and the Dutchies of Athens and Neopatria which produc'd Differences betwixt several Princes aspiring to marry her This also administred to the Aragonians a fair Opportunity of enlarging their Dominions The End of the Seventeenth Book THE History of SPAIN The Eighteenth BOOK CHAP. I. The Wars of Navarre Matches of some of King Henry's Children The Schism in the Church caus'd by the Election of the Two Popes Urban and Clement The death of King Henry of Castile and of Mahomet the Moorish King of Granada SPAIN now enjoy'd a perfect Peace all its Kings being Ally'd by Marriages and grown weary of the long Wars With the Moors there was a Truce The Duke of Lancaster ingag'd in the Wars of France could not apply himself to the Conquest of Castile King Henry having thus put an End to all the Wars apply'd himself to the Civil Government and reformation of many Abuses crept in by the liberty of the Times Only Aragon was under the Apprehensions of a War for Luis Duke of Anjou to whom Jayme Prince of Majorca had made over his Title to that Kingdom began now to set up his Pretensions The King of Aragon assembled the Cortes at Monçon where new Impositions were laid upon the Jews and Moors only for none would be allow'd upon the Christians yet they offer'd to defend the Country at their own Charge Great Preparations were made for that War It is reported that 40 Galleys were fitted out on the Coast of France and 4000 Men at Arms gather'd and it was fear'd in Aragon that peace being concluded with the English as was expected the Pope interposing all the Power of France would fall upon that Kingdom Besides a Matter of small Moment had like to have produc'd another War D. John Ramirez de Arellano returning from Rome through Aragon at Barcelona was challeng'd and call'd Traitor in the King's presence by the Viscount de Rota for that he had entic'd D. Jayme Prince of Majorca to invade Aragon The Challenge was accepted and the time fix'd for fighting 90 Days after King Henry labour'd to prevent the Combat but the King of Aragon favouring the Viscount they could not agree The King of Castile hereupon said They should Fight but he would send 3000 Horse to see Justice done which was as good as declaring War This mov'd the Aragonian to desist A Treaty of Peace was set afoot at Bruges in Flanders first and in the Year 1377 at Bologne in Picardy betwixt the English and French the Embassadors of Castile being present in Order to have their King Comprehended but nothing was concluded The Death of the Prince of Wales and his Father King Edward the IIId broke all their Measures Richard the King's Grandchild and Son to the Black Prince succeeded King Edward The Duke of Burgundy after the Treaty broke up came into Spain to pay a Vow he had made to visit the Body of the Apostle S. James in Galicia In his return Home he was nobly entertain'd by King Henry at Segovia The rest of the Summer the King spent at Leon and the Winter at Sevil. All the Warlike Preparations made in France fell upon the King of Navarre's Dominions Charles Peter and Mary Princes of Navarre were in France With Charles went Baldwin who was Governour of several strong holds in Normandy and Jaques de la Rue his Favourite who had Orders to propose to the English that the King would make War upon France if they would give him the Dutchy of Guienne to be held in Feof of them The French having intelligence of this Design secur'd Rue put him to the rack and he confessing was executed at Paris Baldwin was commanded to deliver up
chosen in his stead Also Pope Sixtus gave the Archbishoprick of Sevil to Cardinal Roderick Borgia but the King opposed him and it was given to James de Mendoça then Bishop of Palencia Thus the Kings of Spain began to claim the Right of nominating their Bishops The Neapolitans and Venetians were now at War about Hercules Duke of Ferrara whom the former Protected because he was Married to their King's Daughter On the 12th of August died Pope Sixtus His Successor was Cardinal John Baptista Cibo who took the Name of Innocent the 8th At the same time died In̄igo Davalos Son to the Constable Ruy Lopez Davalos He was in high favour with the Kings of Naples and left several Children of whom some Princes in Italy are descended and particularly the famous Ferdinand Marquess of Pescara who filled not only Italy but all the World with the same of his Exploits Inigo Davalo was Father to D. Alonso Marquess del Gasto who was also renowned for his Valour and his Cousin dying without Children he Inherited his Estate which he left to his Heirs upon Condition one of them should be called Marquess de Pescara and the next Marquess del Gasto alternatively as is practised till this day CHAP. IV. Alora and other Places taken from the Moores Albohardil usurps the Crown of Granada and defeats the Earl of Cabra The Rebellion in Naples Birth of the Princess Catherine of Castile afterwards Wife to Henry VIII King of England IN Andaluzia our Forces never ceas'd to harass the Enemies Country At Cordoua a Council was held to agree about undertaking some Enterprize and tho the Master of Santiago was of another Opinion the Marquess of Cadiz his Advice prevailed which was to attack Alora a Town almost in the mid-way between Antequera and Malaga It is stronger by Nature than any addition of Art The Army was ready to march when King Ferdinand came and approved of the Enterprize The better to amuze the Enemy he gave out he was going to put new Forces into Alhama but being come to Antequera turned short and set down before Alora unexpected Our Cannon soon beat down part of the Walls which so terrified the Moores that they surrendred on the 21th of June upon Condition to carry their Goods with them We lost not one Man in this Siege Several other Places were attacked and at one called Caçarabonela where there was a Skirmish with a Body of the Enemy D. Gutierre de Sotomayor Earl of Benalcaçar being too eager was killed in the prime of his Age. After this 300 Knights of Calatrava were put into Alhama under the Command of Garzi Lopez de Padilla chosen Master of that Order in the place of Roderick Tellez Giron deceased The King marched on and incamped in sight of Granada His Army consisted of 6000 Horse and scarce 10000 Foot In the City there were reported to be 70000 Combatants a number scarce to be believed However King Ferdinand ravaged all that place and having spent 50 days in this Expedition returned with his Army entire and loaded with Plunder to the Christian Territories The Command of Alora he gave to Luis Fernandez Portocarrero D. Alvaro de Mendoça Earl of Castro was made Admiral that he being a Man of singular Conduct might hinder any Succours from passing out of Africk After the heat of the Summer was over the Christians again took the Field They battered a Castle near Malaga called Septenil which the Besieged terrified with the Cannon surrendred being payed for the Provisions they left behind them Thence our Army marched towards Ronda a strong and almost inaccessible City being seated betwixt craggy Mountains the greatest part of it encompassed by a River the rest covered with Rocks The Inhabitants of this place were Resolute and Warlike and well provided with all Necessaries for their Defence Our Forces being come in sight of the Walls destroyed all the Orchards and Olive-Trees thereabouts but Money growing short to pay the Soldiers they made but a short stay there The Army being put into Winter-quarters the King and Queen went away to Sevil and came to that City upon the 2d of October In the month of January 1485 the King took the Field thinking to surprize the City Loxa but desisted by reason of the Rains and bad Weather as also because a Soldier of Note called John de Ortega said that design was impracticable The Nobility came in daily with their Troops so that in a little time the Army amounted to 9000 Horse and 20000 Foot With this Force it was decreed to prosecute the War At the same time the Citizens of Almeria as if their King Boabdil were the Cause of all their Misfortunes assaulted his Palace killed his Brother and secured his Mother who had been the chief Incendiary betwixt the Father and Son King Boabdil himself being then out of the Town as soon as he received the News of that Misfortune fled with a few Followers to Cordoua The Inhabitants of Ronda whose numbers were much decreased were in a great Consternation A Moore called Joseph Xerife gave notice of it to the Marquess of Cadiz and it was decreed to undertake that Enterprize First they attacked a Town called Cohine near Alora which they took by Assault and razed because it was too large to be defended Another Town called Cartama of which all the Valley takes Name was also taken The Master of Santiago was made Governor of it at his own Request This done they marched to Malaga where Albohardil the Moorish King's Brother resided in whose Valour the Moores chiefly confided for the Reputation he gained in the Slaughter of the Christians on the Mountains of Malaga Little was done there and the Army returned the way it came to Ronda The Forces were divided into 5 parts that they might encompass the Town on all sides The King with the greatest Body encamped before the Castle All the Avenues were secured that no Succours might get into the Town which was then much weakned a great number of the Inhabitants being abroad upon Parties to plunder in Andalusia For these Reasons and because the Christians advanced their Works with great Industry the Besieged surrendred upon Articles the 23d of May. Among the other Conditions it was agreed that some of the Principal Inhabitants should have Revenues assigned them at Sevil out of the Estates of Gonçalo Picon and others condemned by the Inquisition A good Garrison was put into that City Several other Towns along the Mountain surrendred the chief whereof were Caçarabonela and Marbella which lies near the Sea The Moores were in a great Consternation and had little help in their Kings the one being fled the other ancient sickly and almost blind This moved them to choose for their King Muley Albohardil who resided at Malaga and was a Man of great Courage and Conduct He immediately accepted of the Crown they offered him went away to Granada and entred that City in Triumphant manner being proud
that he had killed 90 Christians by the way who lay very secure upon Sierra Nevada The Citizens with great Acclamations proclaimed him King Albohazen at the beginning of this Mutiny went away to Almun̄ecar where his Treasure lay There his cruel Brother caused him to be Murdered only to secure himself in the Throne he had usurped King Ferdinand tho many were of Opinion the Soldiers who were harassed with the late Expeditions ought to rest commanded the Army to Rendezvous at Alcala Real because that Town was upon the Frontiers and went himself thither from Cordcua upon the first of September notwithstanding the Heat was excessive that part of the Country being naturally hotter than the rest of Spain The Earl of Cabra desiring to signalize himself begged he might first enter the Moorish Territories as he did with 700 Horse and 3000 Foot He was ordered to take with him Martin Alonso de Montemayor and to sit down before Moclin a strong Town near Granada the King promising to back them with the whole Army The Earl marched day and night to surprize the new King Albohardil who he understood was quartered near that place with 1500 Horse and a greater number of Foot This Design being discovered to the Moore he removed to a Hill and at break of day fell upon the Christians in certain Defiles with such fury that the best Soldiers were killed and most of the Foot The Earl lost his Brother Gonçalo and he with a few Horse fled towards the way where he expected to meet Garzi Lopez de Padilla Master of Calatrava who followed those that had advanced before This Loss so troubled King Ferdinand that he retired for some time On the Frontier near Jaen are two Towns and Castles called Cambil and Albahar The River Frio runs betwixt them and tho small is difficult to be waded because of its high Banks Both these Places were besieged Albahar is beyond the River and near it is a Hill that commands it on which the King tho with much labour caused the Cannon to be planted This