Royall Prince is not tributarie vnto any SPAIGNE Neither shall he paye tribute vnto any forreine Prince as the Common weale of CARTHAGE after it was subdued by SCIPIO AFRICANVS did vnto the people of ROME Neither yet any annuall pension is he to paye as some great Princes of Christendome haue done vnto the greate Turke The Common weales of VENICE GENOVA RAGVSA for the countreyes they haue confining vpon him doe yet the like And as not long since LEWIS th'leuenth of FRANCE payed 50. thousand crownes a yeare vnto kinge HENRY the eight of noble memorie for to haue peace with him and with our Nation Much lesse shall he be Liege Vassall vnto any as the kinges of SCOTLAND were wonte to be vnto the kinges of ENGLANDE The Dukes of BRITANNIE vnto the kinges of FRANCE Neither shall he The most Royall Prince holdeth not in Fee or in Fealtie of any holde in Fee or Fealtie of any as most of the Cities in ITALIE doe of th' Empire and the kingdomes of NAPLES and SICILLE doe of the Pope The Knightes of MALTA of the kinge of SPAINE these giuing yearly a Faulcon those a white amblinge Geldinge some one thing some an other VVhich all are certaine kindes of subiections and spyces of Seruitude carying with them a number of rightes duties honours and reuerences vnworthie of the dignitie of a ROYALL Prince VVho must be as the Gramarians saye a Noune Substantiue able to stande of him selfe without the helpe or aide of an other without paying Tributes doing Homages swearing Fealties and Inconueniences proceding from Subiectiōs Loyalties vnto any forreine Prince COSMVS Duke of FLORENCE of late remembrance might not be made kinge of TOSKANE although Pope PIVS the fourth had a good will to make him Because he helde his Cities and Tounes of the Empire VVherefore the Emperour hearing of his sute saide Italia non habet Regem nisi Casarem The French kinge FRANCES the first of that name for to let CHARLES the fifth as then Archeduke of AVSTRIA from being chosen Emperour shewed vnto the Electours how that the Imperiall Maiestie should be to much imbased if they made of his vassall their chiefe and Souueraigne VVhich made the saide CHARLES hauing after taken FRANCES prisoner at the famous battaile fought in the Parke of PAVIA that he would neuer condescende vnto his deliuerance vntill he was first exempted by FRANCES from all kinde of Seruices and Subiections which he owed vnto the Crowne of FRANCE for the Countreyes he helde of ARTOYS and FLANDERS It seemeth so base a thing vnto the Maiestie of a ROYALL Prince to become the Liege man of an other to sweare Fayth and Loyaltie vnto an other ioyning his handes within the handes of an other to fall downe on Seruices annexed vnto the foresaide Subiectiōs his knees as TIRIDATES kinge of ARMENIA did before NERO to kisse the Thresholde of the dore as PRVSIAS kinge of BITHINIA did when he entered into the Senate house of ROME to call him selfe the Seruant of an other as ASDRVBALL called him selfe the FACTOR and PROCVRATOR of the people of ROME These I saye and such like Indignities proceeding from Protections Tributes Fealties Loyalties and the other kindes of the forenamed Subiections are so much abhorring vnto the Soueraignitie of a ROYALL and absolute Prince as he will choose rather to parte from whole Countreyes then to incurre and indure such indignities VVherefore quarells were made against the kinges of England her MAIESTIES most ROYALL predecessours touching the Dukedomes of GVYENNE and NORMANDIE The Earldome of POITOV and MVTTRELL and many other goodly Possessions which they helde in FRANCE because they vouchesaued not to be bounde to doe Honours and Homages for the same But no meruaile though great kinges can not abide Subiections whē the Prince of ORANGE this mans father refused of the French kinge LEWIS th' eleuenth tenne times so much as his Principallitie was worth because he would not be subiecte to Seruices and Vassallties CALISTENES also the Nephew of ARISTOTLE being but a priuate man chose rather to dye then he would according to the maner of the Persians fall downe prostrate and adore ALEXANDER as a God aboue the estate of man And I haue harde how an Imbassadour for the VENETIANS at CONSTANTINOPLE when he was to haue audience of the Great TVRKE vnto whome he coulde not haue accesse but thorough a litle lowe place made of purpose because men should come stoping and kneeling vnto him The VENETIAN Imbassadour supposing in him selfe the reuerend Hienesse of that estate creeped thorough the hole with his backe forewardes A thing which the GRAN SIGNOR can in no maner of waye abide to see a mans taile towardes him But for to retourne vnto our most ROYALL Prince we will conclude that he is not to doe Homage or Honour vnto any not to paye Tribute or Pension vnto any not to be subiect either at home or abroade vnto any not to holde in Fealtie or in Loyaltie by Protection or by Commission nor for a shorte time or season But to rule really fully and perpetually Conclusion of the Treatice according as we haue in a generall maner hitherto discoursed I coulde wishe to speake more particularly of the ROYALTIES and prerogatiues belonging vnto