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the_o study_n of_o reason_n as_o i_o think_v you_o do_v ph._n when_o you_o say_v that_o justice_n give_v to_o every_o man_n his_o own_o what_o mean_v you_o by_o his_o own_o how_o can_v that_o be_v give_v i_o which_o be_v my_o own_o already_o or_o if_o it_o be_v not_o my_o own_o how_o can_v justice_n make_v it_o i_o la._n without_o law_n every_o thing_n be_v in_o such_o sort_n every_o man_n as_o he_o may_v take_v possess_z and_o enjoy_v without_o wrong_n to_o any_o man_n every_o thing_n land_n beast_n fruit_n and_o even_o the_o body_n of_o other_o man_n if_o his_o reason_n tell_v he_o he_o can_v otherwise_o live_v secure_o for_o the_o dictate_v of_o reason_n be_v
little_a worth_n if_o they_o tend_v not_o to_o the_o preservation_n and_o improvement_n of_o man_n life_n see_v then_o without_o humane_a law_n all_o thing_n will_v be_v common_a and_o this_o community_n a_o cause_n of_o encroachment_n envy_n slaughter_n and_o continual_a war_n of_o one_o upon_o another_o the_o same_o law_n of_o reason_n dictate_v to_o mankind_n for_o their_o own_o preservation_n a_o distribution_n of_o land_n and_o good_n that_o each_o man_n may_v know_v what_o be_v proper_a to_o he_o so_o as_o none_o other_o may_v pretend_v a_o right_a thereunto_o or_o disturb_v he_o in_o the_o use_n of_o the_o same_o this_o distribution_n be_v justice_n and_o this_o proper_o be_v the_o same_o which_o we_o say_v be_v one_o own_v by_o which_o you_o may_v see_v the_o great_a necessity_n there_o be_v of_o statute_n law_n for_o preservation_n of_o all_o mankind_n it_o be_v also_o a_o dictate_v of_o the_o law_n of_o reason_n that_o statute_n law_n be_v a_o necessary_a mean_n of_o the_o safety_n and_o well_o be_v of_o man_n in_o the_o present_a world_n and_o be_v to_o be_v obey_v by_o all_o subject_n as_o the_o law_n of_o reason_n ought_v to_o be_v obey_v both_o by_o king_n and_o subject_n because_o it_o be_v the_o law_n of_o god_n ph._n all_o this_o be_v very_o rational_a but_o how_o can_v any_o law_n secure_a one_o man_n from_o another_o when_o the_o great_a part_n of_o man_n be_v so_o unreasonable_a and_o so_o partial_a to_o themselves_o as_o they_o be_v and_o the_o law_n of_o themselves_o be_v but_o a_o dead_a letter_n which_o of_o itself_o be_v not_o able_a to_o compel_v a_o man_n to_o do_v otherwise_o than_o himself_o please_v nor_o punish_v or_o hurt_v he_o when_o he_o have_v do_v a_o mischief_n la._n by_o the_o law_n i_o mean_v law_n live_v and_o arm_a for_o you_o must_v suppose_v that_o a_o nation_n that_o be_v subdue_v by_o war_n to_o a_o absolute_a submission_n of_o a_o conqueror_n it_o may_v by_o the_o same_o arm_n that_o compel_v it_o to_o submission_n be_v compel_v to_o obey_v his_o law_n also_o if_o a_o nation_n choose_v a_o man_n or_o a_o assembly_n of_o man_n to_o govern_v they_o by_o law_n it_o must_v furnish_v he_o also_o with_o arm_a man_n and_o money_n and_o all_o thing_n necessary_a to_o his_o office_n or_o else_o his_o law_n will_v be_v of_o no_o force_n and_o the_o nation_n remain_v as_o before_o it_o be_v in_o confusion_n it_o be_v not_o therefore_o the_o word_n of_o the_o law_n but_o the_o power_n of_o a_o man_n that_o have_v the_o strength_n of_o a_o nation_n that_o make_v the_o law_n effectual_a it_o be_v not_o solon_n that_o make_v athenian_a law_n though_o he_o devise_v they_o but_o the_o supreme_a court_n of_o the_o people_n nor_o the_o lawyer_n of_o rome_n that_o make_v the_o imperial_a law_n in_o justinian_n time_n but_o justinian_n himself_o ph._n we_o agree_v then_o in_o this_o that_o in_o england_n it_o be_v the_o king_n that_o make_v the_o law_n whosoever_o pen_n they_o and_o in_o this_o that_o the_o king_n can_v make_v his_o law_n effectual_a nor_o defend_v his_o people_n against_o their_o enemy_n without_o a_o power_n to_o levy_v soldier_n and_o consequent_o that_o he_o may_v lawful_o as_o oft_o as_o he_o shall_v real_o think_v it_o necessary_a to_o raise_v a_o army_n which_o in_o some_o occasion_n be_v very_o great_a i_o say_v raise_v it_o and_o money_n to_o maintain_v it_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o you_o will_v allow_v this_o to_o be_v according_a to_o the_o law_n at_o least_o of_o reason_n la._n for_o my_o part_n i_o allow_v it_o but_o you_o have_v hear_v how_o in_o and_o before_o the_o late_a trouble_v the_o people_n be_v of_o another_o mind_n shall_v the_o king_n say_v they_o take_v from_o we_o what_o he_o please_v upon_o pretence_n of_o a_o necessity_n whereof_o he_o make_v himself_o the_o judge_n what_o worse_a condition_n can_v we_o be_v in_o from_o a_o enemy_n what_o can_v they_o take_v from_o we_o more_o than_o what_o they_o list_v ph._n the_o people_n reason_n ill_a they_o do_v not_o know_v in_o what_o condition_n we_o be_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o conqueror_n when_o it_o be_v a_o shame_n to_o be_v a_o englishman_n who_o if_o he_o grumble_v at_o the_o base_a office_n he_o be_v put_v to_o by_o his_o norman_a master_n receive_v no_o other_o answer_n but_o this_o thou_o be_v but_o a_o englishman_n nor_o can_v the_o people_n nor_o any_o man_n that_o humour_n they_o in_o their_o disobedience_n produce_v any_o example_n of_o a_o king_n that_o ever_o raise_v any_o excessive_a summ_n either_o by_o himself_o or_o by_o the_o consent_n of_o his_o parliament_n but_o when_o they_o have_v great_a need_n thereof_o nor_o can_v show_v any_o reason_n that_o may_v move_v any_o of_o they_o so_o to_o do_v the_o great_a complaint_n by_o they_o make_v against_o the_o unthriftiness_n of_o their_o king_n be_v for_o the_o enrich_n now_o and_o then_o a_o favourite_n which_o to_o the_o wealth_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v inconsiderable_a and_o the_o complaint_n but_o envy_n but_o in_o this_o point_n of_o raise_v soldier_n what_o be_v i_o pray_v you_o the_o statute_n law_n la._n the_o last_o statute_n concern_v it_o be_v 13_o car._n 2._o c._n 6._o by_o which_o the_o supreme_a government_n command_n and_o dispose_v of_o the_o militia_n of_o england_n be_v deliver_v to_o be_v and_o always_o to_o have_v be_v the_o ancient_a right_n of_o the_o king_n of_o england_n but_o there_o be_v also_o in_o the_o same_o act_n a_o proviso_n that_o this_o shall_v not_o be_v construe_v for_o a_o declaration_n that_o the_o king_n may_v transport_v his_o subject_n or_o compel_v they_o to_o march_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n nor_o be_v it_o on_o the_o contrary_n declare_v to_o be_v unlawful_a ph._n why_o be_v not_o that_o also_o determine_v la._n i_o can_v imagine_v cause_n enough_o for_o it_o though_o i_o may_v be_v deceive_v we_o love_v to_o have_v our_o king_n among_o we_o and_o not_o be_v govern_v by_o deputy_n either_o of_o our_o own_o or_o another_o nation_n but_o this_o i_o very_o believe_v that_o if_o a_o foreign_a enemy_n shall_v either_o invade_v we_o or_o put_v himself_o in_o it_o a_o readiness_n to_o invade_v either_o england_n ireland_n or_o scotland_n no_o parliament_n then_o sit_v and_o the_o king_n send_v english_a soldier_n thither_o the_o parliament_n will_v give_v he_o thanks_o for_o it_o the_o subject_n of_o those_o king_n who_o affect_v the_o glory_n and_o imitate_v the_o action_n of_o alexander_n the_o great_a have_v not_o always_o the_o most_o comfortable_a life_n nor_o do_v such_o king_n usual_o very_o long_o enjoy_v their_o conquest_n they_o march_z to_z and_o fro_o perpetual_o as_o upon_o a_o plank_n sustain_v only_o in_o the_o midst_n and_o when_o one_o end_n rise_v down_o go_v the_o other_o ph._n it_o be_v well_o but_o where_o soldier_n in_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o king_n conscience_n be_v indeed_o necessary_a as_o in_o a_o insurrection_n or_o rebellion_n at_o home_n how_o shall_v the_o kingdom_n be_v preserve_v without_o a_o considerable_a army_n ready_a and_o in_o pay_v how_o shall_v money_n be_v raise_v for_o this_o army_n especial_o when_o the_o want_n of_o public_a treasure_n invit_v neighbour_n king_n to_o encroach_v and_o unruly_a subject_n to_o rebel_n la_fw-fr i_o can_v tell_v it_o be_v matter_n of_o polity_n not_o of_o law_n but_o i_o know_v that_o there_o be_v statute_n express_v whereby_o the_o king_n have_v oblige_v himself_o never_o to_o levy_v money_n upon_o his_o subject_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o his_o parliament_n one_o of_o which_o statute_n be_v 25_o ed._n 1._o c._n 6._o in_o these_o word_n we_o have_v grant_v for_o we_o and_o our_o heir_n as_o well_o to_o arch-bishop_n bishop_n abbot_n and_o other_o folk_n of_o the_o holy_a church_n as_o also_o earl_n baron_n and_o to_o all_o the_o commonalty_n of_o the_o land_n that_o for_o no_o business_n from_o henceforth_o we_o shall_v take_v such_o aid_n tax_n or_o prize_n but_o by_o the_o common_a consent_n of_o the_o realm_n there_o be_v also_o another_o statute_n of_o ed._n 1._o in_o these_o word_n no_o tax_n or_o aid_n shall_v be_v take_v or_o levey_v by_o we_o or_o our_o heir_n in_o our_o realm_n without_o the_o good_a will_n and_o assent_v of_o the_o arch-bishop_n bishop_n earls_z baron_n knight_n burgess_n and_o other_o freeman_n of_o the_o land_n which_o statute_n have_v be_v since_o that_o time_n confirm_v by_o divers_a other_o king_n and_o last_o by_o the_o king_n that_o now_o reign_v ph._n all_o this_o i_o know_v and_o be_o not_o satisfy_v i_o be_o one_o of_o the_o common_a people_n and_o one_o of_o that_o almost_o infinite_a number_n of_o man_n for_o who_o welfare_n king_n and_o other_o sovereign_n be_v by_o god_n ordain_v for_o