so terrified the Moores that they surrendred both Towns and Castles on the 23d of September being the very day on which they were lost 120 years before After this the King put the Army into Winter Quarters and went himself with the Queen to Alcala de Henares During this Expedition died D. Alonso de Aragon Duke de Villahermosa the King's Brother a brave Commander His Body was deposited at Baeça and thence translated to Poplete the burial-place of his Ancestors Of him are descended the Dukes of Villahermosa and Earls of Ribagorça In Toledo the Inquisition severely punished those who renouncing the Christian Faith became Jews A great number of those People who were reconciled and implored Mercy was pardoned They are now called De la Gracia that is the People of Grace The Nobility of Naples had now raised a Bloody War against their King Ferdinand upon the usual Pretences Pope Innocent favoured them but it was rather in Words than Effect for he was ancient and otherwise employed The chief of the Conspirators were the Princes of Salerno Basigniano and Altamura as also the Marquess del Gasto It was reported that Frederick the King's Son under-hand supported the Rebels but this could never be proved The Wicked Life of Alonso Duke of Calabria the King 's Eldest Son was one great Motive of this Revolt The King resolved to reduce the Rebels rather by Policy than Force and therefore gave his General Pardon to all the Mutiniers King Ferdinand of Spain also sent the Earl of Tendilla his Ambassador to ingage to those Noblemen for their safety provided they laid down their Arms. But the King of Naples as soon as the Storm was over made no account of those Promises and at several times as occasion served seized the Heads of the Rebellion and put them all to death King Ferdinand of Castile ceased not to protest against those Proceedings but he of Naples ceased not to proceed in cutting off his Enemies which proved fatal to him at last as we shall see in its place Let us turn back On the 16th of December Queen Elizabeth at Aloala de Henares was delivered of a Daughter called Catherine well known in the World as Wife to two Brothers Sons to the King of England and for her great Sufferings caused by the inordinate Lust and infidelity of her Husband which also drew great Calamities upon the whole English Nation Their Sins and Rebellion drew Judgments upon them Richard III. having murdered his Two Nephews Edward and Richard the rightful Heirs of the Crown usurped the Kingdom He Govern'd like a Tyrant and ended accordingly Henry Earl of Richmond who had been a Prisoner in Britany having obtained his Liberty overthrew the Tyrant in Battle and killed him By that means he secured the Crown to himself This Henry had a Son called Henry like himself who was the Eighth of that Name King of England and famous for his Incontinency for putting away Catherine his Wife and for disowning the Supremacy of the Pope besides many other Crimes which have left an indelible stain upon his Name CHAP. V. The Tumults in Aragon and Catalonia Several Towns taken from the Moores A Sedition in Galicia King Albohardil attacks the Castle call'd Albaizin in Granada and is repulsed Azamor on the Coast of Africk delivered to the Portugueses SOme small Tumults hapned in Aragon but those in Catalonia were more dangerous yet the Prudence of King Ferdinand overcame them all The City Zaragoça is seated in a Plain on the Banks of the River Ebro and is in Beauty Riches and number of Inhabitants almost equal to the best in Spain This Place has often Mutinied in defence of its Priviledges as it hapned at this time John de Burgos the King 's Alguazil gave some ill Language to Peter Cerdan the Chief of the Aldermen and Head of their Counsel Others coming in apprehended the Alguazil Tried Condemned and Hanged him which was a great Affront to the King He was then upon the point of entring upon the Kingdom of Granada with his Army and therefore sent Orders to John Hernandez de Heredia supream Governor of that Kingdom to punish all that had a Hand in that Affair with the utmost rigor and at the same time told the Deputies sent by the City that no harm should be done for he was expert in Dissembling The Head of the Aldermen could not be apprehended because the Chief Justice of Aragon protected him but Martin Pertusa who was the next and had been very active in the Business of the Alguazil was suddenly Executed the King's Letters being carried before him upon a Spear to awe the People who were ready to Rescue him This struck a Terror into the others and so the Sedition was appeased Soon after another Tumult hapned upon account of a more Hainous Crime than the last Peter Arbuc was Inquisitor in that City and punished
say he was informed by one Marcus Polus a Florentine and others that he found out by his Skill in Astrology that there were vast Countreys towards the West undiscovered These his thoughts he communicated first to the King of Portugal then to Henry VII of England and being slighted by them both came to the Court of King Ferdinand There he waited 7 years and at last after the subduing of the Kingdom of Granada obtained of the King 3 Ships to attempt this Discovery It is wonderful that so great an Undertaking was begun only with 17000 Duccats which the King was forced to borrow his Revenue was so far exhausted Columbus set sail on the 3d of August from Palos de Moguer and having touched at the Canaries after several days sail and many difficulties he discovered certain Islands which he called The Princes Islands He spent some days there and leaving some of his Company in a Fort he built under the Command of James de Arana returned to Spain with the News of what he had discovered and some Proofs of the Riches of the Country The following year he continued to discover many other Islands the chiefest whereof were Hispaniola and Cuba Besides he Coasted a great part of the Continent as well towards the Southern as Northern Pole Columbus died in the year of Grace 1500 a Man worthy of Immortal Praise He was made Admiral of the Indies and Duke of Veraguas Rewards due to his great Merit Several others continued these Discoveries as well during his Life as after his Death Among these Americus Vespusius a Florentine by order of Emanuel King of Portugal in the year 1500 discovered all Brasil which is a great part of that Continent After much of the Northern Coast had been discovered by several Persons Vasco Nun̄ez de Balboa born at Badajoz was the first that adventured to pass that narrow Neck of Land that lies between Nombre de Dios and Panama and so came to the South Sea in the year 1513. These Discoveries of Columbus and Americus Vespusius raised a Controversie betwixt the Crowns of Castile and Portugal the latter pretending all the Discovery of the New World appertained to him by Grants of several Popes and particularly of Eugenius IV. On the other side the King of Castile pleaded a Bull of Pope Alexander VI. in the year 1493 which assigned to him all the Lands to the Westward of an imaginary Line drawn 100 Leagues beyond the Islands of Cabo Verde This Grant was afterwards altered by another which ordained the said Line to be drawn 370 Leagues farther towards the West to the end that Brasil might fall within the Portugues Limits Hierome Ozorio Bishop of Silves in the Life of King Emanuel affirms the said Line was appointed to be drawn 36 Degrees West of the Meridian of Lisbon Upon this Determination was grounded another Dispute the Castillians pretending that the Molucco Islands whence the Spice is brought fell within their Limits as being within that half of the World assigned them All this the Portugueses deny and each Party bring Arguments to make good their Assertions Certain it is that Ferdinand Magallanes a Portugues being disgusted because his King did not Reward his Services done in India perswaded the Emperor Charles V. Grandson to King Ferdinand that a new way might be found to the Moluco Islands by the South West He had 5 Ships given him for this Enterprize and sailed from Sevil in the year 1519. Having touched at the Canaries he Coasted all along Brasil and found a Streight in 53 Degrees of South Latitude which of him is called the Streight of Magellan At the entrance of that Streight one of the Ships struck upon a Rock and was lost another weary of that long Voyage stole away by night and returned to Sevil. With the rest he passed the Streight and was himself with some of his Companions killed in an Island called Zubu Those that were left being too few to Man all the Ships burnt one and with the other two came to the Moluco Islands They loaded in the Island of Tidore but one of them being very leaky was lost The other coming round by the Cape of Good Hope at last arrived at Sevil 3 years after his departure The Ship was called the Victory the Master John Sebastian Cano a Biscainer whose Name ought never to be forgotten as being the first that sailed round the World Many afterwards attempted that same Voyage but the Profit not answering the Trouble it was laid aside as also because King John of Portugal lent the Emperor Charles V. 350000 Duccats upon Condition he and his Heirs should desist from that Undertaking till the Money were repayed On the Right Hand of that Neck of Land which we have said lies between the North and South Seas is the Kingdom of New Spain and the City Mexico its Metropolis seated in the midst of a Lake Over this and many other large Provinces and Kingdoms Reigned the mighty Emperor Montezuma whom Ferdinand Cortes in the year 1520 with wonderful Resolution apprehended and made Prisoner in his own Palace He being killed accidentally by a Stone cast at a Window where he was looking out to appease his People Cortes brought those vast Provinces under the subjection of Charles the Emperor gained himself Eternal Honour and left to his Successors the Marquesses del Valle a great Estate in the Kingdom of Mexico On the Left Hand of that Neck of Land Francis Pizarro in the year 1525 discovered the Kingdom of Peru and 6 years after Conquered it taking and putting to death Atabalipa Lord of that Country This is the richest Countrey for Mines of Gold and Silver hitherto discovered insomuch that all the Utensils of those People even to their Pots and Kettles were of these precious Mettals Pizarro shared not the vast Booty he got there fairly with James de Almagro his principal Companion in that Conquest and the rest of his Men and yet the meanest Soldier 's part came to 9000 Duccats which was the richest Plunder ever taken till that time His Force was about 300 Men who in Battle overthrew above 100000 Indians Riches and Plenty produced Pride and Insolence for Ferdinand Brother to Francis Pizarro understanding that Almagro openly complained of the Wrong done him and meditated Revenge he murdered him A Bastard Son of Almagro whom he had by an Indian and whose Name was James assaulted the House of Francis Pizarro in the City of Lima and killed him in revenge of his Father This was a bold Attempt and to punish it the Governour Christopher Vaca de Castro joined with Gonçalo Pizarro another Brother of the said Francis and with their Forces overthrew and killed the said James This Victory and his great Riches so puffed up Gonçalo Pizarro that he attempted to make himself absolute Lord of that Country Blasco Nun̄ez Vela was sent by the Emperor from Spain to be Viceroy of Peru him the Rebellious Spaniards took Prisoner and put