the Maiestie of a Soueraine Prince as of his power and authoritie in allowing and disallowing of maters propounded to be Lawes in proclaming of warres and concluding of Peace in choosing and refusing of Magistrates in coyning and rating of money in erecting of Fortresses in graunting Pardons Licences Liberties and Priuileges c. But because they are matters of more waight and therefore doe require good aduisement and better authority I thinke good to suspende them vntill a more conuenient time or else to commende them vnto those that are of more approued Iudgement and better warranted to deale with them In the meane while I hope that these fewe lines of ours concerning the maner and forme of the best Common weale shall not seeme altogether impertinent to shew the Excellencie and Dignitie the Power and Maiestie of ROYALL MONARCHIE VVhereby all good subiectes seeing the greatnesse which God hath indued Princes withall to be as it were his LIEFTENANTES to gouerne vs here vppon Earth may respecte and reuerence them with all humilitie Serue and obaye them with all Loyaltie heare and speake of them with all honour PROVERBI VVLGARI RACCOLTI IN DIVERSI LVOGHI D'ITALIA ET LA maggior parte dalle proprie bocche de gl'Italiani stessi PER Carlo Merbury Gentil'huomo Inglilese ILQVALE NE FA PRESENTE DI COSÌ FATTA SVA INDVSTRIA à gl'amici patroni suoi honorati della lingua Italiana studiosi A I NOBILI ET ILLVSTRI SIGNORI DI CORTE ET ALtri gentil'huomini honorati della lingua Italiana intendenti IO non sò Signori Illustri che luogo habbia trouato ne ' vostri cortesi concetti quel mio precedente discorso se riguardando all'altezza
pathe of publicke affaires then for him that followeth no such profession Yet seeing that I proceede 7. The maner of proceeding of the Author not therin by waye of rules and preceptes As CICERO ARISTOTLE and PLATO did in their common weales Che non vanno si alte l'ale mie but by the way of reasoning and of discourse not presuming to teache any thinking my selfe skante worthy to learne of those vnto whose excellent handes these lines may happely come but meaning onely to put the learned reader in minde of that which he already knoweth and if by chaunce there shall be any thing new therin and not in this our natiue language before time written humbly to recommend the same vnto his courteous correction I hope my modeste meaning will helpe to excuse the boldnesse of my enterprise and the courtesie of the reader will vouchsafe to regarde more the good wil and th'indeuour then the simple skill and youngnesse of the writer But for to come vnto our present Institution I will first because there are diuers kindes of The order obserued by the author common weales and diuers opinions therof according vnto the diuersitie of mens affections before I speake of the maner and forme of the best common weale shew in generall what a common weale is how many speciall kindes of common weales there are and wherin they differre one from an other A common weale therefore is An order of gouernement What a coÌ„mon weale is obserued in a citie or in a countrey as touching the Magistrates that beare rule therin especially concerning that Magistrate which hath highest authoritie and is the principall The supreme or principal Magistrate we meane him who ruleth all vniuersally from whome is deriued vpon whome dependeth the power and authoritie of all inferiour offices and orders As in a popular Estate the people In a kingdome the Prince Of commoÌ„ weales some How many kindes of common weales there are are good and iuste which tende onely vnto th'aduauncement of the publicke profit Others are ill and wicked tending altogether vnto their owne priuate commoditie and not vnto the benefit of their countrey Of good common weales there be three kindes The first is wheras a number of good men and men of reasonable wealth doe iointly beare rule together What is Respublica procuring by all good meanes they can the weale of their countrey the which is called by the generall name of common weale in Latine Respublica such as was vsed in SPARâ—â—â— and is now in GENOA and in LVCCA An other is when the gouernemente of the whole is committed vnto the handes of a few What is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the best and choiseste persones such as indeuour to imploye the same vnto the benefitte of those which are vnder them The which in the Greeke tongue is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 An Estate of the best or a gouernement of the states wherof the common weale of VENICE is at What is Monarchie this daye the onely Phenix The third is that which we call a kingdome the greekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 wheras one onely ruleth and hath soueranitie directing such his gouernement next vnto the glorie of God vnto the prosperous and happy estate of his subiectes Examples wherof though in these dayes of ours there seeme to be many all nations of the worlde almost hauing receiued this kinde of gouernement yet we neede not seeke any farther then our owne natiue countrey for a most liuely and perfecte paterne of the same And these be