god_n make_v king_n for_o the_o people_n and_o not_o people_n for_o king_n how_o shall_v i_o be_v defend_v from_o the_o domineer_a of_o proud_a and_o insolent_a stranger_n that_o speak_v another_o language_n that_o scorn_v we_o that_o seek_v to_o make_v we_o slave_n or_o how_o shall_v i_o avoid_v the_o destruction_n that_o may_v arise_v from_o the_o cruelty_n of_o faction_n in_o a_o civil_a war_n unless_o the_o king_n to_o who_o alone_o you_o say_v belong_v the_o right_a of_o levy_v and_o dispose_v of_o the_o militia_n by_o which_o only_o it_o can_v be_v prevent_v have_v ready_a money_n upon_o all_o occasion_n to_o arm_n and_o pay_v as_o many_o soldier_n as_o for_o the_o present_a defence_n or_o the_o peace_n of_o the_o people_n shall_v be_v necessary_a shall_v not_o i_o and_o you_o and_o every_o man_n be_v undo_v tell_v i_o not_o of_o a_o parliament_n when_o there_o be_v no_o parliament_n sit_v or_o perhaps_o none_o in_o be_v which_o may_v often_o happen_v and_o when_o there_o be_v a_o parliament_n if_o the_o speak_n and_o lead_v man_n shall_v have_v a_o design_n to_o put_v down_o monarchy_n as_o they_o have_v in_o the_o parliament_n which_o begin_v to_o sit_v nou._n 3._o 1640._o shall_v the_o king_n who_o be_v to_o answer_v to_o god_n almighty_a for_o the_o safety_n of_o the_o people_n and_o to_o that_o end_n be_v entrust_v with_o the_o power_n to_o levy_v and_o dispose_v of_o the_o soldiery_n be_v disable_v to_o perform_v his_o office_n by_o virtue_n of_o these_o act_n of_o parliament_n which_o you_o have_v cite_v if_o this_o be_v reason_n it_o be_v reason_n also_o that_o the_o people_n be_v abandon_v or_o leave_v at_o liberty_n to_o kill_v one_o another_o even_o to_o the_o last_o man_n if_o it_o be_v not_o reason_n than_o you_o have_v grant_v it_o be_v not_o law_n la._n it_o be_v true_a if_o you_o mean_v recta_fw-la ratio_fw-la but_o recta_fw-la ratio_fw-la which_o i_o grant_v to_o be_v law_n as_o sir_n edw._n coke_n say_v 1_o inst._n sect._n 138._o be_v a_o artificial_a perfection_n of_o reason_n get_v by_o long_a study_n observation_n and_o experience_n and_o not_o every_o man_n natural_a reason_n for_o nemo_fw-la nascitur_fw-la artifex_n this_o legal_a reason_n be_v summa_fw-la ratio_fw-la and_o therefore_o if_o all_o the_o reason_n that_o be_v disperse_v into_o so_o many_o several_a head_n be_v unite_v into_o one_o yet_o can_v he_o not_o make_v such_o a_o law_n as_o the_o law_n of_o england_n be_v because_o by_o many_o succession_n of_o age_n it_o have_v be_v fine_v and_o refined_a by_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o grave_a and_o learned_a men._n and_o this_o be_v it_o he_o call_v the_o common-law_n ph._n do_v you_o think_v this_o to_o be_v good_a doctrine_n though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o no_o man_n be_v bear_v with_o the_o use_n of_o reason_n yet_o all_o man_n may_v grow_v up_o to_o it_o as_o well_o as_o lawyer_n and_o when_o they_o have_v apply_v their_o reason_n to_o the_o law_n which_o be_v law_n before_o they_o study_v they_o or_o else_o it_o be_v not_o law_n they_o study_a may_v be_v as_o fit_v for_o and_o capable_a of_o judicature_n as_o sir_n edw._n coke_n himself_o who_o whether_o he_o have_v more_o or_o less_o use_n of_o reason_n be_v not_o thereby_o a_o judge_n but_o because_o the_o king_n make_v he_o so_o and_o whereas_o he_o say_v that_o a_o man_n who_o shall_v have_v as_o much_o reason_n as_o be_v disperse_v in_o so_o many_o several_a head_n can_v not_o make_v such_o a_o law_n as_o this_o law_n of_o england_n be_v if_o one_o shall_v ask_v he_o who_o make_v the_o law_n of_o england_n will_v he_o say_v a_o succession_n of_o english_a lawyer_n or_o judge_n make_v it_o or_o rather_o a_o succession_n of_o king_n and_o that_o upon_o their_o own_o reason_n either_o sole_o or_o with_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o in_o parliament_n without_o the_o judge_n or_o other_o professor_n of_o the_o law_n you_o see_v therefore_o that_o the_o king_n reason_n be_v it_o more_o or_o less_o be_v that_o anima_fw-la legis_fw-la that_o summa_fw-la lex_fw-la whereof_o sir_n edw._n coke_n speak_v and_o not_o the_o reason_n learning_n or_o wisdom_n of_o the_o judge_n but_o you_o may_v see_v that_o quite_o through_o his_o institutes_n of_o law_n he_o often_o take_v occasion_n to_o magnify_v the_o learning_n of_o the_o lawyer_n who_o he_o perpetual_o term_v the_o sage_n of_o the_o parliament_n or_o of_o the_o king_n council_n therefore_o unless_o you_o say_v otherwise_o i_o say_v that_o the_o king_n reason_n when_o it_o be_v public_o upon_o advice_n and_o deliberation_n declare_v be_v that_o anima_fw-la legis_fw-la and_o that_o summa_fw-la ratio_fw-la and_o that_o equity_n which_o all_o agree_v to_o be_v the_o law_n of_o reason_n be_v all_o that_o be_v or_o ever_o be_v law_n in_o england_n since_o it_o become_v christian_n beside_o the_o bible_n la._n be_v not_o the_o canon_n of_o the_o church_n part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n as_o also_o the_o imperial_a law_n use_v in_o the_o admiralty_n and_o the_o custom_n of_o particular_a place_n and_o the_o by-law_n of_o corporation_n and_o court_n of_o judicature_n ph._n why_o not_o for_o they_o be_v all_o constitute_v by_o the_o king_n of_o england_n and_o though_o the_o civil_a law_n use_v in_o the_o admiralty_n be_v at_o first_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n yet_o because_o they_o be_v in_o force_n by_o no_o other_o authority_n than_o that_o of_o the_o king_n they_o be_v now_o the_o king_n law_n and_o the_o king_n statute_n the_o same_o we_o may_v say_v of_o the_o canon_n such_o of_o they_o as_o we_o have_v retain_v make_v by_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n have_v be_v no_o law_n nor_o of_o any_o force_n in_o england_n since_o the_o begin_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n reign_n but_o by_o virtue_n of_o the_o great_a seal_n of_o england_n la._n in_o the_o say_a statute_n that_o restrain_v the_o levy_v of_o money_n without_o consent_n of_o parliament_n be_v there_o any_o thing_n you_o can_v take_v exception_n to_o ph._n no_o i_o be_o satisfy_v that_o the_o king_n that_o grant_v such_o liberty_n be_v bind_v to_o make_v they_o good_a so_o far_o as_o it_o may_v be_v do_v without_o sin_n but_o if_o a_o king_n find_v that_o by_o such_o a_o grant_v he_o be_v disable_v to_o protect_v his_o subject_n if_o he_o maintain_v his_o grant_n he_o sin_n and_o therefore_o may_v and_o aught_o to_o take_v no_o notice_n of_o the_o say_a grant_n for_o such_o grant_v as_o by_o error_n or_o false_a suggestion_n be_v get_v from_o he_o be_v as_o the_o lawyer_n do_v confess_v void_a and_o of_o no_o effect_n and_o aught_o to_o be_v recall_v also_o the_o king_n as_o be_v on_o all_o hand_n confess_v have_v the_o charge_n lie_v upon_o he_o to_o protect_v his_o people_n against_o foreign_a enemy_n and_o to_o keep_v the_o peace_n betwixt_o they_o within_o the_o kingdom_n if_o he_o do_v not_o his_o utmost_a endeavour_n to_o discharge_v himself_o thereof_o he_o commit_v a_o sin_n which_o neither_o king_n nor_o parliament_n can_v lawful_o commit_v la._n no_o man_n i_o think_v will_v deny_v this_o for_o if_o levy_v of_o money_n be_v necessary_a it_o be_v a_o sin_n in_o the_o parliament_n to_o refuse_v if_o unnecessary_a it_o be_v a_o sin_n both_o in_o king_n and_o parliament_n to_o levy_v but_o for_o all_o that_o it_o may_v be_v and_o i_o think_v it_o be_v a_o sin_n in_o any_o one_o that_o have_v the_o sovereign_a power_n be_v he_o one_o man_n or_o one_o assembly_n be_v entrust_v with_o the_o safety_n of_o a_o whole_a nation_n if_o rash_o and_o rely_v upon_o his_o own_o natural_a sufficiency_n he_o make_v war_n or_o peace_n without_o consult_v with_o such_o as_o by_o their_o experience_n and_o employment_n abroad_o and_o intelligence_n by_o letter_n or_o other_o mean_n have_v get_v the_o knowledge_n in_o some_o measure_n of_o the_o strength_n advantage_n and_o design_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o the_o manner_n and_o degree_n of_o the_o danger_n that_o may_v from_o thence_o arise_v in_o like_a manner_n in_o case_n of_o rebellion_n at_o home_n if_o he_o consult_v not_o with_o of_o military_a condition_n which_o if_o he_o do_v than_o i_o think_v he_o may_v lawful_o proceed_v to_o subdue_v all_o such_o enemy_n and_o rebel_n and_o that_o the_o soldier_n ought_v to_o go_v on_o without_o inquire_v whether_o they_o be_v within_o the_o country_n or_o without_o for_o who_o shall_v suppress_v rebellion_n but_o he_o that_o have_v right_o to_o levy_v command_n and_o dispose_v of_o the_o militia_n the_o last_o long_a parliament_n deny_v this_o but_o why_o because_o by_o the_o major_a part_n of_o their_o vote_n the_o rebellion_n be_v raise_v with_o design_n to_o put_v down_o monarchy_n and_o to_o that_o end_n maintain_v ph._n nor_o do_v
shall_v have_v be_v commend_v you_o see_v by_o this_o that_o many_o thing_n be_v make_v crime_n and_o no_o crime_n which_o be_v not_o so_o in_o their_o own_o nature_n but_o by_o diversity_n of_o law_n make_v upon_o diversity_n of_o opinion_n or_o of_o interest_n by_o they_o which_o have_v authority_n and_o yet_o those_o thing_n whether_o good_a or_o evil_a will_v pass_v so_o with_o the_o vulgar_a if_o they_o hear_v they_o often_o with_o odious_a term_n recite_v for_o heinous_a crime_n in_o themselves_o as_o many_o of_o those_o opinion_n which_o be_v in_o themselves_o pious_a and_o lawful_a be_v heretofore_o by_o the_o pope_n interest_n therein_o call_v detestable_a heresy_n again_o some_o controversy_n be_v of_o thing_n do_v upon_o the_o sea_n other_o of_o thing_n do_v upon_o the_o land_n there_o need_v by_o many_o court_n to_o the_o decide_n of_o so_o many_o kind_n of_o controversy_n what_o order_n be_v there_o take_v for_o their_o distribution_n la._n there_o be_v a_o extraordinary_a 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plea_n every_o court_n may_v hold_v it_o be_v common_o hold_v that_o all_o the_o plea_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o of_o all_o offence_n contrary_a to_o the_o peace_n be_v to_o be_v hold_v in_o the_o king_n bench_n or_o by_o commissioner_n for_o bracton_n say_v sciendum_fw-la est_fw-la quod_fw-la si_fw-la actiones_fw-la sunt_fw-la criminals_n in_o curia_fw-la domini_fw-la regis_fw-la debent_fw-la determinari_fw-la cum_fw-la sit_fw-la ibi_fw-la poena_fw-la câ—rporalis_fw-la infligenda_fw-la &_o hoc_fw-la coram_fw-la ipso_fw-la rege_fw-la si_fw-la tangat_fw-la personam_fw-la svam_fw-la sicut_fw-la crimen_fw-la laesae_fw-la majestatis_fw-la vel_fw-la coram_fw-la justitiariis_fw-la ad_fw-la hoc_fw-la specialiter_fw-la assignatis_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o if_o the_o plea_n be_v criminal_a it_o ought_v to_o be_v determine_v in_o the_o court_n of_o our_o lord_n the_o king_n because_o there_o they_o have_v power_n to_o inflict_v corporeal_a punishment_n and_o if_o the_o crime_n be_v against_o his_o person_n as_o the_o crime_n of_o treason_n it_o ought_v to_o be_v determine_v before_o the_o king_n himself_o or_o if_o it_o be_v against_o a_o private_a person_n it_o ought_v to_o be_v determine_v by_o justice_n assign_v that_o be_v to_o say_v before_o commissioner_n it_o seem_v by_o this_o that_o heretofore_o king_n do_v hear_v and_o determine_v plea_n of_o treason_n against_o themselves_o by_o their_o own_o person_n but_o it_o have_v be_v otherwise_o a_o long_a time_n and_o be_v now_o for_o it_o be_v now_o the_o office_n of_o the_o lord_n steward_n of_o england_n in_o the_o trial_n of_o a_o peer_n to_o hold_v that_o plea_n by_o a_o commission_n especial_o for_o the_o same_o in_o cause_n concern_v meum_fw-la and_o tuum_fw-la the_o king_n may_v sue_v either_o in_o the_o kings-bench_n or_o in_o the_o court_n of_o common_a plea_n as_o it_o appear_v by_o fitzherbert_n in_o his_o natura_fw-la brevium_fw-la at_o the_o writ_n of_o escheat_n ph._n a_o king_n perhaps_o will_v not_o