that vast Ocean to refresh the Seamen with its Fruit Fish and Flesh tho' scarce Inhabited being but Four Leagues in length and so far from any Land Thence by the way of the Islands Terceras the Ships generally return to Lisbon in August or September The End of the 26th BOOK The History of SPAIN BOOK XXVII CHAP. I. The Death of the Prince of Castile Of Charles VIII King of France Matches of Two Daughters of Spain The Prince of Salerno expelled Naples France and Spain agree Hierome Savonarola burnt at Florence THE Affairs of Spain at one and the same time prospered in Italy and within Spain had a mixture of Felicity and Adversity Two Matches for as many of King Ferdinand's Daughters were concluded that is of the Princess Catherine with Arthur Prince of Wales and Heir to Henry VII King of England and of the Princess Elizabeth with Emanuel King of Portugal These Marriages were of great Importance because together with those of the House of Austria they bound such Mighty Princes to the Interest of Spain The Match with England was fully concluded upon the 15 of August 1497. To forward the Marriage with Portugal D. John Manuel that King's Foster-Brother came to Castile It was agreed that King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth should carry the Princess their Daughter to the Borders of Portugal where King Emanuel should meet them to consummate the Marriage upon the last Day of September Ceclamin was at first the Place appointed to meet but that Town wanting Conveniencies they spent three Days together at Valencia de Alcantara Their Joy was much abated by the News of the Indisposition of Prince John who died the 13 day after he was taken ill at Salamanca on the 4th of October to the great Loss and Grief of the whole Kingdom He left the Princess with Child but that availed little for in a short time after she miscarried The Prince's Body was carried to Avila to be buried in the famous Dominican Monastery of S. Thomas This dismal News came to Alcantara whilst yet the Rejoycing for the Wedding lasted but after King Ferdinand was gone King Emanuel begged of the Queen his Mother-in-Law not to let the Queen his Wife know any thing of it and so went away with her to Ebora There she was at last acquainted with the Death of the Prince her Brother She resented it as became a loving Sister but his Parents bore their Loss with great Magnanimity The Kingdom of Naples was not yet peaceable because the Prince of Salerno and his Party mistrusting the King fortified their Towns and Castles The first Demonstration that Prince gave of his Ill-will was That tho' he appeared when King Frederick was Proclaimed at Naples yet he would not be present at his Coronation under colour of Poverty However the Prince of Basiniano came to Court the day following to excuse himself and intercede for him of Salerno No means of Peace prevailed and the King was forced to march with his Army and besiege him in his strong Town of Diano Gonçalo Fernandez was now about returning to Spain as reckoning the War of Naples at an end To this purpose he had gone into Calabria thence to Sicily and now came to Naples to take his Leave of the King and Queen They pressed him to aid them in that Siege because the Defendants were numerous and the King's Party favoured them The Great Captain gathered 500 Spaniards and the King furnishing him 500 Germans he so straitned the Besieged tho' with much danger of his Person that the Prince was forced to surrender It was agreed That the Prince with all such as would follow him might safely depart the Kingdom with their Goods That all the Towns and Forts belonging to the Prince should be delivered up to the King he paying for the Cannon and Provisions in them Thus Diano was surrendered upon the 28th of December and the Prince put himself into the hands of the Duke of Melfi to be conducted to Sangalla a City in Marca de Ancona which sided with the King of France The Earls of Conça and Lauria his Confederates bore him Company He of Capacho being very old put himself upon the King's Mercy This same Year in Autumn D. John de Gusman Duke of Medina Sidonia sent a Fleet over to Africk to People Melilla which is opposite to Almeria and had been abandoned by the Moors In recompence for the Charge he had been at that Town was given to the Duke and his Heirs for ever The Xeque or Lord of Gelves who was in Rebellion aginst the King of Tunez his Sovereign to secure himself under the Christian Protection delivered up that Island and Port to the Catholick King and in his Name to John de Lanuça then Viceroy of Sicily Captain Margarit was left with the Spanish Forces to secure that Island A solemn Embassie from France now met the King at Alcala de Henares The Proposals made were That the Two Kings with their joint Forces should invade Italy That as to the Kingdom of Naples the Catholick King should possess Calabria till such time as the French King in exchange should give him the Kingdom of Navarre and 30000 Ducats yearly for what it was worth above that Kingdom That the States of Milan and Genoa should belong to the French and all the rest of Italy be equally divided betwixt them The Catholick King was not averse from the Business of Naples but as for the rest of Italy would not be concerned without advertising the Empire who had so great a Right to it At last it was resolved King Ferdinand should send Ambassadors to France to prosecute this Treaty At this time all the Monasteries of Castile were reduced to the strict Observance of their Orders which the Dominicans Augustins and Carmelites easily condescended to The Franciscans at first made some resistance According to Agreement the King sent Ferdinand Duke of Estrada and Two others his Ambassadors to conclude a Peace with France At the same time it was believed the French King resolved to invade Roussillon but Death prevented his Designs He departed this Life at Amboise on the 17th of April 1498. The Duke of Orleans called Luis XII succeeded him At Blois where the New King was and afterwards at Orleans the Treaty of Peace was carried on that King always giving good Words and fair Promises only to gain time till he was settled in the Kingdom and could be divorced from his present Wife Sister to the late King in order to marry the Dutchess of Britany who since the death of the late King her Husband was for returning into her own Country He at last compassed his ends and had by that Dutchess two Daughters only the Eldest of which was married to Francis the Heir of that Crown Before the death of King Charles it was proposed that Caesar Borgia should resign his Cardinal's Cap to which purpose that King promised him an Estate in
was proposed that Prince Ferdinand should Marry the youngest Daughter of France and her Portion should be the States of Milan and Genoa and King Ferdinand should give his Grandson the Kingdom of Naples These were only Contrivances to gain time especially on the King of France his part who dreaded the English breaking into Picardy by the way of Calais King Henry laid Siege to Therouenne and having defeated the French that came to relieve it took and dismantled it Then he sat down before Tournay at such time as the Earl of Surry in England vanquished and killed the King of Scots who in favour of the French invaded England Hereupon Tournay surrendred There the Emperor Princess Margaret and Prince Charles came to see the King of England Thence they went to Lisle where it was agreed as soon as the Truce was expired the Emperor and Kings of England and Spain should each on their own Side Invade France King Ferdinand was to conquer Guienne for the English but it appeared he did not approve of this Treaty The Match before proposed betwixt Prince Charles and the King of England's Sister was confirmed and it was agreed it should be Consummated the following Year Summer being spent King Henry returned into England France was in distress the Swisse having broke through Burgundy Monsieur de la Trimoville overthrew and yet compounded with them The King of France ingag'd not to favour the Council of Pisa and to withdraw his Garrisons out of the Castles of Milan and Cremona No part of this Accord was performed except what related to submitting to the Church Whilst the other Christian Kings wasted their Forces against one another King Emanuel of Portugal enjoyed Peace at home and extended his Conquests in Africk and India On the Western Coast of Africk stands the City Azamor which is large and rich and belongs to the Kingdom of Fez. The Country about it is plentiful being watered by the River Omirabin which runs by the Town King Emanuel had some Years before this as has been said thought to possess himself of this Place by the means of one Zeiam a Moor who deceived him and made himself Master of it At this time the King fitted out a Fleet shipping aboard it 20000 Foot and 2700 Horse under the Command of the Duke of Bragança After a troublesome Voyage they landed at Azamor about Autumn Several Skirmishes passed betwixt them and the Defendants as also those that came to relieve the Place but many Men of Note among the Moors being killed the rest fled out at a Gate that could not be secured and thus the City was taken about the beginning of September Some neighbouring Places surrendred and among them the Citties of Gita and Almedina Having left a good Garrison at Azamor under the Command of Roderick Barreto and John de Meneses the Duke returned to Portugal tho' many advised to besiege the City Morocco but he said he had no such Orders This Success encouraged King Emanuel to prosecute his Conquests along the Coast of Africk on that side and therefore resigned any Pretensions he might have to Pen̄on and the City Velez upon Condition the Catholick King should not pretend to any thing along the Coast of the Kingdom of Fez even down to Cape Bojador In Italy the Viceroy entred the Territory of the Venetians by the way he took many Boats and Carts loaded with the Goods of People that fled Pieve de Saco a delightful Place where are all the Country Houses of the Venetians he plundered and burnt He passed the River Brenta and took Mistre which is as it were a Suburb of Venice At the end of the Channels are certain Houses which they call Palizas within Cannon-shot of the City Thence they Cannonaded it the Balls flying as far as the Monastery of S. Segundus but the Affront was more than the harm done Our Army was encompassed by Enemies On the one side was Treviso on the other Padua and Albiano who drew near with his Army being resolved to fight The Viceroy retired towards Vincenza and marched in one Day 14 miles tho' above 500 Carts followed the Army loaded with Baggage and Plunder Paul Baillon from Treviso and the Garrison of Padua joyned Albiano In all his Army consisted of 7000 Foot and 1200 Horse besides 10000 of the Country People that appeared upon the Mountains Albiano marched to cut off the Viceroy from Vincenza and encamped in a narrow Pass near a Town called Olmo Our Army was in great danger it being impossible to advance and dangerous to turn back yet they resolved to retire that they might draw the Enemy into the open Field They thinking our Men had fled pursued hastily and in Disorder whereupon the Viceroy by the advice of Prosper Colona and the Marquess of Pescara commanded his Germans to charge the Enemy which they did with such fury that they soon broke them The Marquess of Pescara pursued them up to the City where the Gates being shut many were drowned in the River and among them Sacromoro Visconte This done the Viceroy with the Germans and some Spaniards attacked a Body of the Enemies Horse and Foot who fortified themselves on a Hill with 5 Pieces of Cannon These also were easily put to flight This Battel was fought on the 7th of October 700 Venetian Men at Arms were killed all their Foot dispersed Paul Baillon and many others and 22 Pieces of Cannon were taken Albiano and Griti escaped The Viceroy marched to Vincenza where he stayed some Days At the same time the Castle of Bergamo was taken from the Venetians by Storm Paul Baillon was released upon his Parole that he would surrender himself again in case the Venetians would not give Alonso de Carvajal in Exchange for him Carvajal died in Prison and Baillon never returned On the 20th of November the Castle of Milan was surrendred as was that of Cremona Nothing was left the French in Lombardy but the Castle of Lanterna at Genoa The Duke layed Siege to it and the Adornos and Fliscos encamped before Genoa but were forced to retire leaving some of their Cannon behind The Pope continued the Lateran Council and admitted the French Ambassadors they in their King's Name renouncing the Council of Pisa and the Protection of the Schismaticks so the Gallican Church submitted to the Roman The Pope was concerned to see the Republick of Venice so near Destruction and underhand designed to relieve it He sent to require the Viceroy to proceed no farther against it that some Accommodation might be made Aragon was now in an Uproar on account of some Quarrel between the Earls of Ribagorça and Aranda At length the King interposing the Difference came to Tryal and the Earl of Ribagorça being found faulty was banished the Kingdom of Aragon during the King's Pleasure In the Kingdom of Naples some Towns had revolted being oppressed by their Lords And Peter de Castro tho' with much trouble reduced them all