the three good common weales deuised for the maintenaunce of mankinde established for th' aduancement of iustice and generally receiued and imbraced for the prosperitie of cities and countreys Now there are as many ill common weales cleane contrarie vnto these being in deede nothing else but the corruptions and destructioÌ„s into the which the good common weales doe fall when they doe alter from the maner and forme wherin they were first instituted The What is Democratic first is when the multitude of the common people and of the baser sorte as of handycraftes men and such other haue the maneging of publicke affaires vsing or rather abusing such their authoritie vnto th'oppressing of the nobilitic and aduauncing of the coÌ„monaltie fauoring alwayes those that are of poorest and meanest condition at their owne foolish fancie without all order or discretion This corrupte and confufe kinde of gouernemente is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A state popular such as was in ROME when the Tribunes preuailed against the Consulls and as was in FLORENCE after th'expulsing of PIERRO DE'MEDICI The second is where a few of the What is Oligarchie richest and of the mightiest because of their great power and possessions doe carie all the swaye seeking onely their owne profit and not the furtherance of the common weale The which is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 such as was in FLORENCE in the yeare 1494 when CHARLES the eighte of France ouerranne Italie subduyng NAPLES and as was in SIENA in time of the PETRVCCII and in GENOA in time of the ADORNI and FREGOSI The What is Tyrannie thirde is called TYRANNIE wheras one onely ruleth at his owne luste and pleasure and all for his owne aduauntage without hauing any regarde vnto the good or ill estate of his subiectes As DIONYSIVS did in SIRACVSA NERO COMMODVS CARRACALLA did in ROME The greate Signori doth in Turkie and as king VORTIGERNE in the yeare 447. did here in Englande who for to mainteine his Tyrannie called in the Saxons and they to stablish their new power oppressed the Brittons dryuing them into a corner of the llande brenning and spoiling their countrey wheras VVILLIAM the Conquerour a Prince of more Iustice forbad at his first arriuall here his souldiers to hurte or spoile any Englishman saying that it should be a great sinne and follie for him to spoile that people which ere many dayes after were like to be his subiectes VVherby we may see that all good common weales haue alwayes an especiall care and tendernesse ouer the subiectes as good fathers haue ouer their children And the corrupted and vsurped gouernmentes like vnto vnnaturall mothers haue no regarde but of their owne lustes and licenciousnesse But to speake more particularly of the differences betwene good and ill common weales VVe finde that a common weale commonly so called and taken in good parte is content with a meane estate neither enuying others because she wanteth not her selfe neither enuyed of any because she doth not possesse any great aboundance of wealth I meane in priuate mens handes she is obediente vnto the lawes not insolent in her magistrates she is not of so vile and base minde as to suffer her selfe to be choked with bribes or corrupted with couetousnesse But the Signorie of The difference betwene Respublica Democratia the mechanicall people called DEMOCRATIA is
and Swethlande adopted HENRY Duke of Pomerane for their heires and successours in all their dominitions So in king HENRY the fifth of England byside the interest of his auncesters and his owne interest vnto the Crowne of France was added an adoption by his father in law the french kinge CHARLES the sixte Some kingdomes are Kingdomes by Lotte translated from one to an other by lotte or Pâ—ouince of fortune as it happened vnto DARIVS one of the seuen Lordes of PERSIA who was made kinge because his horse first neyed Kingdomes by Pollicie Some estates are gotten by Pollicie as in olde time CECROPES HIERON GELON PISISTRATVS gotte theirs and as of later yeares COSMVS of MEDICES added the state of SIENNA vnto his Dukedome of FLORENCE Kingdomes by CoÌ„quest A number of kingdomes also are gotten by conqueste As FERDINAND of ARAGON the first king of Spaine got the kingdomes of NAPLES NAVARRA SICILE and after him his daughters sonne CHARLES the fifte got the kingdome of THVNES the dukedome of MILAN the Soueranitie of Artois and Flanders Kingdomes by Election Others go by Election as the kingdome of POLONIA doth And of this kinde there are diuers sortes For some are chosen kinges for their Noblenesse of birthe As CAMPSON kinge of Caramania was by the Mammelucs chosen for their SOVLDANE the Vycountes of ANGLERIE were for their noble birth made Lordes of MILANE Some for their Iustice as NVMA POMPILIVS was by the Romaines Some for their olde age as the auncient ARABIANS did choose alwayes the eldest Some for their great possessions and mightie power AS HARAVLDE sonne to GOODWINNE Earle of Kente was after the death of kinge EDWARD surnamed the Sainte because of the good and wholesome lawes which he in this our countrey instituted chosen the last