sit_v to_o determine_v of_o cause_n of_o treason_n against_o his_o person_n lest_o he_o shall_v seem_v to_o make_v himself_o judge_n in_o his_o own_o cause_n but_o that_o it_o shall_v be_v judge_v by_o judge_n of_o his_o own_o make_n can_v never_o be_v avoid_v which_o be_v also_o one_o as_o if_o he_o be_v judge_n himself_o la._n to_o the_o kings-bench_n also_o i_o think_v belong_v the_o hear_v and_o determine_v of_o all_o manner_n of_o breach_n of_o the_o peace_n whatsoever_o save_v always_o to_o the_o king_n that_o he_o may_v do_v the_o same_o when_o he_o please_v by_o commissioner_n in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o 3d_o and_o edward_n the_o one_a when_o bracton_n write_v the_o king_n do_v usual_o send_v down_o every_o seven_o year_n into_o the_o country_n commissioner_n call_v justice_n itinerant_a to_o hear_v and_o determine_v general_o all_o cause_n temporal_a both_o criminal_a and_o civil_a who_o place_n have_v be_v now_o a_o long_a time_n supply_v by_o the_o justice_n of_o assize_n with_o commission_n of_o the_o peace_n of_o oyer_n and_o terminer_n and_o of_o goal-delivery_n ph._n but_o why_o may_v the_o king_n only_o sue_v in_o the_o kings-bench_n or_o court_n of_o common-plea_n which_o he_o will_v and_o no_o other_o person_n may_v do_v the_o same_o la._n there_o be_v no_o statute_n to_o the_o contrary_a but_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o common-law_n for_o sir_n edw._n coke_n 4_o inst._n set_v down_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o kings-bench_n which_o he_o say_v have_v first_o jurisdiction_n in_o all_o plea_n of_o the_o crown_n second_o the_o correct_v of_o all_o manner_n of_o error_n of_o other_o justice_n and_o judge_n both_o of_o judgement_n and_o process_n except_o of_o the_o court_n of_o exchequer_n which_o he_o say_v be_v to_o this_o court_n proprium_fw-la quarto_fw-la modo_fw-la three_o that_o it_o have_v power_n to_o correct_v all_o misdemeanour_n extrajudicial_a tend_v to_o the_o breach_n of_o the_o peace_n or_o oppression_n of_o the_o subject_n or_o raise_v of_o faction_n controversy_n debate_n or_o any_o other_o manner_n of_o misgovernment_n four_o it_o may_v hold_v plea_n by_o writ_n out_o of_o the_o chancery_n of_o all_o trespass_n do_v vi_o &_o armis_fw-la five_o it_o have_v power_n to_o hold_v plea_n by_o bill_n for_o debt_n detinu_n covenant_n promise_v and_o all_o other_o personal_a action_n but_o of_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o kings-bench_n in_o action_n real_a he_o say_v nothing_o save_v that_o if_o a_o writ_n in_o a_o real_a action_n be_v abate_v by_o judgement_n in_o the_o court_n of_o common-plea_n and_o that_o the_o judgement_n be_v by_o a_o writ_n of_o error_n reverse_v in_o the_o kings-bench_n than_o the_o kings-bench_n may_v proceed_v upon_o the_o writ_n ph._n but_o how_o be_v the_o practice_n la._n real_a action_n be_v common_o decide_v as_o well_o in_o the_o kings-bench_n as_o in_o the_o court_n of_o common-plea_n ph._n when_o the_o kng_v by_o authority_n in_o write_v make_v a_o lord-chief-justice_n of_o the_o kings-bench_n do_v he_o not_o set_v down_o what_o he_o make_v he_o for_o la._n sir_n edw_n coke_n set_v down_o the_o letter_n patent_n whereby_o of_o ancient_a time_n the_o lord_n chief-justice_n be_v constitute_v wherein_o be_v express_v to_o what_o end_n he_o have_v his_o office_n viz._n pro_n conservatione_fw-la nostra_fw-la &_o tranquilitatis_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la justitiam_fw-la universis_fw-la &_o singulis_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la nostro_fw-la exhibendam_fw-la constituimus_fw-la dilectum_fw-la &_o fidelem_fw-la nostrum_fw-la p._n b._n justitiarium_fw-la angliae_fw-la quamdiu_fw-la nobis_fw-la placuerit_fw-la capitalem_fw-la etc._n etc._n that_o be_v to_o say_v for_o the_o preservation_n of_o ourselves_o and_o of_o the_o peace_n of_o our_o realm_n and_o for_o the_o do_v of_o justice_n to_o all_o and_o singular_a our_o subject_n we_o have_v constitute_v our_o belove_a and_o faithful_a p._n b._n during_o our_o pleasure_n chief_a justice_n of_o england_n etc._n etc._n ph._n methinks_v it_o be_v very_o plain_a by_o these_o letter_n patent_n that_o all_o cause_n temporal_a within_o the_o kingdom_n except_o the_o plea_n that_o belong_v to_o the_o exchequer_n shall_v be_v decidable_a by_o this_o lord-chief-justice_n for_o as_o for_o cause_n criminal_a and_o that_o concern_v the_o peace_n it_o be_v grant_v he_o in_o these_o word_n for_o the_o conservation_n of_o ourselves_o and_o peace_n of_o the_o kingdom_n wherein_o be_v contain_v all_o plea_n criminal_a and_o in_o the_o do_n of_o justice_n to_o all_o and_o singular_a the_o king_n subject_n be_v comprehend_v all_o plea_n civil_a and_o as_o to_o the_o court_n of_o common-plea_n it_o be_v manifest_v it_o may_v hold_v all_o manner_n of_o civil-plea_n except_o those_o of_o the_o exchequer_n by_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la cap._n 11._o so_o that_o all_o original_a writ_n concern_v civil-plea_n be_v returnable_a into_o either_o of_o the_o say_a court_n but_o how_o be_v the_o lord-chief-justice_n make_v now_o la._n by_o these_o
the_o king_n issue_n and_o by_o consequence_n by_o raise_v of_o contention_n about_o the_o crown_n and_o destruction_n of_o the_o people_n in_o succeed_v time_n by_o civil_a war_n be_v therefore_o high_a treason_n before_o this_o statute_n 3._o that_o to_o levy_v war_n against_o the_o king_n within_o the_o realm_n and_o aid_v the_o king_n enemy_n either_o within_o or_o without_o the_o realm_n be_v tend_v to_o the_o king_n destruction_n or_o disherison_n and_o be_v high_a treason_n before_o this_o statute_n by_o the_o common-law_n 4._o that_o counterfeit_v the_o principal_a seal_n of_o the_o kingdom_n by_o which_o the_o king_n govern_v his_o people_n tend_v to_o the_o confusion_n of_o government_n and_o consequent_o to_o the_o destruction_n of_o the_o people_n and_o be_v therefore_o treason_n before_o the_o statute_n 5._o if_o a_o soldier_n design_n the_o kill_v of_o his_o general_n or_o other_o officer_n in_o time_n of_o battle_n or_o a_o captain_n hover_v doubtful_o with_o his_o troop_n with_o intention_n to_o gain_v the_o favour_n of_o he_o that_o shall_v chance_v to_o get_v the_o victory_n it_o tend_v to_o the_o destruction_n both_o of_o king_n and_o people_n whether_o the_o king_n be_v present_a or_o absent_a and_o be_v high_a treason_n before_o the_o statute_n 6._o if_o any_o man_n have_v imprison_v the_o king_n person_n he_o have_v make_v he_o incapable_a of_o defend_v his_o people_n and_o be_v therefore_o high_a treason_n before_o the_o statute_n 7._o if_o any_o man_n have_v with_o design_n to_o raise_v rebellion_n against_o the_o king_n write_a or_o by_o word_n advise_o utter_v deny_v the_o king_n regnant_n to_o be_v their_o lawful_a king_n he_o that_o wrought_v preach_v or_o speak_v such_o word_n live_v then_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o king_n law_n it_o have_v be_v high_a treason_n before_o the_o statute_n for_o the_o reason_n aforesaid_a and_o perhaps_o there_o may_v be_v some_o other_o case_n upon_o this_o statute_n which_o i_o can_v present_o think_v upon_o but_o the_o kill_v of_o a_o justice_n or_o other_o officer_n as_o be_v determine_v by_o the_o statute_n be_v not_o otherwise_o high_a treason_n but_o by_o the_o statute_n and_o to_o distinguish_v that_o which_o be_v treason_n by_o the_o common-law_n from_o all_o other_o inferior_a crime_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v that_o if_o such_o high_a treason_n shall_v take_v effect_n it_o will_v destroy_v all_o law_n at_o once_o and_o be_v do_v by_o a_o subject_a it_o be_v a_o return_n to_o hostility_n by_o treachery_n and_o consequent_o such_o as_o be_v traitor_n may_v by_o the_o law_n of_o reason_n be_v deal_v withal_o as_o ignoble_a and_o treacherous_a enemy_n but_o the_o great_a of_o other_o crime_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v breach_n of_o one_o only_a or_o at_o least_o of_o very_a few_o law_n la._n whether_o this_o you_o say_v be_v true_a or_o false_a the_o law_n be_v now_o unquestionable_a by_o a_o statute_n make_v in_o 1_o and_o 2_o of_o queen_n mary_n whereby_o there_o be_v nothing_o to_o be_v esteem_v treason_n beside_o those_o few_o offence_n special_o mention_v in_o the_o act_n of_o 25_o ed._n 3._o ph._n among_o these_o great_a crime_n the_o great_a be_v that_o which_o be_v commit_v by_o one_o that_o have_v be_v trust_v and_o love_v by_o he_o who_o death_n he_o so_o design_v for_o a_o man_n can_v well_o take_v heed_n of_o those_o who_o he_o think_v he_o have_v oblige_v whereas_o a_o open_a enemy_n give_v a_o man_n warning_n before_o he_o act_v and_o this_o it_o be_v for_o which_o the_o statute_n have_v declare_v that_o it_o be_v another_o kind_n of_o treason_n when_o a_o servant_n kill_v his_o master_n or_o mistress_n or_o a_o wife_n kill_v her_o husband_n or_o a_o clerk_n kill_v his_o prelate_n and_o i_o shall_v think_v it_o petty_a treason_n also_o though_o it_o be_v not_o within_o the_o word_n of_o the_o statute_n when_o a_o tenant_n in_o fee_n that_o hold_v by_o homage_n and_o fealty_n shall_v kill_v the_o lord_n of_o his_o fee_n for_o fealty_n be_v a_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n to_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o fee_n save_v he_o may_v not_o keep_v his_o oath_n in_o any_o thing_n swear_v to_o if_o it_o be_v against_o the_o king_n for_o homage_n as_o it_o be_v express_v in_o a_o statute_n of_o 17_o edw._n 2._o be_v the_o great_a submission_n that_o be_v possible_a to_o be_v make_v to_o one_o man_n by_o another_o for_o the_o tenant_n shall_v hold_v his_o hand_n together_o between_o the_o hand_n of_o his_o landlord_n and_o shall_v say_v thus_o i_o become_v your_o man_n from_o this_o day_n forth_o for_o life_n for_o member_n and_o for_o worldly_a honour_n and_o shall_v owe_v that_o my_o faith_n for_o the_o land_n that_o i_o shall_v hold_v of_o you_o save_v the_o faith_n that_o i_o owe_v unto_o our_o sovereign_a lord_n the_o king_n and_o to_o many_o other_o lord_n which_o homage_n if_o make_v to_o the_o king_n be_v equivalent_a to_o a_o promise_n of_o simple_a obedience_n and_o if_o make_v to_o another_o lord_n there_o be_v nothing_o except_v but_o the_o allegiance_n to_o the_o king_n and_o that_o which_o be_v call_v fealty_n be_v but_o the_o same_o confirm_v by_o a_o oath_n la._n but_o sir_n edw._n coke_n 4_o inst._n p._n 11._o deny_v that_o a_o traitor_n be_v in_o legal_a understanding_n the_o king_n enemy_n for_o enemy_n say_v he_o be_v those_o that_o be_v out_o of_o the_o allegiance_n of_o the_o king_n and_o his_o reason_n be_v because_o if_o a_o subject_a join_v with_o a_o foreign_a enemy_n