afterwards they lost their Liberty King Henry of England hearing what had happened declared for the Pope and the League before spoken of The King of France also upon the same News sent his General Odet de Lautrec with Forces into Italy who joining with the Venetians took Alexandria and Pavia two considerable Cities in the State of Milan Margaret Sister to the French King was Married to Henry d' Albret King of Navarre and had Issue Joanna who for want of Heirs Male inherited her Father's Dominions This Lady most obstinately persisted in Heresie as I suppose because the Pope had given away the Kingdom of Navarre from her Forefathers Anno 1528. At Madrid the Three Estates swore the young Prince Philip Heir to his Father's Kingdoms The Emperor complained that the French King did not keep his Word or perform what he had so solemnly promised when he was Prisoner in Spain The French King sent a Herauld to challenge him to fight him Hand to Hand This Affair was advised about with the Nobility On the 24th of June the Emperor sent his Answer by Letter accepting the Challenge and appointing the Place of Combate But the King of France was so cautious he would neither open the Letters nor give Audience to the Herauld sent from Spain upon that Errand Mean while Lautrec having wintered at Bolonia marched towards Naples laid Siege to that City hoping soon to possess himself of all the Kingdom On a sudden the Plague began to rage so violently in his Army that great part of it Perished and he among the rest Others were made Prisoners and among them Count Peter Navarro who spent the rest of his Days under severe Confinement This Disaster moved Andrea Doria a Genoese but Admiral of the French Fleet to go over to the Emperor and afterwards he restored his Country to its Liberty having defeated and expelled the Family of Fregosa for which and his great Virtues he gained immortal Renown Anno 1529. Charles the Emperor earnestly desired to go over into Italy by Sea there to receive the Imperial Crown at the Hand of the Pope To this purpose he was reconciled with him after so many Discontents and Affronts and promised to give his Bastard Daughter Margaret in Marriage to Alexander de Medicis as also to restore that Family to its Country At the same time he renewed the League with the King of France the Embassadors of both Princes meeting to that purpose at Cambray on the Frontiers of France and Flanders He sent home that Kings two Sons ransomed for Two Millions of Gold and with them sent his Sister Ellenor who was to be Married to that King From this time forward the Low Countries were wholly exempted from the Jurisdiction of France and on the other side Burgundy was entirely made over to that Crown It remained now to agree the Differences with Portugal about the Molucco Islands It was concluded that the King of Portugal should lend the Emperor 350000 Ducats upon Condition that till such time as that Sum was repayed the Castillians should forbear Trading in those Islands or laying any Claim to them This done the Emperor went over by Sea into Italy Solyman the Great Turk at the Instigation of John the Vayvod of Transilvania laid Siege to Vienna which was bravely defended by Philip the Count Palatin who was in it with a strong Garison Anno 1530. At Rome the Citizens were disgusted and impoverished by the late Disorders and Sacking of the City wherefore it was agreed the Coronation should be performed at Bolonia The Concourse of People was incredible the publick Demonstration of Joy extraordinary and the Majesty of the Ceremony such as passed belief On the Day of S. Mathias which was His Majesty's Birth-day he was saluted Augustus and Crowned by the Pope His Holiness and the Venetians interceded for Francis Sforcia that the Dukedom of Milan might be restored to him which was done accordingly he taking to Wife Christiern Daughter to the King of Denmark and the Emperor's Neice He was ordered to pay 900000 Duccats and the City of Como and Castle of Milan were to remain in the Emperor's Hands till that were performed The Marquis of Mantua had the Title of Duke conferred upon him The Pope and Duke of Ferrara were at Variance about the Cities of Modena and Reggio and the Emperor as Umpire betwixt them adjudged them to the Duke After this he set out for Germany where he had Summoned the Dyet to meet at Ausburg on the 8th of April The principal aim was to reduce the Hereticks as had been intended at other Diets Little was done in this Affair only that the Hereticks presented in Writing a Confession of their Faith which of that City was called the Ausburg Confession He that composed it was named Philip Melancton a Learned Man The Imperial Forces having long besieged Florence reduced the City to such streights that they were forced not only to admit the Family of the Medicis but to receive Alexander de Medicis for their Duke and so lost their ancient Liberty Philibert Prince of Orange and Alonso Davalos Marquis del Gasto and of Pescara since the Death of his Cousin Ferdinand were the Generals that commanded at this Siege Margaret the Emperor's Aunt died at Mecklin in Brabant on the 1st Day of December She was Governess of those Provinces and Mary Queen Dowager of Hungary succeeded her in that Charge which she held for the Emperor her Brother many Years Anno 1531. By the Emperor's Order the Archbishop of Mentz whose Place it is Summoned the Electors of the Empire to meet at Cologn to chuse a King of the Romans Upon the day appointed by the unanimous Consent of them all but one Ferdinand Archduke of Austria King of Hungary and Bohemia was elected Only Frederick Duke of Saxony protested against their Proceedings but the Year after he agreed with the rest at the Diet of Ratisbon having obtained Liberty in Matters of Religion Many Earthquakes happened and in the Low-Countries the Dikes being shaken the Sea broke in and whole Towns were drowned and some of the Steeples are yet to be seen above Water Lisbon suffered extreamly insomuch that the King fearing his Palace should fall upon him for several Days lay in Tents in the Field The Waters separating in the Channel of Tagus left a sort of an Island in the middle for some time In England the Antient Catholick Religion was now subverted on this Occasion King Henry indulging his Appetite had cast an Amorous Eye upon Anne Bullen To satisfy his desire he put from him Queen Catharine upon pretence that she had been Married to his Brother Arthur and took Anne Bullen to Wife notwithstanding he had a Daughter called Mary by his Lawful Wife The Pope opposed this Proceeding and could not be brought to approve of it Hereupon the King commanded all his Subjects to disown the Supremacy of the Pope
delivered this Year on the 8th of July at Valladolid of a Son who was called Charles This birth was unfortunate as well for that the Mother died the 4th day after which lessened the publick Joy as for that the Prince lived not to inherit his Fathers Crown Her Body was buried at Granada Cardinal John Tavera died the 1st day of August D. John Siliceus the Bishop of Cartagena succeeded him in the Archbishoprick of Toledo in consideration for his good Service in instructing Prince Philip whose Preceptor he had been Afterwards he was made Cardinal In Germany great Application was used to reduce the Hereticks to submit to the Council of Trent to this effect a Diet was held at Worms The Emperor was there present and Cardinal Alexander Farnesius the Pope's Legate and Grandson Nothing was concluded for that Luther publishing new Books ceased not to make the breach wider The Hereticks demanded a Conference and to have the Points in Controversy disputed and the Catholicks insisted to have all things referred to the Fathers at Trent as being sensible how little good is done by private Disputes All these things were only the preludes to the War which soon after broke out in Germany At length about the end of this Year the Fathers assembled at Trent opened the Council The first Session was on the 13th of December Three Legates of the Pope presided which were the Cardinals John Maria de Monte Marcellus Cervinus and Reginald Pool The Chief of the Spanish Divines were F. James Lainez and Alonso Salmeron of the Society of Jesus F. Dominick de Soto and F. Melchior Cano of the Order of S. Dominick of S. Francis F. Alonso de Castro and F. Andrew Vega. Anno 1546. Martin Luther was found dead in his Bed at Eisleber where he was Born on the 18th of February He died of Excess of eating and drinking at the Age of 63. His Body was buried at Wittemberg where he most resided D. Alonso Davalos Marquis del Gasto Governour of Milan deceased at Vigevano and Ferdinand Gonçaga succeeded him The Diet was held at Ratisbon where there was a Disputation between the Catholicks and Hereticks Malvenda a Spaniard and Chocleus signalized themselves among the Catholicks for the Hereticks Bucer and Brentius The Emperor repaired thither in May but all this sorted to no better effect than it had done at other times but the differences were rather greater for the Hereticks departed when the dispute was but begun Most of the Princes tho summoned appeared not the most remarkable of them were Frederick Duke of Saxony and Philip the Landtgrave The Emperor thought fit to have recourse to Arms and ordered Maximilian Count de Bure to make Levies of Flanders In Germany Albertus and John Marquises of Brandenburg did the same for the Emperor tho they were both Hereticks The Spanish Forces marched out of Italy and at the same time the Emperor directed his Letters to the Cities of Germany admonishing them not to suffer themselves to be led away for that many abusing his Patience had forced him to have recourse to Arms. Having dispatched these Letters the Emperor set out from Ratisbon for Bavaria He encamped near Landshut whether was come a good body of Men sent to him by the Pope under the Command of his Grandson Octavius and Cardinal Alexander Farnesius Sone after came thither 6000 Spaniards D. Ferdinand of Toledo Duke of Alva was appointed General of those Forces The Enemy with a strong Army came to Ingolstat The principal Commanders were the Duke of Saxony and the Landtgrave whom many other Princes and Cities either openly or underhand supported They encamped on a rising Ground whence they played their Artillery upon the Emperor's Army which lay below them but the fright was greater than the harm The Landtgrave was for assaulting the Emperor's Camp which was not well intrenched but the others opposed him which proved the safety of our Army then much inferior to the Enemy for that our Supplies were not come from Flanders As soon as they came the Emperor marched towards Nerling the Enemy still following in the Rear At the same time Maurice Duke of Saxony being furnished with Forces by King Ferdinand possessed himself of the Lands of his Cousin Frederick some whereof were engaged and others so intermixed that it was convenient to secure them lest his own Subjects might suffer by their ill Neighbours To put a stop to their Proceedings and because they wanted Provisions the Hereticks returned towards Saxony The Landtgrave went away to his own Dominions and thence to Francford The War continued hot and several Princes and Cities being sensible of their Error Particularly Frederick Count Palatin despairing of the Success of the Rebels was reconciled to the Emperor The Duke of Wittemberg and the Cities of Vlm Francford and Ausburg followed his Example but were forced to buy their Pardon for great Sums of Money and give Security for their future Loyalty Anno 1547. These things were in agitation at the beginning of this Year at the same time that Frederick Duke of Saxony recover'd all the Places taken from him by Duke Maurice except Lipstat which he could not reduce This Year died Anne the Wife of King Ferdinand and Francis King of France having lived 52 Years and Reigned 32 His Son Henry succeeded him Also Henry the Eight of England famous for his Separation from the Church He lived 57 Years and Reigned 37 and 9 Months His Son Edward then but 9 Years of Age succeeded him as was Ordain'd in his Father's Will by which his Daughters Mary and Elizabeth were appointed to Inherit in case their Brother died without Issue As soon as the Emperor had recover'd a great Fine he imposed upon the City Strasbourg and join'd his Brother King Ferdinand who till then stayed in Bohemia he march'd towards Saxony On the 24th of April he came to the River Elbe The Enemy had possessed themselves of the farther Bank and the River being deep it was difficult to pass it Certain Spanish Soldiers swimming with their Swords in their Mouths took some Boats to make a Bridge Having pass'd the River our Forces pursu'd the Enemy who retired towards Wittemberg They were so eagerly pursu'd that they could not avoid Fighting The Battel lasted till Night when the Duke of Saxony being taken and many of his Men put to the Sword the rest fled Soon after this Victory the Landtgrave submitted and surrendred himself up to the Emperor These two Princes being in Custody all the rest were soon quell'd As a token of his Victory the Emperor sent part of the Cannon taken to Italy part to Spain and part to Flanders whither he went himself The General Council was removed from Trent to Bolonia and soon after broke up to the great Dissatisfaction of the Catholicks Peter Luis the Pope's Son was killed in his House at Plasencia but it could never be known by whom his Death was contriv'd but