SAXON kinge in Englande Some for their strenght of body as MAXIMINVS Others for their beautie as HELIOGABALVS Others for their greatnesse and tallnesse of stature As they were wonte to doe in AETHIOPIA All which are kindes of kingdomes and they may be good and lawfull according as they are well and lawfully vsed But they are not of that excellencie which is required in our best kingdome For there is yet an other kinde farre more excellent then any of them more commendable more sure lesse subiect to corruptioÌ„ more capable of perfection VVhich is when a Which is the best kinde of Kingdome kingdome descendeth by right of Succession vnto the next of the blood royall In the which point we are coÌ„tent to swarue from him whom hitherto in the waye of Philosophie we haue most followed who was of opinion that kinges were rather to be chosen calling them people Barbarous which did take their kinges by way of Succession preferring therefore the Carthaginians That Succession is to be preferred before Election before the Lacedemonians because these receiued their kinges by Succession those by Election But perhappes ARISTOTLE would haue differed herein from him selfe if he had liued a litle longer for to haue sene how the MONARCHIE of Macedone hauing continued fiue hundreth yeares from the father vnto the sonne in the right Line of HERCVLES was after for want of Royall and Lineall Succession brought vnto vtter confusion Or if he had liued in these dayes of ours to haue seene how kingdomes goe now how they florish how amplie they disteÌ„de them selues he would doubtlesse haue changed his opinion and neuer haue called Barbarous so many goodly countryes and so diuers sondry sortes of nations both of ASIA as the Persians Medians Parthenians Turkes Tartarres Arabians of AFRICA the Aethiopians Barbarians Numidians of EVROPE England Scotland Fraunce Spaine Naples Sicile preferring before all th'afore saide riche and florishing Estates a few colde countryes of Polonia Demnarke and Swethland because these haue their kinges by Election those by Succession But he neuer needed for to haue liued so long for this matter For if he would but haue looked backe with an indifferent eye into his owne countrey of Greece the which he commended to be so ciuill he should haue found that th' Athenians Lacedemonians Sicyonians Corinthians Thebanes Epirotes Macedonians for the space of sixe hundreth yeares neuer had any other gouernement but of kinges and those by the right and lawfull waye of Succession vntill such time as ambition pride and priuate Interest blinded their vnderstanding and made them change their kingdomes into DEMOCRATIES and ARISTOCRATIES missterming the same by the false name of libertie The like may be said of the auncient Toscanes and of the olde Latines who many hundreth yeares before the building of ROME had their kinges and gouernours descending lineally one vnto an other As we reade that AENEAS by the right of his wife succeded vnto LATINVS TIBERIVS of whome the riuer of Teuer or Tyber which runneth by ROME was so named vnto AENEAS and so forth vntill the kingdome came to ROMVLVS by the waye of his mother RHEA daughter to NVMITOR and Nece to AMVLIVS kinges of the Latines VVhereby we maye gather that in those dayes neither Election was vsed nor yet any exception made of kinde or Gender But some man will say O how happy is that couÌ„trey where the estates of the people do make choise of a iust and righteous Prince who feareth God aboue all thinges honoreth vertue oppresseth vice giueth rewarde vnto the good and punishment vnto the wicked that hateth flatterers keepeth his fayth and his promisse banisheth out of his Courte the Inuentours of new exactions reuengeth the iniuries that are done vnto others forgiueth those that are done vnto him selfe These are faire speeches and they seeme to cary with them great good apparences Sed lates anguis in herba they shew not id manticae quod in tergo est But as we are wonte to carie alwayes two sachelles about vs one before to put other mens faultes in and an other behinde wherin to hide our owne So they make no mention of the daungers and discommodities which are incident vnto such kinde of Elections As what What IncoÌ„ueniences do proceede from Elections a monsterous Inconuenience is that when Sede vacante after the Prince is deade and before a new can be chosen the whole state remaineth in a very ANARCHIE without kinge or any kinde of gouernement like a shippe without a Pilote in hazarde to be cast awaye with euery winde Then may you see all lewdnesse and licentiousnesse set at libertie Theeues robbe by the highe way side without punishment Murderers commit their treasons without controllment For the first thing that is done Sede vacante is to breake open the prisons kill the iâylors reuenge iniuries oppresse the poore with all insolent and vniust meanes As we reade that the MAMMELVCS were wont to doe sacking and spoiling the poore people of EGYPTE whilest their SOVLDANE was a choosing And this Impunitie of vice for the most parte lasteth vntill such time as the ELECTORS doe fall to agreement which happeneth not some times in