and_o come_v into_o england_n with_o he_o and_o be_v take_v prisoner_n here_o he_o shall_v not_o be_v ransom_v or_o proceed_v with_o as_o a_o enemy_n shall_v but_o he_o shall_v be_v take_v as_o a_o traitor_n to_o the_o king_n whereas_o a_o enemy_n come_v in_o open_a hostility_n and_o take_v shall_v either_o be_v execute_v by_o martial-law_n or_o ransom_v for_o he_o can_v be_v indict_v of_o treason_n for_o that_o he_o never_o be_v in_o the_o protection_n and_o ligeance_n of_o the_o king_n and_o the_o 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of_o the_o general_n or_o council_n of_o war_n that_o a_o enemy_n shall_v be_v thus_o proceed_v with_o but_o the_o law_n of_o the_o king_n contain_v in_o their_o commission_n such_o as_o from_o time_n to_o time_n the_o king_n have_v think_v fit_a in_o who_o will_n it_o always_o rest_v whether_o a_o open_a enemy_n when_o he_o be_v take_v shall_v be_v put_v to_o death_n or_o no_o and_o by_o what_o death_n and_o whether_o he_o shall_v be_v ransom_v or_o no_o and_o at_o what_o price_n then_o for_o the_o nature_n of_o treason_n by_o rebellion_n be_v it_o not_o a_o return_n to_o hostility_n what_o else_o do_v rebellion_n signify_v william_n the_o conqueror_n subdue_v this_o kingdom_n some_o he_o kill_v some_o upon_o promise_n of_o future_a obedience_n he_o take_v to_o mercy_n and_o they_o become_v his_o subject_n and_o swear_v allegiance_n to_o he_o if_o therefore_o they_o renew_v the_o war_n against_o he_o be_v they_o not_o again_o open_a enemy_n or_o if_o any_o of_o they_o lurk_v under_o 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of_o the_o borough_n themselves_o can_v take_v notice_n of_o the_o discretion_n or_o sufficiency_n of_o those_o they_o be_v to_o send_v to_o the_o parliament_n and_o for_o the_o antiquity_n of_o the_o burgess-town_n since_o it_o be_v not_o mention_v in_o any_o history_n or_o certain_a record_n now_o extant_a it_o be_v free_a for_o any_o man_n to_o propound_v his_o conjecture_n you_o know_v that_o this_o land_n be_v invade_v by_o the_o saxon_n at_o several_a time_n and_o conquer_v by_o piece_n in_o several_a war_n so_o that_o there_o be_v in_o england_n many_o king_n at_o once_o and_o every_o of_o they_o have_v his_o parliament_n and_o therefore_o according_a as_o there_o be_v more_o or_o few_o wall_a town_n within_o each_o king_n dominion_n his_o parliament_n have_v the_o more_o or_o few_o burgess_n but_o when_o all_o these_o lesser_a kingdom_n be_v join_v into_o one_o then_o to_o that_o one_o parliament_n come_v burgess_n from_o all_o the_o burrough_n of_o england_n and_o this_o 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with_o the_o manner_n of_o hold_v they_o at_o this_o day_n and_o be_v write_v as_o sir_n edw._n coke_n say_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o saxon_n and_o before_o the_o conquest_n ph._n mr._n selden_n a_o great_a antiquary_n than_o sir_n edw._n coke_n in_o the_o last_o edition_n of_o his_o book_n of_o title_n of_o honour_n say_v that_o that_o book_n call_v the_o mode_n etc._n etc._n be_v not_o write_v till_o about_o the_o time_n of_o rich._n 2._o and_o seem_v to_o i_o to_o prove_v it_o but_o howsoever_o that_o be_v it_o be_v apparent_a by_o the_o saxon_a law_n set_v forth_o by_o mr._n lambert_n that_o there_o be_v always_o call_v to_o the_o parliament_n certain_a great_a person_n call_v alderman_n alias_z earls_z and_o so_o you_o have_v a_o house_n of_o lord_n and_o a_o house_n of_o commons_o also_o you_o will_v find_v in_o the_o same_o place_n that_o after_o the_o saxon_n have_v receive_v the_o faith_n of_o christ_n those_o bishop_n that_o be_v among_o they_o be_v always_o at_o the_o great_a moote_n in_o which_o they_o make_v their_o law_n thus_o you_o have_v a_o perfect_a english_a parliament_n save_v that_o the_o name_n of_o baron_n be_v not_o among_o they_o as_o be_v a_o french_a title_n which_o come_v in_o with_o the_o conqueror_n finis_fw-la the_o king_n be_v the_o supreme_a judge_n
be_v not_o necessary_o knit_v together_o 〈◊〉_d if_o rome_n be_v one_o fire_n the_o pope_n chair_n be_v burnâ—_n and_o hitherto_o of_o the_o first_o sort_n of_o fallacy_n refer_v to_o judgement_n now_o follow_v the_o second_o and_o they_o be_v either_o those_o that_o be_v referâ—red_v to_o a_o syllogism_n or_o to_o method_n and_o they_o again_o be_v general_n and_o special_a general_n which_o be_v refer_v to_o the_o general_a property_n of_o a_o syllogism_n it_o be_v either_o when_o all_o the_o part_n be_v deny_v or_o be_v particular_a all_o part_n deny_v as_o no_o pope_n be_v a_o devil_n no_o man_n be_v a_o devil_n therefore_o no_o man_n be_v a_o pope_n and_o this_o must_v be_v answer_v that_o it_o be_v noâ—_n according_a to_o the_o definition_n of_o a_o negative_a syllogism_n which_o must_v have_v always_o one_o affirmative_a all_o particular_a as_o some_o unlawful_a thing_n must_v be_v suffer_v 〈◊〉_d namely_o that_o which_o can_v be_v take_v away_o the_o stew_n in_o some_o unlawful_a thing_n therefore_o the_o stew_n must_v be_v suffer_v this_o be_v answer_v by_o the_o definition_n of_o â—_o special_a syllogism_n which_o be_v that_o have_v one_o part_n general_a the_o special_a be_v those_o which_o be_v simple_a or_o compound_v the_o simple_a be_v of_o two_o sort_n the_o first_o be_v more_o plain_a the_o second_o less_o plain_a more_o plain_a be_v when_o the_o assumption_n be_v deny_v or_o the_o question_n be_v not_o particular_a as_o every_o apostle_n may_v preach_v abroad_o some_o apostle_n be_v not_o a_o pope_n therefore_o some_o pope_n may_v not_o preach_v abroad_o also_o every_o pope_n be_v a_o lord_n some_o pope_n may_v give_v a_o universal_a licence_n therefore_o every_o lord_n may_v give_v a_o universal_a licence_n less_o plain_a have_v one_o fallacy_n in_o common_a when_o the_o proposition_n be_v special_a as_o some_o player_n be_v a_o rogue_n every_o vagabond_n be_v rogue_n therefore_o every_o player_n be_v a_o vagabond_n also_o some_o player_n be_v a_o rogue_n every_o vagabond_n be_v a_o player_n therefore_o every_o player_n be_v a_o rogue_n the_o fallacy_n of_o the_o first_o kind_n be_v when_o all_o the_o part_n be_v affirmative_a as_o all_o paul_n bishop_n be_v ordain_v for_o unity_n all_o arch-bishop_n be_v ordain_v for_o unity_n therefore_o all_o arch-bishop_n be_v paul_n bishop_n the_o fallacy_n of_o the_o second_o kind_n be_v when_o the_o assumption_n be_v deny_v as_o every_o puritan_n be_v a_o christian._n no_o lord_n bishop_n be_v a_o puritan_n therefore_o no_o lord_n bishop_n be_v a_o christian._n hitherto_o of_o the_o fallacy_n refer_v to_o a_o simple_a syllogism_n now_o follow_v those_o which_o be_v refer_v to_o a_o compound_n which_o be_v those_o which_o be_v refer_v either_o to_o the_o connexive_a or_o to_o the_o disjoined_a of_o the_o first_o sort_n one_o be_v when_o the_o first_o part_n or_o antecedent_n be_v deny_v that_o the_o second_o or_o consequent_a may_v be_v so_o likewise_o as_o if_o any_o man_n have_v two_o benefice_n he_o may_v escape_v unpunished_a at_o the_o bishop_n hand_n but_o he_o may_v not_o have_v two_o benefice_n therefore_o he_o may_v not_o escape_v unpunished_a at_o the_o bishop_n hand_n the_o second_o part_n be_v affirm_v that_o the_o first_o may_v be_v so_o also_o as_o if_o every_o ignorant_a minister_n be_v put_v out_o of_o the_o church_n and_o a_o preacher_n in_o his_o place_n we_o shall_v have_v good_a order_n but_o we_o have_v good_a order_n therefore_o every_o ignorant_a minister_n be_v put_v out_o of_o the_o church_n and_o a_o preacher_n in_o his_o place_n of_o those_o refer_v to_o the_o disjoined_a the_o first_o be_v when_o all_o the_o part_n of_o the_o disjunction_n or_o proposition_n be_v not_o affirm_v as_o every_o ignorant_a minister_n be_v to_o be_v allow_v or_o not_o but_o he_o be_v not_o therefore_o he_o be_v the_o second_o kind_n be_v when_o the_o second_o part_n of_o the_o copulative_a negative_a axiom_n be_v deny_v that_o the_o first_o may_v be_v so_o as_o a_o non-resident_n be_v either_o a_o faithful_a or_o unfaithful_a minister_n but_o he_o be_v unfaithful_a ergo_fw-la etc._n etc._n and_o thus_o much_o of_o the_o fallacy_n in_o a_o syllogism_n the_o fallacy_n in_o method_n be_v when_o to_o deceive_v withal_o the_o end_n be_v set_v in_o the_o beginning_n the_o special_a before_o the_o general_a good_a order_n be_v go_v confound_v and_o final_o when_o darkness_n length_n and_o hardness_n be_v labour_v after_o pinis_fw-la a_o dialogue_n between_o a_o philosopher_n and_o a_o student_a of_o the_o common-law_n of_o england_n of_o the_o law_n of_o reason_n law_n what_o make_v you_o say_v that_o the_o study_n of_o the_o law_n be_v less_o rational_a than_o the_o study_n of_o the_o mathematics_n phylosoph_n i_o say_v not_o that_o for_o all_o study_n be_v rational_a or_o nothing_o worth_a but_o i_o say_v that_o the_o great_a master_n of_o the_o mathematics_n do_v not_o so_o often_o err_v as_o the_o great_a professor_n of_o the_o law_n law_n if_o you_o have_v apply_v your_o reason_n to_o the_o law_n perhaps_o you_o will_v have_v be_v of_o another_o mind_n ph._n in_o whatsoever_o study_n i_o examine_v whether_o my_o inference_n be_v rational_a and_o have_v look_v over_o the_o title_n of_o the_o statute_n from_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la downward_o to_o this_o present_a time_n i_o leave_v not_o one_o unread_a which_o i_o think_v may_v concern_v myself_o which_o be_v enough_o for_o i_o that_o mean_v not_o to_o plead_v for_o any_o but_o myself_o but_o i_o do_v not_o much_o examine_v which_o of_o they_o be_v more_o or_o less_o rational_a because_o i_o read_v they_o not_o to_o dispute_v but_o to_o obey_v they_o and_o see_v in_o all_o of_o they_o sufficient_a reason_n for_o my_o obedience_n and_o that_o the_o same_o reason_n though_o the_o statute_n themselves_o be_v change_v remain_v constant_a i_o have_v also_o diligent_o read_v over_o littleton_n book_n of_o tenor_n with_o the_o commentary_n thereupon_o of_o the_o renown_a lawyer_n sir_n ed._n coke_n in_o which_o i_o confess_v i_o find_v great_a subtlety_n not_o of_o the_o law_n but_o of_o inference_n from_o law_n and_o especial_o from_o the_o law_n of_o humane_a nature_n which_o be_v the_o law_n of_o reason_n and_o i_o confess_v that_o it_o be_v truth_n which_o he_o say_v in_o the_o epilogue_n to_o his_o book_n that_o by_o argument_n and_o reason_n in_o the_o law_n a_o man_n shall_v soon_o come_v to_o the_o certainty_n and_o knowledge_n of_o the_o law_n and_o i_o agree_v with_o sir_n edw._n coke_n who_o upon_o that_o text_n far_o that_o reason_n be_v the_o soul_n of_o the_o law_n and_o upon_o sect_n 138._o nihil_fw-la quod_fw-la est_fw-la rationi_fw-la contrarium_fw-la est_fw-la licitum_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v