Elizabeth Queen of England died at London the 23d of March when she had lived 70 Years 6 Months and 16 Days and reigned 44. Her Successor was King James the 1 st of England and 6th of Scotland being the Great Grandson of Margaret Sister to King Henry the 8th His Father and Mother were Catholicks and she a Saint but his Tutor George Buchanan was a perverse Heretick tho a Learned Man This was the first sole Monarch of that Island and consequently took the Title of King of Great Britain Anno 1603. D. John de Tarsis Earl of Villamediana and Post-Master General was sent Embassador into England to compliment that King upon his Accession to the Crown He behaved himself with singular Wisdom and Dexterity and laid the Foundation of that Peace which was afterwards concluded betwixt Spain and England in the Year following At Madrid died Mary the Empress who was Daughter Daughter-in-law Wife and Mother to five Emperors a thing never before heard of and was her self a Person excellently qualified She was there buried in the Monastery of the Barefooted Nuns Anno 1604. John Fernandez de Velasco Constable of Castile was sent by the King Embassador into England He took his Journey through France and was nobly entertained by that King at Paris thence he went to Flanders and so to London There on the 29th of August he concluded the Peace before agreed upon by the Marquis of Villamediana his Catholick Majesties Embassador Anno 1605. On the 3d of March died at Rome Pope Clement the 8th a Person of extraordinary Piety and Zeal Cardinal Alexander de Medicis succeeded him on the 2d of April by the Name of Leo the 11th He was very old and sickly and lived but till the 27th of that Month and on the 16th of May Cardinal Camillus Borgelia born at Rome but originally of Siena was enthroned in his Place He took the Name of Paul the 5th and was at variance with the Venetians which was so high that it threatned a War The Difference was about certain Laws by them established one of them was to enable the civil Magistrate to punish the Clergy another that no Estates real might be settled upon Monasteries which Law is called De Manu mortuis This Dispute was argued and bandied on both sides till at last by the Prudence and Conduct of the Pope all things were pacified Besides because a Difference had many years depended betwixt the Dominicans and Jesuits about Matters of Grace and Free-will he decreed that both Parties might without reflecting upon one another still follow their Opinions till such time as another Decree passed to justify either the one or the other Prince Philip was born the 8th of April at Valladolid D Galceran de Alluanel a Catalonian Gentleman of great Learning and Modesty was appointed his Preceptor and D. Balthasar de Zun̄iga Anno 1606. At Valladolid on the 18th of August was born the the Princess Mary At Toledo died the Lady Stephania Manrique Great Grand-daughter to D. Roderick Manrique Master of Santiago Her Revenue and that of her Brother Peter neither of them being married were given to the Colledge and Monastery of the Jesuits in that City where they both lye with Inscriptions upon their Tombs Anno 1607. At Madrid Prince Charles was born in September The Parliament gave the King 23 Millions payable in 8 years This Tax is raised out of the 8th part of all the Wine and Oyl of the Growth of the Kingdom The first time it was imposed was in the Reign of King Philip the 3d but was not laid so high as this time Anno 1608. In the Church of S. Hierom in Madrid upon Sunday the 13th of January Prince Philip was sworn Heir to the Crown The Cardinal of Toledo said Mass and performed the Ceremony His Grand-mother by the Mother's side the Princess Mary of Bavaria died at Gratz the Capital of Stiria in Germany on the 29th of April Her Daughters she left nobly matched Charles the Archduke was her Husband her Son was Ferdinand the Archduke Brother to Margaret Queen of Spain and Cousin-German to the Emperor Rodulphus About this time the Territory and Government of Cazorla was after great and tedious Disputes restor'd to the Church of Toledo through the Means and Procurement of the Archbishop D. Bernard de Rojas y Sandoval Anno 1609. In the Netherlands on the 14th of April a Truce was concluded with the Dutch Rebels but not well observ'd tho the King ratified it at Segovia in July Prince Ferdinand was born at the Escurial the 17th of May. The 27th of June the Pope Beatified the Holy Father Ignatius de Loyola Founder of the Jesuits Pope Gregory the XV. Canonized him March the 12th 1622. Anno 1610. At Paris on the 14th of May Francis Ravilliac a bloody Villain who had been a School-Master barbarously murder'd Henry IV. King of France stabbing him with a Ponyard His Son Luis XIII succeeded him The Princess Margaret was born the 25th of the same Month at Lerma In November by the contrivance of a certain Moor with whom private Correspondence was held our Forces possessed themselves of the strong Castle of Alarache a place of great importance upon the Coast of Africk on the Ocean About it is a Bay and River called Mamora which was a Den of Pyrats For this reason four Years after D. Luis Faxardo Admiral of the Fleet possessed himself of that place and built a good Castle in which he left a sufficient Garison The Moores at first flocked thither to hinder this Work but prevailed not This Year was very remarkable for the banishing of all the Morisco's that is those descended of the Moores out of Spain This wicked Race held correspondence with the Turks and Barbary Moores So great a Work could not be finished this Year but was afterwards continued however many are said to have remain'd behind not being well known to be such tho the multitude of those that departed was incredible Anno 1611. This Year was unfortunate for the death of Margaret of Austria Queen of Spain who for her extraordinary good Qualities was entirely beloved of all her Subjects She was deliver'd on the 22th of September at the Escuriall of a Son call'd Alonso who lived not out a Year and she died on the 3d. of October Her Body was buried in the Escuriall She built at Madrid a Monastery of Nuns called of the Incarnation Anno 1612. Treaties were a-foot at Paris and Madrid for two Matches the one between our Prince and the Lady Elizabeth Sister to the French King The other betwixt the same King and the Princess Anne the Consummation was put off because the Parties were so young Rodulphus the Emperor by reason of his want of Health lived a long time retired at Prague the Capital City of Bohemia There the last Year on the 11th of August he resigned up his Dominions of Hungary
being a Stranger had many Enemies at Court by Reason of his too great Authority and Power Particularly D. John of Austria by Letter ceased not to press the Queen to remove him from Court and She to give satisfaction to all that were discontented upon his Account complyed giving him a most honourable Discharge in such manner as if it had been granted at his own Suit and the Choice of being Ambassador either at Vienna or Rome He departed the Court on the 26th Day of February to the great Joy of many Had he made this Retreat voluntarily and of his free Choice he had gone off with Honour but staying to be thrust out went away hated and in disgrace The Translation of S. Isidorus the Patron of Madrid to a Rich Chappel built for that purpose was performed with all Pomp and Magnificence The Feast of the Canonization of S. Peter de Alcantara the Reformer of the Franciscans was celebrated by that Order during the space of 16 Days With him was also Canonized S. Magdalen of Pazzis a Carmelite Nun born at Florence This Year at the Sollicitation of the Pope a League was concluded among several Christian Princes for the Defence of Candia against the Turks Also another in Flanders betwixt the English Swedes and Hollanders for the Defence of the low Countreys The Count de Oropesa President of the Council of Orders was preferred to that of Italy The Duke of Ossuna was appointed Governour of Milan and the Duke of Sessa of Catalonia D. Ambrosio Spinola Archbishop of Santiago was Translated to the Archbishoprick of Sevil. The Count de Medellin was made President of Orders and his Place of Master of the Horse was given to the Marquess de Caslel Rodrigo Three new Counsellors of State were created which were the Constable of Castile who then governed the Low Countreys the Marquess de Astorga Ambassador at Rome and the Admiral of Castile The most sumptuous Palace begun at Barcelona by the Marquess de Castel Rodrigo one of the most Beautiful Structures in all Europe was this Year finished by the Duke of Ossuna He also raised the Citadel at Palamos a most important Sea-Port on the Coast of Catalonia and a great Inlet into that Principality FINIS THE INDEX TO Mariana's History of Spain A. ABdalasis Son to Muza his Actions Pag. 100 He marries the Widow of King Roderick 101 Abdalla dies Abderhaman succeeds him 116 Abderhaman first Moorish King in Spain 107 His Death 113 Abderhaman calls himself King of Murcia 132 Abderhaman inthron'd by the Abenhumeyas 133 Abides his Birth Education and Reign 9 Accommodation betwixt Castile and Leon. 151 Accord betwixt Castile Portugal and Aragon and Portugal 254 Betwixt Castile and Aragon 346 Betwixt France and Spain 480 Betwixt the two Kings Ferdinand and Philip 514 Betwixt the Emperor and King Ferdinand 536 Actions on the Frontiers of Castile and Portugal 433 In Navarre 554 Acts of the Cortes of Castile 305 At Madrid 254 Act of Justice 173 Adrian the Emperor reigns 21 years 56 Aelius reigns 22 years 56 Aemilianus reigns 4 months 58 Affairs of the Infidels 106 and 107 Of Aragon 202 Of Navarre 240 Of Aragon and Sardinia 288 Of Aragon unsuccessful at Naples 345 Of Naples 371 Of Portugal 375 Of Britany in France 460 Of Naples settled 527 Afranius 45 Agila reigns is kill'd having reign'd 5 years and 3 months 76 Agreement betwixt King John of Castile and his Rebels 365 Betwixt the Duke of Milan and French King 470 Betwixt King Ferdinand and the King of England 541 Alans and Vandals call'd in by Stilico 67 Alans who they were 67 They come into Spain 68 Their Progress 69 They and the Silingi subdu'd by the Goths 69 Alaricus proclaim'd King 74 Albarazin taken by the King of Aragon 226 Alcala de Henares made an University 234 Alcazar in Africk taken by the Portugueses 385 Alexander Severus reigns 13 years 57 Alexandet the 5th chosen Pope 328 Dies 330 Alexander the 6th Pope 332 Algezira besieg'd 263 Siege continu'd 264 Surrender'd 264 Alhaca the Moor dies Abderhaman the 2d succeeds him 111 Alhama taken by the Christians 440 In vain besieg'd by the Moors 441 Aljubarrota famous Battel Pag. 303 Alliance betwixt Portugal and Aragon 289 All Spain in Peace except Castile 418 Almenon the Moorish King of Toledo and Ramon Earl of Barcelona die 148 Almeria taken 171 Almohades a Family of Moors invade Spain 172 Almoravides the Moorish ruling Family come into Spain 153 Alonso the first King of Oviedo takes many Towns 106 His Death 106 Alonso the 2d King of Oviedo 108 Is expell'd by Mauregatus 108 Is restor'd His Sister debauch'd by a Count. 109 Alonso the 3d call'd the Great 114 Expell'd and recovers his Kingdome 114 His publick words His Son rebels He resigns the Crown His Death 116 Alonso the 4th calls himself King of Leon. 121 Becomes a Monk and leaves the Crown to his Brother Ramiro 122 Alonso the 5th King of Leon under the Tuition of the Earl of Galicia and his Wife 131 His Actions Is kill'd at the Siege of Viseo 134 Alonso the 6th King of Leon flies to the Moors 144 Returns from among the Moors and resumes the Crown Imprisons his Brother Garcia Takes an Oath for the Crown of Castile Aids the Moorish King of Toledo 146 Stiles himself Emperour 151 His Wife and Issue 153 His Forces overthrown by the Moors and a second time Marries his 3 Daughters to Strangers 154 His Works of Piety 158 His Death 159 Alonso the 7th proclaim'd King of Castile 162 Aspires to the Crowns of Aragon and Navarre 167 Invades them Stiles himself Emperour 168 He and his Daughter both married 173 Breaks into Andaluzia and dies 175 Alonso the 8th the young King of Castile secur'd by some Nobles 177 Receiv'd as King by his People 178 Toledo declares for him 178 Is overthrown by the Rebels 178 Assembles the Cortes or Parliament 179 Meets the King of Aragon 179 Concludes a League with him 179 Marries Ellenor the Daughter of King Henry the 2d of England 179 Invades Leon. 181 Overthrown by the Infidels 185 His two Daughters marry'd to the Kings of France and Leon. 187 His Death 195 Alonso the 9th Is divorced 186 Overthrows the Moors and takes Merida and Badajoz Fol. 205. p. 2 His Death Ibid Alonso the 10th 212 Chosen Emperour by part of the Electors and Richard Duke of Cornwal by the rest Fol. 212 p. 2 His Qualities 213 Aspires to the Empire 216 His Progress Meets the Pope in France Returns home Fol. 216 p. 2 Curses and disinherits his Son Sancho 222 Dies 225 Alonso the 11th his Birth 245 Is proclaim'd King being under 13 Months old Is kept by the Citizens of Avila 246 Enters upon the Government 251 Dies 268 Alonso the 1st King of Aragon 159 Is belov'd of all Men. 160 Is kill'd by the Moors 167 Leaves his Dominions to the Templers and other Knights 167 Alonso the 2d King of Aragon 178
15 Hannibal Governs in Spain 19 Marches through France towards Rome 21 His Progress in Italy 22 Hanno His Voyage to the Southward He and Hunilco Return to Carthage 15 His Actions in Spain 16 Hanno in Sicily with 21 Spaniards and 10000 Africans 16 Hegira the Mahometan Computation of time used in Spain 100 Heir of Castile made Prince of Asturias 305 Heliogabalus Reigns 3 Years and 9 Months 57 Helvius Pertinax Reigns 2 Months and 28 Days 57 Helvius recovers Illiturgum and routs the Spaniards 31 Henry I. King of Castile but 11 Years of Age. 196 Is Married Parted from his Wife on account of consanguinity 197 His Death 399 Henry the Bastard Proclaims himself King of Castile and is the 2d of the Name 283 Is routed 285 Returns into Spain 286 Finds many Enemies Takes Carmona and breaks the Articles 289 His Death 295 Henry III. Proclaimed King of Castile 307 Takes upon him the Government 313 Dies 323 Anotable Action of his His Will 324 Henry IV. of Castile his Birth 346 Rebels against his Father 372 Reconciled to him 376 Proclaimed King of Castile 381 How disposed 381 Ravages the Territories of the Moors and Marries Joanna Sister to the King of Portugal 383 Raises mean Persons in opposition to the Nobility 386 Proclaimed Earl of Barcelona by the Rebels there 404 Supposed to be Poisoned 420 Dies 422 Henry V. King of England Invades France 339 Henry VII King of England his Death 533 Heny VIII King of England 533 Takes Therouenne and Tournay 556 Henry King of Navarre F. 216. p. 2 Dies 216 Henry Prince of Castile Governs 236 Henry Earl of Portugal Dies 165 Heresie of the Albigenses its Original 191 Of Nestorius revived 109 Heretical Opinions Condemned in Spain 434 Hereticks expelled Leon. 192 Herminij entirely subdued 44 Hesperus Reigns 7 Hierome Savonarola a famous Preacher in Florence burnt 481 Hierusalem lost 184 Taken by the Christians 158 Himilco and Hanno 14 Himilco Sails along the Coast of Spain 14 Hirtuleyus General for Sertorius twice routs the Romans 42 Hispalus King 7 Holy War in the East 155 Honorius the Emperor Reigned above 28 Years 70 Honours done to the Archbishop of Toledo 196 Horrid Treason of a Bishop 99 Houses of Haro and Lara reconciled 242 Huesca besieged Surrendred 156 I. Jaen City described Besieged Surrendred F. 209 p. 2 Jayme or James I. King of Aragon 194 Comes into Spain 195 Escapes from his Keepers 198 Marries Ellenor of Castile 201 A Conspiracy against him He is Seized 202 Escapes and invades Valencia 203 Kills the Rebel Peter de Ahones 203 Lands in Majorca 205 Wounded at the Siege of Valencia F. 217. p. 2 Marries his Son to the Daughter of the King of Sicily F. 213 2 Goes to Toledo 215 2 Imbarks for the Holy Land 216 Dies His Issue 219 Jayme or James the 2d King of Aragon Pag. 233 Proclaim'd King of Sardinia and Corsica 238 Dies 252 Jayme Heir of Aragon Abdicates 250 Jealousies of Princes 540 Jealousie the Cause of King Philip's Quen's Distemper 519 Jews banish'd Spain 83 460 Converted 336 Murder'd in Sicily Jews and Moors distinguish'd in Castile 323 Infamous Life and Death of the Queen Mother of Castile 274 Infidels twice defeated 176 Victorious 159 Divide and overrun Spain 99 Twice overthrown 243 Defeated by Prince Peter of Castile 249 200000 slain in one Battel 190 262 Ingundis Wife to Ermenegildus persecuted for the Catholick Religion 79 Inigo Arista King of Navarre 119 Innocent the 7th Chosen Pope of Rome 322 Dies 323 Innocent the 8th Pope 445 Dies 461 Insolency of the Moors 205 Intercasia surrendred 35 Interdict in Castile and Aragon at one time 224 Interregnum 77 Inquisition first setled in Spain 432 Interview of the King of Aragon and Navarre Fol. 205 p. 2 Of the Kings of France and Castile 231 Of Princes at Perpignan 337 Of Kings 269 Of the Kings of Castile and Navarre 384 Of two Kings 518 528 Invasion of the Normans Investiture of Naples granted to King Ferdinand 539 Joanna Daughter to King Henry Heiress of Navarre 216 Joanna Queen of Naples dies 359 Joanna Princess of Castile Contracted to the Duke of Guienne 414 Joanna Queen of Castile wholly unfit to govern 524 Deliver'd of a Daughter 525 John the first King of Castile 296 Proclaim'd King of Portugal 299 Makes his Will 301 Kill'd by a Fall from his Horse 306 Contents of his last Will. 308 John the 2d an Infant Proclaim'd King of Castile 325 Govern'd by the Archbishop of Toledo 339 His Character Is under Restraint 340 Makes his Escape 342 Breaks into Aragon 352 Invades Granada 355 Drives the Moors into that City gives them a great Overthrow 355 Made Prisoner by his Rebds 367 Makes his Escape 370 His Designs 380 Dies 381 John the first Crown'd King of Aragon 304 His Qualities 307 His strange Death 317 John the 2d King of Aragon dies 433 John King of France dies Charles the 5th succeeds John King of France dies 281 John Proclaimed King of Navarre 347 Crown'd 351 Subdues his Rebellious Subjects 526 John Master of Avis a Bastard aspires to the Crown of Portugal 300 Is Proclaim'd King 301 All Portugal submit to him 302 His Issue 310 His Government 332 Dies 358 John the 2d of Portugal while Prince comes to his Father's Assistance into Castile 426 Restores the Crown to his Father 313 His Accession to the Crown 473 Dies 455 469 John King of Hierusalem comes into Spain 206 John Prince of Castile usurps the Title of King of Leon and Galicia 236 Is reconcil'd to the King 239 John Prince of Castile born 432 Dies 480 John the 20th Chosen Pope 249 John the 23th Chosen Pope 330 Forced to quit the Papacy 336 John Duke of Lorrain in Catalonia for his Father 410 D. John Nunez de Lara revolts from Castile 232 Is reconcil'd to King Sancho and again ready to flie from him 232 John Hus and Hierome of Prague burnt 338 Joseph the Miramamolin comes out of Africk 154 His Death 158 Joseph governs Spain 106 Joseph King of Granada dies 311 Joseph the 2d King of Granada his strange Death 318 Joseph the 3d King of Granada dies 344 Jovianus reigns 7 Months and 22 Days 63 Irruption of the Moors into France 102 Of the Goths 64 Italy in War Jubilee first Instituted 239 Judges appointed to decide the Right to the Crown of Aragon 333 Julian the Apostate Chosen Emperor Reigns one Year 7 Months and 27 Days 62 Is kill'd 63 Julian the famous Count that betrayed Spain to the Moors 97 Invites the Moors into Spain 98 His and his Families End 101 Julianus Reigns 6 Months 57 Julius Pope dies 553 Julius the 2d Pope 503 Just Reward of Treachery 179 K. Kingdom of Aragon under an Interdict Fol. 210 p. 2 Kingdoms of the Moors 138 King of Aragon in Danger Fol. 207 p. 9 King of Aragon with 3 Princes in League against France 209 King of Aragon makes Peace
Castile dies 1158. Infidels twice defeated Faction of the two great Houses of Castro and Lara Ferdinand of Leon enters Castile Alonso the young K. of Castile secured by some Nobles Raymund Prince of Aragon successful against the French and Moors 1162. His Death Alonso succeeds Raymund his Father in the Dominion of Aragon 1163. 1166. Alonso received as King of Castile 1168. Toledo declares for him He is overthrown by the Rebels Siege of the Castle Zurita Just Reward of of Treachery Earthquake and Floods Cuidad Rodrigo built 1170. K Alonso assembles the Cortes or Parliament Meets the King of Aragon Concludes a League with him Marries Ellenor Daughter of Henry II. King of England Aragonians success against the Moors League against Peter Ruiz de Azagra Two Archbishops Murder'd 1171. 1172. War betwixt Aragon and Navarre 1173. 1174. The Order of Knighthood of Santiago or St. James the Apostle 1175. 1176. Alonso of Castile invades Leon. The Conquest of Cuenca resolv'd upon It s description The Siege The Town taken 1177. Increase of the Knights of Santiago 1178. 1179. Several Towns of Navarre taken by the Castillians The Kingdom of Leon Rebels Sancho Son to Alonso King of Portugal sent to Besiege Cuidad Rodrigo defeated Alonso King of 1180. Victoria City built Synod at Tarragona 1181. Alonso of Portugal Besieged by the Moors and delivered by the King of Leon. 1181. A Legate makes Peace among Christians 1183. Alonso King of Portugal vanquisheth the Moors 1184. Armengaud Earl of Vrgel slain King of Navarre breaks into Castile 1185. Alonso the first King of Portugal dies 1186. 1187. Jerusalem lost 1188. Sancho the first succeeds to the Crown of Portugal Alonso 9th to that of Leon. 1189. A League against Castile 1188. 1190. 1191. 1192. Castile Commences War with the Moors 1194. Sancho the Wise King of Navarre dies A vast Multitude of Infidels come into Spain King Alonso overthrown by the Infidels 1195. 1196. King Alonso of Aragon dies his Son Peter II. succeeds him Famine Plague 1197. 