nothing_o be_v law_n that_o be_v against_o reason_n and_o that_o reason_n be_v the_o life_n of_o the_o law_n nay_o the_o common_a law_n itself_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o reason_n and_o upon_o sect._n 21._o aequitas_fw-la est_fw-la perfecta_fw-la quaedam_fw-la ratio_fw-la quae_fw-la jus_fw-la scriptum_fw-la interpretatur_fw-la &_o emendat_fw-la nulla_fw-la scriptura_fw-la comprehensa_fw-la sed_fw-la solus_fw-la in_o vera_fw-la ratione_fw-la consistens_fw-la i_o e._n equity_n be_v a_o certain_a perfect_a reason_n that_o interprete_v and_o amend_v the_o law_n write_v itself_o be_v unwritten_a and_o consist_v in_o nothing_o else_o but_o right_a reason_n when_o i_o consider_v this_o and_o find_v it_o to_o be_v true_a and_o so_o evident_a as_o not_o to_o be_v deny_v by_o any_o man_n of_o right_a sense_n i_o find_v my_o own_o reason_n at_o a_o stand_n for_o it_o frustrate_v all_o the_o law_n in_o the_o world_n for_o upon_o this_o ground_n any_o man_n of_o any_o law_n whatsoever_o may_v say_v it_o be_v against_o reason_n and_o thereupon_o make_v a_o pretence_n for_o his_o disobedience_n i_o pray_v you_o clear_v this_o passage_n that_o we_o may_v proceed_v la._n i_o clear_v it_o thus_o out_o of_o sir_n edw._n coke_n i_o inst._n sect._n 138._o that_o this_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v of_o a_o artificial_a perfection_n of_o reason_n get_v by_o long_a study_n observation_n and_o experience_n and_o not_o of_o every_o man_n natural_a reason_n for_o nemo_fw-la nascitur_fw-la artifex_n this_o legal_a reason_n be_v summa_fw-la ratio_fw-la and_o therefore_o if_o all_o the_o reason_n that_o be_v disperse_v into_o so_o many_o several_a head_n be_v unite_v into_o one_o yet_o can_v he_o not_o make_v such_o a_o law_n as_o the_o law_n of_o england_n be_v because_o by_o so_o many_o succession_n of_o age_n it_o have_v be_v fine_v and_o refine_v by_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o grave_a and_o learned_a men._n ph._n this_o do_v not_o clear_a the_o place_n as_o be_v partly_o obscure_a and_o partly_o untrue_a that_o the_o reason_n which_o be_v the_o life_n of_o the_o law_n shall_v be_v not_o natural_a but_o artificial_a i_o
enemy_n there_o be_v no_o end_n for_o the_o war_n will_v continue_v by_o a_o perpetual_a subdivision_n and_o when_o it_o end_v they_o will_v be_v in_o the_o same_o estate_n they_o be_v before_o that_o they_o be_v often_o abuse_v by_o man_n who_o to_o they_o seem_v wise_a when_o then_o their_o wisdom_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o envy_n to_o those_o that_o be_v in_o grace_n and_o in_o profitable_a employment_n and_o that_o those_o man_n do_v but_o abuse_v the_o common_a people_n to_o their_o own_o end_n that_o set_v up_o a_o private_a man_n propriety_n against_o the_o public_a safety_n but_o say_v withal_o that_o the_o king_n be_v subject_a to_o the_o law_n of_o god_n both_o write_a and_o unwritten_a and_o to_o no_o other_o and_o so_o be_v william_n the_o conqueror_n who_o right_a it_o all_o descend_v to_o our_o present_a king_n la._n as_o to_o the_o law_n of_o reason_n which_o be_v equity_n it_o be_v sure_a enough_o there_o be_v but_o one_o legislator_n which_o be_v god_n ph._n it_o follow_v then_o that_o which_o you_o call_v the_o common-law_n distinct_a from_o statute-law_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o law_n of_o god_n la._n in_o some_o sense_n it_o be_v but_o it_o be_v not_o gospel_n but_o natural_a reason_n and_o natural_a equity_n ph._n will_v you_o have_v every_o man_n to_o every_o other_o man_n allege_v for_o law_n his_o own_o particular_a reason_n there_o be_v not_o among_o man_n a_o universal_a reason_n agree_v upon_o in_o any_o nation_n beside_o the_o reason_n of_o he_o that_o have_v the_o sovereign_a power_n yet_o though_o his_o reason_n be_v but_o the_o reason_n of_o one_o man_n yet_o it_o be_v set_v up_o to_o supply_v the_o place_n of_o that_o universal_a reason_n which_o be_v expound_v to_o we_o by_o our_o saviour_n in_o the_o gospel_n and_o consequent_o our_o king_n be_v to_o we_o the_o legislator_n both_o of_o statute-law_n and_o of_o common-law_n la._n yes_o i_o know_v that_o the_o law_n spiritual_a which_o have_v be_v law_n in_o this_o kingdom_n since_o the_o abolish_n of_o popery_n be_v the_o king_n law_n and_o those_o also_o that_o be_v make_v before_o for_o the_o canon_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n be_v no_o law_n neither_o here_o nor_o any_o where_o else_o without_o the_o pope_n temporal_a dominion_n far_o than_o king_n and_o state_n in_o their_o several_a dominion_n respective_o do_v make_v they_o so_o ph._n i_o grant_v that_o but_o you_o must_v grant_v also_o that_o those_o spiritual_a law_n legislator_n of_o the_o spiritual_a law_n and_o yet_o not_o all_o king_n and_o state_n make_v law_n by_o consent_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o but_o our_o king_n here_o be_v so_o far_o bind_v to_o their_o assent_n as_o he_o shall_v judge_v conduce_v to_o the_o good_a and_o safety_n of_o his_o people_n for_o example_n if_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o shall_v advise_v he_o to_o restore_v those_o law_n spiritual_a which_o in_o queen_n mary_n time_n be_v in_o force_n i_o think_v the_o king_n be_v by_o the_o law_n of_o reason_n oblige_v without_o the_o help_n of_o any_o other_o law_n of_o god_n to_o neglect_v such_o advice_n la._n i_o grant_v you_o that_o the_o king_n be_v sole_a legislator_n but_o with_o this_o restriction_n that_o if_o he_o will_v not_o consult_v with_o the_o lord_n of_o parliament_n and_o hear_v the_o complaint_n and_o information_n of_o the_o commons_o that_o be_v best_a acquaint_v with_o their_o own_o want_n he_o sin_v against_o god_n though_o he_o can_v be_v compel_v to_o any_o thing_n by_o his_o subject_n by_o arm_n and_o force_n ph._n we_o be_v agree_v upon_o that_o already_o since_o therefore_o the_o king_n be_v sole_a legislator_n i_o think_v it_o also_o reason_n he_o shall_v be_v sole_a supreme_a judge_n la._n there_o be_v no_o doubt_n of_o that_o for_o otherwise_o there_o will_v be_v no_o congruity_n of_o judgement_n with_o the_o law_n i_o grant_v also_o that_o he_o be_v the_o supreme_a judge_n over_o all_o person_n judge_n and_o in_o all_o cause_n civil_a and_o ecclesiastical_a within_o his_o own_o dominion_n not_o only_o by_o act_n of_o parliament_n at_o this_o time_n but_o that_o he_o have_v ever_o be_v so_o by_o the_o common-law_n for_o the_o judge_n of_o both_o the_o bench_n have_v their_o office_n by_o the_o king_n letter_n patent_n and_o so_o as_o to_o judicature_n have_v the_o bishop_n also_o the_o lord_n chancellor_n have_v his_o office_n by_o receive_v from_o the_o king_n the_o great_a seal_n of_o england_n and_o to_o say_v all_o at_o once_o there_o be_v no_o magistrate_n or_o commissioner_n for_o public_a business_n neither_o of_o judicature_n nor_o execution_n in_o state_n or_o church_n in_o peace_n or_o war_n but_o he_o be_v make_v so_o by_o authority_n from_o the_o king_n ph._n it_o be_v true_a but_o perhaps_o you_o may_v â—â—ink_v otherwise_o when_o you_o read_v such_o act_n of_o parliament_n as_o say_v that_o the_o king_n shall_v â—ave_n power_n and_o authority_n to_o do_v this_o or_o that_o by_o virtue_n of_o that_o act_n as_o eliz._n c._n 1._o that_o your_o highness_n your_o heir_n and_o successor_n king_n or_o queen_n of_o this_o realm_n shall_v have_v â—â—ll_v power_n and_o authority_n by_o virtue_n of_o this_o act_n by_o letter_n patent_n under_o the_o great_a seal_n of_o england_n to_o assign_v etc._n etc._n be_v it_o not_o this_o parliament_n that_o give_v this_o authority_n to_o the_o queen_n la._n for_o the_o statute_n in_o this_o clause_n be_v no_o more_o than_o as_o sir_n edw._n coke_n use_v to_o speak_v a_o affirmance_n of_o the_o common-law_n for_o she_o be_v head_n of_o the_o church_n of_o england_n may_v make_v commissioner_n for_o the_o deâ—iding_n of_o matter_n ecclesiastical_a as_o free_o â—s_v if_o she_o have_v be_v pope_n who_o do_v you_o know_v pretend_v his_o right_n from_o the_o law_n of_o god_n ph._n we_o have_v hitherto_o speak_v of_o law_n without_o consider_v any_o thing_n of_o the_o nature_n and_o essence_n of_o a_o law_n and_o now_o unless_o we_o define_v the_o word_n law_n we_o can_v go_v no_o â—arther_o without_o ambiguity_n and_o fallacy_n which_o will_v be_v but_o loss_n of_o time_n whereas_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o agreement_n upon_o our_o word_n will_v enlighten_v all_o we_o have_v to_o say_v â—hereafter_o la._n i_o do_v not_o remember_v the_o definition_n of_o law_n in_o any_o statute_n ph._n i_o think_v so_o for_o the_o statute_n be_v make_v by_o authority_n and_o not_o draw_v from_o any_o other_o principle_n than_o the_o care_n of_o the_o safety_n of_o the_o people_n statute_n be_v not_o philosophy_n as_o be_v the_o common-law_n and_o other_o disputable_a art_n but_o be_v command_n or_o prohibition_n which_o ought_v to_o be_v obey_v because_o assent_v to_o by_o submission_n make_v to_o the_o conqueror_n here_o in_o england_n and_o to_o whosoever_o have_v the_o sovereign_a power_n in_o other_o common_a wealth_n so_o that_o the_o positive_a law_n of_o all_o place_n be_v statute_n the_o definition_n of_o law_n be_v therefore_o unnecessary_a for_o the_o maker_n of_o statute_n though_o very_o necessary_a to_o they_o who_o work_n it_o be_v to_o teach_v the_o sense_n of_o the_o law_n la._n there_o be_v a_o accurate_a definition_n of_o a_o law_n in_o bracton_n cite_v by_o sir_n edw._n coke_n lex_fw-la est_fw-la sanctio_fw-la justa_fw-la jubens_fw-la honesta_fw-la &_o prohibens_fw-la contraria_fw-la ph._n that_o be_v to_o say_v law_n be_v a_o just_a statute_n command_v those_o thing_n which_o be_v honest_a and_o forbid_v the_o contrary_a from_o whence_o it_o follow_v that_o in_o all_o case_n it_o must_v be_v the_o honesty_n or_o dishonesty_n that_o make_v the_o command_n a_o law_n whereas_o you_o know_v that_o but_o for_o the_o law_n we_o can_v not_o as_o say_v st._n paul_n have_v know_v what_o be_v sin_n therefore_o this_o definition_n be_v no_o ground_n at_o all_o for_o any_o far_a discourse_n of_o law_n beside_o you_o know_v the_o rule_n of_o honest_a and_o dishonest_a refer_v to_o honour_n and_o that_o it_o be_v justice_n only_o and_o injustice_n that_o the_o law_n respect_v but_o that_o which_o i_o most_o except_v against_o in_o this_o definition_n be_v that_o it_o suppose_v that_o a_o statute_n make_v by_o the_o sovereign_a power_n of_o a_o nation_n may_v be_v unjust_a there_o may_v indeed_o in_o a_o statute_n law_n make_v by_o man_n be_v find_v iniquity_n but_o not_o injustice_n la._n this_o be_v somewhat_o subtle_a i_o pray_v deal_v plain_o what_o be_v the_o difference_n between_o injustice_n and_o iniquity_n ph._n i_o pray_v you_o tell_v i_o first_o what_o be_v the_o difference_n between_o a_o court_n of_o justice_n and_o a_o court_n of_o equity_n la._n a_o court_n of_o justice_n be_v that_o which_o have_v cognizance_n of_o such_o cause_n as_o be_v to_o be_v end_v by_o the_o positive_a law_n of_o the_o land_n and_o a_o