1198. A Truce with the Moors 1199. Plague Famine in Portugal 1200. King of Leon divorced Navarre over-run by them Alonso K. of Castile's two Daughters Marry'd to the Kings of France and Leon. 1201. Marriages 1206. A great Eclipse of the Sun Floods 1208. Four Kings of Spain meet and conclude a Peace 1209. Several Exploits against the Moors 1210. Prince Ferdinand of Castile's Death A vast Army of Foreigners comes into Spain to the assistance of the Christians 1212. Sancho K. of Portugal dies his Son Alonso II. succeeds him A mighty Army of Christians in Castile The Christian Army advances against the Infidels A great Victory obtain'd by the Christians 200000 Infidels said to be kill'd in this Battle Arms of Navarre Further actions of the Christian Army This called the Battle of Navas de Tolosa and why 1213. Cause of the War betwixt France Aragon Heresie of the Albigenses its Original Description of the City Albis Disorders raised by the Hereticks in the City of Leon. Fryars Preachers others oppose the Hereticks A Deacon Zealous in this affair Great Faith Hereticks expell'd Favourers of the Albigenses S. Dominick Preaches against the Hereticks Proceedings of the Catholicks against the Albigenses Simon Earl of Montfort General of the Catholicks 1213. A wonderful defeat of Hereticks the King of Aragon slain Jayme or James succeeds to the Crown of Aragon A great Famine and Plague Archbishops of Toledo Chancellors of Castile War with the Moors Original of the Knights of Alcantara Alonso II. King of Portugal at War with his Sisters Alonso the VIII K. of Castile dies 1214. Also Ellenor his Queen others Troubles in Castile and Aragon upon the Accession of two Children Henry and Jayme or James to those Crowns Two Uncles strive to usurp the Crown of Aragon Jayme the young K. comes into Spain Sancho K. of Navarre decrepid 1215. Henry I. King of Castile 11 years of age The House of Lara conspires against the young K. of Castile Lateran General Council Honours done the Archbishop of Toledo Simon of Montfort killed The Family of Lara seizes the Government of Castile into their hands Oath the Archbishop obliges 'em to take Alvaro the elder Brother ex-communicated He seizes upon the Queens Lands and Banishes her Young K. Henry Married Is parted from his Wife on account of Consanguinity 1216. The King of Aragon escapes from his Keepers 1217. Troubles of Castile They break out into open War 1217. Henry I. the young King of Castile's Death 60000 Moors killed Blanch and Berengaria Sisters to K. Henry of Castile Berengaria Heiress to the Crown of Castile resigns her Right to her Son Ferdinand Ferdinand King of Castile The King of Leon makes war upon his Son the K. of Castile D. Alvaro de Lara taken by the King and set at liberty D. Alvaro D. Ferdinand de Lara their Death 1218. The Order of S. Dominick and la Marced for Redemption of Captives instituted S. Francis of Assis 1219. Civil Broils in Aragon 1220. Ferdinand of Castile Marries Beatrix Daughter to the Emperor Philip. His Issue Jaime K. of Aragon Marries Ellenor of Castile 1221. Earthquakes Floods and Storms Commotions in Castile Two several Rebellons quel'd 1222. Cathedral of Burgos built by an Englishman Other structures Affairs of Aragon 1223. Death of the Kings of France and Portugal Ferdinand of Castile makes War upon the Moors A Prosperous Expedition 1224. A Conspiracy against Jaime K. of Aragon The King seized 1225. Success of the Castilians The King of Aragon escapes and invades Valencia Kills the Rebel Peter Ahones 1226. Towns taken by the Castilians Defeat of the Moors 1227. D. Lucas Bishop of Tuy a famous Writer War renew'd with the Moors by King Ferdinand of Castile Raymund Eael of Toulouze a Hetick reduced Pacification in Aragon 1229. The Conquest Majorca resolved upon by the King of Aragon Insolency of a Moor. Pope's Legate in Aragon Majorca described King Jayme lands on it The Aragonians rout the Majorcans Majorca taken by Storm 1230. Alonso King of Leon overthrows the Moors and takes Merida and Badajoz The death of Alonso I. King of Leon. Union of the Crowns of Castile and Leon. Rebellion in Navarre Interview of the Kings of Aragon and Navarre Roderick the Archbishop invades the Moors John King of Jerusalem comes into Spain 1232. The Islands Minorca and Yuisa conquered 1234. Sancho King of Navarre dies Theobald I. King of Navarre King of Castile and Arragon meet Castilians and Aragonians make War upon the Moors Division among the Moors Many places taken by the Christians Part of the City Cordova taken by a handful of Men. 1235. King Ferdinand hasts to secure the Conquest of Cordova Description of Cordova The Siege 1236. City surrendred A Moorish King Baptised Siege of Valencia resolved 1237. The King of Aragon in Danger Description of Valencia Valencia Besieged The King Wounded at the Siege 1238. Valencia deliver'd up to the Christians Theobald King
a Breach being made in the Wall they entred the City by Force The Earl was wounded in the Arm with a Dart and obliged to retire into the Castle which was not well provided for a Siege The Castle was battered and undermined This News being carried to Tangier where D. John de Meneses lay and to Sevil where the Catholick King was D. John set out immediately with his Fleet. He fought Two days with the Enemy who were already Masters of one of the Bulwarks drove them thence and relieved the besieged reduced to extreamity The King sent Orders to Peter Navarro who lay at Gibraltar to Succour Arzila Ramiro de Guzman Governor of Xerez with a Ship wherein were 300 Foot and some Horse sailed first and got into the Castle with John de Meneses With this Relief the besieged not only defended themselves but sallying drove the Enemy from their Ditch and Out-works On the 30th of October came Count Peter Navarro who plaid his Cannon so furiously among the Moors that Encamped along the Shore that they were forced to break up and the King of Fez having burnt the Town retired to Alcaçarquivir The saving of this Place contributed much to preserving of the others on the Coast of Africk King Emanuel joyful for this good News sent 6000 Cruzados as a Present to Peter Navarro for his good Service and the same Sum to the Governor of Xerez They both excused themselves from receiving this Present saying they served the Catholick King and expected their Reward from his Bounty He returned thanks to the Catholick King for so seasonable a Relief yet at the same time complained of his taking Pen̄on as appertaining to the Conquests of Portugal being in the Kingdom of Fez. The Catholick King pleaded that Veles was a distinct Kingdom of it self and that Pen̄on was a Charge and no Profit only to secure the Coast of Granada yet offered if it appeared to belong to the Crown of Fez to deliver it up whensoever King Emanuel should attempt any thing on that Side In November died the Earl of Lerin at Aranda de Xarque in Aragon his Son D. Luis de Biamonte succeeded him CHAP. VI. Discovery of Conspiracies in Spain The League of Cambray The Soldans Fleet worsted in India Death of Henry VII of England Henry VIII succeeds him THE Catholick King returned from Sevil to Castile in the dead of Winter for Two reasons One was that D. Peter Brother to D. James de Guevara who was in Germany in the Emperor's Service coming to Spain disguized in the Habit of a Footman was taken and being put to the Rack declared that many of the Nobility held Intelligence with the Emperor the chiefest of them were the Great Captain the Duke of Najara and Earl of Urena The other was that the Duke del Infantado and other great Men conspired against him and the Cardinal of Spain had a Hand in those Proceedings The Earl of Tendilla by his Wisdom drew the Duke del Infantado and others of that Family from their purposes by his good Advice King Ferdinand reduced the others some by fair Promises and some by Threats In particular he agreed with the Marquess of Villena and in lieu of that City and Almansa besides the full value of them gave him Tolox and Monda in the Kingdom of Granada wherewith he seemed content The Emperor to be at leasure to Revenge himself of the Catholick King was for composing all Differences with France and in order to it the Princess Margaret on his Part and the Cardinal d' Amboise for the Pope and King of France met at Cambray Thither repaired Jaime de Albion the Catholick King 's Ambassador in France and tho' the Emperor designed to exclude King Ferdinand the Business was so managed by the Pope that those Three Princes joined in League with him against the Venetians for Recovery of what that State had taken from each of them He that first recovered his own was obliged to assist the others and the Emperor and King of France to go in Person to this Expedition The first day of April following they were to commence the War The Emeperor offered by that time to give the King of France the investiture of Milan provided he paid him 100000 Crowns for the same and should be obliged to assist him to Recover what the Venetians had taken from him and yet the Emperor not to be obliged to Aid him for recovery of what appertained to Milan That Judges should be appointed to decide all Differences betwixt the Emperor and the Catholick King lest they should be any hindrance to their Proceedings against the Venetians It was agreed the Duke of Savoy should be invited to come into the League on account of the Kingdom of Cyprus which he pretended to and the Venetians were possessed of Also the Duke of Ferrara and Marquess of Mantua who had their Pretensions What is more the Kings of Spain and France to whom the People of Florence and Pisa had referred all their Differences delivered up Pisa to the Florentines in hopes to draw them into the League and for the Sum of 100000 Ducats A shameful thing for such Princes to sell the Liberty of a Republick that had put it self into their Hands but chiefly King Ferdinand was to blame Pisa being immediately under his Protection This League was concluded on the 10th of December Thence the Princess Margaret went to Franche Comte to take Possession of some Towns the King of France had ingaged to deliver to the Duke of Burgundy This same Month died at Naples Robert de Sanseverino Prince of Salerno He left a young Son called Ferdinand who was Heir of his Estate and Hatred to the Crown of Aragon which produced his Ruin King Ferdinand swore to the performance of the Articles aforesaid at Valladolid in the beginning of the following Year before the Pope's Nuncio and the Emperor and King of France's Ambassadors Canspon Soldon of Caire moved by the Importunity of the Kings of Calicut and Cambaya but much more by the decrease of his Revenue occasioned by the Loss of the Trade of Alexandria resolved to ruin the Trade of the Portugueses in India To this purpose he first sent the Guardian of Hierusalem to the Pope as has been said Finding this did not succeed he fitted out a Fleet at Suez in the Red Sea consisting of 6 Gallies 1 Galleon and 4 Carracs and in them 800 Mamalukes which were his best Men being most Renegado Christians The Command of this Fleet he gave to Mir Hozem who sailing out of the Red Sea directed his Course for India Francis de Almeyda the Portuguese Governor there had sent his Son Laurence with 8 Sail to secure the Coasts and Convoy the Ships bound for Portugal some part of the Way He burnt many Ships of the Moors and was in the Port of Caul when News was brought to him of the Soldan's Fleet. Melique Governor of Diu for the King of Cambaya
the two Crowns A great Earthquake Orders of St. Hierome and St. Isidort 1374. French Spaniards besiege Bayonne 1375. Pope Gregory the XIth returns to Rome after the Papal Chair had been 70 Years at Avignon 1376. Frederick the IId of Sicily dies A general Peace in Spain 1377 The French invade Navarre Castile at variance with Navarre 1378 Marriages of K. Henry's Bastards Schism in the Church Troubles in Portugal 1379 Navarre and Castile make Peace Death of K. Henry Mahomet K. of Granada dies John succeeds to the Crown of Castile Castilian Fleet ravages the Coasts of Britany 1380. Great Floods Charles K. of France dies Charles the VIth succeeds Leo K. of Armenia in Spain A Schlsm Pr. Ferdinand born in Castile 1381. Pope Clement own'd in Castile Charles Duke of Durrazzo crown'd K. of Naples English joyn with Portugal against Castile 1382. Rebellion suppress'd Articles betwixt Castile and Portugal Death of the Qu. of Castile 1383. Marriage of the K. of Castile with the Princess of Portugal Ferdinand King of Portugal dies Divisions in Portugal about the Succession of the Crown King John of Castile proclaimed K. at Lisbon Portugueses that favour'd the K. of Castile The Master of 〈◊〉 a Bastard aspires to the C own of Portugal Lisbon besieged The Siege raised 1385. John the Bastard proclaim'd K. of Portugal Castilian Fleet ravages the Coast of Portugal K. John of Castile makes his Will Famous Battel of Aljubarota Castilians defeated All Portugal submits to John the Usurper Another verthrow of the Castilians France and Navarre joyn with Castile The Duke of Lancaster lands at Corunna Death of 3 Kings Of Peter K. of Aragon Charles Inherlts the Crown of Navarre John crown'd K. of Aragon Peace establish'd betwixt the English and Castilians 1388. Kings of Castile and Navarre meet Heir of Castile made Prince of Austurias Truce with