court_n of_o equity_n in_o that_o to_o which_o belong_v such_o cause_n as_o be_v to_o be_v determine_v by_o equity_n that_o be_v to_o say_v by_o the_o law_n of_o reason_n ph._n you_o see_v then_o that_o the_o difference_n between_o injustice_n and_o iniquity_n be_v this_o that_o injustice_n be_v the_o transgression_n of_o a_o statute-law_n and_o iniquity_n the_o transgression_n of_o the_o law_n of_o reason_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o law_n of_o reason_n and_o that_o the_o judge_n of_o that_o law_n be_v court_n of_o justice_n because_o the_o breach_n of_o the_o statute-law_n be_v iniquity_n and_o injustice_n also_o but_o perhaps_o you_o mean_v by_o common-law_n not_o the_o law_n itself_o but_o the_o manner_n of_o proceed_v in_o the_o law_n as_o to_o matter_n of_o fact_n by_o 12_o man_n freeholder_n though_o those_o 12_o man_n be_v no_o court_n of_o equity_n nor_o of_o justice_n because_o they_o determine_v not_o what_o be_v just_a or_o unjust_a but_o only_o whether_o it_o be_v do_v or_o not_o do_v and_o their_o judgement_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o confirmation_n of_o that_o which_o be_v proper_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o witness_n for_o to_o speak_v exact_o there_o can_v possible_o be_v any_o judge_n of_o fact_n beside_o the_o witness_n la._n how_o will_v you_o have_v a_o law_n define_v ph._n thus_o a_o law_n be_v the_o command_n of_o he_o or_o they_o that_o have_v the_o sovereign_a power_n give_v to_o those_o that_o be_v he_o or_o their_o subject_n declare_v public_o and_o plain_o what_o every_o of_o they_o may_v do_v and_o what_o they_o must_v forbear_v to_o do_v la._n see_v all_o judge_n in_o all_o court_v aught_o to_o judge_n according_a to_o equity_n which_o be_v the_o law_n of_o reason_n a_o distinct_a court_n of_o equity_n seem_v to_o i_o to_o be_v unnecessary_a and_o but_o a_o burden_n to_o the_o people_n since_o common-law_n and_o equity_n be_v the_o same_o law_n ph._n it_o be_v so_o indeed_o if_o judge_n can_v not_o err_v but_o since_o they_o may_v err_v and_o that_o the_o king_n be_v not_o bind_v to_o any_o other_o law_n but_o that_o of_o equity_n it_o belong_v to_o he_o alone_o to_o give_v remedy_n to_o they_o that_o by_o the_o ignorance_n or_o corruption_n of_o a_o judge_n shall_v suffer_v damage_n la._n by_o your_o definition_n of_o a_o law_n the_o king_n proclamation_n under_o the_o great_a seal_n of_o england_n be_v a_o law_n for_o it_o be_v a_o command_n and_o public_a and_o of_o the_o sovereign_n to_o his_o subject_n ph._n why_o not_o if_o he_o think_v it_o necessary_a for_o the_o good_a of_o his_o subject_n for_o this_o be_v a_o maxim_n at_o the_o common-law_n allege_v by_o sir_n edward_n coke_n himself_o 1_o inst._n sect._n 306._o quando_fw-la lex_fw-la aliquid_fw-la concedit_fw-la concedere_fw-la videtur_fw-la &_o id_fw-la per_fw-la quod_fw-la devenitur_fw-la ad_fw-la illud_fw-la and_o you_o know_v out_o of_o the_o same_o author_n that_o divers_a king_n of_o â—ngland_n have_v often_o to_o the_o petition_n in_o parliament_n which_o they_o grant_v annex_v such_o exception_n as_o these_o unless_o there_o be_v necessity_n save_v our_o regality_n which_o i_o think_v shall_v be_v always_o understand_v though_o they_o be_v not_o express_v and_o be_v understand_v so_o by_o common_a lawyer_n who_o agree_v that_o the_o king_n may_v recall_v any_o grant_n wherein_o he_o be_v deceive_v la._n again_o whereas_o you_o make_v it_o of_o the_o essence_n of_o a_o law_n to_o be_v public_o and_o plain_o declare_v to_o the_o people_n i_o see_v no_o necessity_n for_o that_o be_v not_o all_o subject_n bind_v to_o take_v notice_n of_o all_o act_n of_o parliament_n when_o no_o act_n can_v pass_v without_o their_o consent_n ph._n if_o you_o have_v say_v that_o no_o act_n can_v pass_v without_o their_o knowledge_n than_o indeed_o they_o have_v be_v bind_v to_o take_v notice_n of_o they_o but_o none_o can_v have_v knowledge_n of_o they_o but_o the_o member_n of_o the_o house_n of_o parliament_n therefore_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o people_n be_v excuse_v or_o else_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o shire_n shall_v be_v bind_v to_o furnish_v people_n with_o a_o sufficient_a number_n of_o copy_n at_o the_o people_n charge_n of_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n at_o their_o return_n into_o the_o country_n that_o every_o man_n may_v resort_v to_o they_o and_o by_o themselves_o or_o friend_n take_v notice_n of_o what_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o for_o otherwise_o it_o be_v impossible_a they_o shall_v be_v obey_v and_o that_o no_o man_n be_v bind_v to_o do_v a_o thing_n impossible_a be_v one_o of_o sir_n edw._n coke_n maxim_n at_o the_o common-law_n i_o know_v that_o most_o of_o the_o statute_n be_v print_v but_o it_o do_v not_o appear_v that_o every_o man_n be_v bind_v to_o buy_v the_o book_n of_o statute_n nor_o to_o search_v for_o they_o at_o westminster_n or_o at_o the_o tower_n nor_o to_o understand_v the_o language_n wherein_o they_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n write_v la._n i_o grant_v it_o proceed_v from_o their_o own_o fault_n but_o no_o man_n can_v be_v excuse_v by_o the_o ignorance_n of_o the_o law_n of_o reason_n that_o be_v to_o say_v by_o ignorance_n of_o the_o common-law_n except_o child_n madman_n and_o idiot_n but_o you_o exact_v such_o a_o notice_n of_o the_o statute-law_n as_o be_v almost_o impossible_a be_v it_o not_o enough_o that_o they_o in_o all_o place_n have_v a_o sufficient_a number_n of_o the_o penal_a statute_n ph._n yes_o if_o they_o have_v those_o penal_a statute_n near_o they_o but_o what_o reason_n can_v you_o give_v i_o why_o there_o shall_v not_o be_v as_o many_o copy_n abroad_o of_o the_o statute_n as_o there_o be_v of_o the_o bible_n la._n i_o think_v it_o be_v well_o that_o every_o man_n that_o can_v read_v have_v a_o statute-book_n for_o certain_o no_o knowledge_n of_o those_o law_n by_o which_o man_n life_n and_o fortune_n can_v be_v bring_v into_o danger_n can_v be_v too_o much_o i_o find_v a_o great_a fault_n in_o your_o definition_n of_o law_n which_o be_v that_o every_o law_n either_o forbid_v or_o command_v something_o it_o be_v true_a that_o the_o moral-law_n be_v always_o a_o command_n or_o a_o prohibition_n or_o at_o least_o imply_v it_o but_o in_o the_o levitical-law_n where_o it_o be_v say_v that_o he_o that_o steal_v a_o sheep_n shall_v restore_v four_o fold_n what_o command_n or_o prohibition_n lie_v in_o these_o word_n ph._n such_o sentence_n as_o that_o be_v not_o in_o themselves_o general_n but_o judgement_n nevertheless_o there_o be_v in_o those_o word_n imply_v a_o commandment_n to_o the_o judge_n to_o cause_v to_o be_v make_v a_o fourfold_a restitution_n la._n that_o be_v right_a ph._n now_o define_v what_o justice_n be_v and_o what_o action_n and_o man_n be_v to_o be_v call_v just._n la._n justice_n be_v the_o constant_a will_n of_o give_v to_o every_o man_n his_o own_o that_o be_v to_o say_v of_o give_v to_o every_o man_n that_o which_o be_v his_o right_n in_o such_o manner_n as_o to_o exclude_v the_o right_n of_o all_o man_n else_o to_o the_o same_o thing_n a_o just_a action_n be_v that_o which_o be_v not_o against_o the_o law_n a_o just_a man_n be_v he_o that_o have_v a_o constant_a will_n to_o live_v just_o if_o you_o require_v more_o i_o doubt_v there_o will_v no_o man_n live_v be_v comprehend_v within_o the_o definition_n ph._n see_v then_o that_o a_o just_a action_n according_a to_o your_o definition_n be_v that_o which_o be_v not_o against_o the_o law_n it_o be_v manifest_a that_o before_o there_o be_v a_o law_n there_o can_v be_v no_o injustice_n and_o therefore_o law_n be_v in_o their_o nature_n antecedent_n to_o justice_n and_o injustice_n and_o you_o can_v deny_v but_o there_o must_v be_v lawmaker_n before_o there_o be_v any_o law_n and_o consequent_o before_o there_o be_v any_o justice_n i_o speak_v of_o humane_a justice_n and_o that_o lawmaker_n be_v before_o that_o which_o you_o call_v own_o or_o property_n of_o good_n or_o land_n distinguish_v by_o meum_fw-la tuum_fw-la alienum_fw-la la._n that_o must_v be_v grant_v for_o without_o statute-law_n all_o man_n have_v right_o to_o all_o thing_n and_o we_o have_v have_v experience_n when_o our_o law_n be_v silence_v by_o civil_a war_n there_o be_v not_o a_o man_n that_o of_o any_o good_n can_v say_v assure_o they_o be_v his_o own_o ph._n you_o see_v then_o that_o no_o private_a man_n can_v claim_v a_o propriety_n in_o any_o land_n or_o other_o good_n from_o any_o title_n from_o any_o man_n but_o the_o king_n or_o they_o that_o have_v the_o sovereign_a power_n because_o it_o be_v in_o virtue_n of_o the_o sovereignty_n that_o every_o man_n may_v not_o enter_v into_o and_o possess_v what_o he_o please_v and_o consequent_o to_o deny_v the_o sovereign_a any_o thing_n necessary_a to_o
examinâ—â—_n judgement_n give_v in_o the_o court_n of_o common-plea_n la._n you_o deny_v not_o but_o by_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o england_n the_o kings-bench_n may_v examine_v the_o judgement_n give_v in_o the_o court_n of_o common-plea_n ph._n it_o be_v true_a but_o why_o may_v not_o also_o the_o court_n of_o chancery_n do_v the_o same_o especial_o if_o the_o fault_n of_o the_o judgement_n be_v against_o equity_n and_o not_o against_o the_o letter_n of_o the_o law_n la._n there_o be_v no_o necessity_n of_o that_o for_o the_o same_o court_n may_v examine_v both_o the_o letter_n and_o the_o equity_n of_o the_o statute_n ph._n you_o see_v by_o this_o that_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o court_n can_v easy_o be_v distinguish_v but_o by_o the_o king_n himself_o in_o his_o parliament_n the_o lawyer_n themselves_o can_v do_v it_o for_o you_o see_v what_o contention_n there_o be_v between_o court_n as_o well_o as_o between_o particular_a men._n and_o whereas_o you_o say_v that_o law_n of_o 4_o hen._n 4._o 23._o be_v by_o that_o of_o 27_o eliz._n cap._n 8._o take_v away_o i_o do_v not_o find_v it_o so_o i_o find_v indeed_o a_o diversity_n of_o opinion_n between_o the_o maker_n of_o the_o former_a and_o the_o latter_a statute_n in_o the_o preamble_n of_o the_o latter_a and_o conclusion_n of_o the_o former_a the_o preamble_n of_o the_o latter_a be_v forasmuch_o as_o erroneous_a judgement_n give_v in_o the_o court_n call_v the_o kings-bench_n be_v only_o to_o be_v reform_v in_o the_o high_a court_n of_o parliament_n and_o the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o former_a be_v that_o the_o contrary_n be_v law_n in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o king_n progenitor_n these_o be_v no_o part_n of_o those_o law_n but_o opinion_n only_o concern_v the_o ancient_a custom_n in_o that_o case_n arise_v from_o the_o different_a opinion_n of_o the_o lawyer_n in_o those_o different_a time_n neither_o command_v nor_o forbid_v any_o thing_n though_o of_o the_o statute_n themselves_o the_o one_o forbid_v that_o such_o plea_n be_v bring_v before_o the_o parliament_n the_o other_o forbid_v it_o not_o but_o yet_o if_o after_o the_o act_n of_o hen._n 4._o such_o a_o plea_n have_v be_v bring_v before_o the_o parliament_n the_o parliament_n may_v have_v hear_v and_o determine_v it_o for_o the_o statute_n forbid_v not_o that_o nor_o can_v any_o law_n have_v the_o force_n to_o hinder_v the_o law_n of_o any_o jurisdiction_n whatsoever_o they_o please_v to_o take_v upon_o they_o see_v it_o be_v a_o court_n of_o the_o king_n and_o of_o all_o the_o people_n together_o both_o lord_n and_o commons_z la._n though_o it_o be_v yet_o see_v the_o king_n as_o sir_n edw._n coke_n affirm_v 4_o inst._n p._n 71._o have_v commit_v all_o his_o power_n judicial_a some_o to_o one_o court_n and_o some_o to_o another_o so_o as_o if_o any_o man_n will_v render_v himself_o to_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o king_n in_o such_o case_n where_o the_o king_n have_v commit_v all_o his_o power_n judicial_a to_o other_o such_o a_o render_n shall_v be_v to_o no_o effect_n and_o p._n 73._o he_o say_v far_a that_o in_o this_o court_n the_o king_n of_o this_o realm_n have_v sit_v on_o the_o high_a bench_n and_o the_o judge_n of_o that_o court_n on_o the_o low_a bench_n at_o his_o foot_n but_o judicature_n belong_v only_o to_o the_o judge_n of_o that_o court_n and_o in_o his_o presence_n they_o answer_v all_o motion_n ph._n i_o can_v believe_v that_o sir_n edw._n coke_n how_o much_o soever_o he_o desire_v to_o advance_v the_o authority_n of_o himself_o and_o other_o justice_n of_o the_o common-law_n can_v mean_v that_o the_o king_n in_o the_o kings-bench_n sit_v as_o a_o spectator_n only_o and_o may_v not_o have_v answer_v all_o motion_n which_o his_o judge_n answer_v if_o he_o have_v see_v cause_n for_o it_o for_o he_o know_v that_o the_o king_n be_v supreme_a judge_n then_o in_o all_o cause_n temporal_a and_o be_v now_o in_o all_o cause_n both_o temporal_a and_o ecclesiastical_a and_o that_o there_o be_v a_o exceed_a great_a penalty_n ordain_v by_o the_o law_n for_o they_o that_o shall_v deny_v it_o but_o sir_n edw._n coke_n as_o he_o have_v you_o see_v in_o many_o place_n before_o have_v put_v a_o fallacy_n upon_o himself_o by_o not_o distinguish_v between_o commit_v and_o transfer_v he_o that_o transfer_v his_o power_n have_v deprive_v himself_o of_o it_o but_o he_o that_o commit_v it_o to_o another_o to_o be_v exercise_v in_o his_o name_n and_o under_o he_o be_v still_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o same_o power_n and_o therefore_o if_o a_o man_n render_v himself_o that_o be_v to_o say_v appeal_v to_o the_o king_n from_o any_o judge_n whatsoever_o the_o king_n may_v receive_v his_o appeal_n and_o it_o shall_v be_v effectual_a la._n beside_o these_o 2_o court_n the_o kings-bench_n for_o plea_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o the_o court_n of_o common-plea_n for_o cause_n civil_a according_a to_o the_o common-law_n of_o england_n there_o be_v another_o court_n of_o justice_n that_o have_v 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without_o reasonable_a cause_n which_o â—o_o the_o most_o of_o rational_a man_n and_o unbiased_a â—s_n not_o in_o my_o opinion_n very_o difficult_a and_o though_o a_o judge_n shall_v as_o all_o man_n may_v do_v err_v in_o his_o judgement_n yet_o there_o be_v always_o such_o power_n in_o the_o law_n of_o england_n as_o may_v content_v the_o party_n either_o in_o the_o chancery_n or_o by_o commissioner_n of_o their_o own_o choose_n authorize_v by_o the_o king_n for_o every_o man_n â—s_v bind_v to_o acquiesce_v in_o the_o sentence_n of_o the_o judge_n he_o choose_v la._n in_o what_o case_n can_v the_o true_a construction_n of_o the_o letter_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o meaning_n of_o the_o lawmaker_n ph._n very_o many_o whereof_o sir_n edw._n coke_n name_v 3_o fraud_n accident_n and_o breach_n of_o confidence_n but_o there_o be_v many_o more_o for_o there_o be_v a_o very_a great_a many_o reasonable_a exception_n almost_o to_o every_o general_a rule_n which_o the_o maker_n of_o the_o 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not_o say_v which_o be_v able_a man_n the_o judge_n of_o the_o common_a law_n or_o the_o bishop_n la._n that_o be_v not_o the_o great_a question_n as_o to_o the_o ability_n of_o a_o judge_n both_o of_o one_o and_o the_o other_o there_o be_v able_a man_n in_o their_o own_o way_n but_o when_o a_o judge_n of_o equity_n have_v need_v almost_o in_o every_o case_n to_o consider_v as_o well_o the_o statute-law_n as_o the_o law_n of_o reason_n he_o can_v perform_v his_o office_n perfect_o unless_o he_o be_v also_o ready_a in_o the_o statute_n ph._n i_o see_v no_o great_a need_n he_o have_v to_o be_v ready_a in_o the_o statute_n in_o the_o hear_n of_o a_o cause_n do_v the_o judge_n of_o the_o common-law_n inform_v the_o council_n at_o the_o bar_n what_o the_o statute_n be_v or_o the_o
also_o if_o he_o will_v and_o they_o say_v true_a but_o they_o have_v no_o reason_n to_o think_v he_o will_v unless_o it_o be_v for_o his_o own_o profit_n which_o can_v be_v for_o he_o love_v his_o own_o power_n and_o what_o become_v of_o his_o power_n when_o his_o subject_n be_v destroy_v or_o weaken_v by_o who_o multitude_n and_o strength_n he_o enjoy_v his_o power_n and_o every_o one_o of_o his_o subject_n his_o fortune_n and_o last_o whereas_o they_o sometime_o say_v the_o king_n be_v bind_v not_o only_o to_o cause_v his_o law_n to_o be_v observe_v but_o also_o to_o observe_v they_o himself_o i_o think_v the_o king_n cause_v they_o to_o be_v observe_v be_v the_o same_o thing_n as_o observe_v they_o himself_o for_o i_o never_o hear_v it_o take_v for_o good_a law_n that_o the_o king_n may_v be_v indict_v or_o appeal_v or_o serve_v with_o a_o writ_n till_o the_o long_a parliament_n practise_v the_o contrary_a upon_o the_o good_a king_n charles_n for_o which_o divers_a of_o they_o be_v execute_v and_o the_o rest_n by_o this_o our_o present_a king_n pardon_v la._n pardon_v by_o the_o king_n and_o parliament_n ph._n by_o the_o king_n in_o parliament_n if_o you_o will_v but_o not_o by_o the_o king_n and_o parliament_n you_o can_v deny_v but_o that_o the_o pardon_v of_o injury_n to_o the_o person_n that_o be_v injure_v treason_n and_o other_o offence_n against_o the_o peace_n and_o against_o the_o right_n of_o the_o sovereign_n be_v injury_n do_v to_o the_o king_n and_o therefore_o whosoever_o be_v pardon_v any_o such_o offence_n aught_o to_o acknowledge_v he_o owe_v his_o pardon_n to_o the_o king_n alone_o but_o as_o to_o such_o murder_n felony_n and_o other_o injury_n as_o be_v do_v to_o any_o subject_n how_o mean_a soever_o i_o think_v it_o great_a reason_n that_o the_o party_n endamage_v ought_v to_o have_v satisfaction_n before_o such_o pardon_n be_v allow_v and_o in_o the_o death_n of_o a_o man_n where_o restitution_n of_o life_n be_v impossible_a what_o can_v 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shall_v be_v do_v in_o parliament_n and_o by_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o ph._n i_o grant_v it_o but_o i_o pray_v you_o tell_v i_o now_o what_o be_v the_o difference_n between_o a_o general_a pardon_n and_o a_o act_n of_o oblivion_n la._n the_o word_n act_n of_o oblivion_n be_v never_o in_o our_o book_n before_o but_o i_o believe_v it_o be_v in_o you_o ph._n in_o the_o state_n of_o athens_n long_o ago_o for_o the_o abolish_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n there_o be_v a_o act_n agree_v on_o that_o from_o that_o time_n forward_o no_o man_n shall_v be_v molest_v for_o any_o thing_n before_o that_o act_n do_v whatsoever_o without_o exception_n which_o act_n the_o maker_n of_o it_o call_v a_o act_n of_o oblivion_n not_o that_o all_o injury_n shall_v be_v forget_v for_o then_o we_o can_v never_o have_v have_v the_o story_n but_o that_o they_o shall_v not_o rise_v up_o in_o judgement_n against_o any_o man._n and_o in_o imitation_n of_o this_o act_n the_o like_a be_v propound_v though_o it_o take_v no_o effect_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o julius_n caesar_n in_o the_o senate_n of_o rome_n by_o such_o a_o act_n you_o may_v easy_o conceive_v that_o all_o accusation_n for_o offence_n past_a be_v absolute_o dead_a and_o bury_v and_o yet_o we_o have_v no_o great_a reason_n to_o think_v that_o the_o object_v one_o to_o another_o of_o the_o injury_n pardon_v be_v any_o violation_n of_o those_o act_n except_o the_o same_o be_v so_o express_v in_o the_o act_n itself_o la._n it_o seem_v then_o that_o the_o act_n of_o oblivion_n be_v here_o no_o more_o nor_o of_o other_o nature_n than_o a_o general_n pardon_v of_o court_n ph._n since_o you_o acknowledge_v that_o in_o all_o controversy_n the_o judicature_n original_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n and_o see_v that_o no_o man_n be_v able_a in_o his_o own_o person_n to_o execute_v a_o office_n of_o so_o much_o business_n what_o order_n be_v take_v for_o decide_v of_o so_o many_o and_o so_o various_a controversy_n la._n there_o be_v divers_a sort_n of_o controversy_n some_o of_o which_o be_v concern_v man_n title_n to_o land_n and_o good_n and_o some_o good_n be_v corporeal_a and_o land_n money_n cattle_n corn_n and_o the_o like_a which_o may_v be_v handle_v or_o see_v and_o some_o incorporeal_a as_o privilege_n liberty_n dignity_n office_n and_o many_o other_o good_a thing_n mere_a creature_n of_o the_o law_n and_o can_v be_v handle_v or_o see_v and_o both_o of_o these_o kind_n be_v concern_v meum_fw-la and_o tuum_fw-la other_o there_o be_v concern_v crime_n punishable_a divers_a way_n and_o among_o some_o of_o these_o part_n of_o the_o punishment_n be_v some_o fine_a or_o forfeiture_n to_o the_o king_n and_o then_o it_o be_v call_v a_o plea_n of_o the_o crown_n in_o case_n the_o king_n sue_v the_o party_n otherwise_o it_o be_v but_o a_o private_a plea_n which_o they_o call_v a_o appeal_n and_o though_o upon_o judgement_n in_o a_o appeal_n the_o king_n shall_v have_v his_o forfeiture_n yet_o 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consequent_o