Portugal 1390. Acts of the Cortes of Castile Truce with the Moors of Granada Pious Gifts of the K. of Castile K. John of Castile kill'd by fall from his Horse Qualities of King John of Aragon French invade Aragon 1391. Henry the IIId proclaimed K. of Castile K. John of Castile his last Will. Form of Government of Castile during the Kings Minority Strife among the Nobility of Castile They raise Forces They agree The Cortes settle the Government 1392. A Mutiny at Sevil. The War with Portugal breaks out again Troubles among the Moors K. John of Portugal his Issue Discord continues in Castile 1393. Truce with Portugal for 15 Years Arch bishop of Toledo arrested by the King Nobility of Castile reconcil'd Sicily reduc'd under the Dominion of Aragon K. Henry takes upon him the Government Biscainers invade the Canary Islands Cortes meet at Madrid 1394. The Plague at Madrid Discontents among the Nobility of Castile The Master of Alcantara cut off by the Moors Rebellion in Old Castile Mutinous Lords submit Fresh Troubled in Castile quleted Pope Clement dies the Schism continues Benedict the XIIIth chosen Pope 1395. Strange Death of K. John of Aragâ—â— Martin K. of Aragon â— Elleâ—â—â— of Navarre returns to her Husband Earl of Gijon declar'd Traytor The Archbishop of Santiago flies to Portugal The Earl of Faux invades Aragon 1396. Turks pass over into Europe Joseph K. of Granada his strange Death Mahâ—met Usurps Badajoz taken by the Portugueses 1397. Franciscan Fryars preach to the Moors of Granada 1398. Truce with Portugal renew'd Paul de Cartagenâ— famous for Learning Plague in Spain and France and great Floods French expell'd Aragon 1399. Works of Peter Tenâ—rio Archbishop of Toledo 1400. Plague in Spain Violante Daughter to the K. of Aragon marryed to Luis Duke of Anjoâ— 1401. Mary Q. of Sicily dies 1402. Tamerlan the Tatrar his exploits Embassies betwixt Tamerlan and the K. of Castile 1403. Great Floods The King of Navarre uses means to recover his Possessions in France 1404. Boniface the Pope dies and Innocent the VIIth is chosen at Rome Jews and Moors distinguish'd in Castile 1406. The Battle of Collejarts Cortes held in Castile Innocent the Pope dies at Roâ—◠〈◊〉 Gregory the XIIth is chosen Henry K. of Castile dies A notable Action of K. Henry 1407. K. Henry's Will Wonderful modesty of Prince Ferdinand who refuses the Crown being offer'd to him John the IId an Infant proclaim'd K. of Castile Aragon left without Heirs Government of Prince Ferdinand of Castile Government divided betwixt the Queen and Prince Victory of the Christians by Sea Luis Duke of Orleans murder'd 1408. Cortes of Castile grant suplies for War with the Moors D. Alvaro de Luna who he was Pope Benedict forsaken 1046. Alexander the Vth chosen Pope Animosities against Prince Ferdinand of Castile Martin K. of Sicily dies Martin K. of Aragon marries Pretenders to the Crown of Aragon Dispute concerning the Crown of Aragon Prince Ferdinand marches against the Infidels 1410. Moors overthrown Pope Alexander dies John the XXIIId is chosen Martin K. of Aragon dies Race of the Earls of Barcelona extinct Several Towns taken by the Christians A Love Adventure AnteqÌ„ueraÌ„ taken by Storm The Castle surrendred Turbulent State of Christendom Aragon divided about the Succession 1411. K. John of Portugal his Government Confusions in Aragon Judges appointed to decide the Right to the Crown of Aragon Earl of Vrgel's Pretensions Ferdinand declared King of Aragon by the Judges He is proclaim'd at â—aragoca Settles the Affairs of Aragon Archimbaud Earl of Faux his Death and Issue The new King's Actions K. Ferdinand and Pope Benedict meer 1413. He besieges the Earl of Vrgel in Balaguer The Earl surrenders himself Application for uniting the Church Ferdinand crown'd at Zaragoca King Ferdinand confers with Pope Benedict Council of Constance Jews converted 1415. Pope John forced to quit the Papacy Marriage of the Prince of Aragon with the Princess of Castile Ceuta taken by the Portugueses Interview of Princes at Perpignan Pope Benedict disown'd in Aragon 1416. Ferdinand of Aragon dies New Troubles in Castile 1417. John Hus and Hierome of Prague burnt Martin the Vth. chosen Pope The Canaries conquered Henry the Vth of England invades France Catherine Queen of Castile dies John King of Castile govern'd by the Archbishop of Toledo Marriages of Princes 1419. Nobility of Castile raise Tumults King John's Character D. Alvaro de Luna the great Favourite 1420. K. John of Castile under restraint Prodigles Discoveries by Henry Infante of Portugal Alonso K. of Aragon adopted Heir of Naples K. John of Castile makes his escape 1421. Prince Henry in open Rebellion Competitors for the Kingdom of Naples 1422. Prince Henry imprison'd Alvaro de Luna made an Earl Government of Toledo altered Also at Pamplona Gaston Heir of Navarre born 1423. Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal Troubles of Naples K. Alonso of Aragon besieges the Queen of Naples in her Palace Luis Duke of Anjou adopted Heir of Naples Joseph K. of Granada dies Benedict the pretended Pope dies Alonso K. of Aragon supports an Antipope Marseilles taken
Spain Great Famine and Earth-quakes Perfidiousness of Duke Valentin The great Captain contrary to his faith given sends Duke Valentln into Spain The great Captain ill represented to the King The Emperor Archduke and King of France join in League League against the Venetians Calamities of Princes Frederick King of Naples dies Elizabeth Queen of Spain dies Differences about the Government of Castile 1505. King Ferdinand becomes odious to the People The Emperor and King Philip of Castile ratifie the Peace with France K. Ferdinand agrees with the French King Mazaliquivir in Africk taken Nobles in Castile for and against K. Philip. Accord twixt the 2 Kings Ferdinand and Philip 1506. King Philip in England Little Faith in King Fernand A bloody mutiny at Lisbon King Ferdinand Marries Queen Joanna King Philip lands in Spain King Philip declares against the Treaty with King Ferdinand Christopher Columbus dies Flemmings and Spaniards disagree Forces raised by Ferdinand Many forsake Ferdinand Ferdinand forced to quit Castile Interview of the Two Kings A League Defensive and Offensive betwixt the Two Kings of Spain Jealousie the cause of King Philip's Queen's Distemper New Troubles in Castile King Ferdinand and his Queen at Zaragoça Jealousies raised against the Great Captain King Philip dies Confusions upon the death of King Philip. Government settled for the present King Ferdinand in Italy He comes to Naples Uncertain Government of Castile Q. Joanna wholly unfit to Govern Embassies to K. Ferdinand at Naples Practices of the Emperor 1507. Q. Joanna delivered of a Daughter Mutiny at Toledo Duke Valentine slain K. John of Navarre subdues his Rebellious Subjects Treaty betwixt the Emperor and King Ferdinand Affairs of Naples setled Fâ—ench King in Italy Interview of the two Kings King Ferdinand returns to Castile The Emperor disgusted with Ferdinand The Emperor proceeds against Milan Malecontent in Andaluzia Punishment of the Mutiniers Penon in Africk taken by the Spaniards Portugueses sustain loss at Azamor but relieve Arzila Conspiracies in Castile discovered League of Cambray Soldans Fleet worsted in India Death of Henry the VII of England Henry the VIII succeeds him Oran in Africk taken Venetians set upon on all sides Venetian Army routed Padua recovered by the Venetians Navarrois and Arragonians make War Accord betwixt the Emperor and K. Ferdinand Ferdinand desires Peace with Venice 1510. Bugia and other places taken by the Spaniards Goa in India taken by the Portugueses Vincenza taken by the Imperialists The Pope seizes the Lands of the Duke of Ferrara Cortes or Parliament held at Monçon Investiture of Naples granted to K. Ferdinand D. Garcia de Toledo sent with Forces into Africk Rout of the Spaniards in Africk King Ferdinand assists the Pope Cardinals fall of from the Pope Jealousies of Princes 1511. The Pope pressed to call a general Council Agreement betwixt K. Ferdinand and the K. of England The Emperor cannot be separated from France Success of the Portugueses in India The Pope in vain labours for an accommodation with France League for defence of the Church The War in Italy King of England prepares to invade France Bergamo and Bressa return to the Obedience of the Venetians Venetians overthrown by the French King and Queen of Navarre excommunicated The French advance towards the Confederates Preparations for the Lateran Council Swissers descend into Italy Grounds of the War in Navarre The Duke of Alva enters Navarre Navarre 〈…〉 Ferdinand French decline in Italy Florence Siena and Luca join with the Confederates Great Captain forbid to pass into Italy 〈◊〉 invaded by the French 〈…〉 Bressa taken by the Viceroy Duke Maximilian Sforcia recovers Milain 1513. Pope Julius dies Leo X. chosen Peace betwixt France and Venice A Truce betwixt France and Spain Actions in Navarre Revolutions at Gema Rendezvouz of French at Aste Swisse rout the French K. Henry of England takes Theourenne and Tournay Azaomr taken by the Portugueses Venice Canonaded Queen of France dies Truce betwixt Spain and France prolonged Preparations of the Turk against Italy An Ambassador from Ethiopia arrives in Portugal Luis King of France dies 1515. Alonso de Albequerque his Actions in India 4000 Portugueses slain in Africk Milan recovered by the French Overthow of the Swiss Great Captain ordered to be apprehended Barbarossa besieges Bugia in vain Great Captain dies 1516. K. Ferdinand dies French K in Italy Swiss routed Spaniards expelled Millan K. Ferdinand dies Navarre pacified Henry King of Navarre Mary Qu. of Portugal dies Cardinal Adrian K. Charles in Spain Downfal of the Sultans of Egypt Heresy of Martin Luther K. Charles his Sister married to Emanuel K. of Portugal Maximilian dies Charles the Fifth chosen Emperor Charles the Fifth Crowned Rebellion in Spain Navarre over-run by the French French in Biscay Emanuel K. of Portugal dies Pope Leo dies Adrian chosen Pope Return of the Emperor into Spain K. Christiern expell'd Denmark Death of Pope Adrian Leo the X. chosen Pope Overthrow of the French John King of Portugal marries the Emperors Sister Francis K. of France taken by the Imperialists Accord betwixt Spain and France K. Francis released The Emperormarries the Sister of the K. of Portugal Practices against the Emperor Turks over run Hungary Rome sacked Medicis expelled Florence Prince Philip sworn Heir of Castile Naples besieged Doria quits the French tervice Composition betwixt Fra. and Spain Agreement with Portugal Vienna besieged Coronation of the Emperor Diet at Ausburg Medicis restor'd to Florence Ferdinand chosen K. of the Romans Inundations in Flanders Change of Religion in England CivilWars in Swisserland The Emperor arms a-against the Turks Pope and Emperor meet at Bolonia Pope and King of France meet at Marseilles Pope Clement dies Paul III. succeeds Tuncz taken by the Emperor French invade Savoy Emperor in France Three things remarkable Diet at Worms Diu besieged by the Turks League against the Turks Truce for 10 Years French K. and Emp. meet The Empress dies Rebellion of Ghent Ebora made an Archbishoprick Jesuits confirmed By the Pope Disputes about Religion in Germany Council of Trent Swarms of Locusts Prince Philip Governour of Spain French and Turks take Nice A great Eclipse Barbarussa ravages the Coasts of Italy Emperor and King of England in League against France Marriage of Prince Philip. Proceedings against Hereticks Council of Trent opened Martin Luther's death Disputes betwixt Catholicks and Hereticks Death of two Kings and a Qu. Overthrow of the Saxons Council of Trent breaks up Concessions for reducing Hereticks Maximilian Governour of Spain Rise of the Xerifes in Africk Pope Paul dies Julius III. Elected Council of Trent again summoned War in Flanders Hereticks at the Council of Trent S. Francis Xaverius Turkish Fleet at Naples Siena expells the Imperialists Edward K. of England dies Birth of Prince Sebastian of Portugal Mary Qu. of England Marries Philip Pr. of Spain Julius dies Marcellus succeeds he dies and Paul IV. is chosen Pope Siena surrendred to the Emperor Abdication of the Emperor Truce betwixt France and