be_v no_o more_o a_o punishment_n than_o be_v the_o pay_v of_o a_o debt_n la._n it_o seem_v by_o this_o definition_n of_o a_o crime_n you_o make_v no_o difference_n between_o a_o crime_n and_o a_o sin_n ph._n all_o crime_n be_v indeed_o sin_n but_o not_o all_o sin_n crime_n a_o sin_n may_v be_v in_o the_o thought_n or_o secret_a purpose_n of_o a_o man_n of_o which_o neither_o a_o judge_n nor_o a_o witness_n nor_o any_o man_n take_v notice_n but_o a_o crime_n be_v such_o a_o sin_n as_o consist_v in_o a_o action_n against_o the_o law_n of_o which_o action_n he_o can_v be_v accuse_v and_o try_v by_o a_o judge_n and_o be_v convince_v or_o clear_v by_o witness_n farther_n that_o which_o be_v no_o sin_n in_o itself_o but_o indifferent_a may_v be_v make_v sin_n by_o a_o positive_a law_n as_o when_o the_o statute_n be_v in_o force_n that_o no_o man_n shall_v wear_v silk_n in_o his_o hat_n after_o the_o statute_n such_o wear_n of_o silk_n be_v a_o sin_n which_o be_v not_o so_o before_o nay_o sometime_o a_o action_n that_o be_v good_a in_o itself_o by_o the_o statute_n law_n may_v be_v make_v a_o sin_n as_o if_o a_o statute_n shall_v be_v make_v to_o forbid_v the_o give_v of_o alm_n to_o a_o strong_a and_o sturdy_a beggar_n such_o alm_n after_o that_o law_n will_v be_v a_o sin_n but_o not_o before_o for_o than_o it_o be_v charity_n the_o object_n whereof_o be_v not_o the_o strength_n or_o other_o quality_n of_o the_o poor_a man_n but_o his_o poverty_n again_o he_o that_o shall_v have_v say_v in_o queen_n mary_n time_n that_o the_o pope_n have_v no_o authority_n in_o england_n shall_v have_v be_v burn_v at_o a_o stake_n but_o for_o say_v the_o same_o in_o the_o time_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n
nor_o that_o any_o judgement_n be_v give_v without_o due_a process_n of_o law_n ph._n this_o be_v no_o unreasonable_a petition_n for_o the_o common-law_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o equity_n and_o by_o this_o statute_n it_o appear_v that_o the_o chancellor_n before_o that_o statute_n make_v bold_a with_o the_o court_n of_o common_a law_n than_o they_o do_v afterward_o but_o it_o do_v not_o appear_v that_o common-law_n in_o this_o statute_n signify_v any_o thing_n else_o but_o general_o the_o law_n temporal_a of_o the_o realm_n nor_o be_v this_o statute_n ever_o print_v that_o such_o as_o i_o may_v take_v notice_n of_o it_o but_o whether_o it_o be_v a_o statute_n or_o not_o i_o know_v not_o till_o you_o tell_v i_o what_o the_o parliament_n answer_v to_o this_o petition_n la._n the_o king_n answer_n be_v the_o wage_n heretofore_o shall_v stand_v so_o as_o the_o king_n royalty_n be_v save_v ph._n this_o be_v slat_o against_o sir_n edw._n coke_n concern_v the_o chancery_n la._n in_o another_o parliament_n 17_o rich._n 2._o it_o be_v enact_v at_o the_o petition_n of_o the_o commons_o that_o forasmuch_o as_o people_n be_v compel_v to_o come_v before_o the_o king_n council_n or_o in_o chancery_n by_o writ_n ground_v upon_o untrue_a suggestion_n that_o the_o chancellor_n for_o the_o time_n be_v present_o after_o such_o suggestion_n be_v due_o find_v and_o prove_v untrue_a shall_v have_v power_n to_o ordain_v and_o award_v damage_n according_a to_o his_o discretion_n to_o he_o which_o be_v so_o travel_v undue_o as_o be_v aforesaid_a ph._n by_o this_o statute_n it_o appear_v that_o when_o a_o complaint_n be_v make_v in_o chancery_n upon_o undue_a suggestion_n the_o chancellor_n shall_v have_v the_o examination_n of_o the_o say_a suggestion_n and_o as_o he_o may_v avoid_v damage_n when_o the_o suggestion_n be_v untrue_a so_o he_o may_v also_o proceed_v by_o process_n to_o the_o detemine_n of_o the_o cause_n whether_o it_o be_v real_a or_o personal_n so_o it_o be_v not_o criminal_a la._n also_o the_o commons_o petition_v in_o a_o parliament_n of_o 2_o hen._n 4._o not_o print_v that_o no_o writ_n nor_o privy-seal_n be_v sue_v out_o of_o chancery_n exchequer_n or_o other_o place_n to_o any_o man_n to_o appear_v at_o a_o day_n upon_o a_o pain_n either_o before_o the_o king_n and_o his_o council_n or_o in_o any_o other_o place_n contrary_a to_o the_o ordinary_a course_n of_o common-law_n ph._n what_o answer_n be_v give_v to_o this_o petition_n by_o the_o king_n la._n that_o such_o writ_n shall_v not_o be_v grant_v without_o necessity_n ph._n here_o again_o you_o see_v the_o king_n may_v deny_v or_o grant_v any_o petition_n in_o parliament_n either_o as_o he_o think_v it_o necessary_a as_o in_o this_o place_n or_o as_o he_o think_v it_o prejudicial_a or_o not_o prejudicial_a to_o his_o royalty_n as_o in_o the_o answer_n of_o the_o former_a petition_n which_o be_v a_o sufficient_a proof_n that_o no_o part_n of_o his_o legislative_a power_n or_o any_o other_o essential_a part_n of_o royalty_n can_v be_v take_v from_o he_o by_o a_o statute_n now_o see_v it_o be_v grant_v that_o equity_n be_v the_o same_o thing_n with_o the_o law_n of_o reason_n and_o see_v sir_n edw._n coke_n 1_o inst._n sect._n 21._o define_v equity_n to_o be_v a_o certain_a reason_n comprehend_v in_o no_o write_v but_o consist_v only_o in_o right_a reason_n which_o interprete_v and_o amend_v the_o written-law_n i_o will_v fain_o know_v to_o what_o end_n there_o shall_v be_v any_o other_o court_n of_o equity_n at_o all_o either_o before_o the_o chancellor_n or_o any_o other_o person_n beside_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o civil_a or_o common-plea_n nay_o i_o be_o sure_a you_o can_v allege_v none_o but_o this_o that_o there_o be_v a_o necessity_n of_o a_o high_a court_n of_o equity_n than_o the_o court_n of_o common-law_n to_o remedy_v the_o error_n in_o judgement_n give_v by_o the_o justice_n of_o inferior_a court_n and_o the_o error_n in_o chancery_n be_v irrevocable_a except_o by_o parliament_n or_o by_o special_a commission_n appoint_v thereunto_o by_o the_o king_n la._n but_o sir_n edw._n coke_n say_v that_o see_v matter_n of_o fact_n by_o the_o common-law_n be_v tryable_a by_o a_o jury_n of_o 12_o man_n this_o court_n shall_v not_o draw_v the_o matter_n ad_fw-la aliud_fw-la examen_fw-la i._n e._n to_o another_o kind_n of_o examination_n viz._n by_o deposition_n of_o witness_n which_o shall_v be_v but_o evidence_n to_o a_o jury_n ph._n to_o the_o deposition_n of_o witness_n any_o more_o or_o less_o then_o to_o evidence_n to_o the_o lord-chancellor_n it_o be_v not_o therefore_o another_o kind_n of_o examination_n nor_o be_v a_o jury_n more_o capable_a of_o due_o examine_v witness_n than_o a_o lord-chancellor_n beside_o see_v all_o court_n be_v bind_v to_o judge_n according_a to_o equity_n and_o that_o all_o judge_n in_o a_o case_n of_o equity_n may_v sometime_o be_v deceive_v what_o harm_n be_v there_o to_o any_o man_n or_o to_o the_o state_n if_o there_o be_v a_o subordination_n of_o judge_n in_o equity_n as_o well_o as_o of_o judge_n in_o common-law_n see_v it_o be_v provide_v by_o a_o act_n of_o parliament_n to_o avoid_v vexation_n that_o subpoena_n shall_v not_o be_v grant_v till_o surety_n be_v find_v to_o satisfy_v the_o party_n so_o grieve_v and_o vex_v for_o his_o damage_n and_o expense_n if_o so_o be_v the_o matter_n may_v not_o be_v make_v good_a which_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o bill_n la._n there_o be_v another_o statute_n of_o 31_o hen._n 6._o cap._n 2._o wherein_o there_o be_v a_o proviso_n cite_v by_o sir_n edw._n coke_n in_o these_o word_n provide_v that_o no_o matter_n determinable_a by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o realm_n shall_v be_v by_o the_o say_a act_n determine_v in_o other_o form_n then_o after_o the_o course_n of_o the_o same_o law_n in_o the_o king_n court_n have_v the_o determination_n of_o the_o same_o law_n ph._n this_o law_n be_v make_v but_o for_o seven_o year_n and_o never_o continue_v by_o any_o other_o parliament_n and_o the_o motive_n of_o this_o law_n be_v the_o great_a riot_n extortion_n oppression_n etc._n etc._n use_v during_o the_o time_n of_o the_o insurrection_n of_o john_n cade_n and_o the_o indictment_n and_o condemnation_n wrongful_o have_v by_o this_o usurp_a authority_n and_o thereupon_o the_o parliament_n ordain_v that_o for_o 7_o year_n follow_v no_o man_n shall_v disobey_v any_o of_o the_o king_n writ_n under_o the_o great_a seal_n or_o shall_v refuse_v to_o appear_v upon_o proclamation_n before_o the_o king_n council_n or_o in_o the_o chancery_n to_o answer_v to_o riot_n extortion_n etc._n etc._n for_o the_o first_o time_n he_o shall_v lose_v etc._n etc._n wherein_o there_o be_v nothing_o at_o all_o concern_v the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o chancery_n or_o any_o other_o court_n but_o a_o extraordinary_a power_n give_v to_o the_o chancery_n and_o to_o the_o king_n privy-council_n to_o determine_v of_o those_o crime_n which_o be_v not_o before_o that_o time_n tryable_a but_o only_o by_o the_o kings-bench_n or_o special_a commission_n for_o the_o act_n be_v make_v express_o for_o the_o punishment_n of_o a_o great_a multitude_n of_o crime_n commit_v by_o those_o that_o have_v act_v by_o the_o say_v cade_n authority_n to_o which_o act_n the_o proviso_n be_v add_v which_o be_v here_o mention_v that_o the_o proceed_v in_o those_o court_n of_o chancery_n and_o of_o the_o king_n council_n shall_v be_v such_o as_o shall_v be_v use_v in_o the_o court_n to_o which_o the_o say_a court_n before_o this_o act_n be_v make_v do_v belong_v that_o be_v to_o say_v such_o cause_n as_o be_v criminal_a shall_v be_v after_o the_o order_n of_o the_o kings-bench_n and_o such_o cause_n as_o be_v not_o criminal_a but_o only_o against_o equity_n shall_v be_v try_v after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o chancery_n or_o in_o some_o case_n according_a to_o the_o proceed_n in_o the_o exchequer_n i_o wonder_v why_o sir_n edw._n coke_n shall_v cite_v a_o statute_n as_o this_o be_v above_o two_o hundred_o year_n before_o expire_v and_o other_o two_o petition_n as_o if_o they_o be_v statute_n when_o they_o be_v not_o pass_v by_o the_o king_n unless_o he_o do_v it_o on_o purpose_n to_o diminish_v as_o he_o endeavour_v to_o do_v throughout_o his_o institutes_n the_o king_n authority_n or_o to_o insinuate_v his_o own_o opinion_n among_o the_o people_n for_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n for_o that_o also_o he_o endeavour_v by_o insert_v latin_a sentence_n both_o in_o his_o text_n and_o in_o the_o margin_n as_o if_o they_o be_v principle_n of_o the_o law_n of_o reason_n without_o any_o authority_n of_o ancient_a lawyer_n or_o any_o certainty_n of_o reason_n in_o themselves_o to_o make_v man_n believe_v they_o be_v the_o very_a ground_n of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n now_o as_o to_o the_o authority_n you_o